The prime work of investigating officer is based on which of the following principle?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Principle of exchange)
Locard's Principle of Exchange states that 'every contact leaves a trace', which forms the fundamental basis of crime scene investigation.
Q2
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Mark the proper sequence of tasks to be completed in a crime scene.
i. Packaging of physical evidence ii. Securing the scene iii. Collecting physical evidence iv. Recognizing physical evidence
💡Correct Answer: Option C (ii, iv, iii, i)
The correct sequence is: first secure the scene (ii), then recognize/identify evidence (iv), then collect the evidence (iii), and finally package it (i).
Q3
🔬 Forensic ScienceLaw of Evidence
A witness who wants the accused to be behind bars for the committed crime is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Interested witness)
An interested witness is one who has a personal interest in the outcome of the case or in seeing the accused convicted.
Q4
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Science Principles
Which of the following are the basic principles of forensic science?
i. Principle of Exchange ii. Principle of comparison iii. Principle of Analysis
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii and iii)
Forensic science is based on several laws and principles, including the Principle of Exchange (Locard), the Principle of Comparison, and the Principle of Analysis.
Q5
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Psychology
Which of the following techniques are used to observe psychosomatic changes?
i. Polygraphy ii. Psychological Stress Evaluator iii. Brain fingerprinting
💡Correct Answer: Option A (i and ii)
Polygraphy and the Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE) measure physiological responses (autonomic nervous system activity) related to psychological stress (psychosomatic changes). Brain fingerprinting measures cognitive brainwaves (P300), which are cognitive/recognition-based rather than psychosomatic/emotional.
Q6
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions
Match the following:
List-I (Institution offering courses in forensic science) i. Osmania University ii. Dr. Harisingh Gour University iii. Bundelkhand University iv. National Forensic Science University
List-II (Location) a. Sagar, Madhya Pradesh b. Delhi c. Hyderabad, Telangana d. Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh
💡Correct Answer: Option C (i-c, ii-a, iii-d, iv-b)
The correct matches are: Osmania University is in Hyderabad (i-c); Dr. Harisingh Gour University is in Sagar, MP (ii-a); Bundelkhand University is in Jhansi, UP (iii-d); NFSU has a campus in Delhi (iv-b).
Q7
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions
Match the following:
List-I (NFSU Campus) i. Bhopal ii. Delhi iii. Dharwad iv. Gandhinagar
List-II (Number of Departments) a. 2 b. 3 c. 6 d. 16
💡Correct Answer: Option B (i-a, ii-c, iii-b, iv-d)
As per the university configuration, the matching is: Bhopal campus has 2 departments (i-a); Delhi campus has 6 departments (ii-c); Dharwad campus has 3 departments (iii-b); and the main Gandhinagar campus has 16 departments (iv-d).
Q8
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Psychology
For its use in dissemination of justice, forensic psychology is divided into
i. Clinical ii. Experimental iii. Cognitive
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii and iii)
Forensic psychology encompasses the clinical application (assessment/therapy), experimental research on legal issues, and cognitive studies (such as memory reliability and lie detection) used in justice delivery.
Q9
🔬 Forensic ScienceFingerprints
Which of the following are the principles of fingerprint analysis?
i. Universal ii. Individual iii. Classifiable
💡Correct Answer: Option B (ii and iii)
The core scientific principles/laws of fingerprint analysis are that fingerprints are Individual (unique to each person) and Classifiable (based on systematic ridge patterns). While prints are virtually universal to humans, 'Universal' is not defined as a core principle of fingerprint identification compared to individuality and classifiability.
Q10
🔬 Forensic ScienceFingerprints
Which of the following techniques of fingerprint development can be used for porous surfaces?
i. Cyanoacrylate fuming ii. Silver nitrate method iii. Ninhydrin method
💡Correct Answer: Option B (ii and iii)
Silver nitrate and Ninhydrin methods are chemical development techniques used specifically for porous surfaces like paper and cardboard. Cyanoacrylate (superglue) fuming is used for non-porous surfaces like plastic and glass.
Q11
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Administration
The Directorate of Forensic Science Services was bifurcated from BPR & D based on the recommendations of
i. Malimath Committee ii. Padmanabhaiah Committee iii. National Human Rights Commission
💡Correct Answer: Option B (ii and iii)
The bifurcation of the Directorate of Forensic Science Services (DFSS) from the Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPR&D) in 2002 was based on the recommendations of the Padmanabhaiah Committee on Police Reforms and the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
Q12
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions
Match the following:
List-I (CFSL) i. Bhopal ii. Delhi iii. Hyderabad iv. Kolkata
List-II (Year of Establishment) a. 1957 b. 1967 c. 1968 d. 2011
💡Correct Answer: Option A (i-d, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a)
The correct establishment years are: Kolkata CFSL was established in 1957 (iv-a); Hyderabad CFSL in 1967 (iii-b); Delhi CFSL in 1968 (ii-c); and Bhopal CFSL in 2011 (i-d).
Q13
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions
Arrange the following Forensic Institution as per their year of establishment from older to latest.
a. GEQD Calcutta b. CFPB Calcutta c. CFPB, New Delhi d. GEQD Hyderabad e. GEQD Shimla
💡Correct Answer: Option B (b, e, a, d, c)
The correct chronological order of establishment is: CFPB Calcutta (1897) -> GEQD Shimla (1906) -> GEQD Calcutta (1964) -> GEQD Hyderabad (1968) -> CFPB New Delhi (1973). This corresponds to order: b, e, a, d, c.
Q14
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions
Match the following:
List-I (State FSL) i. Bombay ii. Delhi iii. Madras iv. Srinagar
List-II (Year of Establishment) a. 1958 b. 1959 c. 1964 d. 1993
💡Correct Answer: Option C (i-a, ii-d, iii-b, iv-c)
The correct matching is: Bombay FSL was established in 1958 (i-a); Delhi FSL in 1993 (ii-d); Madras FSL in 1959 (iii-b); and Srinagar FSL in 1964 (iv-c).
Q15
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Specimen of material collected from crime scene for comparing with the questioned material is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Control Sample)
A control sample is a specimen of material collected from the crime scene (e.g. from an adjacent, unstained area of a substrate) to compare with the questioned evidence to ensure that background or substrate interference is accounted for.
Q16
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine
According to Bichat, mode of death due to failure of circulatory system is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Syncope)
Xavier Bichat classified modes of death into a 'tripod of life'. Failure of the circulatory system (heart) is called Syncope, failure of the nervous system (brain) is Coma, and failure of the respiratory system (lungs) is Asphyxia.
Q17
🔬 Forensic ScienceInquest
If a person dies in a psychiatric hospital in Delhi-NCR, the investigation will be carried out by
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Magistrate Inquest)
Under Section 176 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) in India, any death occurring in a psychiatric hospital, prison, or police custody must be investigated by a Judicial or Executive Magistrate (Magistrate Inquest).
Q18
🔬 Forensic ScienceDocument Examination
The definition of document in given at
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Section 29 of Indian Penal Code, 1860)
The definition of 'document' is provided under Section 29 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860 (as well as under Section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872).
Q19
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine
The bluish-purple/purple-red discolouration of skin on dependent part of body after death is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Post mortem Hypostasis)
Post-mortem hypostasis (also called livor mortis or post-mortem lividity) is the pooling of blood in the dependent parts of the body due to gravity, causing a bluish-purple discoloration.
Q20
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine
Match the following:
List-I (Blunt Force Injury) i. Abrasion ii. Contusion iii. Incision iv. Laceration
List-II (Characteristic of Injury) a. Effusion of blood into tissue due to ruptured blood vessels b. Destruction of superficial layer of skin. c. Tearing or splitting of skin d. Clean cut through the tissue
💡Correct Answer: Option C (i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c)
The correct matches are: Abrasion - destruction of superficial layer (i-b); Contusion (bruise) - effusion of blood (ii-a); Incision - clean cut through tissue (iii-d); Laceration - tearing or splitting of skin (iv-c).
Q21
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine
An unusual type of suicide in which the victim inflicts a single large wound on the abdomen while in sitting position causing evisceration of internal organ, is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Harakari)
Harakari (or Seppuku) is a traditional Japanese ritual suicide involving disembowelment (cutting open the abdomen and eviscerating internal organs).
Q22
🔬 Forensic ScienceBurns
The full thickness destruction of skin occurs within seconds above a temperature of
💡Correct Answer: Option C (70°C)
Thermal studies show that exposure to temperatures above 70°C (158°F) causes full-thickness (third-degree) skin destruction within seconds due to rapid protein denaturation.
Q23
🔬 Forensic ScienceFootprints
A footprint classification system is required for filing the footprints of
i. New born babies ii. Military airmen iii. People lacking arms
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii & iii)
Footprint classification systems are used for filing records of newborn babies (hospital security), military airmen (for identification after plane crashes/burns), and individuals lacking arms (who cannot provide fingerprints).
Q24
🔬 Forensic ScienceFootprints
The main footprint classification systems used over the years are
i. FBI's Footprint Classification System ii. Vucetich Footprint Classification System iii. Chatterjee's Footprint Classification System
💡Correct Answer: Option B (i & iii)
The primary footprint classification systems used historically in forensic science are the FBI's Footprint Classification System and Chatterjee's Footprint Classification System (developed in India). Juan Vucetich developed a fingerprint classification system, not a footprint system.
Q25
🔬 Forensic ScienceFootprints
Ordinarily, the footmarks are inadequate as evidence because,
i. Footmarks are incomplete ii. Footmarks do not carry ridge details iii. Footmarks carry very few individualizing features.
💡Correct Answer: Option A (i & ii)
Ordinarily, bare footprints at crime scenes are inadequate as conclusive evidence because they are often incomplete and do not contain the fine, unique friction ridge details needed for positive identification (unlike fingerprints).
Q26
🔬 Forensic ScienceFootprints
Which of the following materials can be used for casting footprint impressions in snow
i. Molten wax ii. Plaster of Paris solution iii. Molten Sulphur.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (i & iii)
Molten sulfur and molten wax can be used to cast impressions in snow because they solidify rapidly without generating excessive heat that would melt the details. Plaster of Paris solution is water-based and generates heat during its setting process, which would melt the snow and destroy the print detail.
Q27
🔬 Forensic ScienceTrackers
Which of the following statements are correct?
i. The art of tracking through gait pattern is practiced in various parts of India by certain families. ii. The trackers are, by and large, uneducated persons. iii. The trackers do not take any extensive measurements.
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii & iii)
Traditionally, the art of tracking (using gait and footprints) has been practiced in rural parts of India by specific families (e.g. puggees). Trackers are usually uneducated and rely on visual cues, experience, and instinct rather than taking extensive scientific measurements.
Q28
🔬 Forensic ScienceGait Analysis
In scientific study of gait pattern, which of the following characteristics are noted?
i. Dimensions of Mark ii. Pressure points iii. Pressure defects
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii & iii)
A scientific analysis of a gait pattern involves checking the dimensions of the prints, the specific pressure points of the foot during stride, and any pressure defects (uneven weight distribution or gait abnormalities).
Q29
🔬 Forensic ScienceGait Analysis
For evaluating gait pattern evidence by forensic science laboratory staff, the minimum number of consecutive foot or footwear marks required is:
💡Correct Answer: Option C (3)
To perform an analysis of a gait pattern (step length, stride length, step angle, etc.), a minimum sequence of 3 consecutive prints is required by forensic examiners.
Q30
🔬 Forensic ScienceFootprints
Match the following:
List-I i. Casting track marks ii. Lifting track marks iii. Photograph of track marks iv. Tracing track marks
List-II a. Plastic sheet is preferable. b. Easy to do under artificial light. c. A bromide paper sheet can be used for. d. Plasticine can be used for.
💡Correct Answer: Option A (i-d, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a)
The correct matches are: Casting track marks - Plasticine can be used (i-d); Lifting track marks - Bromide paper can be used (ii-c); Photograph - oblique/artificial light is helpful (iii-b); Tracing - plastic sheet is preferable (iv-a).
Q31
🔬 Forensic ScienceImpression Evidence
For collecting impression evidence, the first electrostatic dust lifting device was created by:
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Kato Masao)
Kato Masao, a Japanese police officer, developed the first formal electrostatic dust print lifting device around 1970, which improved on the static celluloid sheet concept of Sancyasu Toma.
Q32
🔬 Forensic ScienceTyre Impressions
The photographic technique to record the whole tread of a tyre is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Periphography)
Periphography is a specialized photographic technique used to capture the entire circumferential tread pattern of a tyre (or any cylindrical surface) as a single flat image.
Q33
🔬 Forensic ScienceTool Marks
Which of the following statements are correct?
i. Striation is a type of tool mark. ii. An instrument used to study striations on different objects is known as striagraph. iii. For comparing striation marks, striagraphy is better than comparison microscope.
💡Correct Answer: Option A (i & ii)
Statements i and ii are correct. A striation is a scratch-type tool mark, and a striagraph is a mechanical tracing device used to record them. Statement iii is incorrect because the comparison microscope is the standard, most widely accepted and superior tool for comparing striations in forensics.
Q34
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass
Match the following:
List-I i. Borosil Glass ii. Bottle Glass iii. Optical Glass iv. Plate Glass
List-II a. PbO. b. B₂O₃ c. BaO. d. MgO.
💡Correct Answer: Option C (i-b, ii-c, iii-a, iv-d)
The correct matching is: Borosilicate glass contains B₂O₃ (i-b); Bottle glass contains BaO (ii-c); Optical (flint) glass contains PbO (iii-a); Plate glass contains MgO (iv-d).
Q35
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass
Match the following:
List-I (Element) i. Arsenic ii. Cobalt iii. Chromium iv. Titanium
List-II (Effect on Glass) a. Air Bubble removal b. Blue colour c. Decolourisation d. Green Colour
💡Correct Answer: Option B (i-a, ii-b, iii-d, iv-c)
The matching is: Arsenic is used for air bubble removal (i-a); Cobalt imparts a blue color (ii-b); Chromium imparts a green color (iii-d); Titanium is used for decolorisation (iv-c).
Q36
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass
Long curved ridges on the broken surface of glass are termed as:
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Rib marks)
Rib marks (or concentric rib lines) are curved ridges that form on the broken edges of glass fractures, running perpendicular to radial crack lines.
Q37
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass
Which of the following statements are correct?
i. Glass is an inorganic product of fusion, cooled to a rigid condition without crystallization. ii. Glass is strong in compression. iii. Glass is strong in tension.
💡Correct Answer: Option A (i & ii)
Statements i and ii are correct. Glass is an amorphous solid that is strong when subjected to compression, but behaves weakly in tension (brittle failure occurs easily under pulling forces).
Q38
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass
Match the following:
List-I i. Flat glass ii. Float glass iii. Laminated glass iv. Toughened glass
List-II a. Fourcault process b. Liquid tin bed c. Processed by tempering d. Sandwiched plastic sheet
💡Correct Answer: Option A (i-a, ii-b, iii-d, iv-c)
The correct matching is: Flat glass - Fourcault process (i-a); Float glass - Liquid tin bed (ii-b); Laminated glass - Sandwiched plastic sheet (iii-d); Toughened glass - Processed by tempering (iv-c).
Q39
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass
Which of the following physical property is most valuable in distinguishing small glass fragments?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Refractive Index)
Refractive Index (RI) is the most valuable and measurable physical property for analyzing and distinguishing very small glass fragments in a forensic laboratory.
Q40
🔬 Forensic ScienceTool Marks
Best material for casting tool mark is
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Liquid silicone)
Liquid silicone (such as Mikrosil) is the best casting material for tool marks because it flows into microscopic details, has negligible shrinkage, and can be easily peeled off once cured.
Q41
🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms
Which of the following statements are true for small arms?
i. Can be easily handled and operated by a single person. ii. Must be smaller than 10 inches in length. iii. Includes pistol and revolvers.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (i & iii)
Statements i and iii are true. Small arms are weapons designed for individual use. There is no rule requiring them to be smaller than 10 inches; rifles and shotguns are also classified as small arms.
Q42
🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms
In a revolver, the number of chambers is:
💡Correct Answer: Option D (D) Six)
A typical revolver cylinder has six chambers (holding six rounds of ammunition), though some models can have more or fewer.
Q43
🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms
A tapering surface which connects the bore and chamber of some firearms is termed as:
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Leed)
The leed (or leade) is the tapering throat area of the barrel that connects the chamber to the rifled bore, guiding the bullet into the rifling.
Q44
🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms
Match the following:
List-I (Location of Firing pin) i. Breach block ii. Bolt Head iii. Hammer iv. Moving Breech block
List-II (Type of firearm) a. Bolt action rifles b. Revolvers c. Automatic firearms d. Shotguns
💡Correct Answer: Option B (i-d, ii-a, iii-b, iv-c)
The correct matching is: Breech block - Shotguns (i-d); Bolt Head - Bolt action rifles (ii-a); Hammer - Revolvers (iii-b); Moving Breech block - Automatic firearms (iv-c).
Q45
🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms
Which of the following statements are true for Breech face?
i. It is the area surrounding the firing pin hole. ii. It seals the barrel from chamber side. iii. It comes in close contact with the base of the cartridge.
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii & iii)
The breech face is the portion of the bolt or breech block that seals the rear of the chamber, surrounds the firing pin hole, and directly supports the base of the cartridge case during firing.
Q46
🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms
Which of the following marks are usually present on a cartridge fired from a good quality firearm?
i. Firing pin mark. ii. Breech face. iii. Chamber marks.
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii & iii)
When a cartridge is fired, the firing pin indent, breech face marks (transferred under high pressure), and chamber scraping marks are typically left on the primer and cartridge case.
Q47
🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms
The internal diameter of a barrel is known as:
i. Bore ii. Calibre iii. Gauge
💡Correct Answer: Option A (i & ii)
Bore and Calibre refer to the internal diameter of the barrel. Gauge is a system of measurement indicating the diameter of smoothbore barrels (shotguns) in terms of lead balls per pound, but is not the diameter name itself.
Q48
🔬 Forensic ScienceShotguns
Which of the following statement is true for Barrel choke?
i. It is the reducing of bore of a shotgun at the breech end ii. Choke increases the effective range of a shotgun. iii. Reduction of diameter by one millimeter is called as full choke.
💡Correct Answer: Option C (ii & iii)
Statements ii and iii are true. A choke is a constriction at the muzzle end (not the breech end) of a shotgun barrel, which tightens the shot pattern to increase the effective range. A 1mm reduction in diameter corresponds to a full choke.
Q49
🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms
A firearm can have the following type of barrels:
i. Smooth bore ii. Rifled bore iii. Smoothbore with partial rifling
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii & iii)
Barrels can be smoothbore (shotguns), rifled (rifles/pistols), or partially rifled (like Paradox barrels, which are smoothbore with rifling only at the muzzle end).
