Quantitative AptitudeQuantitative Aptitude

Ratio, Proportion, Partnership & Averages

Direct and inverse proportions, compound ratios, division of capital in business partnerships, and computation of arithmetic means and averages.

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📝 Solved Questions on Ratio, Proportion, Partnership & Averages (847)

Start Timed Test (847 Qs)Self-Paced Practice
1📚⚛️ PhysicsMechanics
Forces that act for a limited period of time are referred to as:
Explanation
An impulsive force is a large force acting on a body for a very short duration of time (e.g., a bat hitting a ball).
وہ قوتیں جو بہت ہی مختصر وقت کے لیے کسی جسم پر اثر انداز ہوتی ہیں، انہیں امپلسو فورسز (Impulsive forces) کہا جاتا ہے۔
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2📚🧾 AccountsDemography
The population growth rate means:
Explanation
The population growth rate is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases, which is fundamentally calculated as the difference between the birth rate and the death rate.
آبادی کی شرح نمو (population growth rate) سے مراد شرح پیدائش (birth rate) اور شرح اموات (death rate) کے درمیان فرق ہے۔
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3📚🧾 AccountsPartnership Accounts
What happens when interest on drawings is charged to a partner?
Explanation
Interest on drawings is charged to partners as it is an expense for them. It is debited to the partner's Capital or Current Account, reducing their overall equity balance.
جب شراکت دار سے ڈرائنگز پر سود وصول کیا جاتا ہے، تو اسے شراکت دار کے کیپیٹل یا کرنٹ اکاؤنٹ میں ڈیبٹ (Debit) کیا جاتا ہے۔
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4📚🧾 AccountsPartnership Accounts
M and N are two partners sharing profits and losses in a 3:2 ratio. They admit P as a new partner with a 1/5th share. What will be the new profit-sharing ratio?
Explanation
Let total profit = 1. P's share = 1/5. Remaining share = 1 - 1/5 = 4/5. M's new share = 3/5 4/5 = 12/25. N's new share = 2/5 4/5 = 8/25. P's share = 1/5 = 5/25. The new profit-sharing ratio is 12:8:5.
شراکت داری کا تناسب: کل منافع = 1۔ P کا حصہ = 1/5۔ باقی حصہ = 4/5۔ M کا نیا حصہ = 3/5 4/5 = 12/25۔ N کا نیا حصہ = 2/5 4/5 = 8/25۔ P کا حصہ = 5/25۔ نیا تناسب 12:8:5 ہے۔
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5📚🧾 AccountsRatio Analysis
Current Ratio is calculated as:
Explanation
Current Ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures a company's ability to cover its short-term obligations. It is calculated as Current Assets divided by Current Liabilities.
کرنٹ ریشو (Current Ratio) کا فارمولا: کرنٹ اثاثے (Current assets) تقسیم کرنٹ واجبات (Current liabilities) ہے۔
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6📚🧾 AccountsSingle Entry System
Which of the following entities generally prepare their books of accounts under the single entry system?
Explanation
Sole traders and small partnership businesses usually keep their accounts under the single entry system because of its simplicity and lower costs. Companies are legally required to maintain double-entry records.
واحد تاجر (Sole traders) اور چھوٹے دکاندار عام طور پر سنگل انٹری سسٹم کے تحت اپنے کھاتے رکھتے ہیں کیونکہ یہ آسان اور سستا ہوتا ہے۔
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7📚🧾 AccountsTaxation
GST is a consumption of goods and service tax based on:
Explanation
GST is a destination-based tax on consumption of goods and services, meaning the tax revenue goes to the consuming state rather than the producing state.
جی ایس ٹی (GST) ایک منزل پر مبنی (destination-based) ٹیکس ہے، یعنی ٹیکس وہاں جمع ہوتا ہے جہاں اشیاء یا خدمات استعمال ہوتی ہیں۔
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8📚🧾 AccountsPartnership Accounts
Goodwill of a firm of X and Y is valued at Rs. 30,000. It is appearing in the books at Rs. 12,000. Z is admitted for a 1/4th share. What amount is Z supposed to bring for goodwill?
Explanation
The new partner Z must bring goodwill equivalent to their share in the current valued goodwill. Valued Goodwill = Rs. 30,000. Z's share = 1/4 of Rs. 30,000 = Rs. 7,500.
نئے پارٹنر Z کو موجودہ گڈ ول کی قیمت پر اپنا حصہ لانا ہوگا: گڈ ول کی قیمت = 30,000۔ Z کا حصہ = 1/4 * 30,000 = 7,500 روپے ہے۔
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9📚📝 EnglishIdioms
Identify the correct meaning of the idiom:

A snake in the grass
Explanation
The idiom 'a snake in the grass' refers to a secret or hidden enemy—someone who behaves like a friend but is actually treacherous.
محاورہ 'A snake in the grass' سے مراد آستین کا سانپ یا چھپا ہوا دشمن (Secret of hidden enemy) ہے۔
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10📚📝 EnglishSynonyms
Select the correct synonym of the word:

ADMONISH
Explanation
'Admonish' means to warn or reprimand someone firmly. Among the given options, 'Threaten' is the closest synonym.
'Admonish' کا مطلب ہے تنبیہ کرنا یا ڈانٹنا۔ دیے گئے اختیارات میں 'Threaten' (دھمکانا) اس کا قریب ترین مترادف ہے۔
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11📚📝 EnglishAntonyms
Select the correct antonym of the word:

AGONY
Explanation
'Agony' means extreme physical or mental pain or suffering. 'Ecstasy' is the state of overwhelming happiness or joyful excitement, making it the direct antonym.
'Agony' کا مطلب ہے شدید درد یا تکلیف۔ 'Ecstasy' (شدید مسرت/وجد) اس کا متضاد لفظ ہے۔
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12📚📝 EnglishSentence Rearrangement
Rearrange the following jumbled phrases into a meaningful sentence:

- 1. Are tree from (free from)
- 2. Grow abundantly
- 3. Low plants
- 4. Tundra region
- 5. During the short summer
- 6. Like mosses and clinches (lichens)
- 7. And
- 8. Ice
Explanation
Option B (4, 1, 8, 5, 7, 3, 6, 2) forms the correct sentence: 'Tundra region are free from ice during the short summer, and low plants like mosses and lichens grow abundantly.'
صحیح ترتیب آپشن B ہے: 'Tundra region are free from ice during the short summer, and low plants like mosses and lichens grow abundantly.'
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13📚📝 EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech
Choose the correct indirect narration of:

He said to us, "Why are you all sitting about there doing nothing?"
Explanation
In indirect speech, the interrogative sentence becomes assertive. 'said to us' changes to 'asked us', and the present continuous 'are you... sitting' changes to past continuous 'we were... sitting'.
ان ڈائریکٹ اسپیچ بناتے وقت سوالیہ جملہ بیانیہ بن جاتا ہے۔ 'are you' تبدیل ہو کر 'we were' ہو جائے گا اور ورڈ آرڈر سیدھا ہو جائے گا۔
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14📚🔢 MathStatistics
Consider the following statements regarding questionnaire preparation:

- a. Questionnaires collect data by asking people to respond to different sets of questions.
- b. The validity and reliability of the data you collect depend on the design of questions.
- c. Collect the data without a pilot test of all questionnaires.
- d. When designing your questionnaire, you should consider the wording of individual questions prior to the order in which they appear.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?
Explanation
Statements a and d are correct. Statement c is incorrect because pilot testing is crucial to validate the questionnaire before collecting data. Statement b is also true conceptually, but among the given options, C (a and d) is the most standard combination matching standard research methodology.
بیانات a اور d بالکل درست ہیں۔ بیان c غلط ہے کیونکہ پائلٹ ٹیسٹ (پائلٹ رن) کے بغیر سروے شروع کرنا ریسرچ کے اصولوں کے خلاف ہے۔ اس لیے 'a' اور 'd' صحیح جوڑا ہے۔
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15📚🔢 MathStatistics
Eight randomly selected college students slept for the following hours previous night: 4, 8, 7, 5, 3, 7, 7, 3.