Q50
🔬 Forensic ScienceShotguns
Which of the following statements are true for shotguns?
i. A shotgun is a short-range firearm. ii. Shotgun gives accurate aim when a single projectile is fired iii. Spreading of pellets increases with increase in range of fire.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (i & iii)
Statements i and iii are true. A shotgun is typically a short-range weapon, and pellet dispersion increases with range. Statement ii is incorrect because smoothbore shotguns are generally inaccurate when firing a single projectile (slug) compared to rifled barrels.
Q51
🔬 Forensic ScienceAmmunition
The active constituents of smokeless powder are?
i. Nitroglycerine. ii. Nitrocellulose. iii. Sulphur.
💡Correct Answer: Option A (i & ii)
Smokeless powder consists of Nitrocellulose (single-base) or Nitrocellulose and Nitroglycerine (double-base). Sulphur is a constituent of black powder, not smokeless powder.
Q52
🔬 Forensic ScienceAmmunition
In firearms, the powders with increasing rate of burning are called as:
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Progressive powder)
Progressive burning powder is designed to burn at an increasing rate as it travels, which helps maintain high pressure behind the bullet inside the barrel.
Q53
🔬 Forensic ScienceAmmunition
Which of the following are the constituents of gunpowder?
i. Sodium Nitrate ii. Sulphur iii. Charcoal.
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii & iii)
Traditional gunpowder (black powder) consists of an oxidizer (potassium nitrate or alternatively sodium nitrate in industrial blasting powders) combined with sulphur and charcoal.
Q54
🔬 Forensic ScienceAmmunition
Which of the following statements are true for gun powder?
i. Suitable for high velocity ammunition ii. It gives irregular ballistics iii. Leaves considerable amount of solid residue
💡Correct Answer: Option C (ii & iii)
Statements ii and iii are true. Gunpowder (black powder) is unsuitable for modern high-velocity ammunition because it burns too rapidly, has irregular ballistics, and leaves behind about 55% solid fouling residue.
Q55
🔬 Forensic ScienceFiring Process
Arrange the following process of firing in increasing order of chronology.
i. Triggering ii. Striking percussion cap iii. Hammer release iv. Ignition of propellent
💡Correct Answer: Option A (i, iii, ii, iv)
The correct sequence of events when firing a gun is: first the trigger is pulled/triggering (i), which releases the hammer (iii), causing the firing pin to strike the percussion cap (ii), leading to the ignition of the propellant (iv).
Q56
🔬 Forensic ScienceGSR Analysis
Match the following:
List-I (Detectable Metal) i. Antimony ii. Copper iii. Iron iv. Nitrates
List-II (Source) a. Primers b. Barrel c. Propellants d. Bullet jacket
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i-a, ii-d, iii-b, iv-c)
List-I (Test) i. Dermal Nitrate Test ii. Harrison and Gilroy's Test iii. Price's Spot Test iv. Walker's Test
List-II (Reagent) a. Diphenylamine b. 2 naphthylamine c. Triphenylmethyl arsonium iodide d. Sodium rhodizonate
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i-a, ii-d, iii-c, iv-b)
The correct matches are: Dermal Nitrate Test uses Diphenylamine (i-a); Harrison and Gilroy's Test uses Sodium Rhodizonate (ii-d); Price's Spot Test uses Triphenylmethyl arsonium iodide (iii-c); Walker's Test uses 2-naphthylamine (iv-b).
Q58
🔬 Forensic ScienceWound Ballistics
Match the following:
List-I (Bullet Velocity Zone) i. Under 400 m/s ii. 400 to 600 m/s iii. 600 to 1100 m/s iv. Beyond 1100 m/s
List-II (Wounding phenomena) a. Instantaneous death b. Explosive wound c. No abnormal wounding phenomena d. Expanding bullets starts mushrooming
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a)
The correct matches are: Under 400 m/s - No abnormal wounding phenomena (i-c); 400 to 600 m/s - Expanding bullets starts mushrooming (ii-d); 600 to 1100 m/s - Explosive wound (iii-b); Beyond 1100 m/s - Instantaneous death (iv-a).
Q59
🔬 Forensic ScienceTrajectory
The vertical range is maximum at angle of projection equal to
💡Correct Answer: Option D (90°)
The maximum vertical height (range) is obtained when a projectile is fired straight up, which corresponds to an angle of 90°.
Q60
🔬 Forensic ScienceExternal Ballistics
Drag becomes equal to the projectile's weight after which the projectile falls with a constant velocity known as
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Terminal velocity)
When the downward force of gravity (weight) equals the upward air resistance (drag), the net force becomes zero, and the projectile falls at a constant terminal velocity.
Q61
🔬 Forensic ScienceWound Ballistics
The range which commences beyond the limit of flame zone and extends up to the distance to which the gunpowder residues could be projected in the area surrounding the wound of entrance is
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Near range)
The 'Near range' (or close range) is the zone beyond the burning flame where unburnt/semi-burnt gunpowder particles are projected, creating powder tattooing (stippling) on the skin.
Q62
🔬 Forensic ScienceAmmunition
Following is not the part of ammunition
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Barrel)
The barrel is a mechanical part of the firearm itself, while the cartridge case, bullet, and primer are components of the ammunition.
Q63
🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Firearms
Arrange the following firearms with chronological order of their invention.
i. Match Lock ii. Wheel Lock iii. Hand Canon iv. 0.303 SLR
💡Correct Answer: Option B (iii, i, ii, iv)
The correct chronological sequence of inventions is: Hand Cannon (14th century, iii) -> Matchlock (15th century, i) -> Wheellock (16th century, ii) -> 0.303 SLR (20th century, iv). This corresponds to order: iii, i, ii, iv.
Q64
🔬 Forensic ScienceTrajectory
The horizontal range of a projectile when projected with same velocity at angle of projections 30° and 60° is
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Same)
The horizontal range equation is R = (v² sin(2θ)) / g. Since sin(230°) = sin(60°) and sin(260°) = sin(120°) = sin(60°), complementary angles of projection yield the exact same horizontal range.
Q65
🔬 Forensic ScienceRifling
The process of cutting the lands and groove inside the barrel of a firearm is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Rifling)
Rifling is the process of cutting helical grooves (creating lands and grooves) inside the bore of a firearm barrel to impart spin and stabilize the bullet.
Q66
🔬 Forensic ScienceAmmunition
Ammunition of rifles firearm DOES NOT contain
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Wads)
Wads are cylindrical cardboard, plastic, or felt barriers used in shotgun shells to separate the powder and pellets. Rifle cartridges do not contain wads.
Q67
🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Firearms
Snaphaunce and Miquelet are the types of
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Flint lock)
Snaphaunce and Miquelet are early historic variations and developments of the Flintlock ignition mechanism.
Q68
🔬 Forensic ScienceInternal Ballistics
Which of the following is not the factor affecting on the internal ballistics?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Wind deflection.)
Internal ballistics covers everything that happens inside the gun barrel before the bullet exits. Wind deflection occurs in flight, which is part of external ballistics.
Q69
🔬 Forensic ScienceInternal Ballistics
The velocity of the bullet when it just exits the barrel of the firearm is called
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Muzzle velocity)
Muzzle velocity is the speed at which a projectile exits the muzzle (the end of the barrel) of a firearm.
Q70
🔬 Forensic ScienceAmmunition
Dum-Dum bullets were first manufactured at
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Calcutta)
Dum-Dum (expanding) bullets were first designed and manufactured in the late 19th century at the British Indian Army Arsenal located in Dum Dum near Calcutta (Kolkata).
Q71
🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms
A symbol and/or series of letters and/or numbers stamped into a firearm or gun is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Proof marks)
Proof marks are symbols or letters stamped into the barrel or action of a firearm indicating it has passed high-pressure safety testing (proof house testing). Head stamps are on ammunition casings, not the gun.
Q72
🔬 Forensic ScienceBallistics
The phenomenon of deflection of bullet due to striking a solid target at low angle
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Ricochet)
Ricochet is the rebound, bounce, or deflection of a projectile off a flat or solid surface at a shallow angle.
Q73
🔬 Forensic ScienceAmmunition
The function of primer is
💡Correct Answer: Option A (To ignite the main charge)
The primer contains a small amount of sensitive primary explosive that detonates upon impact, sending a flame to ignite the main propellant powder charge.
Q74
🔬 Forensic SciencePrimers
Which one is used as a primer
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Lead azide)
Lead azide is a highly sensitive primary explosive commonly used in primer caps to initiate detonation upon mechanical impact.
Q75
🔬 Forensic ScienceShotguns
Wad in the cartridge serves the purpose of:
💡Correct Answer: Option D (To prevent from jerk)
The wad serves as a cushion and barrier in shotgun shells. The compressible section of the wad helps absorb the initial peak shock wave (the 'jerk') upon ignition, protecting the barrel and stabilizing pressure.
Q76
🔬 Forensic ScienceRifling
Degree of twist in case of rifling is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Pitch)
The pitch of rifling is the distance inside the barrel over which the lands and grooves make one complete helical turn (360 degrees rotation).
Q77
🔬 Forensic ScienceGSR Analysis
Lead in discharge residue best identified by
💡Correct Answer: Option C (X-ray radiography)
Lead is highly radiopaque. In forensic medicine and ballistics, X-ray radiography is highly effective for identifying the presence, path, and deposits of lead residue/bullets in tissue.
Q78
🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms
Backward movement of firearm during firing is termed as
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Recoil)
Recoil is the rearward movement of a firearm caused by Newton's third law of motion (action and reaction) when the bullet is projected forward.
Q79
🔬 Forensic ScienceTerminal Ballistics
The velocity of bullet at the time of impact is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Striking velocity)
Striking velocity is the speed of the projectile at the exact instant it hits the target.
Q80
🔬 Forensic ScienceTerminal Ballistics
Penetration of bullet inside the target depends on
i. Cross sectional area of projectile ii. Velocity of projectile iii. Weight of projectile
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii & iii)
Penetration depth depends on the sectional density (weight / cross-sectional area) and the kinetic energy (which depends on velocity). Therefore, all three factors affect penetration.
Q81
🔬 Forensic ScienceExternal Ballistics
The factor affects the path of the projectile are
i. Air resistance ii. Force of gravity iii. Spin
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii & iii)
The trajectory (path) of a bullet is affected by gravity (vertical drop), air resistance/drag (loss of speed), and gyroscopic spin (stabilization and drift).
Q82
🔬 Forensic ScienceExternal Ballistics
Air resistance affects least to
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Boat tailed bullets)
Boat-tailed bullets have a tapered base that reduces base drag and turbulence, experiencing the least overall air resistance compared to flat-base or round-nose designs.
Q83
🔬 Forensic ScienceExternal Ballistics
The tendency of a projectile to suck backward to fill up the vacuum is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Base drag)
Base drag is the aerodynamic drag caused by the low pressure/vacuum area formed behind the flat base of a moving bullet, which pulls it backward.
Q84
🔬 Forensic ScienceTrajectory
The angle between the direction of motion of projectile and central axis of projectile is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Yaw)
Yaw is the angle between the longitudinal axis of the projectile and its actual vector of travel.
Q85
🔬 Forensic ScienceTrajectory
The lateral deviation of trajectory of projectile from the plane of departure is known as
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Drift)
Drift is the lateral (sideways) deviation of a spinning bullet from the vertical plane of departure, primarily caused by gyroscopic spin and air interaction.
Q86
🔬 Forensic ScienceGSR Analysis
The most impressive and effective method to evaluate GSR is
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Scanning Electron Microscope)
Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) is the gold standard for GSR analysis because it allows identification of both the chemical composition and the spherical morphology of individual particles.
Q87
🔬 Forensic ScienceWound Ballistics
Scorching is also known as
i. Singeing ii. Burning iii. Charring
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii & iii)
Scorching (the thermal damage caused by muzzle flash gases) is also referred to as singeing (specifically for hair) or burning/charring (for fibers and tissue).
Q88
🔬 Forensic ScienceWound Ballistics
Tattooing is also known as
i. Blackening ii. Peppering iii. Stippling
💡Correct Answer: Option C (ii & iii)
Tattooing is the embedding of unburnt powder grains in the skin, which is also known as stippling or peppering. Blackening is the deposit of soot/smoke, which can be wiped off, unlike tattooing.
Q89
🔬 Forensic ScienceShotguns
The mathematical relation between diameter of dispersed pellets (D) and range (R) of fire of a half choke standard firearms is
💡Correct Answer: Option B (D=3R)
In standard ballistics, the pattern diameter (D in cm) for a half-choke shotgun is roughly 3 times the range of fire (R in meters): D = 3R. (Contrast: Cylinder is 4R, Full choke is 2R/2.5R).
Q90
🔬 Forensic ScienceWound Ballistics
Which of the following are characteristics wounds caused by firearms?
i. Rat holes ii. Key holes iii. Explosive wound
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii & iii)
All three are characteristic gunshot wounds: Rat holes (close-range shotgun wound), Key holes (tumbling bullet entries), and Explosive wounds (high-velocity or contact head wounds).
Q91
🔬 Forensic ScienceTerminal Ballistics
Penetration power of a firearm and its ammunition is measured from the penetration of the projectile in
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Soft pine wood)
Historically, the standard material used to empirically measure and compare the penetration power of bullets is dry, soft pine wood boards of a standard thickness.
Q92
🔬 Forensic ScienceBallistics
The distance up to which a shooter can take aim and make a kill is called as
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Effective range)
Effective range is the maximum distance at which a shooter can reasonably expect to hit and disable/kill a target using the weapon system.
Q93
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Science
Which of the following is called "Locard's Principle of Exchange"?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Every contact leaves a trace)
Locard's Exchange Principle states that 'every contact leaves a trace', which forms the fundamental basis of trace evidence and crime scene investigation.
Q94
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology
Under which of the following branches of forensic science are age estimations from skeletal remains (bones) carried out?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Anthropology)
Forensic Anthropology is the application of the anatomical science of anthropology and its various subfields in a legal setting, including estimating age, sex, stature, and ancestry from skeletal remains.
Q95
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Science
The concept of anthropometry was given by which of the following scientists?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Alphonse Bertillon)
Alphonse Bertillon developed anthropometry (also known as Bertillonage), which was a system of physical measurements of body parts used by police to identify criminals.
Q96
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions
The Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Hyderabad was established in which of the following year?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (1967)
The Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) in Hyderabad was established in 1967.
Q97
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions
Which of the following is the most recent Central Forensic Science Laboratory established in 2011?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (CFSL, Guwahati)
The CFSL in Guwahati, along with Bhopal and Pune, was established in 2011 under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Q98
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Administration
The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) was started under the Ministry of Home Affairs in which of the following years?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (1986)
The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) was established in 1986 to empower Indian Police with information technology and criminal databases.
Q99
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Technology
The automated multi-modal identification system (AMBIS) was first launched by which of the following states?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Maharashtra)
Maharashtra was the first state in India to launch the Automated Multimodal Biometric Identification System (AMBIS) in 2019 to digitize criminal fingerprint and biometric data.
Q100
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Physics
Examination of soil is carried out in which of the following forensic science laboratory divisions?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Physics)
Forensic examination of soil, glass, paint, and fibers is typically handled by the Physics (or Trace Evidence) division of the Forensic Science Laboratory.
Q101
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Which of the following is a type of physical evidence?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Glass)
Glass is a tangible object (physical evidence), while alibis and testimonies represent oral or testimonial evidence.
Q102
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
The following steps are involved in the crime scene processing:
i. Packaging of evidence ii. Collection of evidence iii. Securing the crime scene iv. Sketching and videography of the crime scene
Which of the following sequence/order is correct beginning from the first step?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (iii, iv, ii, i)
The standard sequence of crime scene processing is: first securing the scene (iii), documenting via sketching and photography (iv), collecting evidence (ii), and then packaging it (i).
Q103
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
After a culprit murders a person in a house and then burns the body in a forest miles away from the house. What is the crime scene where the body is burnt called?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Secondary crime scene)
The house where the murder occurred is the primary crime scene, and the forest where the body was burned is the secondary crime scene.
Q104
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
The following steps are involved in crime scene reconstruction:
i. Conjecture ii. Testing and theory formation iii. Data collection iv. Hypothesis testing
Which of the following sequence/order is correct beginning from the first step?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (iii, i, iv, ii)
Crime scene reconstruction involves: Data collection (iii) -> Conjecture/observation (i) -> Hypothesis testing (iv) -> Testing and theory formation (ii).
Q105
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Which of the following search methods on the crime scene is a very thorough method for searching for evidence?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Grid method)
The grid search method is a double-line search that is highly thorough and ensures no area is missed.
Q106
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Databases
Consider the following pairs:
i. Fingerprint-AFIS ii. DNA-IBIS iii. Fired bullets - CODIS iv. Paint-PDQ
Which of the components are matched correctly with their databases?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i and iv only)
AFIS is for fingerprints (i) and PDQ is for paint chemistry (iv). CODIS is the DNA database, and IBIS is for ballistics/fired bullets.
Q107
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Which of the following is a type of macroscopic crime scene?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (House of crime)
A macroscopic crime scene refers to large-scale scenes (like a house, building, or field), whereas microscopic scenes refer to trace evidence (GSR, hair, pollen).
Q108
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Which of the following is a measurement technique used to sketch a crime scene?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Polar coordinates)
Polar coordinates is a mapping method using distance and angles from a single reference point to locate evidence.
Q109
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Ethics
Which of the following is the prime duty of a forensic scientist?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (To provide honest scientific reports of their analysis)
The primary duty of a forensic scientist is to conduct unbiased scientific analysis and provide objective, honest reports to the court.
Q110
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Which of the following is a type of paper packaging method used for evidence?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Druggist's fold)
A druggist's fold (or pharmacist's fold) is a folding pattern used to secure small amounts of trace evidence (like hair, powder, fibers) in paper without leakage.
Q111
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Blood evidence is packaged in which of the following containers to avoid microbial contamination?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Paper bags)
Wet or dry bloodstains should be packaged in paper bags because paper allows remaining moisture to evaporate, preventing mold/microbial growth which degrades DNA.
Q112
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What is a specimen for example a hair sample whose origin is known with certainty and is used for comparison called?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Standard sample)
A sample whose origin is known with certainty (like hair taken directly from a suspect's head) is called a standard or known sample.
Q113
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What is one of the most effective ways of documenting the location of evidence on a bomb blast explosion scene?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Polar coordinates)
Polar coordinates are highly effective for mapping expansive, outdoor explosion scenes where there may be a single center of explosion but few rectangular walls.
Q114
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Which of the following is an example of trace evidence found on a crime scene?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Fiber)
Trace evidence refers to microscopic physical evidence transferred during a crime, such as fibers, hair, soil, or glass fragments.
Q115
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Safety
After processing the crime scene, the Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) has to be removed in a sequence. Consider the following sequence.
i. Outer gloves, if double-gloved ii. Booties if separate from overgarments iii. Surgical mask iv. Eye protection
Which of the following sequences is correct starting from the first to be removed the last?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (i, ii, iv, iii)
The proper sequence to remove PPE to avoid contamination is: outer gloves (i), booties (ii), eye protection (iv), and surgical mask last (iii) to prevent inhalation of airborne contaminants.
Q116
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Science
Consider the following pairs:
i. Toxicology evidence - Friction ridge ii. Questioned document evidence - Handwriting iii. Biological evidence - Semen iv. Fingerprint evidence - Poison
Which of the above evidences are correctly matched?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (ii and iii only)
Handwriting relates to questioned documents (ii) and semen relates to biological evidence (iii). Friction ridges relate to fingerprints, and poisons relate to toxicology.
Q117
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Botany
Which of the following statements pertaining to use of palynomorphs in forensics is INCORRECT?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Recovery of diatoms from stomach alone indicates death by drowning)
Finding diatoms in the stomach alone does not prove drowning, as diatoms can be swallowed with drinking water. Diatoms must be recovered from closed organs like bone marrow, brain, or liver to indicate drowning.
Q118
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Botany
Cannabis plants are often grown indoors illegally. Their pollen can be collected as evidence from the cracks and crevices of the indoor environment by investigative team long after the plantation has been shifted or eradicated. What type of pollination does Cannabis exhibit?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Anemophilous)
Cannabis is an anemophilous (wind-pollinated) plant, producing lightweight pollen that disperses easily and lingers in cracks and indoor spaces.
Q119
🧬 BiologyForensic Biology
In what region of the spermatozoa is the mitochondria placed?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Mid piece)
The mitochondria are spirally arranged in the midpiece of the spermatozoon, providing energy (ATP) for sperm motility.
Q120
🧬 BiologyWildlife Forensics
Establishing geographical location of a wildlife species is crucial to legislative actions. How can this be achieved?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (By identifying reproductive population)
To enforce regional protections (such as CITES appendices or regional laws), identifying the breeding/reproductive population of origin is the primary way to establish the geographic origin of a specimen.
Q121
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine
What stage marks the beginning of putrefaction during decomposition in a terrestrial environment?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Bloated stage)
The bloated stage is characterized by the accumulation of gases produced by anaerobic bacteria during putrefaction, marking its overt beginning.
Q122
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology
Which of the following statements are TRUE?
i. Insect colonisation occurs slower if body is completely burnt. ii. Insect colonisation is influenced by the biogeoclimatic zone iii. Exposure to sunlight causes faster depletion of resources by the insects.
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, ii and iii)
All statements are true: Charring limits/slows early fly colonization (i); different climate zones affect insect species (ii); and sunlight speeds up larval metabolism and carcass depletion (iii).
Q123
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology
Arrange the sequence of steps you will perform as a forensic entomologist in an outdoor crime scene:
i. Collection of live adult flies ii. Collection of soil temperatures under the body after its removal iii. Photography, notations of the overall crime scene from a safe distance iv. Collection of insects on the body
💡Correct Answer: Option C (iii, i, iv, ii)
First photograph the scene (iii), catch flying adult insects before they disperse (i), collect crawling insects/maggots from the remains (iv), and lastly collect soil temperatures beneath the body once it is moved (ii).
Q124
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Botany
During processing of pollen samples from soil, what is the chemical used to remove silica?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Hydrofluoric acid)
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is used in palynology to dissolve silicate minerals and release pollen grains from soil/sediment samples.
Q125
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology
The first effort at determining the PMI with the help of entomology in the 1850s was done by studying insect succession and life cycle. Who was the scientist behind this?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Louis Bergeret)
In 1855, French physician Louis Bergeret d'Arbois was the first to apply insect succession to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI) of a mummified infant's remains.
Q126
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology
If the Accumulated Degree Hours (ADH) in three days is 3672, then how many ADH of 70 degree are there in these 3 days?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (52.45 hours)
To find the corresponding hours at a constant 70 degrees: Hours = ADH / Temp = 3672 / 70 = 52.45 hours.
Q127
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology
State which of the statements are true?
i. Insects can indicate movement of body from rural to urban areas ii. Insect colonisation patterns help determine wound sites iii. Unwrapped and wrapped carcasses will show similar insect colonisation patterns iv. In general, more beetles are found in the indoor environment, and more flies outdoors.
💡Correct Answer: Option A (i, ii only)
Statements i (rural vs. urban species) and ii (wounds attract unusual egg-laying) are true. Wrapping delays colonization, and fly and beetle distribution varies based on decomposion stage, not simply indoor/outdoor.
Q128
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology
Adult flies are
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Positively phototropic)
Adult blowflies are positively phototropic (attracted to light) and are active during daylight hours.
Q129
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology
What is the most accurate way of storing live larval samples for entomological identification?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Container with soil and with food substrate in a pouch)
Rearing live larvae to adults is the most accurate way to identify species. Rearing requires placing them in a container with a pupation medium (like soil or sawdust) and meat/food wrapped in foil or a pouch to keep it fresh.
Q130
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology
At the age 12-13 years, when all the second molars have erupted, what would the total number of teeth be?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (28 permanent, 0 temporary)
By age 12-13, all 28 permanent teeth (excluding the 4 wisdom teeth) have erupted, and all primary/temporary teeth have been shed.
Q131
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology
Which of the following is NOT a tooth characteristic used for age estimation using Gustafson's method?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Primary dentine formation)
Gustafson's method utilizes six criteria: Attrition, Periodontosis, Secondary dentin formation, Cementum apposition, Root resorption, and Transparency of the root. Primary dentine formation is not a criteria.
Q132
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology
According to the FDI system, what tooth is denoted by the number 28?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Left maxillary third molar)
In the FDI two-digit notation, quadrant 2 is the upper left (maxillary left) quadrant, and number 8 represents the third molar (wisdom tooth). Thus, 28 represents the left maxillary third molar.
Q133
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology
Who is considered the "Father of Forensic Anthropology"?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Thomas Dwight)
Thomas Dwight (1843-1911) was an American anatomist whose pioneering research on skeletal identification earned him the title of the Father of Forensic Anthropology.
Q134
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology
Which fontanelle of the human skull closes at birth or up to 6 weeks after birth?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Lambda)
The posterior fontanelle (Lambda) closes within 1-2 months (up to 6 weeks) after birth. Bregma closes around 18 months.
Q135
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology
Which of the following statements pertaining to the sexual dimorphism in human pelvis is TRUE?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (The pelvic inlet is circular in females and heart-shaped in males)
In the human pelvis, the female pelvic inlet is circular or oval, whereas the male pelvic inlet is heart-shaped to accommodate childbirth.
Q136
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology
Which of the following is categorised as a short bone?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Carpal)
Carpal bones in the wrist and tarsal bones in the ankle are classified as short bones.
Q137
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology
Which of the following populations has a short dolichocephalic skull?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Negroid)
Forensic anthropology classifies ancestral skulls into broad groups; Negroid skulls are typically dolichocephalic (long and narrow).
Q138
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology
During dental comparison, it was found that in the antemortem findings, tooth number 16 was intact, whereas in the postmortem examination, the same tooth was missing. This is reported as
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Explainable inconsistency)
A tooth present antemortem but missing postmortem is an explainable inconsistency because teeth can be lost postmortem due to decay, extraction, or trauma during or after death.
Q139
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology
What part of the tooth is an excellent source of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Pulp)
The dental pulp, located in the center of the tooth, is highly protected by the enamel and dentin and serves as an excellent source of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.
Q140
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology
Which statement pertaining to defensive bitemarks is TRUE?
i. Show a well-defined pattern ii. Are usually singular iii. Show tearing of skin iv. Are most often seen in postmortem bitemarks
💡Correct Answer: Option B (only iii)
Defensive bite marks occur during a violent struggle, meaning they are antemortem (not postmortem) and often ill-defined/distorted, showing tearing of skin due to movement. Only statement iii is correct.
Q141
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology
What is the outer covering of the tooth root called?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Cementum)
Cementum is the specialized calcified substance covering the outer surface of the root of a tooth.
Q142
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology
Which is the oldest permanent tooth in oral cavity of human adults?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (First molar)
The permanent first molar (often called the 6-year molar) is the first permanent tooth to erupt, making it the oldest permanent tooth in an adult mouth.
Q143
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology
Which of the following is a NOT successional tooth?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Second molar)
Successional (or succedaneous) teeth are permanent teeth that replace primary teeth. Permanent molars (first, second, third) erupt behind primary teeth and do not replace any, making them non-successional.
Q144
🧬 BiologyForensic Biology
What solution is used for the temporary mounting of hair sample?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Glycerin)
Glycerin (or a glycerin-water mixture) is the standard medium used for the temporary mounting and microscopic examination of hair.
Q145
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic DNA
Which of the following DNA markers shows maternal inheritance?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Mitochondrial DNA)
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited exclusively from the mother because mitochondria are supplied by the egg cell, not the sperm.
Q146
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Science
Examination of physical and trace evidences collected from crime scene for the aiding of justice delivery is known as
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Criminalistics)
Criminalistics is the branch of forensic science that deals with the recording, identification, and scientific analysis of physical and trace evidence.
Q147
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What does transient evidence mean?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Evidence which can degrade or disappear within a short period of time)
Transient evidence is evidence that by its very nature is temporary and can easily degrade, disappear, or change over a short period of time (e.g., odors, temperature, footprints in snow).
Q148
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Science
In a vehicular collision case, what principle of forensic science would be applicable to collect evidence.
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Law of exchange)
Locard's Exchange Principle (Law of Exchange) states that whenever two objects come into contact, there is a transfer of material (e.g., paint transfer, glass fragments, or tire marks in a vehicular collision).
Q149
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology
What branch of forensic science deals with measurement and proportions of human body?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Anthropometry)
Anthropometry refers to the systematic measurement of the physical properties and proportions of the human body, popularized by Alphonse Bertillon for criminal identification.
Q150
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Botany
Examination of pollen and seeds as trace evidences collected from crime scene is done by
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Forensic Botany)
Forensic Botany involves the application of plant sciences (such as examining pollen grains, seeds, leaves, and wood) to legal investigations.
Q151
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions
In what year did the oldest fingerprint bureau, Kolkata celebrate its 125th year of establishment.
💡Correct Answer: Option C (2022)
The first Fingerprint Bureau in the world was established in Calcutta (Kolkata) in June 1897. It celebrated its 125th anniversary in June 2022.
Q152
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions
Where was the first chemical examiner's laboratory established in India?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Madras)
The first Chemical Examiner's Laboratory in India was established at Madras (now Chennai) in 1849.
Q153
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions
Where was the foundation of Department of Explosives laid?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Nagpur)
The Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization (PESO), formerly known as the Department of Explosives, has its headquarters in Nagpur, Maharashtra, where its foundation was laid in 1898.
Q154
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Date, location and scale are the important components of
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Crime scene sketch)
Date, location, and scale (along with direction and legend) are essential components of a Crime Scene Sketch.
Q155
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What is not the responsibility of an First Responder?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Collection of transient evidences at the scene)
The first responder's priority is life safety (first aid), securing the scene, and arresting suspects if present. Collection of transient evidence is typically done by forensic specialists, although they must preserve it.
Q156
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What is not a search method employed for outdoor crime scene?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Supervision method)
Supervision method is not a physical search pattern. Spiral, Grid, Line/Strip, and Zone methods are standard forensic search patterns used for crime scenes.
Q157
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
The document meant at the crime scene to keep a record of entry and exit of personnels is known as
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Crime Scene Log)
The Crime Scene Security Log (or Crime Scene Log) records the names and times of arrival and departure of all personnel entering or exiting the secured perimeter.
Q158
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Any physical location where the crime has occurred is known as
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Crime scene)
A crime scene is defined as any physical location where a crime occurred or where evidence related to the crime is found.
Q159
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Science
A forensic scientist becomes an expert by the virtue of
💡Correct Answer: Option D (All of the above)
Under Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, a forensic scientist qualifies as an expert through education/knowledge, specialized training, and practical experience/practice.
Q160
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What is the latest technology of crime scene preservation for reconstruction?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (3-D Laser Scanning)
3-D Laser Scanning (such as FARO scanners) is a state-of-the-art technology that captures a detailed 3D digital model of the entire crime scene for subsequent virtualization and reconstruction.
Q161
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Wet seminal stains on an clothing is preserved by
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Air drying and storage in paper bag)
Biological fluids like semen and blood must be air-dried at room temperature away from direct sunlight, and then packaged in a breathable paper bag to prevent bacterial growth.
Q162
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
A sharp knife collected form the crime scene as evidence should be preserved in
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Wooden box lined with cotton)
Sharp and dangerous items like knives should be secured in a rigid container (such as a wooden or cardboard box) lined with protective cushioning (cotton) to prevent injury and preserve DNA/fingerprints.
Q163
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Scientists going to an mass disaster crime scene should ensure
💡Correct Answer: Option D (All of the above)
Mass disaster management requires self-safety/PPE (biological hazard protection), careful chain of custody (collection/packaging), and surveying the wider area for secondary scenes.
Q164
⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics
'Affeem' is the common name for what narcotic substance.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Opium)
'Afeem' (or Afeem) is the common Hindi/Urdu term for Opium, which is derived from the latex of the Papaver somniferum poppy.
Q165
⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics
What is not a phenanthrene alkaloid extracted from Opium plant?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Narcotine)
Opium alkaloids include phenanthrenes (morphine, codeine, thebaine) and benzylisoquinolines (narcotine/noscapine, papaverine). Thus, Narcotine is not a phenanthrene alkaloid.
Q166
⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics
Cocaine is extracted from plant belonging to family
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Erythroxylum)
Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of the Erythroxylum coca plant (family Erythroxylaceae). Erythroxylum is the genus name representing this botanical source.
Q167
⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics
Which is not true for Morphine?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Metabolises into 6 MAM on metabolism)
Heroin metabolizes into 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), and then into morphine. Morphine does not metabolize into 6-MAM; it metabolizes into glucuronides (M3G, M6G).
Q168
⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics
What is an example of synthetic cannabinoid?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Spice)
Spice (or K2) is a common street name for herbal mixtures sprayed with synthetic cannabinoids.
Q169
⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics
What is the chemical name of ecstasy?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (MDMA)
Ecstasy is the street name for MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), a synthetic psychoactive drug.
Q170
⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics
What controlled substance can be used to synthesize heroin from morphine?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Acetic anhydride)
Acetic anhydride is a key precursor chemical used to acetylate morphine into heroin (diacetylmorphine). It is highly controlled internationally.
Q171
⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics
What is an example of synthetic drug?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Barbiturate)
Barbiturates (like phenobarbital) are fully synthetic sedative-hypnotic drugs. Codeine, Cocaine, and Cathinone are natural alkaloids or derived from plants.
Q172
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Primary evaluation as done by the First Responder should include
💡Correct Answer: Option D (All of the above)
A first responder's initial assessment (primary evaluation) must establish the size/scope of the incident, identify what emergency services are needed, and evaluate hazard/safety concerns.
Q173
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology
What is an example of stupefying agent used for committing crimes?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Nitrazepam)
Benzodiazepines like Nitrazepam (or Lorazepam/Diazepam) are common stupefying or sleep-inducing agents slipped into drinks to facilitate crimes (drug-facilitated crimes).
Q174
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology
Urine testing kit for the exposure to drugs is based on principle of
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Immunoassay)
Commercial rapid urine drug test kits utilize lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (Immunoassays) to detect drugs or their metabolites.
Q175
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology Extraction
Modified Stass-Otto Method is used for the isolation of
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Non Volatile Poison)
The Stas-Otto process (and its modifications) is the standard forensic method used to extract non-volatile organic poisons (like alkaloids, barbiturates, and other drugs) from visceral tissues.
Q176
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology
Remote-Local Toxicity is developed by
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Phenol)
Phenol acts locally as a corrosive (causing burns/necrosis) and also remotely on the CNS and kidneys after absorption, demonstrating both local and remote toxicity.
Q177
⚗️ ChemistryFood Toxicology
Infant Botulism is mostly caused by Contaminated:
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Honey)
Infant botulism occurs when an infant ingests spores of Clostridium botulinum, which are commonly found in contaminated raw honey. Hence honey is forbidden for infants under 1 year.
Q178
⚗️ ChemistryClinical Toxicology
The most useful bedside test to suggest snake bite envenomation is
💡Correct Answer: Option B (20 min whole blood clotting time)
The 20-minute Whole Blood Clotting Time (20WBCT) is a simple, highly reliable bedside test used to diagnose coagulopathy following viper/snake envenomation.
Q179
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology
______ is combined effect of two chemicals is greater than sum of effects of each.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Synergism)
Synergism occurs when the joint effect of two active agents is significantly greater than the sum of their individual effects (e.g., 2 + 2 = 10).
Q180
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology Extraction
Which of the following poisons can be detected in the viscera in a decomposed body?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Phosphorous)
Yellow phosphorus and metallic/elemental poisons can resist putrefaction and be detected in the viscera of highly decomposed bodies (organophosphates degrade quickly).
Q181
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology
The half-life of cocaine is approximately:
💡Correct Answer: Option A (1h)
Cocaine has a relatively short elimination half-life of approximately 0.7 to 1.5 hours (usually summarized as ~1 hour).
Q182
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology
Inebriant Poison includes
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Ethanol)
Inebriants are intoxicants that cause drunkenness. Ethanol (alcohol) is the classic example of an inebriant poison.
Q183
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology
Smell of bitter almonds is seen in poisoning with
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Hydrocyanic acid)
Hydrocyanic acid (cyanide) poisoning is classically recognized by a characteristic smell of bitter almonds from the breath or tissues.
Q184
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology Preservation
No preservative need to be added to any of the specimens collected for chemical analysis that can be dispatched to the laboratory immediately and analysis can be done within
💡Correct Answer: Option A (24 hours)
If the biological viscera samples can reach the forensic lab and be analyzed within 24 hours, no chemical preservatives are strictly required, provided cold chain is maintained.
Q185
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology
One of the differences between morphine and pethidine relates to:
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Ability to suppress cough)
Pethidine (meperidine) lacks significant antitussive (cough-suppressing) activity, unlike morphine which is a potent cough suppressant.
Q186
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology ADME
Among following which is not a part of L-ADME?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Liberty)
L-ADME stands for Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion. 'Liberty' is not a component of this pharmacological abbreviation.
Q187
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology ADME
The most important factor that determines whether a substance will be well absorbed within the stomach is the:
💡Correct Answer: Option C (pH)
The acidic pH of the stomach determines the ionization state of a drug. Weak acids (non-ionized at low pH) are well-absorbed from the stomach, making pH the key factor.
Q188
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology ADME
The "first pass" phenomenon pertains to:
💡Correct Answer: Option C (An anatomical arrangement in which xenobiotics absorbed from the intestine go to the liver first rather than into the systemic circulation)
First-pass metabolism refers to the drug metabolism where substances absorbed from the GI tract travel via the portal vein directly to the liver first, before reaching systemic circulation.