Arrange the following values in decreasing order:
- a. Mean of sleeping hours of the students
- b. Median of sleeping hours of the students
- c. Mode of sleeping hours of the students
- d. Number of random Sample
Explanation
Calculating values: d (Sample size) = 8. Mean (a) = (4+8+7+5+3+7+7+3)/8 = 44/8 = 5.5. Sorted data: 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7, 7, 8. Median (b) = (5+7)/2 = 6. Mode (c) = 7. Decreasing order is: d (8) > c (7) > b (6) > a (5.5), which is d, c, b, a.
حساب کتاب: کل نمونہ (d) = 8۔ اوسط یا مین (a) = 5.5۔ میڈین (b) = 6۔ موڈ (c) = 7۔ گھٹتی ہوئی ترتیب (decreasing order) ہوگی: d, c, b, a۔
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16📚🔢 MathStatistics
One of the key features of the census is:
Explanation
Simultaneity is a vital feature of the census, meaning the census data must refer to a well-defined point of time and be conducted simultaneously throughout the territory.
مردم شماری (census) کی ایک اہم خصوصیت ہم وقتی یا یکسانیت (Simultaneity) ہے، یعنی یہ پورے علاقے میں ایک ہی وقت پر کی جاتی ہے۔
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17📚📊 EconomicsEconomics
What is the meaning of a 'Mixed Economy'?
Explanation
A mixed economy is an economic system that blends elements of a market economy (private sector) with elements of a planned economy (public/state sector). India is a prime example.
مخلوط معیشت (Mixed Economy) سے مراد وہ معاشی نظام ہے جس میں سرکاری (public) اور نجی (private) دونوں شعبے مل کر کام کرتے ہیں۔
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18📚📊 EconomicsEconomics
Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured money market instrument issued in the form of a:
Explanation
Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured, short-term money market instrument issued by highly-rated corporations in the form of a promissory note.
کمرشل پیپر (CP) ایک قلیل مدتی غیر محفوظ منی مارکیٹ انسٹرومنٹ ہے جو پرومیسری نوٹ (Promissory Note) کی شکل میں جاری کیا جاتا ہے۔
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19📚⚖️ LawLegal Terms
The Latin word for body of crime is:
Explanation
Corpus delicti is a Latin term meaning 'body of the crime', which refers to the principle that a crime must be proven to have occurred before a person can be convicted.
کارپس ڈیلیکٹی (Corpus delicti) ایک لاطینی اصطلاح ہے جس کا مطلب ہے 'جرم کا جسم'، جو اس بات کی نشاندہی کرتا ہے کہ سزا دینے سے پہلے جرم کا ہونا ثابت ہونا ضروری ہے۔
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20📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions
Match the following:

List-I (NFSU Campus)
i. Bhopal
ii. Delhi
iii. Dharwad
iv. Gandhinagar

List-II (Number of Departments)
a. 2
b. 3
c. 6
d. 16
Explanation
As per the university configuration, the matching is: Bhopal campus has 2 departments (i-a); Delhi campus has 6 departments (ii-c); Dharwad campus has 3 departments (iii-b); and the main Gandhinagar campus has 16 departments (iv-d).
این ایف ایس یو کی تفصیلات کے مطابق: بھوپال کیمپس میں 2 شعبے ہیں (i-a)؛ دہلی کیمپس میں 6 شعبے ہیں (ii-c)؛ دھارواڑ کیمپس میں 3 شعبے ہیں (iii-b)؛ اور مرکزی گاندھی نگر کیمپس میں 16 شعبے ہیں (iv-d)۔
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21📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Administration
The Directorate of Forensic Science Services was bifurcated from BPR & D based on the recommendations of

i. Malimath Committee
ii. Padmanabhaiah Committee
iii. National Human Rights Commission
Explanation
The bifurcation of the Directorate of Forensic Science Services (DFSS) from the Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPR&D) in 2002 was based on the recommendations of the Padmanabhaiah Committee on Police Reforms and the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
ڈائریکٹوریٹ آف فارنسک سائنس سروسز (DFSS) کو 2002 میں بی پی آر اینڈ ڈی سے الگ کرنا پدمنبھیا کمیٹی اور نیشنل ہیومن رائٹس کمیشن (NHRC) کی سفارشات پر مبنی تھا۔
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22📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine
The bluish-purple/purple-red discolouration of skin on dependent part of body after death is called as
Explanation
Post-mortem hypostasis (also called livor mortis or post-mortem lividity) is the pooling of blood in the dependent parts of the body due to gravity, causing a bluish-purple discoloration.
موت کے بعد کشش ثقل کے باعث خون کے نیچے کے حصوں میں جمنے سے جلد کا نیلا یا ارغوانی ہونا پوسٹ مارٹم ہائپوسٹیسس (Post mortem Hypostasis) یا لیور مورٹس کہلاتا ہے۔
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23📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine
Match the following:

List-I (Blunt Force Injury)
i. Abrasion
ii. Contusion
iii. Incision
iv. Laceration

List-II (Characteristic of Injury)
a. Effusion of blood into tissue due to ruptured blood vessels
b. Destruction of superficial layer of skin.
c. Tearing or splitting of skin
d. Clean cut through the tissue
Explanation
The correct matches are: Abrasion - destruction of superficial layer (i-b); Contusion (bruise) - effusion of blood (ii-a); Incision - clean cut through tissue (iii-d); Laceration - tearing or splitting of skin (iv-c).
صحیح جوڑ یہ ہیں: خراش (Abrasion) -> جلد کی بیرونی پرت کا تباہ ہونا (i-b)؛ نیل (Contusion) -> بافتوں میں خون کا رساؤ (ii-a)؛ کٹاؤ (Incision) -> صاف کٹاؤ (iii-d)؛ اور پھٹن (Laceration) -> جلد کا پھٹنا (iv-c)۔
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24📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine
An unusual type of suicide in which the victim inflicts a single large wound on the abdomen while in sitting position causing evisceration of internal organ, is called as
Explanation
Harakari (or Seppuku) is a traditional Japanese ritual suicide involving disembowelment (cutting open the abdomen and eviscerating internal organs).
ہراکڑی یا ہاراکیری (Harakari) جاپانی ثقافت میں خودکشی کا ایک روایتی طریقہ ہے جس میں بیٹھ کر پیٹ پر بڑا کٹ لگایا جاتا ہے جس سے اندرونی اعضاء باہر نکل آتے ہیں۔
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25📚🔬 Forensic ScienceBurns
The full thickness destruction of skin occurs within seconds above a temperature of
Explanation
Thermal studies show that exposure to temperatures above 70°C (158°F) causes full-thickness (third-degree) skin destruction within seconds due to rapid protein denaturation.
حرارتی مطالعے سے ظاہر ہوتا ہے کہ 70°C سے زیادہ درجہ حرارت پر سیکنڈوں میں جلد کی تمام تہیں (full thickness) مکمل طور پر تباہ ہو جاتی ہیں۔
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26📚🔢 MathStatistics
Which of the following is a positional average?
Explanation
Mode and Median are positional averages because their values depend on their position in the distribution. Arithmetic, Geometric, and Harmonic means are mathematical averages.
موڈ (Mode) اور میڈین پوزیشنی اوسط (positional averages) کہلاتے ہیں کیونکہ ان کا انحصار تقسیم میں ان کی پوزیشن پر ہوتا ہے۔ باقی ریاضیاتی اوسط ہیں۔
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27📚🔢 MathStatistics
Marks obtained by 9 students in mathematics as 52, 75, 40, 70, 43, 40, 65, 35, 48. The arithmetic mean is:
Explanation
Sum of values = 52 + 75 + 40 + 70 + 43 + 40 + 65 + 35 + 48 = 468. Number of observations = 9. Arithmetic Mean = 468 / 9 = 52.
اوسط کا حساب: مجموعہ = 468؛ کل طلباء = 9؛ حسابی اوسط = 468 / 9 = 52۔
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28📚🔢 MathStatistics
Which of the following is considered as the highest level of measurement?
Explanation
The four levels of measurement in increasing order are Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio. Ratio scale is the highest level as it has a true zero point.
پیمائش کے چار درجے ہیں: Nominal، Ordinal، Interval، اور Ratio۔ ریشو پیمانہ (Ratio) سب سے اونچا درجہ ہے کیونکہ اس میں مطلق صفر (absolute zero) موجود ہوتا ہے۔
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29📚🔢 MathStatistics
Match the following:

List-I
i. Mean
ii. Median
iii. Mode
iv. Range

List-II
a. Difference between largest and smallest value
b. Precise
c. Middle most term
d. Highest Frequency
Explanation
The correct matches are: Mean is a precise mathematical average (i-b); Median is the middlemost term (ii-c); Mode corresponds to the highest frequency (iii-d); Range is the difference between largest and smallest values (iv-a).
صحیح جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: اوسط (Mean) -> درست/پریسائز (i-b)؛ میڈین (Median) -> بالکل درمیانی رقم (ii-c)؛ موڈ (Mode) -> سب سے زیادہ فریکوئنسی (iii-d)؛ رینج (Range) -> سب سے بڑی اور چھوٹی قدر کا فرق (iv-a)۔
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30📚🔢 MathStatistics
Match the following:

List-I
i. Chi-square test
ii. F-test
iii. T-test
iv. Z-test

List-II
a. Analyze the difference between the means of more than two groups.
b. For known variance and large sample size, test that determines whether two population means are different.
c. Used to compare means of two groups
d. Compares two categorical variables.
Explanation
The correct matches are: Chi-square test compares categorical variables (i-d); F-test compares means of more than two groups (ii-a); T-test compares means of two groups (iii-c); Z-test compares means for large samples with known variance (iv-b).
صحیح جوڑ یہ ہیں: کائی اسکوائر (i-d) -> کیٹیگریل متغیرات کا موازنہ؛ F-ٹیسٹ (ii-a) -> دو سے زائد گروہوں کے اوسط کا موازنہ؛ T-ٹیسٹ (iii-c) -> دو گروہوں کے اوسط کا موازنہ؛ Z-ٹیسٹ (iv-b) -> بڑی تعداد اور معلوم تغیر پذیر حالت میں اوسط کا موازنہ۔
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31📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics
Which of the following situations are possible?

i. A body having velocity east and acceleration west.
ii. A body having constant velocity and variable acceleration.
iii. A body having zero velocity and non-zero acceleration.
Explanation
Situation (i) is possible (e.g. decelerating vehicle moving East). Situation (iii) is possible (e.g. a ball at the top of its flight has zero velocity but non-zero gravitational acceleration). Situation (ii) is impossible because constant velocity implies acceleration must be strictly zero.
صورتحال (i) ممکن ہے (بریک لگانے پر گاڑی مشرق جا رہی ہو اور اسراع مغرب ہو)۔ صورتحال (iii) بھی ممکن ہے (مثلاً ہوا میں اوپر پھینکی گئی گیند جو اپنی زیادہ سے زیادہ بلندی پر رکتی ہے لیکن کشش ثقل کا اسراع جاری رہتا ہے)۔ صورتحال (ii) ناممکن ہے۔
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32📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics
Charge is distributed uniformly along a long straight wire. The electric field at 2cm from the wire is 20 newton/coulomb. The electric field at 4cm from the wire is:
Explanation
For an infinite line charge, the electric field (E) is inversely proportional to distance (r) from the wire: E = λ / (2πε₀r). As distance doubles (from 2cm to 4cm), the electric field halves (from 20 N/C to 10 N/C).
سیدھی برقی تار کی وجہ سے برقی میدان (E) فاصلے (r) کے معکوس متناسب ہوتا ہے۔ جب فاصلہ دوگنا ہو جاتا ہے (2cm سے 4cm) تو برقی میدان آدھا رہ جائے گا (20 N/C سے 10 N/C)۔
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33📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics
If "r" is the distance of a moving charge, the magnitude of magnetic field produced by the charge is proportional to:
Explanation
According to the Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field produced by a moving charge is inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r) from the charge (B ∝ 1/r²).
بائیوٹ ساورٹ قانون کے مطابق، متحرک چارج سے پیدا ہونے والے مقناطیسی میدان کی طاقت فاصلے (r) کے مربع کے معکوس متناسب ہوتی ہے (B ∝ 1/r²)۔
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34📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics
Two electrons travelling with same speed. The magnetic field is zero at the mid-point between them. This means,
Explanation
By the right-hand rule, when two negative charges (electrons) travel at equal speed along parallel lines in the same direction, the magnetic fields they produce at the exact midpoint are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, cancelling each other out to zero.
جب دو الیکٹران مساوی رفتار سے متوازی لکیروں پر ایک ہی سمت (same direction) میں سفر کرتے ہیں، تو دائیں ہاتھ کے اصول کے مطابق ان کے بالکل درمیانی نقطے پر مقناطیسی میدان برابر اور مخالف سمت میں ہو کر صفر ہو جاتا ہے۔
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35📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics
According to Faraday's Law, an induced emf is proportional to
Explanation
Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction states that the induced electromotive force (emf) in a closed circuit is directly proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.
فیراڈے کے قانون کے مطابق، بند سرکٹ میں پیدا ہونے والی برقی قوت (emf) مقناطیسی بہاؤ یا فلکس کی تبدیلی کی شرح (rate of change of magnetic flux) کے براہ راست متناسب ہوتی ہے۔
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36📚⚖️ LawArms Act
Which of the following means ammunition, as per Indian Arms Act, 1959?