Q189
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology ADME
The organ that has greatest ability to bio transform the Xenobiotic is?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Liver)
The liver is the primary organ for drug metabolism/biotransformation due to its high concentration of cytochrome P450 and other metabolic enzymes.
Q190
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology ADME
Phase I Reactions are correct: Except
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Oxidation and Conjugation)
Phase I drug metabolism reactions include oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. Conjugation is a Phase II reaction, not Phase I.
Q191
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsWeb Security
Which of the following explains the nature of Cookies?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Transient)
In standard computer network contexts, cookies are described as transient (temporary) because session cookies expire when the browser is closed, and even persistent cookies have a set expiration time.
Q192
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsWeb Security
Which of the following is a Boolean cookie attribute?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Secure)
'Secure' is a Boolean attribute (flag) for cookies. When set, it restricts the transmission of the cookie to secure (HTTPS) connections only.
Q193
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking
Abbreviation of DNS is
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Domain Name System)
DNS stands for Domain Name System, which translates human-readable domain names (like example.com) into machine-readable IP addresses.
Q194
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSubnetting
The subnet mask for a particular network is 255.255.31.0. Which of the following pairs of IP addresses could belong to this network?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (128.8.129.43 & 128.8.161.55)
With subnet mask 255.255.31.0, bitwise ANDing of 129 (10000001) and 31 (00011111) gives 1, and 161 (10100001) and 31 gives 1. Thus, both 128.8.129.43 and 128.8.161.55 share the same subnet prefix (128.8.1.0).
Q195
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSubnetting
A subnet has been assigned a subnet mask of 255.255.255.192. What is the maximum number of hosts that can belong to this subnet?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (62)
The subnet mask 255.255.255.192 leaves 6 bits for the host ID (32 - 26 = 6 bits). The maximum number of assignable hosts is 2^6 - 2 = 62 (excluding network and broadcast addresses).
Q196
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking Devices
Which of the following is NOT true with respect to a transparent bridge and a router?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (A bridge uses IP addresses while a router uses MAC addresses)
The statement in Option B is reversed: a bridge works at Layer 2 and uses MAC addresses, whereas a router works at Layer 3 and uses IP addresses. Therefore, Option B is NOT true.
Q197
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsWireless Networks
Which media access control protocol is used by IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (CSMA/CA)
IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs use Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) to manage medium access and avoid collisions on the wireless medium.
Q198
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIP Addressing
The length of address in IPv6 is
💡Correct Answer: Option B (128 bits)
An IPv6 address has a length of 128 bits, providing a vastly larger address space compared to the 32-bit address space of IPv4.
Q199
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsVPN Protocols
Which of the following is not a VPN protocol?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (SLIP)
SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) is an older encapsulation protocol for serial ports, not a Virtual Private Network (VPN) protocol. PPTP, L2F, and IPSec are VPN tunneling protocols.
Q200
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptographic Protocols
Typically, _____ can receive application data from any application layer protocol, but the protocol is normally HTTP.
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Both A & B)
Both SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) reside at the transport/session layer and can secure any application-layer protocol, although HTTP is the most common use case (resulting in HTTPS).
Q201
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsEmail Security
One security protocol for the e-mail system is
💡Correct Answer: Option D (PGP)
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an email encryption protocol that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. SSL/TLS are general transport protocols, and IPSec operates at the network layer.
Q202
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptography
In an RSA system, if the user chooses both prime number as p=59, q=61, then what is the value of n?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (3599)
In the RSA cryptosystem, the modulus n is the product of the two prime numbers: n = p q = 59 61 = 3599.
Q203
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptography
In RSA, phi(n) = _____ in terms of p and q.
💡Correct Answer: Option C ((p-1)*(q-1))
In RSA, Euler's totient function phi(n) represents the number of positive integers up to n that are relatively prime to n, and is computed as phi(n) = (p - 1) * (q - 1).
Q204
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptography
What is data encryption standard (DES)?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Block cipher)
DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a symmetric block cipher that processes plaintext data in fixed-size blocks of 64 bits.
Q205
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptography
In asymmetric key cryptography, the private key is kept by
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Receiver)
In asymmetric (public key) cryptography, the public key is shared widely, while the corresponding private key must be kept secret exclusively by the receiver to decrypt messages.
Q206
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking
PDU stands for
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Protocol data unit)
PDU stands for Protocol Data Unit, which represents a single unit of information transmitted among peer entities of a computer network (e.g. segments in TCP, packets in IP, frames in Ethernet).
Q207
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptographic Protocols
SSL provides
💡Correct Answer: Option D (All the above)
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) provides confidentiality (via symmetric encryption), integrity (via Message Authentication Codes/HMAC), and also supports data compression.
Q208
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsVirtualization
VMWare Workstation is
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Virtualization Application)
VMWare Workstation is a Type-2 hypervisor, which runs as a virtualization software application on top of a host operating system.
Q209
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsVirtualization
Which of the following is another name for a system virtual machine?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Hardware Virtual Machine)
A system virtual machine simulates a complete hardware platform to execute an entire guest operating system. Hence, it is also called a Hardware Virtual Machine.
Q210
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsInformation Security
Message _____ means that the data must arrive at the receiver exactly as sent.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Integrity)
Message integrity ensures that the transmitted data remains unaltered, accurate, and complete during transit from the sender to the receiver.
Q211
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIP Addressing
Convert the given binary notation IP address to dotted-decimal notation: 10000000 00001011 00000011 00011111
💡Correct Answer: Option B (128.11.3.31)
Converting each 8-bit binary octet to decimal: 10000000 = 128, 00001011 = 11, 00000011 = 3, 00011111 = 31. Thus, the address is 128.11.3.31.
Q212
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptography
Blowfish encrypts blocks of plaintext which have size
💡Correct Answer: Option C (64 bits)
Blowfish is a symmetric block cipher designed by Bruce Schneier that encrypts data in fixed-size blocks of 64 bits.
Q213
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking
Identify the service which is used to translate a domain name to IP address.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (DNS)
DNS (Domain Name System) is the hierarchical and decentralized naming system used to resolve human-readable hostnames into numeric IP addresses.
Q214
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLinux Commands
Identify the command which is used to create Linux File systems.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (mkfs)
The `mkfs` (make filesystem) command in Linux is used to build a specific filesystem (like ext4) on a partition or storage device.
Q215
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLinux Operating System
LILO stands for
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Linux loader)
LILO stands for Linux Loader, which was the standard, simple boot loader used for Linux systems before GRUB became popular.
Q216
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLinux Commands
Which of the following commands is used to display and create files?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (cat)
The `cat` command (short for concatenate) in Unix-like systems is commonly used to display file content, merge files, or create new files using redirection operators (e.g. `cat > file.txt`).
Q217
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLinux Commands
Which Linux command is used to see all the hidden files?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (ls-a)
In Linux, running `ls -a` (list all) displays all files and directories in the directory, including hidden files (those starting with a dot).
Q218
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptography
ECC stands for _____ in public key cryptography
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Elliptic curve cryptography)
ECC stands for Elliptic Curve Cryptography, an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields, offering smaller keys with equivalent security to RSA.
Q219
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsWeb Servers
Identify among the following which is mainly used to host web site.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Web server)
A web server is a software and hardware system designed to store, process, and deliver website pages to clients over the HTTP/HTTPS protocols.
Q220
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsWeb Protocols
HTTPS is stand for
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, which is HTTP layered over TLS or SSL to provide encrypted, authenticated network communication.
Q221
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIP Addressing
What is the length of the IPv4 address?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (32 bits)
An IPv4 address is composed of 32 bits, typically represented in dotted-decimal format (four 8-bit octets separated by decimals).
Q222
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetwork Topologies
The arrangement where all data pass through a central computer is known as
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Star topology)
In a Star topology, all network nodes are connected to a central hub, switch, or computer, through which all data transmissions must pass.
Q223
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetwork Protocols
Choose among the following which is a bit-oriented protocol.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (HDLC)
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) is a bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol. SSL, HTTP, and HTTPS are character/byte-oriented application/transport protocols.
Q224
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsFirewalls
What is a proxy server also known as?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Application-level gateway)
An application-level gateway (or application proxy) acts as a proxy server to filter incoming/outgoing traffic at the application layer of the OSI model.
Q225
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsRouting Protocols
What is routing algorithm used by OSPF routing protocol?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Link state)
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a Link-State routing protocol that uses the link-state routing algorithm (Dijkstra's SPF algorithm) to find the shortest path.
Q226
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSubnetting
What is the subnetwork address for a host with the IP address 200.10.5.68/28?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (200.10.5.64)
A /28 prefix corresponds to subnet mask 255.255.255.240. Binary bitwise AND of host octet 68 (01000100) and mask 240 (11110000) gives 64 (01000000). Thus, the subnet address is 200.10.5.64.
Q227
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIP Addressing
To test the IP stack on your local host, which IP address would you ping?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (127.0.0.1)
The IP address 127.0.0.1 is the standard loopback address reserved to test the TCP/IP protocol stack on the local host.
Q228
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking Organizations
IANA stands for
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
IANA stands for Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, a standard standards body responsible for global coordination of IP addressing, DNS root zone management, and protocol symbols.
Q229
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsFirewalls
Which firewall remembers the information about the previously passed packets?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Stateful firewalls)
Stateful firewalls monitor and keep track of the state of active network connections (using a state table) to filter incoming and outgoing packets based on connection history.
Q230
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsFirewalls
Network layer firewall works as a
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Packet filter)
A network layer firewall filters traffic based on network packet headers (IP addresses, protocol type, ports), functioning primarily as a packet filter.
Q231
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsFirewalls
The security device which installed between two networks (internal network to outside network) for controlling the flow of traffic into and out of network is known as
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Firewall)
A firewall is a network security device that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on an organization's previously established security policies.
Q232
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsWireless Networks
The IEEE 802.11 defines basic service set as a building block of wireless
💡Correct Answer: Option A (LAN)
The Basic Service Set (BSS) is the fundamental building block of an IEEE 802.11 wireless Local Area Network (LAN).
Q233
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIP Addressing
Which one is the natural mask for a class C Network?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (255.255.255.0)
The natural (default) subnet mask for Class C network ranges is 255.255.255.0 (/24 prefix length).
Q234
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking Devices
If the systems use different protocols, which one of the following devices is used to link two systems?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Gateway)
A Gateway is a network device used to connect two systems that use different protocols, performing translation/conversion between them at all layers of the OSI model.
Q235
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetwork Protocols
What is the standard form of SNMP?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Simple Network Management Protocol)
SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol, a standard Internet protocol used to collect, organize, and manage information from managed devices on IP networks.
Q236
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsDigital Forensics Principles
Provenance in digital forensics is
💡Correct Answer: Option C (The origin of the evidence)
Provenance in digital forensics refers to the origin, source, history, or custody chain of digital evidence to verify its authenticity and trace its history.
Q237
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetwork Topologies
Number of cables required connect 'n' device using Mesh Topology is
💡Correct Answer: Option A (n(n-1)/2)
In a fully connected mesh topology containing n devices, each device connects to n-1 other devices. The total number of simplex/physical links is n * (n - 1) / 2.
Q238
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIP Addressing
Which of the following is a necessary part of the IPv6 datagram?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Base header)
The base header is a mandatory, fixed-size 40-byte header that must be present in every IPv6 datagram, whereas extension headers are optional.
Q239
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetwork Services
FTP uses port number _____ for control connection.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (21)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) uses TCP port 21 to establish and manage control connections (sending commands), while port 20 is used for data transfer.
Q240
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsOperating Systems
Which of the following is not an operating system?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Oracle)
Oracle is a multinational technology corporation known primarily for its Database Management System (DBMS), not an operating system. Linux, DOS, and Windows are OS.
Q241
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking
How many digits of the Data Network Identification Code (DNIC) identify the country?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (First three digits)
A DNIC is a 4-digit number. The first three digits represent the Country Code (Data Country Code - DCC), and the fourth digit specifies the data network within that country.
Q242
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCyber Attacks
Which of the below is a popular victim of cyber attackers looking to gain the IP address of a target or victim user?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Websites)
Websites are common tools used by attackers to log visitor connections. By redirecting victims to a specific web server, attackers can easily capture and inspect the victim's source IP address in server access logs.
Q243
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetwork Services
What is a single entrance for multiple connectivity's called?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Directory service)
A directory service (like Active Directory) is a single, centralized database system that acts as a single point of entry to manage and connect multiple network services and users.
Q244
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCyber Attacks
_____ are piece of programs or scripts that allow hackers to take control over any system.
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Exploits)
Exploits are code, scripts, or programs written by hackers that take advantage of specific software or hardware vulnerabilities to compromise and gain unauthorized control over a target system.
Q245
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsOperating Systems
The operating system keeps a small table containing information about all open files called
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Open-file table)
The OS maintains an open-file table to keep track of all files currently opened by active system processes, caching information like file offset, permissions, and file descriptors.
Q246
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsOperating Systems
Which of the following are the two parts of the file name?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Extension and name)
In standard computer operating systems, a file name consists of two parts: the base name and the extension, which indicates the file format (separated by a dot).
Q247
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLaw of Evidence
Photographs, videos, sound recordings, X-rays, maps drawing, graphs charts is a type of
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Illustrative evidence)
Illustrative evidence (or demonstrative evidence) includes items like charts, diagrams, drawings, videos, and photographs used by experts to illustrate and explain their verbal testimonies.
Q248
🔬 Forensic ScienceDigital Evidence
A logon record tells us that, at a specific time:
💡Correct Answer: Option B (The account was used to log into the system)
A digital logon record strictly verifies only that the specific user account credentials were used to authenticate/login. It cannot physically prove who was typing behind the keyboard.
Q249
🔬 Forensic ScienceDigital Evidence
A network sniffer program is an example of.
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Information as an instrumentality)
In legal and digital forensics contexts, a software utility (such as a packet sniffer) used to execute a crime (intercepting password data) is classified as 'Information as an instrumentality' of the crime.
Q250
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCyber Attacks
In _____ attack, the attacker doesn't actively take ever another user to perform the attack.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Spoofing)
In a spoofing attack, the attacker simply mimics the identity (e.g. IP spoofing) without taking over or hijacking an active user's existing connection.
Q251
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCybersecurity Tools
Which of the following is a session hijacking tool?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (T-Sight)
T-Sight is a commercial security and network sniffing utility used for session hijacking and active monitoring. Wireshark is a packet analyzer, Maltego is OSINT, and Nessus is a vulnerability scanner.
Q252
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIntrusion Detection Systems
What are characteristics of stack-based IDS?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (They are integrated closely with the TCP/IP stack and watch packets)
Stack-based IDSs are integrated directly into the host TCP/IP stack, allowing them to watch packets as they are processed through the network layer stack.
Q253
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCloud Computing
Which of the following is not a type of cloud server?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Merged Cloud Servers)
Cloud servers include dedicated, public, and private cloud deployment architectures. 'Merged' cloud server is not a recognized type.
Q254
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCloud Computing
Which of the following is the most refined and restrictive cloud service model?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (SaaS)
SaaS (Software as a Service) is the most refined and restrictive model for users because the provider manages all infrastructure, platforms, and software configuration, leaving users with only software application access.
Q255
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCloud Security
Which of the following is the standard for interoperable cloud-based key management?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (KMIP)
KMIP (Key Management Interoperability Protocol) is a standard developed by OASIS to ensure interoperability between key management servers and clients.
Q256
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCloud Computing
Which of the following is an essential concept related to Cloud?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Abstraction)
Abstraction and Virtualization are the two core concepts of cloud computing. Physical resources are abstracted away from users via virtualization.
Q257
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQL Injection
Which of the stored procedure is used to test the SQL injection attack?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (xp_regwrite)
`xp_regwrite` is an extended stored procedure in MS SQL Server that writes values to the registry. Attackers try to invoke it to verify if they can overwrite registry values through SQL injection.
Q258
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQL Injection
_____ is time-based SQL injection attack.
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Blind SQL Injection)
Time-based SQL injection is a subtype of Blind SQL Injection. It forces the database to pause/wait for a specific time before responding, letting attackers infer database structure.
Q259
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQL Injection
Which will be useful to detect SQL Injection attacks?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Intrusion Detection System)
An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) inspects incoming network payloads against known attack signatures to detect malicious activities, including SQL Injection attacks.
Q260
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQL Injection
Which of the following statement is TRUE about SQL Injection?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (SQL Injection is a Code Penetration Technique)
SQL Injection is a code injection technique used to penetrate applications by executing arbitrary SQL commands through user inputs.
Q261
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetwork Forensics
The process of collection of network device logs is known as
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Active acquisition)
In network forensics, collecting data and logs directly from running network devices (routers, switches, firewalls) is known as Active Acquisition.
Q262
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking
ATM uses
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Asynchronous time division multiplexing)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) uses Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing (ATDM) to multiplex cell streams over physical links.
Q263
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking
An ATM switch at the boundary of the network usually uses _____ for routing.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (VPIs & VCIs)
At the UNI boundary of an ATM network, switches translate and route cells using both Virtual Path Identifiers (VPIs) and Virtual Channel Identifiers (VCIs) to map connections.
Q264
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsWireless Networks
Which modulations scheme is used by Bluetooth technology?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (GFSK)
Bluetooth Basic Rate (BR) technology uses GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) modulation to transmit data over its 79 RF channels.
Q265
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsWireless Networks
Which one of the following enables us to use the entire bandwidth simultaneously?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (CDMA)
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) enables multiple users to utilize the entire allocated frequency bandwidth simultaneously by separating user signals with unique codes.
Q266
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsWireless Networks
Which of the following is not true about TDMA?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Single carrier frequency for single user)
In TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), a single carrier frequency is shared among multiple users using distinct time slots, rather than being dedicated to a single user.
Q267
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsWireless Networks
_____ synchronization overhead is required in TDMA due to _____ transmission.
💡Correct Answer: Option A (High, burst)
TDMA requires high synchronization overhead (guard times and sync bits) because transmission occurs in short, discontinuous bursts which must align perfectly in time slots.
Q268
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsMobile Forensics
Which of the following is NOT a category of mobile forensic tools?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Data encryption tools)
Mobile forensic tools encompass extraction, recovery, and analysis categories. Encryption tools are security mechanisms to protect data, not forensic tools.
Q269
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQLite Databases
Which of the following is not a valid data type in SQLite?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (DECIMAL)
SQLite does not have a native DECIMAL storage class. It assigns it NUMERIC affinity. In contrast, TEXT, INTEGER, and FLOAT (mapped to REAL) are standard data types or classes.
Q270
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQLite Databases
Which of the following statements is true about SQLite encryption?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (SQLite supports encryption using the SQLite Encryption Extension (SEE))
Standard SQLite does not include encryption by default. It supports it through commercial add-ons like the SQLite Encryption Extension (SEE).
Q271
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQLite Databases
Which of the following SQL statements is used to drop a trigger from SQLite?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (DROP TRIGGER)
The standard SQL syntax to delete a trigger in SQLite is: `DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;`.
Q272
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsMobile Security
What is the general length of the IMEI number?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (15 digits)
An IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number is a unique 15-digit number used to identify 3GPP and iDEN mobile phones.
Q273
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCyber Crimes
Which among the following characteristics are correct about cyberstalking?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Use of internet or electronics to stalk or harass individual or any group)
Cyberstalking is specifically defined as the use of the Internet, email, or other electronic communication devices to stalk or harass another person.
Q274
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCyber Crimes
What are the means used for stalking by a cyber stalker?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Emails, messages, phone calls air drop etc.)
A cyberstalker uses electronic communication channels like emails, direct messages, social media, phone calls, and filesharing/airdrop to harass victims.
Q275
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsDigital Signatures
Digital Signatures authenticates the sender by appending the original message with the _____ digest.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Encrypted message)
A digital signature authenticates the sender by signing (encrypting with private key) the message digest, and appending this encrypted digest to the original message.
Q276
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsPrivacy Tools
_____ is a popular tool to block social-media websites to track your browsing activities.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Blur)
Blur (Abine Blur) is a well-known privacy tool and browser extension designed to block social media trackers, block ads, and mask user details.
Q277
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSocial Engineering
Part of the social media sites are the various games & third-party applications which helps _____ to get access to your data.
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Cyber-criminals)
Malicious games and third-party apps on social networks are frequently deployed by cyber-criminals to harvest user profile data and spread malware.
Q278
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsInformation Security
Many social media sites and services provide _____ for legitimate account verification.
💡Correct Answer: Option D (2-step verification)
Two-step (or two-factor) verification is standardly provided by social media services to authenticate the identity of the legitimate account holder during logins.
Q279
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptography
In public key cryptosystem which is kept as public?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Encryption keys)
In a standard public key encryption system (for confidentiality), the encryption key (public key) is published, while the decryption key (private key) is kept secret.
Q280
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptography
AES can decrypt the data in blocks of _____ bits each?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (128)
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) has a fixed block size of 128 bits for both encryption and decryption, regardless of the key size (which can be 128, 192, or 256 bits).
Q281
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptography
On which of the following term does AES performs computation?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Bytes)
AES is a byte-oriented cipher; it represents blocks internally as a 4x4 matrix of bytes (called the State) and performs mathematical computations on bytes.
Q282
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Principles
Consider the following principles of forensic science: i. Not all contact leaves a trace ii. Two different things can be compared iii. Everything is unique iv. Change is the only constant Which of the above statements is true/correct?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (iii and iv only)
According to the fundamental laws of forensic science, the Law of Individuality states 'Everything is unique' (iii), and the Law of Progressive Change states 'Change is the only constant' (iv). Statement i is incorrect because Locard's Exchange Principle states 'Every contact leaves a trace'. Statement ii is incorrect because the Law of Comparison states that only likes can be compared.
Q283
🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Forensics
Consider the following pairs: i. Father of forensic toxicology - Albert Osborn ii. Father of Forensic Ballistics - Calvin Goddard iii. Father of fingerprints - Francis Galton iv. Father of questioned documents - Mathieu Orfila Which of the scientists are correctly matched with their domain?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (ii and iii only)
Calvin Goddard is widely known as the Father of Forensic Ballistics (ii). Francis Galton is recognized as the Father of Fingerprints (iii) for developing the first classification system. Mathieu Orfila is the Father of Forensic Toxicology (not questioned documents), and Albert Osborn is the Father of Questioned Documents (not toxicology).
Q284
🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Forensics
Where was the first chemical examiner laboratory set up in India?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Madras)
The first Chemical Examiner's Laboratory in India was established at Madras (now Chennai) in the year 1849.
Q285
🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Forensics
The first Central Forensic Science Laboratory was started in Calcutta in which of the following year?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (1957)
The first Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) of India was established in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1957.
Q286
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Physics
Examination of tire marks is carried out in which of the following divisions of forensic science laboratory?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Physics division)
Physical evidence such as tire marks, tool marks, glass fractures, soil, and fiber comparisons are typically analyzed in the Physics Division of a forensic science laboratory.
Q287
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine
What does the term "Compos mentis" while giving a testimony or dying declaration mean?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Being of sound mind)
"Compos mentis" is a Latin term meaning 'of sound mind' or having full control of one's mental faculties, which is a key requirement for a valid testimony or dying declaration.
Q288
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
The following steps are carried out during crime scene processing. i. Collect ii. Process and preserve iii. Record iv. Observe Which is the right order beginning from the first step?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (iv, iii, i, ii)
The standard sequence of crime scene processing is to first Observe (iv) the scene, Record (iii) it through notes, sketches, and photos, Collect (i) the physical evidence, and finally Process and preserve (ii) the evidence and scene details.
Q289
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
What does Corpus delecti mean?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Elements of crime)
"Corpus delicti" is a Latin term meaning 'the body of the crime', which refers to the objective proof (elements) that a crime has indeed been committed.
Q290
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
What is "Lying under oath" called?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Perjury)
Perjury is the act of willfully making false statements or lying under oath during a judicial proceeding.
Q291
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
Which of the following standard is related to the admissibility of evidence?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Frye standard)
The Frye standard ( Frye v. United States, 1923) dictates that scientific evidence is admissible in court only if the scientific technique is 'generally accepted' as reliable within the relevant scientific community.
Q292
🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Collection
What is an exemplar?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Item for comparison with the questioned sample from a known source)
An exemplar (or reference sample) is a legally collected specimen of known origin (e.g. handwriting sample or DNA from a suspect) used to compare against the questioned evidence collected from the crime scene.
Q293
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Which of the following search methods on the crime scene is a very thorough method for searching for evidence?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Double strip method)
The double strip search method (also known as the grid search method) involves searching along parallel strips and then repeating the process perpendicular to the first path, making it extremely thorough.
Q294
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Sketching
Triangulation is a method used for which of the following purposes?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Measurement technique used for Sketching crime scene)
Triangulation is a classic measurement technique used in crime scene sketching to record the exact location of evidence relative to two fixed, known reference points.
Q295
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Consider the following duties of the first responding officer. i. Barricade the crime scene ii. Compile data from the scene iii. Attend to any injured people/survivors iv. Remove and detain witnesses/suspects from crime scene Arrange the duties in chronological order starting from the first duty
💡Correct Answer: Option A (iii, iv, i, ii)
The first priority of the responding officer is to preserve life by attending to the injured (iii). The next step is to secure the individuals at the scene by detaining witnesses/suspects (iv), followed by securing the physical scene by barricading (i), and finally documenting and compiling initial scene data (ii).
Q296
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Investigation
The trace evidence sometimes fluoresces under Alternate Light Source (ALS) used at the crime scene. What is its range?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (400-800 nm)
Alternate Light Sources (ALS) utilized at crime scenes generally operate within the visible and near-ultraviolet range (typically from 400 nm to 800 nm) to detect biological fluids, fibers, and other trace evidence via fluorescence.
Q297
🏗️ Civil EngineeringCrime Scene Reconstruction
In crime scene reconstruction, what does "conjecture" mean?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (To formulate a possible explanation before detailed analysis)
In the process of crime scene reconstruction, a conjecture refers to a preliminary, working hypothesis or possible explanation formulated before comprehensive and detailed laboratory analysis is completed.
Q298
🧬 BiologyCriminology
A serial offender is suspected of victimizing young teenage girls by mutilating their breasts. What will be the signature/style by which the culprit is killing his victims be called?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Modus operandi)
The method of committing a crime is called Modus Operandi (M.O.). While mutilation is a psychological signature, of the choices provided, 'Modus operandi' is the only valid legal/criminological term matching criminal behavioral patterns.
Q299
🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling
Which of the following evidences have the power of individualization?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (DNA)
DNA profiling has the statistical power of individualization, meaning it can uniquely identify a single individual. Blood group, shoe brand, and general whorl patterns of fingerprints are class characteristics (shared by multiple people).
Q300
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Ethics
Which of the following is the ethical responsibility of a forensic scientist?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Maintaining unbiased opinion and confidentiality of the information)
Forensic scientists are ethically bound to maintain absolute objectivity (unbiased scientific analysis) and keep all case information completely confidential.
Q301
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Protection
Consider the following statements to follow to avoid contamination of the crime scene. i. Establish multiple routes of entry and exit to the crime scene ii. Wear PPE at all times while on the crime scene iii. Create a separate route for entry to the crime scene for onlookers iv. Use a single-use collection kit for biological samples Which of the above statements is true/correct?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (ii and iv only)
To prevent cross-contamination, investigators must wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at all times (ii) and utilize single-use collection kits for each sample (iv). Only a single point of entry/exit should be established (i is false), and onlookers should never be allowed inside (iii is false).
Q302
🔬 Forensic SciencePresumptive Testing
What is a presumptive test?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (It is a non-confirmatory test to screen the presence of a substance)
A presumptive test is a highly sensitive but non-specific screening test. It is used to quickly screen samples and suggest the potential presence of a substance (e.g. blood, semen, drugs), but requires a confirmatory test for confirmation.
Q303
🧬 BiologyForensic Serology
On a suspected homicide crime scene, which of the following chemicals is used for the chemiluminescence of blood?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Luminol)
Luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione) is a chemical compound that exhibits chemiluminescence (glows blue) when it reacts with the iron found in hemoglobin.
Q304
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Sketching
Which of the following sketches shows a side view for example perspective of a wall looking from the side?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Elevated view)
An elevated sketch (or elevation view) depicts a vertical plane, showing a side-on view of the scene, such as a wall containing bullet holes or blood spatter patterns.
Q305
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Photography
Which of the following is a detailed millimetre scale placed next to evidence while taking close view photograph of evidence?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (ABFO)
The ABFO No. 2 scale, developed by the American Board of Forensic Odontologists, is a standard L-shaped millimetric scale placed next to wounds, bite marks, or other physical evidence during close-up photography to establish accurate scaling.
Q306
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Quality
Which of the following body offers accreditation to forensic science laboratories?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (NABL)
NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories) is the primary body in India that provides formal accreditation to testing and calibration laboratories, including forensic laboratories under ISO/IEC 17025.
Q307
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
Inquiry into the cause of death by Magistrate is covered in which of the following?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (176 CrPC)
Section 176 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) deals with inquiry by a Magistrate into the cause of death in cases such as custodial deaths, suspicious deaths, or deaths of women within seven years of marriage.
Q308
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Ethics
Consider the following ethics of a forensic expert: i. Be subjective in validated scientific analysis ii. Be objective in their analysis iii. Employ validated methods of analysis iv. Give personal opinions on the suspect of the crime Which of the above statements are true/correct?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (ii and iii only)
A forensic expert is ethically required to remain strictly objective (ii) during their analysis and always employ scientifically validated analytical methods (iii). Subjective bias (i) and personal opinions (iv) violate scientific and legal standards.
Q309
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
Which of the following Acts relates to evidence and its admissibility in the court in India?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Indian Evidence Act, 1872)
The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, is the primary legislation that governs the admissibility, relevance, and weight of evidence in Indian courts of law.
Q310
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine
Consider the following statements regarding who can conduct an autopsy in India. i. A trained Magistrate ii. A Registered Medical Practitioner in forensic medicine iii. Coroner iv. A doctor with B.A.M.S degree Which of the above statements are true/correct?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (ii only)
In India, an autopsy (post-mortem examination) can only be performed by a Registered Medical Practitioner (holding a valid MBBS degree or specialization in Forensic Medicine/MD). Magistrates and coroners only conduct inquests/inquiries, and B.A.M.S. doctors (Ayurvedic practitioners) are generally not authorized to perform forensic autopsies.
Q311
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
Which of the following evidences are NOT accepted in the Indian Legal system or admissible in court?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Polygraphy)
In the landmark judgment Selvi v. State of Karnataka (2010), the Supreme Court of India ruled that lie-detector tests (polygraphy, narco-analysis, brain mapping) cannot be admitted as evidence unless voluntarily undertaken, and even then, results are generally not substantively admissible. DNA, fingerprints, and autopsy reports are widely accepted.
Q312
🧬 BiologyForensic Biology
Match the columns:
| Column 1 | Column 2 | | --- | --- | | i. Blood | a) Phadebas test | | ii. Semen | b) Christmas tree staining | | iii. Saliva | c) Nessler's test | | iv. Urine | d) Takayama crystal assay |
Choose the correct option:
💡Correct Answer: Option B (i-d, ii-b, iii-a, iv-c)
Blood is matched with Takayama crystal assay (d), Semen with Christmas tree staining for sperm heads (b), Saliva with Phadebas test for amylase (a), and Urine with Nessler's reagent test for urea/ammonia (c). This corresponds to option B.
Q313
🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling
In STR genotyping results for multiple contributors, four peaks were obtained on a single locus for a sample. What is your most probable conclusion?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (The sample is a mixture of two heterozygous individuals with no overlapping allele)
An individual has at most two alleles per autosomal STR locus. If four distinct peaks are observed, the sample must contain DNA from at least two heterozygous individuals who do not share any alleles at that locus (2 + 2 = 4 alleles).
Q314
🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling
In 1984, Sir Alec Jeffreys was the first to utilise VNTR loci for DNA fingerprinting. What technique did he use?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Multiple locus probe technique)
Sir Alec Jeffreys developed the first DNA fingerprinting system using a multilocus probe (MLP) hybridization technique, which simultaneously targeted multiple VNTR loci across the genome.
Q315
🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling
Arrange the steps of VNTR RFLP analysis in their proper sequence i. Restriction digestion ii. Probe hybridisation iii. Gel electrophoresis iv. Blotting
💡Correct Answer: Option C (i, iii, iv, ii)
The steps of VNTR RFLP analysis are: restriction digestion of genomic DNA (i), gel electrophoresis to separate fragments by size (iii), Southern blotting to transfer DNA to a membrane (iv), and probe hybridization to target specific VNTR loci (ii). This corresponds to i, iii, iv, ii.
Q316
🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling
In gender typing using AMEL locus, maleness is indicated by the presence of
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Both AMEL X and AMELY)
The Amelogenin (AMEL) gene has copies on both the X and Y chromosomes. Males (XY) have both AMELX (106 bp) and AMELY (112 bp) alleles, yielding two peaks, whereas females (XX) show only one peak (AMELX).
Q317
🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling
Which of the following statements pertaining to STRs is INCORRECT?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (STRs exhibit maternal inheritance)
Autosomal STRs exhibit biparental (both maternal and paternal) inheritance. Only mitochondrial DNA exhibits strict maternal inheritance.
Q318
🧬 BiologyForensic Biology
What part of the hair contains nerves and capillaries that supply nutrients?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Hair papilla)
The hair papilla, located at the base of the hair follicle bulb, contains blood vessels (capillaries) and nerves that supply nutrients to the cells for hair growth.
Q319
🧬 BiologyForensic Biology
In what way, the presence of plant peroxidases may affect the result of Kastle-Meyer assay?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (By giving a false positive reaction)
The Kastle-Meyer (KM) test is a catalytic color test for blood. Plant peroxidases can mimic hemoglobin's activity by catalyzing the oxidation of phenolphthalin to phenolphthalein, resulting in a false positive reaction.
Q320
🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling
Arrange the steps for STR genotyping in order i. PCR amplification ii. Comparison with reference samples iii. Determination of STR profile iv. DNA quantification v. DNA extraction vi. Separation of STR alleles
💡Correct Answer: Option C (v, iv, i, vi, iii, ii)
The standard workflow for STR analysis is: DNA extraction (v) -> DNA quantification (iv) -> PCR amplification (i) -> separation of STR alleles (vi) -> determination of the STR profile (iii) -> comparison with reference/known samples (ii). This matches option C.
Q321
🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling
TPOX locus used in the CODIS-based STR kits is an example of what type of STR marker?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Simple repeat consisting of one repeat sequence)
TPOX is a simple tetranucleotide repeat containing only one repeating sequence motif ([AATG]n) with no nonconsensus or complex structural variations.
Q322
🧬 BiologyForensic Biology
What fluid accounts for 60% of the seminal fluid?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Seminal vesicle fluid)
Seminal vesicle fluid constitutes approximately 60% to 70% of the total volume of human semen, containing fructose, prostaglandins, and proteins.
Q323
🧬 BiologyForensic Biology
What component of the sweat can be used for performing a confirmatory assay?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Dermicidin)
Dermcidin is an antimicrobial peptide expressed and secreted specifically by human eccrine sweat glands, serving as a highly specific biomarker for the identification of sweat.
Q324
🧬 BiologyForensic Biology
Which of the following statement is FALSE?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (The width of cortex is less than the width of the medulla)
In human hair, the cortex constitutes the bulk of the hair shaft, and the medulla is very narrow (occupying less than 1/3rd of the shaft's diameter). Therefore, the width of the cortex is much GREATER than the width of the medulla, making option C false.
Q325
🧬 BiologyForensic Biology
What are the predominant lactate dehydrogenase isozymes present in menstrual blood?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (LDH4, LDH5)
Menstrual blood exhibits higher activity levels of Lactate Dehydrogenase isozymes LDH4 and LDH5 compared to peripheral blood, which is useful for the identification of menstrual discharge.
Q326
🧬 BiologyForensic Biology
What is examined in the hair root sheath for sex determination?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Barr body)
For sex determination from hair roots, cells of the root sheath are stained and examined for the presence of a Barr body (which represents the inactive X chromosome in females).
Q327
🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling
A preferred procedure for analysing DNA in cases of sexual assault involving multiple unrelated perpetrators would be:
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Differential extraction followed by autosomal STR analysis)
In sexual assault cases, differential extraction is always required to separate the sperm cells from the female epithelial cells. Autosomal STR analysis is then performed on the sperm fraction to achieve maximum discrimination power, allowing the identification and individualization of each unrelated perpetrator.
Q328
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
In 1993, the U. S. Supreme court set forth a nonexclusive checklist for trial courts to use in assessing the reliability of scientific expert testimony, such as standards and controls, testing, peer review, error rate etc. What was this admissibility standard named?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Daubert test)
The Daubert standard (Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1993) established that the trial judge acts as a gatekeeper to determine the admissibility of scientific expert testimony using a set of criteria.
Q329
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Science Introduction
What is the primary purpose of forensic science?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (To reconstruct crime scene)
The primary purpose of forensic science is to analyze physical evidence scientifically in order to reconstruct the events of a crime scene and assist the justice system.
Q330
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What is the first step in managing a crime scene?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Securing the scene)
Securing the scene is the immediate first step in crime scene management to prevent contamination, alteration, or loss of evidence.
Q331
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Searching
What is the purpose of a grid search pattern in crime scene searching?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (To cover large areas quickly)
A grid search pattern, which involves searching in perpendicular directions, is highly systematic and allows investigators to cover large and medium search areas thoroughly.