i. Rocket.
ii. Noxious liquid
iii. Charges for firearm.
Explanation
Section 2(b) of the Indian Arms Act, 1959 defines 'ammunition' to include rockets, noxious liquid/gas-producing articles, and propellant charges/cartridges for firearms.
بھارتی اسلحہ ایکٹ 1959 کے تحت، بارود (ammunition) کی تعریف میں راکٹ، نقصان دہ مائع (noxious liquid) پیدا کرنے والے آلات، اور گولیوں کے چارجز تینوں شامل ہیں۔
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37📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTerminal Ballistics
Penetration of bullet inside the target depends on

i. Cross sectional area of projectile
ii. Velocity of projectile
iii. Weight of projectile
Explanation
Penetration depth depends on the sectional density (weight / cross-sectional area) and the kinetic energy (which depends on velocity). Therefore, all three factors affect penetration.
ہدف کے اندر گولی کے گھسنے کی صلاحیت گولی کے سائز (cross-sectional area)، اس کی رفتار (velocity)، اور اس کے وزن (weight) تینوں پر منحصر ہے۔
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38📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTerminal Ballistics
Penetration power of a firearm and its ammunition is measured from the penetration of the projectile in
Explanation
Historically, the standard material used to empirically measure and compare the penetration power of bullets is dry, soft pine wood boards of a standard thickness.
گولی کی گھسنے کی طاقت (penetration power) کو ماپنے کے لیے بیلسٹکس میں روایتی طور پر نرم صنوبر کی لکڑی (Soft pine wood) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
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39📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Administration
The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) was started under the Ministry of Home Affairs in which of the following years?
Explanation
The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) was established in 1986 to empower Indian Police with information technology and criminal databases.
نیشنل کرائم ریکارڈز بیورو (NCRB) کا قیام 1986 میں وزارت داخلہ کے تحت عمل میں آیا تھا تاکہ پولیس کو جرائم کے ڈیٹا بیس اور معلومات سے لیس کیا جا سکے۔
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40📚⚗️ ChemistryArson Investigation
In arson cases, what does "pyromania" mean?
Explanation
Pyromania is an obsessive, impulsive disorder characterized by the deliberate and repetitive setting of fires.
پائرومینیا (Pyromania) سے مراد آگ لگانے کی جنونی اور غیر اختیاری خواہش یا نفسیاتی بیماری ہے۔
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41📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy
The ability of an objective lens to resolve details into separate images instead of one blurred image is directly proportional to?
Explanation
Resolution (R) is directly proportional to the Numerical Aperture (NA) of the objective lens: R = λ / (2 * NA).
خوردبین کی تفصیلات کو واضح طور پر دیکھنے کی صلاحیت (Resolution) اس کے آبجیکٹو لینس کے نیومیریکل اپرچر (Numerical Aperture) کے براہِ راست متناسب ہوتی ہے۔
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42📚🧬 BiologySemen Analysis
Which of the following is the major protein present in seminal fluid at concentrations of 0.5-2.0 mg/mL?
Explanation
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA or p30) is present in seminal fluid at concentrations of 0.5–2.0 mg/mL, serving as a key marker for semen detection. Semenogelins are present in much higher concentrations (10-20 mg/mL).
پروسٹیٹ سپیسیفک اینٹیجن (PSA) منی (semen) میں 0.5 سے 2.0 ملی گرام فی ملی لیٹر کی مقدار میں پایا جانے والا ایک اہم پروٹین ہے، جو منی کے فارنسک ٹیسٹ میں استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
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43📚🧬 BiologyUrine Detection
DMAC assay is a presumptive assay for body fluid detection. What does it detect?
Explanation
The DMAC (p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde) assay reacts with urea, which is present in high concentrations in urine, to produce a pink/red color.
ڈی ایم اے سی (DMAC) ٹیسٹ پیشاب میں موجود یوریا (Urea) کی شناخت کرنے والا ایک ابتدائی فارنسک ٹیسٹ ہے۔
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44📚🧬 BiologySerology
Which of the following is a quantitative assay?
Explanation
Rocket immunoelectrophoresis is a quantitative technique where the height of the rocket-shaped precipitin curve is directly proportional to the antigen concentration.
راکٹ امیونو الیکٹروفورسس (Rocket immunoelectrophoresis) ایک مقداری تجزیہ ہے، جس میں بننے والے راکٹ کی اونچائی اینٹی جن کی صحیح مقدار کے متناسب ہوتی ہے۔
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45📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology
Which statement pertaining to defensive bitemarks is TRUE?

i. Show a well-defined pattern
ii. Are usually singular
iii. Show tearing of skin
iv. Are most often seen in postmortem bitemarks
Explanation
Defensive bite marks occur during a violent struggle, meaning they are antemortem (not postmortem) and often ill-defined/distorted, showing tearing of skin due to movement. Only statement iii is correct.
حفاظتی کاٹنے کے نشانات (Defensive bitemarks) کشمکش کے دوران بنتے ہیں، جس کی وجہ سے نشانات کھنچ جاتے ہیں اور جلد پھٹ (tearing of skin) جاتی ہے۔ اس لیے صرف بیان (iii) درست ہے۔
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46📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What does transient evidence mean?
Explanation
Transient evidence is evidence that by its very nature is temporary and can easily degrade, disappear, or change over a short period of time (e.g., odors, temperature, footprints in snow).
عارضی ثبوت (Transient evidence) سے مراد ایسا ثبوت ہے جو اپنی نوعیت کے لحاظ سے عارضی ہو اور جو مختصر وقت میں ختم، تبدیل یا زائل ہو سکتا ہو (جیسے بو، درجہ حرارت یا برف پر پاؤں کے نشان)۔
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47📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology
What branch of forensic science deals with measurement and proportions of human body?
Explanation
Anthropometry refers to the systematic measurement of the physical properties and proportions of the human body, popularized by Alphonse Bertillon for criminal identification.
انتھروپومیٹری (Anthropometry) سے مراد انسانی جسم کے حصوں کی پیمائش اور تناسب کا مطالعہ ہے، جسے الفونس برٹیلون نے مجرموں کی شناخت کے لیے شروع کیا تھا۔
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48📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
The document meant at the crime scene to keep a record of entry and exit of personnels is known as
Explanation
The Crime Scene Security Log (or Crime Scene Log) records the names and times of arrival and departure of all personnel entering or exiting the secured perimeter.
جائے وقوعہ پر آنے اور جانے والے تمام افسران اور افراد کا ریکارڈ رکھنے والی دستاویز کو کرائم سین لاگ (Crime Scene Log) کہا جاتا ہے۔
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49📚🔢 MathStatistics
The simplest measurement of central tendency is
Explanation
The arithmetic mean (average) is considered the simplest and most commonly used measure of central tendency.
حسابی اوسط یعنی مین (Mean) کو مرکزی رجحان (central tendency) کی سب سے سیدھی اور بنیادی پیمائش مانا جاتا ہے۔
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50📚🔢 MathError Analysis
The error caused by poor calibration of the instrument is called
Explanation
Systematic errors are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the same direction, often caused by poorly calibrated instruments or flawed experimental design.
آلات کی ناقص کیلیبریشن یا خرابی کی وجہ سے ہونے والی غلطیوں کو سسٹمیٹک ایرر (Systematic Error) کہتے ہیں، جو ہر بار ایک ہی سمت میں دہرائی جاتی ہیں۔
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51📚⚖️ LawLegal Sections
A person lays stick over a pit, with the intension of causing death whosoever step on it. What offence has he committed?
Explanation
This is a classic illustration from Section 299 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) for Culpable Homicide. Laying sticks over a pit with the intention of causing death, whereby someone falls in and is killed, constitutes culpable homicide.
یہ تعزیرات ہند (IPC) کی دفعہ 299 کی ایک کلاسک مثال ہے جس کے تحت گڑھے پر لکڑیاں بچھا کر مارنے کی نیت کرنا مجرمانہ قتل (Culpable homicide) کے زمرے میں آتا ہے۔
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52📚⚗️ ChemistryLaw of Evidence
What does the term cross-examination mean?
Explanation
Under Section 137 of the Indian Evidence Act, the examination of a witness by the adverse (opposite) party is called cross-examination.
انڈین ایویڈنس ایکٹ کی دفعہ 137 کے مطابق، مخالف فریق کی جانب سے گواہ سے کی جانے والی جرح کو کراس ایگزامینیشن (cross-examination) کہا جاتا ہے۔
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53📚⚗️ ChemistryPetroleum Products
Adulteration of motor gasoline with kerosene oil can be detected by
Explanation
Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) is the gold standard method to analyze fuel profiles and detect adulteration of gasoline with heavier kerosene fractions by resolving hydrocarbon peaks.
پٹرول میں مٹی کے تیل کی ملاوٹ کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے گیس مائع کرومیٹوگرافی (Gas Liquid Chromatography) کا طریقہ کار سب سے زیادہ مستند مانا جاتا ہے۔
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54📚⚗️ ChemistryCarbohydrate Chemistry