Q332
🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Integrity
What is the purpose of chain of custody in forensic investigations?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (To document the movement of evidence)
The chain of custody is a chronological, detailed record documenting the collection, custody, control, transfer, analysis, and disposition of physical evidence to ensure its integrity in court.
Q333
🔬 Forensic ScienceCriminology
Which of the following crimes does a White-Collar crime typically involves?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Financial violence)
White-collar crimes are non-violent crimes committed by individuals or corporations, typically characterized by deceit or concealment for financial gain (referred to in the test options as 'Financial violence').
Q334
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Roles
Who amongst the following is responsible for conducting and overseeing the investigation at a crime scene?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Investigating Officer)
The Investigating Officer (I.O.) has the primary legal responsibility to conduct, coordinate, and oversee the entire investigation process at a crime scene.
Q335
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Searching
Which of the following is not a method of crime scene searching?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Cube search)
Grid, Zone (or Sector), and Spiral search are standard forensic search methods. 'Cube search' is not a recognized method in crime scene investigation.
Q336
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Searching
Which of the following method of searching is most appropriate to be used for a plane crash site?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Zone search)
For a very large, open, and complex site like a plane crash where debris is widely scattered, the Zone (or Sector) search method is most appropriate. The site is split into manageable sectors, and each is searched systematically.
Q337
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What is the correct sequence of crime scene management?
The correct logical order of evidence handling in forensic science is: Collection -> Packaging -> Forwarding -> Transportation -> Analysis. In Option C, this sequence is present (following the hyphenated typos in the exam booklet).
Q338
🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Packaging
What is the best way to package charred documents?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Corrugated box with cotton base)
Charred documents are extremely fragile. They should be carefully lifted and placed in a rigid corrugated box lined with a cotton base to absorb vibrations and prevent crumbling during transport.
Q339
🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Forensics
The concept of 'Every contact leaves a trace' is associated with which of the following forensic scientist?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Sir Edmond Locard)
The fundamental tenet of forensic science, 'Every contact leaves a trace', is known as Locard's Exchange Principle, formulated by Sir Edmond Locard.
Q340
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What is the first step at managing the crime scene?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Providing first-aid to the victim)
Preservation of human life is the absolute highest priority. Providing medical first-aid to any injured victims is always the very first step upon arriving at a crime scene.
Q341
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What is the primary function of barricading the crime scene?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (To prevent contamination of crime scene)
Barricading restricts unauthorized access to the crime scene, preserving it from contamination, destruction, or alteration of crucial physical evidence by onlookers or personnel.
Q342
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Documentation
What are the essentials in the documentation of crime scene?
The four primary methods for documenting a crime scene are photography, notes taking, sketching, and videography. These establish a permanent, visual, and written record of the scene.
Q343
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Sketching
Which of the following is not a method of crime scene sketching?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Strip method)
Triangulation, baseline, and polar coordinates are valid measurement methods used in crime scene sketching. The 'strip method' is a crime scene searching method, not a sketching method.
Q344
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Processing
What is the significance of the primary walk-through at the crime scene?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (To identify potential evidence and document its location)
The primary walk-through is the initial survey of the crime scene by the investigator to observe the scene's condition, identify transient or fragile evidence, plan search strategies, and document initial locations.
Q345
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation
Match the following: i. ESDA -> a. Analysis of Indentations ii. Spectroscopy -> b. Analysis of 3-D image iii. VSC -> c. Analysis of different inks iv. Stereo microscope -> d. Composition of inks
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i-a, ii-d, iii-c, iv-b)
ESDA is used to analyze indentations (i-a). Spectroscopy determines chemical composition of inks (ii-d). VSC (Video Spectral Comparator) compares different inks under UV/IR light (iii-c). Stereo microscope provides a 3-dimensional magnified view of evidence (iv-b). This corresponds to option D.
Q346
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis
Assertion (A): f and g are trizonal letters in English alphabets Reason (R): Trizonal letters have an upper, middle and lower zone to baseline
💡Correct Answer: Option D (A is false but R is true)
Assertion (A) is false because while 'f' is a trizonal letter (spans upper, middle, and lower zones), 'g' is a bizonal letter (spans only middle and lower zones). Reason (R) is true because it correctly defines a trizonal letter.
Q347
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis
Match the following: 1) Writing weakness marked by irregular shaky strokes -> a) Pen emphasis 2) The element of writing movement -> b) Shading 3) The act of intermittently forcing the pen against the paper -> c) Tremor 4) A widening of pen stroke due to added pressure on pen nib -> d) Rhythm
💡Correct Answer: Option D (1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b)
Shaky, irregular strokes describe tremor (1-c). Element of writing movement describes rhythm (2-d). Intermittent pressure force is pen emphasis (3-a). Widening of pen stroke due to pressure is shading (4-b). This matches option D.
Q348
🔬 Forensic ScienceDynamic Signatures
The computerized pad which recognizes the signature based on speed, pressure and rhythm of signing is called-
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Biometric Signature Pad)
A Biometric Signature Pad (or digital signature pad) captures dynamic signature features such as stroke speed, pressure, direction, and rhythm for identity verification.
Q349
🔬 Forensic ScienceInk Analysis
Which of the following method is used for comparison of two inks?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Thin-layer chromatography)
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is the standard and most widely used chemical separation technique for comparing the organic dyes and components of two different writing inks.
Q350
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis
Which of the following is depicted by the master pattern of a person's handwriting?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Range of natural variation in the writing)
The master pattern of a person's handwriting reflects their individual writing habits, representing the range of natural variations inherent in their writing under various conditions.
💡Correct Answer: Option A (It gives space to each character according to its size)
In proportional spacing typewriters, horizontal letter spacing varies; wider letters (like 'm' or 'w') are allocated more space than narrow letters (like 'i' or 'l').
Q352
🔬 Forensic ScienceVSC Analysis
Statement A: VSC is often used to examine the alterations and obliterations made on a document Statement B: VSC uses UV, IR and combination of other wavelength of light sources and filters
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Both A and B are true)
Both statements are true. VSC (Video Spectral Comparator) is a vital tool for revealing document erasures, alterations, and obliterations by using multiple wavelengths of light (UV, visible, IR) and color filters to observe differences in ink luminescence.
Q353
🔬 Forensic ScienceIndented Writing
What does indented writing refers to in forensic document examination?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Writings impressed onto papers underneath the top sheet)
Indented writing (or second-page writing) refers to the depressions or impressions left on sheets of paper beneath the one that was actually written on due to pen pressure.
Q354
🔬 Forensic ScienceOptical Examination
What is the purpose of using oblique lighting in document examination?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (To reveal alterations and erasures)
Oblique (or side-angle) lighting casts shadows in the indentations and surface disturbances of paper, helping to reveal mechanical erasures, alterations, and indented writing.
Q355
🔬 Forensic ScienceDermatoglyphics
Statement A: Fingerprints study is also called as Dermatoglyphics Statement B: Fingerprints of new born babies changes as they grow older
💡Correct Answer: Option A (A is true, B is false)
Statement A is true (dermatoglyphics is the study of skin ridges). Statement B is false because fingerprint ridge patterns are permanent and do not change from birth to death; they only grow in size.
Q356
🔬 Forensic ScienceTypewriting Analysis
Which characteristic is often examined in the analysis of typewriting?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Ribbon impression)
In forensic typewriting analysis, examiners look closely at ribbon impressions (ink transfer details, ink composition, thread patterns) along with typeface alignment, spacing, and letter defects.
Q357
🔬 Forensic ScienceInk Analysis
What are Taggants in inks used as?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Compounds used as markers to identify ink)
Taggants are unique chemical or physical markers added to inks by manufacturers during production to allow the identification of the ink brand, formulation, and year of manufacture.
Q358
🔬 Forensic ScienceIndented Writing
Which technique is used to uncover alterations in handwritten entries by visualising impressions on the document beneath it?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (ESDA)
ESDA (Electrostatic Detection Apparatus) is the primary technique used to visualize indented impressions left on lower sheets of paper from writing on the top sheet.
Q359
🔬 Forensic SciencePrinting Technology History
Arrange the following in ascending chronological order of their appearance: i. Manual typewriter ii. Laser printer iii. Dot-Matrix printer iv. Inkjet printer
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i, iii, iv, ii)
The chronological order is: i. Manual Typewriter (1860s/1870s) -> iii. Dot-Matrix Printer (1970) -> iv. Inkjet Printer (late 1970s/1980s) -> ii. Laser Printer (office commercialization in 1984, following mid-1970s inventions). This corresponds to option D.
Q360
🔬 Forensic ScienceOptical Examination
What is the purpose of using infrared examination in document analysis?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (To visualize hidden text)
Infrared (IR) examination is used to visualize obliterated or hidden text, detect alterations, and distinguish between different inks that react differently to infrared radiation.
Q361
🔬 Forensic ScienceSignature Examination
Match the following: a. Model signature -> 1. Any stroke that goes back over same writing stroke b. Patching -> 2. A genuine sign that has been used to prepare an imitated forgery c. Retracing -> 3. Retouching or going back over a defective portion of writing stroke d. Pen lift -> 4. An interruption in a stroke by removing writing instrument from paper
💡Correct Answer: Option D (a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4)
A model signature is a genuine signature used for imitation (a-2). Patching is the retouching of a stroke (b-3). Retracing is writing back over the same stroke (c-1). A pen lift is lifting the pen from the paper (d-4). This matches option D.
Q362
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis
What is the design of letters which are fundamental to a writing system called?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Copybook form)
The copybook form represents the basic, standardized style of letters taught to beginners in a specific school system, serving as the starting point for individual writing habits.
Q363
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis
What is a blind loop in handwriting defined as?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (A loop formation completely filled with ink)
A blind loop in handwriting occurs when a curved loop letter (like 'e', 'g', or 'o') is completely filled with ink, rendering the inner white space of the loop invisible.
Q364
🔬 Forensic ScienceTypewriting Analysis
Which of the following causes the Transitory defects in the typescript?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Clogging of the typeface)
Clogging of the typeface (due to ink ribbon lint and dust accumulating in letters like 'o' or 'e') is a transitory (temporary) defect because cleaning the keys completely removes it. Bent serifs and alignment are permanent defects.
Q365
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Principles
(A): Two handwriting samples of the same content written by the same person are exactly the same and can be superimposed one on top of another. (B): Two handwriting samples written by the same person could be same because it was written by the same author during same time period
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Both A and B are incorrect)
Both statements are incorrect. Due to natural variation, a writer never produces two identical handwriting samples. Perfect superimposition is a classic sign of traced forgery, not genuine writing, regardless of the time period.
Q366
🔬 Forensic ScienceTypewriting Analysis
Which of the following is most likely to develop the individual characteristics when used a lot?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Typewriting)
Manual typewriters develop highly specific individual characteristics with use due to mechanical wear and tear, bending of serifs, misalignment of type bars, and clog damage.
Q367
🔬 Forensic SciencePrinter Analysis
The sequence of pages in the multipage laser-printed document could be determined from the position of which type of defect marks?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Drum defect marks)
Defects on the organic photoconductor (OPC) drum of a laser printer leave repetitive spots or marks on pages. Examining changes in these drum defect marks across pages can help determine printing sequence.
Q368
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis
A writer leaves 1.5 inches to the left margin. From the following, which are the spatial characteristics that margin belongs to?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Arrangement)
Marginal formatting and layout are classified under the spatial characteristics of page Arrangement (how writing is positioned relative to margins, edges, and paragraphs).
Q369
🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Forensics
Who was known to be the first to use any scientific system for personal identification?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Sir Alphonse Bertillon)
Alphonse Bertillon developed the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879, known as Bertillonage, which utilized anthropometric measurements of bodily dimensions.
Q370
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Following are the duties of the First officer arriving at the scene of crime, EXCEPT- i. Taking notes of any vehicles leaving the scene ii. Obtaining medical assistance if needed iii. Check for hazardous or violent circumstances iv. Leaves the crime scene to do a preliminary examination
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Only iv is correct)
The first responding officer must secure the scene and must NOT leave the crime scene to conduct a preliminary examination elsewhere. Securing, checking for hazards, helping victims, and noting suspicious vehicles are correct duties, making 'iv' the exception.
Q371
🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Concepts
Which of the following defines physical evidence?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Any object that can establish that a crime has or has not been committed or can link a crime and its victim or its perpetrator)
Physical evidence is most comprehensively defined as any object or material that can establish whether a crime has or has not been committed, or can link a crime to its victim or its perpetrator.
Q372
🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Integrity
Read the following statements and choose the correct answer A. Physical evidence can achieve its optimum value in criminal investigation only when the integrity of the evidence is maintained B. It can be achieved by the IO's thorough knowledge of the crime laboratory's techniques, capabilities and limitations
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Both A and B are correct)
Both statements are correct. Physical evidence is only useful if its integrity is maintained, which requires the Investigating Officer to be fully aware of the crime laboratory's capabilities, limitations, and standard evidence collection guidelines.
Q373
🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Forensics
Match the following: 1. Sir Francis Galton -> a. Fingerprints 2. Sir Edmond Locard -> b. Questioned Documents 3. Sir Alphonse Bertillon -> c. Principle of Mutual Exchange 4. Sir Albert S. Osborn -> d. Anthropometric Measurements
💡Correct Answer: Option C (a-1, b-4, c-2, d-3)
Sir Francis Galton is associated with Fingerprints (a-1). Sir Albert S. Osborn with Questioned Documents (b-4). Sir Edmond Locard with the Principle of Mutual Exchange (c-2). Sir Alphonse Bertillon with Anthropometric Measurements (d-3). This matches option C.
Q374
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
Which of the following is NOT a key element of crime scene management? i. Documentation ii. Preservation of evidence iii. Identifying and interviewing suspects iv. Crowd control
💡Correct Answer: Option B ((iii) and (iv) only are correct)
Crime scene management focuses on securing the scene, documenting it (i), and preserving evidence (ii). Identifying and interviewing suspects (iii) and overall crowd control (iv) are broader police investigation/security duties, making (iii) and (iv) the correct options that are NOT part of scene management.
Q375
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
How long a crime scene should typically be secured for?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (As long as necessary to complete the investigation)
A crime scene must remain barricaded and secured for as long as is necessary to conduct a thorough search, document the scene, and collect all potential physical evidence.
Q376
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Systems
Who introduced the muscular movement of penmanship through publication 'Palmer Guide to Muscular Movement'?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Austin N. Palmer)
Austin Norman Palmer introduced the Palmer Method of penmanship (muscular movement writing style) in his late 19th-century publications.
Q377
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation
Match the following: 1. ESDA -> a. Indentations 2. UV light source -> b. Physical matching of torn paper 3. Projectina -> c. Fluorescence 4. IR image convertor -> d. Obliterations
💡Correct Answer: Option C (a-1, b-3, c-2, d-4)
ESDA is used for indentations (a-1). UV light shows ink fluorescence (c-2). Projectina is a comparator device used for matching torn paper edges (b-3). IR image convertors reveal obliterated text (d-4). This matches option C.
Q378
🔬 Forensic ScienceTypewriting Analysis
Match the following: a. Escapement -> i. Cylinder that serves as baking for paper and absorbs blow from typeface b. Type-Ball -> ii. Typewriters that print 10 characters to the inch c. Platen -> iii. Device containing all typefaces and which by tilting, prints type characters d. PCA machines -> iv. Spacing along the line of typewriting (basic letter spacing) [Unlabeled] -> v. Machine that prints 12 characters to the inch
💡Correct Answer: Option B (a-iv, b-iii, c-i, d-ii)
Escapement refers to carriage spacing movement (a-iv). Type-Ball is IBM Selectric's element containing characters (b-iii). Platen is the rubber backing cylinder (c-i). 'PCA' represents Pica typewriters printing 10 characters per inch (d-ii). This matches option B.
Q379
🔬 Forensic SciencePrinting Technology
Lithography printing has the following characteristics: a. The printing plane is engraved to various steps resulting in a raised image on the document b. The ink is offset from the printing plate to a rubber blanket and finally to the substrate c. The printed and non-printed areas of the plate with sides on the same plane d. It relies on the principle that oil and water do not mix e. The printing process utilises raised type of embossed printed images
💡Correct Answer: Option C (b, c and d only)
Lithography is planographic (c: print/non-print areas are on the same plane) and works on the oil-and-water repulsion principle (d). In offset lithography, ink transfers from the plate to a rubber blanket, then to paper (b). Engraving/raised prints (a, e) are intaglio or letterpress features. Thus, b, c, and d only are correct.
Q380
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation
What is the full form of ICP-MS?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)
ICP-MS stands for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, a highly sensitive analytical technique used for elemental determination in forensic samples (such as glass and inks).
Q381
🔬 Forensic ScienceSecret Inks
Match the following: a. Heat -> i. Soap b. Ammonia -> ii. Urine c. Water -> iii. Starch d. Iodine vapour -> iv. Iron salt
💡Correct Answer: Option A (a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii)
This match relates to sympathetic (secret) ink developers: Heat develops urine (a-ii). Ammonia gas reacts with iron salts to develop color (b-iv). Water reveals soap residues (c-i). Iodine vapor turns blue-black in contact with starch (d-iii). This matches option A.
Q382
🔬 Forensic ScienceElasticity
Hooke's Law describes the relationship between stress and:
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Strain)
Hooke's Law states that within the elastic limit of a material, the stress applied is directly proportional to the strain produced.
Q383
🔬 Forensic ScienceMagnetism
The North pole of a magnet:
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Attracts the South pole of another magnet)
According to the law of magnetism, opposite poles attract each other and like poles repel. Therefore, the North pole of a magnet attracts the South pole of another magnet.
Q384
🔬 Forensic ScienceElectricity
Ohm's Law relates to:
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Voltage, current and resistance)
Ohm's Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it, related by resistance (V = I * R). It connects voltage, current, and resistance.
Q385
🔬 Forensic ScienceHolography
The principle of holography is based on the interference of:
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Coherent light waves)
Holography relies on creating and recording an interference pattern between two coherent light waves (usually from a laser): the reference beam and the object beam.
Q386
🔬 Forensic ScienceHolography
What type of hologram records the interference pattern between a reference beam and an object beam?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Transmission hologram)
In a transmission hologram, both reference and object beams originate from the same side of the recording medium, and the hologram is reconstructed by transmitting light through it.
Q387
🔬 Forensic ScienceHolography Applications
How can holography be applied in forensic document examination?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Detecting forgeries in signatures)
Holographic techniques (such as holographic interferometry) can measure microscopic paper deformations and pen pressure variations, helping to detect forged or traced signatures.
Q388
🔬 Forensic ScienceMeasurements
In the context of measuring instruments, the least count is:
💡Correct Answer: Option A (The smallest measurable quantity)
The least count of a measuring instrument is the smallest measurement value that can be resolved or measured accurately using that instrument.
Q389
🔬 Forensic ScienceMeasurements
The Accuracy in measurement refers to:
💡Correct Answer: Option A (The closeness of a measurement to the true value)
Accuracy describes how close a measured value is to the actual, true reference value. Precision, on the other hand, describes the consistency of repeated measurements.
Q390
🔬 Forensic ScienceGaussian Beams
Statement (A): A Gaussian beam is characterised by a bell-shaped intensity curve Statement (B): A Gaussian beam has uniform intensity across the beam Statement (C): A Gaussian beam shows exponential decrease in intensity
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Only A and C are correct)
A Gaussian beam has a bell-shaped radial intensity profile (A is true) and decreases exponentially as a function of the square of the distance from the beam axis (C is true). It does not have uniform intensity (B is false). Thus, only A and C are correct.
Q391
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation
What does AAS stand for in context of spectroscopy?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy)
AAS stands for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, which is an analytical technique used to measure the concentration of metallic elements in a sample by measuring the light absorbed by free atoms.
Q392
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation
What is the full form of FTIR spectroscopy?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy)
FTIR stands for Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, a technique used to obtain an infrared absorption or emission spectrum of a solid, liquid, or gas for chemical identification.
Q393
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation
What are micro-spectrophotometers used for?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Analyse spectral features of micro-sized samples)
Micro-spectrophotometers combine a microscope with a spectrophotometer, allowing forensic examiners to analyze the optical and spectral absorption features of microscopic samples (such as single ink lines or fibers).
Q394
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation
GC-MS spectroscopy combines gas chromatography with-
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Mass Spectrometry)
GC-MS combines Gas Chromatography (for separating mixture components) with Mass Spectrometry (for identifying the chemical structure of each separated component).
Q395
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
Match the following: i. Section 464, IPC -> a Making of false document ii. Section 463, IPC -> b. Punishment for forgery iii. Section 45, IEA -> c. Opinion of handwriting expert iv. Section 405, IPC -> d. Criminal breach of trust
💡Correct Answer: Option D (a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv)
Section 464 IPC deals with making a false document (a-i). Section 463 IPC defines forgery, with options pairing it to punishment (b-ii). Section 45 IEA deals with expert opinion (c-iii). Section 405 IPC deals with criminal breach of trust (d-iv). This matches option D.
Q396
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
Which section of Indian Penal Code deals with Joint liability in the commission of an offence?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Section 45)
Conceptually, Section 34 of the IPC deals with joint liability (acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention). In the exam question options, Section 45 (Option B) was the designated correct answer key, likely due to a typographical error in the paper representing Section 34.
Q397
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis
Disguise in handwriting by unaccustomed hand means: i. To write with right hand by left-handed writer ii. To write with right hand by right-handed writer iii. To write with left hand by a right-handed writer iv. To write with left hand by left-handed writer
💡Correct Answer: Option D (i and iii are correct)
Writing with the unaccustomed (non-dominant) hand is a common disguise. A left-handed writer writes with the right hand (i), and a right-handed writer writes with the left hand (iii). Thus, i and iii are correct.
Q398
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis
In forensic document examination, what does the term 'allograph' refer to?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Distinctive handwriting feature)
An allograph is a variant shape or design of a letter (grapheme) in a particular handwriting style, representing a distinctive handwriting feature of the writer.
Q399
🔬 Forensic ScienceForgery Types
Which type of forgery involves the signing on a document with the intent to deny it's ownership later?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Disguise)
Disguise (sometimes called self-forgery) involves intentionally altering one's own writing or signature with the motive of later denying having ever signed or executed the document.
Q400
🔬 Forensic ScienceForgery Types
Match the following: i. Superimposition -> a. Simulated forgery ii. Freehand forgery -> b. Copy-paste iii. Practiced hand forgery -> c. By memory iv. Lifted forgery -> d. Traced forgery
💡Correct Answer: Option D (a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i)
Simulated forgery is practiced hand forgery (a-iii). Copy-paste forgery corresponds to lifted forgery (b-iv). Freehand forgery from memory without a model is c-ii. Traced forgery shows exact superimposition (d-i). This matches option D.
Q401
🔬 Forensic ScienceDocument Alterations
Alterations in document involves all of the following EXCЕРТ-
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Natural variations in running text)
Document alterations include physical/chemical erasures, additions, deletions, overwriting, and obliterations. 'Natural variations' are the inherent, normal fluctuations in a person's genuine writing and are not alterations.
Q402
🔬 Forensic ScienceDocument Alterations
Which term is used when a portion of a document is intentionally concealed or covered?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Deletion)
In document examination, intentionally covering, scraping off, or hiding a portion of a text is classified under document deletion (or obliteration). In the options, 'Deletion' is the most appropriate term.
Q403
🔬 Forensic ScienceIndented Writing
The examination of document indents is useful in detecting -
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Hidden writing impressions)
Analyzing paper indentations (writing impressions) is useful for recovering hidden writing from sheets of paper that were beneath the sheet of paper that was written on.
Q404
🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Preservation
How should wet and charred documents be preserved at a crime scene to minimise further damage?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Freeze-dry)
Freeze-drying is the best method to dry wet, extremely fragile charred documents because it sublimates ice directly to gas, avoiding liquid tension that crumbles the paper.
Q405
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Factors
Which of the following is an internal factor (cannot be controlled) affecting a person's handwriting?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Handwriting change due to ageing)
Ageing is a gradual, permanent, and uncontrollable internal physiological factor that alters handwriting. Intoxication, drowsiness, and minor injuries are temporary or external factors.
Q406
🔬 Forensic ScienceSignature Examination
Which of the following are characteristics of a genuine signature?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Rhythm, speed, flow)
Genuine signatures are written with natural speed, flow, and consistent rhythm. Forged signatures tend to show hesitation, tremors, pen pauses, and unnatural pen lifts.
Q407
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Principles
The little variability in a person's handwriting that occurs over time is known as:
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Natural variations)
No person writes exactly the same way twice. The slight, normal deviations in letter size, shape, and slope in a person's handwriting are called natural variations.
Q408
🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis
In forensic document examination, the presence of consistent letter formation and spacing is considered as:
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Individual characteristics)
Consistent, unique habits of letter formation, slant, connection, and spacing are individual characteristics that distinguish one person's handwriting from another.
Q409
🔬 Forensic ScienceSignature Examination
The distinctive features that makes a person's signature recognizable and unique fall under the category of:
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Individual characteristics)
Unique flourishes, letter connections, and details in a signature that allow it to be distinguished from all others are classified as individual characteristics.
Q410
🔬 Forensic ScienceCounterfeit Detection
Which of the following features are examined while detecting counterfeiting in currency notes? 1. Microprinting 2. Watermark 3. Optical fibres 4. OVI (optical variable ink) 5. Signature of the governor
💡Correct Answer: Option A (All 1,2,3,4,5)
To verify banknotes, examiners check all security features including microprinting, watermarks, fluorescent optical fibers, Optically Variable Ink (OVI), and the details of the governor's signature.
Q411
🔬 Forensic SciencePassport Security
What security feature is commonly used in passports to prevent tampering and forgery?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Hologram)
Holograms (or holographic laminates) are placed over the biographical data page in passports to prevent alteration and copying of photo or details, making counterfeiting extremely difficult.
Q412
🔬 Forensic ScienceSeal Impressions
Which of the following technique is used for comparison of two seal impressions for authenticity?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Comparison microscope)
A comparison microscope is the standard instrument used to compare the details of two seal impressions side-by-side or superimposed under identical lighting and magnification.
Q413
🔬 Forensic SciencePrinter Analysis
What characteristic is commonly analyzed to differentiate between various printers in computer-printed documents?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Dot pattern)
Computer printers use specific technologies (like inkjet nozzle arrays or laser raster patterns) that leave unique dot patterns and configurations, helping examiners identify the printer technology and model.
Q414
🔬 Forensic SciencePassport Security
What is the purpose of using UV printing in passports and travel documents?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (To prevent photocopying)
UV-activated fluorescent inks are invisible under normal light and do not show up when photocopied with standard color copiers, helping to prevent unauthorized photocopying and reproduction.
Q415
🔬 Forensic ScienceFinancial Fraud
What term refers to the unauthorized copying of credit card information onto a counterfeit card for fraudulent transactions?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Skimming)
Skimming is the illegal capturing and copying of the magnetic stripe data from a credit or debit card using a reading device, which is later written onto a counterfeit card.
Q416
🔬 Forensic ScienceFinancial Fraud
In credit cards forgery investigations, what is often examined to determine the authenticity of a card, especially when comparing a genuine card with a suspected counterfeit? 1. Magnetic stripe data 2. Embossed characters 3. Signature panel
💡Correct Answer: Option C (All 1,2 and 3)
To determine credit card authenticity, investigators analyze the magnetic stripe data, the size/alignment of embossed characters, and the security features of the signature panel. Thus, all 1, 2, and 3 are examined.
Q417
🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Forensics
The first Sherlock Holmes novel, A Study in Scarlet, published in
💡Correct Answer: Option C (1887)
A Study in Scarlet, Arthur Conan Doyle's first Sherlock Holmes novel, was written in 1886 and published in Beeton's Christmas Annual in November 1887.
Q418
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
Which of the following may result in inadmissibility of evidence in court?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (An expert fails to prove his/her expertise in the area for which court has asked his/her opinion.)
If an expert witness fails to prove their competence and specialized knowledge in the relevant field under Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, their opinion and evidence will be ruled inadmissible in court.
Q419
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Psychiatry
Which of the following rules/law is not associated with Criminal responsibility of mentally ill person:
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Black's Law)
The Durham Rule and Curren's Rule are legal tests used to determine criminal insanity and responsibility. 'Black's Law' refers to Black's Law Dictionary, a reference book, not a rule of criminal responsibility.
Q420
🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Forensics
In response to the rising demands of providing high technology to the crime investigation process, BPR&D established the first Forensic DNA Typing facility at CFSL, Calcutta, during
💡Correct Answer: Option A (1998)
The Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) established India's first Central DNA Typing Unit at the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL), Calcutta in 1998.
Q421
📜 HistoryHistory of Fingerprints
The first Central Fingerprint Bureau of India was established in India in the year
💡Correct Answer: Option B (1897)
The world's first Central Fingerprint Bureau (CFPB) was established in Calcutta, India, in June 1897, after the classification system developed by Sir Edward Richard Henry, Hem Chandra Bose, and Qazi Azizul Haque was approved.
Q422
🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Forensics
The first Forensic Science Laboratory established in India in
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Calcutta)
The first state Forensic Science Laboratory in India was established in Calcutta, West Bengal, in the year 1952.
Q423
🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Forensics
The first National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) in India was established in 1905 in
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Shimla)
In 1905, the central fingerprint records and intelligence bureau under the Criminal Intelligence Department (CID) was established at Shimla.
Q424
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Sketching
A crime-scene sketch should include all of the following except
💡Correct Answer: Option D (The type of search pattern used to collect the evidence)
A crime scene sketch must show measurements, scale, orientation (North arrow), date, time, and location. It does not document the search pattern used by the investigators to find the evidence.
Q425
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
Report given by Serologist may be considered to be an evidence in court under
💡Correct Answer: Option B (CrPC 293)
Section 293 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) allows reports signed by government scientific experts (such as Chemical Examiners, Serologists, and FSL Directors) to be used as evidence in any inquiry or trial without calling them to court.
Q426
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Documentation
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of Video recording of a crime scene?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Detailed view of crime scene can be obtained.)
The primary function of videography is to provide a continuous, detailed, and comprehensive overview of the entire crime scene layout, showing spatial relationships between objects.
Q427
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Documentation
Scaling as a tool is used in
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Sketching and Photography)
Scaling is critical in crime scene sketching (mapping measurements to a scaled drawing) and forensic photography (placing a physical scale next to evidence to show size in photos).
Q428
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Principles
Read the two statements and answer accordingly.
Statement A: - A forensic scientist must be called to reconstruct a crime scene. Statement B: - Experience is the only factor in the effectiveness of a forensic expert.
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Both A and B are false)
Both statements are false. Investigating officers or trained crime scene technicians can reconstruct scenes (A is not a strict 'must' for a laboratory scientist). For B, scientific education, validated methods, and continuous training are just as important as experience.
Q429
🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Collection
Correct collection of evidence requires which of the following?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (All of the above)
Proper evidence processing requires documenting its location, packing it correctly in appropriate containers to prevent degradation, and maintaining a strict chain of custody.
Q430
🏗️ Civil EngineeringCrime Scene Reconstruction
________ supports a likely sequence of events by observing and evaluating physical evidence and statements made by witnesses and those involved with the incident.
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Reconstruction)
Crime scene reconstruction is the collaborative process of determining the sequence of events before, during, and after a crime using physical evidence and statements.
Q431
🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Collection
All of the following are the common precautions to be taken care of to avoid destruction of evidences at the scene of crime EXCEPT:
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Semen stains must not be thoroughly air dried prior to sealing and packing)
Semen and all biological samples must be thoroughly air-dried at room temperature before packaging in breathable containers. Sealing wet samples leads to bacterial growth and DNA degradation.
Q432
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
In what section of Indian Evidence Act is the definition of experts specified.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Section-45)
Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, specifies that when the Court has to form an opinion upon a point of foreign law, science, art, or identity of handwriting or finger impressions, the opinions of persons specially skilled (experts) are relevant facts.
Q433
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
Under what section of Indian Evidence Act is the discretion on the admissibility of evidence defined.
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Section- 136)
Section 136 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, gives the judge the absolute discretion to decide whether a proposed piece of evidence is admissible or relevant in the court proceedings.
Q434
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
Under section 304B of IPC, death of a women under other than normal circumstances within ________ years of marriage shall be called "Dowry Death".
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Seven)
Under Section 304B of the Indian Penal Code, the death of a woman must occur within seven years of her marriage under abnormal circumstances, with evidence of dowry harassment, to be classified as a Dowry Death.
Q435
⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics Chemistry
Smack is a variable mixture of
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Heroin)
Smack is a common street/slang name for heroin (diacetylmorphine), which is a semi-synthetic opioid drug derived from morphine.
Q436
⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics Chemistry
What drug is loaded on bloater sheets also before consumption.
💡Correct Answer: Option C (LSD)
LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is highly potent in microgram doses. It is dissolved in solvent and loaded onto absorbent paper squares called blotter sheets (often referred to as bloater sheets) for oral ingestion.
Q437
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology
Peyote cactus causes what type of mental effect on consumption.
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Hallucinogenic)
Peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii) contains the alkaloid mescaline, which acts as a powerful hallucinogen, causing altered states of perception and visual hallucinations.
Q438
⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics Slang
"Chasing the dragon" is common slang for
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Snorting of Heroin)
The term 'Chasing the dragon' refers to inhaling the vapor of heated heroin (usually off foil). To align with the official exam key, Option A (Snorting of Heroin) is selected as it is the only option that references heroin.
Q439
⚗️ ChemistryCriminology
Which of the following is an important factor in substance abuse?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Whether the user or its peers regularly engage in drug abuse)
Peer influence and personal history of substance use (whether the user or their social peer group regularly engage in drug abuse) are primary risk factors in substance abuse.
Q440
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology
Identify the alkaloid used as antidote against insecticides and nerve gases
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Atropine)
Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that is used clinically as an antidote to counteract the effects of poisoning by organophosphate insecticides and nerve agents.
Q441
⚗️ ChemistryToxicology
Read the following statements and then decide which of the answers is correct.
I. In blood alcohol detection, n-propanol is used II. n-propanol is an internal standard in blood alcohol analysis
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Both statement (1) and statement (II) are true)
Both statements are true. In gas chromatographic blood alcohol determination, n-propanol is added in equal quantities to all calibration standards and blood samples as an internal standard to normalize injection volume errors.
Q442
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Ballistics
The phenomenon of ricochet of a projectile means
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Deflected projectile)
In ballistics, ricochet refers to the rebound, bounce, or deflection of a projectile off a surface it strikes, altering its original trajectory.
Q443
🔬 Forensic ScienceVehicle Accident Reconstruction
In the forensic examination of a vehicle, which amalgamation of characteristics among the following elements serves as critical evidence for determining both the speed and size attributes?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Skid marks)
Skid marks left on the road surface serve as critical evidence. The length of the skid marks allows investigators to estimate the vehicle's pre-braking speed (using friction coefficients), while the width, tread patterns, and track spacing within those skid marks provide crucial information about the vehicle's size and tire dimensions.
Q444
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis
What type of glass is commonly found in car windshields due to its ability to shatter into small, relatively harmless pieces?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Tempered)
Tempered glass (safety glass) is designed to shatter into small, rounded, relatively harmless fragments (dicing) upon impact. Windshields are historically laminated (to prevent penetration), but the specific property of shattering into small harmless pieces belongs to tempered glass, which is used in side and rear windows.
Q445
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis
Which element is a key indicator in the forensic analysis of glass, as its concentration can vary based on the source?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Iron)
While silicon, calcium, and sodium are major components of soda-lime glass, iron is present as a trace element (impurity). Its concentration and oxidation state vary significantly depending on the raw sand source, making it a key indicator for sourcing and comparison.
Q446
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis
What term is used to describe the radial lines that extend outward from the point of impact on a glass surface?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Rib marks)
Radial fractures are the cracks that extend outward from the point of impact. On their edges, stress lines called rib marks (or Wallner lines) are observed. Since 'radial fractures' is not an option, Rib marks are associated directly with the examination of these radial lines.
Q447
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis
Rib marks on broken glass are indicative of
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Tension forces)
Rib marks (or Wallner lines) form on the fracture edge due to tensile (tension) forces that cause the glass to fail. Glass is much weaker under tension than compression, so fractures propagate along tensile stress fronts.
Q448
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis
In forensic glass analysis, hackle marks are associated with:
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Tensile forces)
Hackle marks are parallel line features on a fracture surface that indicate the local direction of crack propagation. They occur due to tensile stresses twisting or tilting away from the primary fracture plane.
Q449
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis
What phenomenon is observed when glass fragments are forced backward into a room due to an explosion or impact from outside?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Backscatter effect)
When glass is broken by an impact or explosion, most fragments travel in the direction of the force, but microscopic glass fragments are projected backward toward the direction of the blow. This is known as backscatter (or backward fragmentation).
Q450
🔬 Forensic ScienceToolmark Analysis
What is the term for the distinctive marks or characteristics produced by the irregularities, nicks, or wear on a tool?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Individual characteristics)
Irregularities, accidental nicks, and unique wear on a tool create specific marks that are unique to that particular tool. These are known as individual characteristics, which allow for positive identification.
Q451
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis
The process of physically fitting broken glass pieces back together is known as:
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Physical-fit matching)
Physical-fit matching (or jigsaw fit) is the process of physically assembling broken fragments of glass or other materials to show they were once part of the same object. This provides individualizing evidence.
Q452
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis
In a forensic examination, what information does the comparison of glass density provide?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Source of glass)
Comparing the density (and refractive index) of questioned glass fragments with known samples helps determine whether they could have originated from a common source.
Q453
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis
The pattern formed on glass due to exposure to heat is:
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Wavy pattern)
Glass broken by exposure to high heat (thermal shock) typically exhibits curved, wavy, and non-directional fracture patterns without a distinct point of impact. These are often called wavy or thermal fractures.
Q454
🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis
What phenomenon is primarily responsible for the formation of hackle marks on glass when it is subjected to an impact?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Fracture propagation)
Hackle marks are formed during the process of fracture propagation when the crack front branches or twists under high tensile stress.
Q455
🔬 Forensic ScienceSoil Analysis
The colour of soil is mainly determined by its:
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Mineral composition)
The color of soil is primarily determined by its mineral composition (especially iron and manganese oxides) and organic matter content, but mineralogy is the fundamental component in soil classification (Munsell system).
Q456
🔬 Forensic ScienceSoil Analysis
In forensic investigations, what can be observed through microscopic examination of soil particles?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Presence of minerals and organic matter)
Microscopic analysis of soil allows forensic scientists to identify specific mineral grains, biological remnants (pollen, diatoms), plant debris, and other organic/inorganic materials that are highly characteristic of a location.
Q457
🔬 Forensic ScienceSoil Analysis
A crime scene investigation involves a suspicious package found buried in beach soil. Forensic experts are called to analyse the soil for potential evidence. Upon initial analysis, the forensic team identifies the presence of shell fragments in the beach
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Costal environment)
The presence of shell fragments and beach sand characteristics in the soil indicates a coastal environment, linking the package to a shoreline or beach location.
Q458
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Principles
In a hit and run case, which principle, related to the transfer and deformation of paint during a collision, helps forensic experts identify characteristics such as make and model of the suspect's vehicle?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Lockard's Exchange Principle)
Locard's Exchange Principle states that 'every contact leaves a trace.' During a vehicular collision, paint is transferred between the vehicles or vehicle and victim, allowing investigators to link them.
Q459
🔬 Forensic ScienceFiber Analysis
Mulberry silk is produced by
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Bombyx mori)
Mulberry silk is produced by the silkworm Bombyx mori, which feeds exclusively on mulberry leaves.
Q460
🔬 Forensic ScienceFiber Analysis
In forensic fiber examination, what specific information does the analysis of fiber cross-sections using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provide?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Fiber surface texture)
Using SEM to inspect fiber cross-sections and longitudinal views yields highly detailed images of the fiber's surface texture, cross-sectional shape (e.g., trilobal, round), and manufacturing marks.
Q461
🔬 Forensic ScienceFiber Analysis
Which is the strongest natural fiber
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Spider silk)
Spider dragline silk is widely recognized as the strongest natural fiber due to its high tensile strength and elasticity, exceeding that of high-grade steel by weight.
Q462
🔬 Forensic ScienceSerial Number Restoration
When applying electrolytic etching for serial number restoration, what role does the electrolyte solution play in the process?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Generating controlled corrosion patterns)
In electrolytic etching, an electric current is passed through an acid/electrolyte solution to dissolve metal. Since the stamped area has higher residual stress and is more reactive, the electrolyte selectively corrodes and reveals the stamped numbers.
Q463
🔬 Forensic ScienceAudio Forensics
In forensic audio analysis, what property of sound is primarily associated with the term "frequency"?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Pitch)
Frequency represents the rate of vibration of sound waves. In human perception, frequency is directly perceived as the pitch of the sound (high frequency corresponds to high pitch).
Q464
🔬 Forensic ScienceAudio Forensics
In forensic investigations involving sound, what type of recording format is known for capturing a continuous variation in sound waves, making it suitable for high-quality audio recordings?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (WAV (Waveform Audio File Format))
WAV is an uncompressed, lossless digital audio format that represents continuous analog sound waves with high fidelity using pulse-code modulation (PCM), making it standard for forensic audio analysis.
Q465
🔬 Forensic ScienceVoice Identification
What aspect of an individual's voice is often used in forensic applications for voice authentication and identification?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Formant frequency)
Formant frequencies (the acoustic resonances of the vocal tract) are highly specific to an individual's vocal tract anatomy and articulation, serving as stable markers for voice verification.
Q466
🔬 Forensic ScienceAudio Forensics
In sound forensics, what visual representation of sound is commonly used to analyse the frequency and intensity of various components in an audio recording?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Spectrogram)
A spectrogram displays time on the x-axis, frequency on the y-axis, and intensity/amplitude via color intensity, providing a complete 3D spectral visualization for analyzing audio events.
Q467
🔬 Forensic ScienceToolmark Analysis
Which term refers to the study of tool marks, including their classifications and analysis?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Striae analysis)
While impression evidence covers all markings, the detailed micro-comparison and study of tool marks (specifically striations left by sliding contact) is referred to as striae analysis or toolmark comparison.
Q468
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography
What term refers to the sensitivity of a photographic material to light, determining its ability to capture details in low-light conditions?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (ISO)
ISO rating measures the sensitivity of the camera sensor (or film emulsion) to light. Higher ISO values allow capture in low light but introduce digital noise.
Q469
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography
In photography, how does a faster shutter speed affect the exposure of an image?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Darkens the image)
A faster shutter speed keeps the camera's shutter curtain open for a shorter duration, letting less light reach the sensor, which darkens the overall exposure.
Q470
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography
What is a distinguishing feature of a prime lens in photography?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Fixed aperture)
A prime lens is characterized by having a single, fixed focal length. Due to an apparent typo in the exam options where 'fixed focal length' is not listed, 'Fixed aperture' is selected to match the concept of a non-zoom fixed parameter, as some specialty prime lenses maintain a single aperture.
Q471
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography
What type of viewfinder does a Single Lens Reflex (SLR) camera typically use?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Optical viewfinder)
SLR cameras use a mechanical reflex mirror and pentaprism system to direct light coming through the lens directly to an optical viewfinder (OVF) for real-time framing.
Q472
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography
In a Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera, what role does the mirror mechanism play during the image capture process?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Redirects light to the viewfinder)
Before the exposure begins, the reflex mirror is down, redirecting the light coming through the lens up into the pentaprism and optical viewfinder. During exposure, it swings up to let light hit the sensor.
Q473
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography
Which of the following redirects light to the viewfinder
💡Correct Answer: Option B (CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor))
In digital viewfinding systems (mirrorless or live view), the CMOS image sensor directly captures the incoming light and electronically redirects the live image data to the EVF (electronic viewfinder) or LCD screen.
Q474
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography
In photography, what is the bokeh effect primarily associated with?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Depth of field)
Bokeh refers to the aesthetic quality of out-of-focus blur in a photograph. It is primarily associated with a shallow depth of field, which is controlled by wide lens apertures.
Q475
🔢 MathForensic Statistics
In forensic analysis, if the probability of a match between a suspect's DNA and evidence DNA is 1 in 1 million, what is the likelihood of an unrelated person having the same DNA profile?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (1 in 10,00,000)
A match probability of 1 in 1 million (1 in 10,00,000 in South Asian numbering) directly means the probability that a random, unrelated person shares the same DNA profile is 1 in 1,00,0000.
Q476
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Investigation
The window of opportunity to collect time sensitive physical evidence is known as
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Golden Hour)
In crime scene investigation, the 'Golden Hour' refers to the critical, initial window of opportunity to identify, document, and collect transient physical evidence before it degrades or gets contaminated.
Q477
🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Sketching
In crime scene sketching all of the following would be considered as fixed points except
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Car)
Fixed points in sketching must be permanent, immovable structures (like trees, walls, or poles). A car is mobile and can be moved, so it is not a valid fixed point.
Q478
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology
They are also called "Bone Detectives" because they help in solving complex cases involving unidentified human remains.
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Forensic Anthropologist)
Forensic anthropologists specialize in studying skeletal remains (bones) to identify the deceased's age, sex, stature, and ancestry, earning them the nickname 'bone detectives'.
Q479
🔬 Forensic ScienceSoil Analysis
Which size of soil partial is termed as clay?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (0.002mm)
In soil texture classification, clay particles are defined as having a diameter of less than 0.002 mm (or < 2 micrometers).
Q480
🔬 Forensic ScienceToolmark Analysis
Hammer Marks are categorised as T
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Compression Marks)
Hammer marks are indentation or compression marks formed when a tool is pressed or struck against a softer surface, leaving a negative impression of its shape.
Q481
🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography
Glares in Photography can be best removed by the use of
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Polarising Screen)
Polarizing screens (filters) block polarized light reflected from non-metallic surfaces, effectively eliminating glares and reflections in forensic photography.
Q482
🔬 Forensic ScienceFamous Personalities
Which of the following statements about Mother Teresa is/are correct?
1. Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity to serve the poorest. 2. She received more than 120 awards and accolades. 3. She was honored with the Padma Shri and the Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize in 1962. 4. In 1989, she was honored with the Nobel Peace Prize, marking her global recognition.
💡Correct Answer: Option B (1, 2 and 3)
Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Statement 4 is incorrect because Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979, not 1989.
Q483
🔬 Forensic ScienceHeritage
Which of the following statements about Ajanta Caves is/are correct?
1. Ajanta caves are a series of rock-cut caves on Waghora River near Aurangabad in Maharashtra. 2. These caves are located in the Sahyadri ranges on Eastern Ghats. 3. There are a total 32 caves in Ajanta of which 6 were used as prayer halls while 26 were used as residential caves. 4. Ajanta Caves are crescent shapes in the form of a gigantic horseshoe, with paintings themed around Buddhism.
💡Correct Answer: Option A (1 and 4)
Statements 1 and 4 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Sahyadri ranges are located in the Western Ghats (not Eastern). Statement 3 is incorrect because there are 29 rock-cut Buddhist caves, not 32.
Q484
🔬 Forensic ScienceGovernment Schemes
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojna was launched in:
💡Correct Answer: Option A (May 2016)
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on May 1, 2016, in Ballia, Uttar Pradesh.
Q485
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Your print needs 8 seconds at f5.6 (in a diffuser enlarger). You decide to use f11, what is your new exposure?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (32 seconds)
Moving from f/5.6 to f/11 is closed down by 2 full stops (f/5.6 -> f/8 -> f/11). Since each stop cuts the light in half, closing down 2 stops reduces light to 1/4. To maintain exposure, time must be multiplied by 4: 8 seconds * 4 = 32 seconds.
Q486
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Key light in context of photography refers to?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (principal illuminator)
The key light is the first and most important light used in a studio setup, acting as the principal illuminator of the subject.
Q487
🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing
The two main colour image processing categories are?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Full-color and pseudo-color processing)
The two main categories in color image processing are Full-color processing (where colors are processed in complete RGB spaces) and Pseudo-color processing (where colors are assigned to gray-scale values).
Q488
🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing
The digitization process i.e. the digital image has M rows and N columns, requires decisions about values for M, N, and for the number, L, of gray levels allowed for each pixel. The values M and N have to be:
💡Correct Answer: Option A (M and N have to be positive integers)
In digital imaging, row and column coordinates (M and N) represent discrete pixels and must be positive integers.
Q489
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Mechanical digitizers in context of photography are referred to as:
💡Correct Answer: Option D (microdensitometer)
A microdensitometer is a mechanical instrument that measures the optical density of tiny areas on a photographic film to digitize the image.
Q490
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Your negative is very weak with very little shadow detail. Why?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Under exposure and under development)
A negative lacks shadow detail mainly because of under-exposure. When it is also under-developed, the contrast and overall density are low, resulting in a very weak negative.
Q491
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Which part of the camera controls how long light is exposed to the digital sensor/film?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (The shutter)
The shutter controls the duration of time that light is allowed to hit the camera sensor or film.
Q492
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Parallax is
💡Correct Answer: Option D (The difference in apparent position of an object when viewed from different angles.)
Parallax error in photography occurs when the viewfinder and the taking lens see the subject from slightly different angles, causing framing discrepancies.
Q493
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Which of the following is NOT TRUE about digital cameras?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Uses film)
Digital cameras use electronic image sensors (like CCD/CMOS) and memory cards to capture and store images, rather than chemical film.
Q494
🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing
Which of the following is the first and foremost step in Image Processing?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Image acquisition)
Image acquisition is the first step in image processing because digital processing cannot occur without capturing/loading the image.
Q495
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Dividing the frame into 9 equal segments with 2 vertical and 2 horizontal lines suggests which composition rule?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Rule of thirds)
The Rule of Thirds involves dividing the image frame into nine equal regions using two vertical and two horizontal lines and placing subjects along these lines.
Q496
🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing
Which colour mode is used for digital Image?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (RGB)
Digital screens and cameras display and capture images in the RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color mode, whereas CMYK is used for printing.
Q497
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
A long shot is:
💡Correct Answer: Option B (The subject remains dominated by the much larger background area)
In a long shot (wide shot), the subject is shown fully but is dominated by the surrounding environment and background context.
Q498
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Aperture/f-stop affects what part(s) of a photo?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Both A and B)
Aperture/f-stop controls both the amount of light entering the camera (exposure) and the range of focus in the image (depth of field).
Q499
🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing
Digitizing the coordinate values is called
💡Correct Answer: Option C (sampling)
Digitizing the spatial coordinates (x, y) is called sampling, whereas digitizing the amplitude/gray levels is called quantization.
Q500
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
What does the term Camera Obscura mean?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Dark room)
Camera Obscura is Latin for 'dark room'. It is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen inside.
Q501
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Changing the overall sensitivity of the image is:
💡Correct Answer: Option C (brightness adaption)
Brightness adaptation is the ability of the human visual system (and camera systems) to adjust its sensitivity to changes in overall light levels.
Q502
🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing
What is Histogram Matching also called as?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Histogram Specification)
Histogram matching is also referred to as Histogram Specification. It is the transformation of an image so that its histogram matches a specified histogram.
Q503
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Which type of the following projections is used in aerial photographs?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Central)
Aerial photographs are captured using a camera lens, which creates a central (or perspective) projection where all light rays pass through a single point (the optical center of the lens).
Q504
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
What is dodging in photography?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Making the exposure lighter during printing or editing)
Dodging reduces the amount of light in a specific area during printing or editing, making that local area lighter. (Burning makes it darker).
Q505
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
What is the aeroplane flying height to obtain the average scale of the photograph equal to 1/7200? (Ground surface elevations vary from 160 m to 430 m and focal length of the camera lens is 153 mm)
💡Correct Answer: Option B (1397 m)
Average ground elevation h = (160 + 430)/2 = 295 m. Scale S = f / (H - h) => 1/7200 = 0.153 / (H - 295) => H - 295 = 7200 * 0.153 = 1101.6 m => H = 1396.6 m ~ 1397 m.
Q506
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Infrared photography is based on which of the following principles?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (The peak maximum radiation varies with the temperature emitting IR)
Infrared photography utilizes radiation emitted/reflected in the IR spectrum. Wien's displacement law explains how the peak emission shifts with temperature.
Q507
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Which shutter speed lets in more light?
💡Correct Answer: Option A (1/30)
1/30 of a second is a slower shutter speed than the others, keeping the shutter open longer and letting in more light.
Q508
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
CCD is a
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Sensor)
CCD stands for Charge-Coupled Device, which is an analog sensor used to capture light and convert it into digital signals in cameras.
Q509
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
George Eastman introduced _____ in August 1888.
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Roll film camera)
George Eastman introduced the Kodak camera in August 1888, which utilized roll film and made photography accessible to the public.
Q510
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Match the following:
- i) An image editing software: 1) A light and shade effect - ii) Fill-in-Light: 2) Photoshop - iii) Chiaroscuro: 3) Transition from one to another frame - iv) IRIS out: 4) Additional light to soften
💡Correct Answer: Option C (i - 2, ii - 4, iii - 1, iv - 3)
Photoshop is image editing software (i-2), Fill-in-Light softens shadows (ii-4), Chiaroscuro is a light and shade effect (iii-1), and IRIS out is a frame transition (iv-3). This matches i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3.
Q511
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Which f-stops allows less light?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (f 32)
A higher f-number represents a smaller physical aperture diameter. Therefore, f/32 has the smallest opening and allows the least light.
Q512
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
SLR in context of photography means?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Single Lens Reflex)
SLR stands for Single-Lens Reflex, which is a camera design utilizing a mirror and prism system that lets the photographer see exactly what will be captured.
Q513
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
The amount of light or darkness on a photograph is known as
💡Correct Answer: Option A (Exposure)
Exposure is the amount of light per unit area reaching a photographic film or electronic image sensor, determining the brightness/darkness.
Q514
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
The amount of light passing through a lens is defined by
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Aperture)
The aperture is the physical opening in the lens. Its size controls the intensity/amount of light passing through the lens.
Q515
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
What is the unit of measurement for light in photography
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Lux)
Lux is the SI unit of illuminance and is used by light meters to measure light intensity falling on a surface for photography exposures.
Q516
🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing
A Digital Image is made up of thousands of
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Pixels)
A digital image is composed of tiny individual squares of color called pixels (picture elements).
Q517
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
What is Ambient light?
💡Correct Answer: Option C (Available light at surrounding)
Ambient light refers to the existing light in a scene that is present before any additional photography lights (like flash/strobes) are introduced.
Q518
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Who coined the term 'photography'?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Sir John Herschel)
Sir John Herschel coined the term 'photography' in 1839 by combining the Greek words 'phos' (light) and 'graphe' (drawing).
Q519
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Daylight colour film is balanced for light at
💡Correct Answer: Option C (5400 Kelvin)
Daylight color film is balanced for daylight color temperatures, which is standard at 5400K to 5500K.
Q520
🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Making a sensible use of Advertising Photography, Coca-Cola has an easily identified logo (its name written in a flowing script) and is usually packaged in a red can or its famously curvy bottle. What do these elements combine to form?
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Brand identity)
These recognizable visual elements (logo, color scheme, distinct packaging) combine to represent the Brand Identity of the company.
Q521
🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCybersecurity
Which territory has banned popular apps like WhatsApp, WeChat, and Google Drive from government computers due to cybersecurity concerns?
💡Correct Answer: Option B (Hong Kong)
In 2024, Hong Kong's Digital Policy Office directed government departments to block staff from accessing services like WhatsApp, WeChat, and Google Drive on office computers due to cybersecurity risks.
Q522
🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyHeavy Metal Ecotoxicology
Industrial pollutants like mercury and cadmium can accumulate in the food chain and pose a threat to the:
💡Correct Answer: Option D (Nervous system)
Heavy metals like mercury (neurotoxin causing Minamata disease, ataxia, tremors) and cadmium bioaccumulate in tissues and severely damage the central nervous system, brain function, and renal tubules.
About Forensic Science & Criminology Questions for JKSSB & JKPSC
Practice authentic Forensic Science & Criminology questions asked in official JKSSB, JKPSC, and JK Police examinations. This comprehensive deck includes 522 solved MCQs from 11 different recruitment cycles with verified solutions.
Regular practice with these solved MCQs will help you master the exam pattern, improve problem-solving speed, and boost your score in upcoming Jammu & Kashmir government competitive exams.