alpha-D(+)-glucose and beta-D(+)-glucose are
Explanation
alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-glucose are cyclic monosaccharides that differ in configuration only at the hemiacetal carbon (C-1), making them anomers.
الفا-ڈی-گلوکوز اور بیٹا-ڈی-گلوکوز انومرز (Anomers) کی مثالیں ہیں کیونکہ ان کے کاربن نمبر 1 (hemiacetal carbon) پر ہائیڈروکسیل گروپ کی ترتیب الگ ہوتی ہے۔
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55📚⚗️ ChemistryLipid Chemistry
The greater the unsaturation of oil or a fat ______ is the iodine value.
Explanation
The iodine value measures the degree of unsaturation in a fat or oil; more double bonds react with more iodine, resulting in a greater iodine value.
کسی تیل یا چربی میں ڈبل بانڈز (unsaturation) جتنے زیادہ ہوں گے، اس کی آیوڈین ویلیو اتنی ہی زیادہ (Greater) ہوگی۔
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56📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology
What do you mean by Phagocytosis?
Explanation
Phagocytosis is a cellular absorption/ingestion phenomenon where a cell engulfs solid particles or pathogens.
فیگوسائٹوسس (Phagocytosis) خلیات کے ذریعے بیرونی ذرات یا جراثیم کو ہضم کرنے یا جذب کرنے کا ایک عمل (Absorption phenomenon) ہے۔
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57📚⚗️ ChemistryAntidotes
Universal antidote is Activated Charcoal: Milk of Magnesia: Tannic Acid in the Ratio of?
Explanation
The classical Universal Antidote consists of a mixture of 2 parts Activated Charcoal, 1 part Milk of Magnesia, and 1 part Tannic Acid (Ratio 2:1:1).
یونیورسل اینٹی ڈوٹ (Universal antidote) میں ایکٹیویٹڈ چارکول، ملک آف میگنیشیا اور ٹینک ایسڈ کا تناسب 2:1:1 ہوتا ہے۔
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58📚⚗️ ChemistryChemical Tests
In Qualitative analysis, high level of ______ give an orange or red colour in desferrioxamine colour test (QDCT) method
Explanation
Desferrioxamine (Deferoxamine) is an iron-chelating agent. The qualitative desferrioxamine color test (QDCT) yields an orange-red color when reacted with high concentrations of Iron.
ڈیسفیریوکسامائن کلر ٹیسٹ (QDCT) کا استعمال لوہے یعنی آئرن (Iron) کی زیادہ مقدار کی موجودگی میں نارنجی یا سرخ رنگ ظاہر کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔
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59📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology ADME
Among following which is not a part of L-ADME?
Explanation
L-ADME stands for Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion. 'Liberty' is not a component of this pharmacological abbreviation.
دواؤں کے اثرات کے مطالعہ میں L-ADME کا مطلب لبریشن، ابزارپشن، ڈسٹریبیوشن، میٹابولزم اور ایکسکریشن ہے۔ اس میں 'Liberty' کوئی جزو نہیں ہے۔
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60📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology ADME
The organ that has greatest ability to bio transform the Xenobiotic is?
Explanation
The liver is the primary organ for drug metabolism/biotransformation due to its high concentration of cytochrome P450 and other metabolic enzymes.
جگر (Liver) وہ سب سے اہم عضو ہے جس میں زہریلے مادوں اور دواؤں کو میٹابولائز (biotransform) کرنے کی صلاحیت سب سے زیادہ ہوتی ہے۔
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61📚⚛️ PhysicsLasers
Laser is a type of light source which has the unique characteristics of
Explanation
Laser light possesses high monochromaticity (single wavelength), directionality (narrow beam), and coherence/penetration power.
لیزر (Laser) روشنی کی ایک ایسی شعاع ہے جس میں یک رنگی (monochromaticity)، ایک سمت میں چلنے کی صلاحیت (directionality) اور نفوذ پذیری (penetration) کی منفرد خصوصیات ہوتی ہیں۔
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62📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Extractions
Solvent extraction is a ______ analytical technique
Explanation
Solvent extraction is primarily a separation technique, but it is extensively utilized in qualitative identification and quantitative analysis (hence 'All A, B and C' is selected in standard chemistry answer keys).
سالونٹ ایکسٹریکشن (Solvent extraction) بنیادی طور پر علیحدگی (separation) کی تکنیک ہے لیکن یہ معیاری اور مقداری تجزیوں میں بھی استعمال ہوتی ہے۔
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63📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography
Efficiency of column separation is
Explanation
The efficiency of a chromatographic column (number of theoretical plates N) is inversely proportional to the Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate (HETP): N = L / HETP. Thus, smaller HETP means higher efficiency.
کرومیٹوگرافی کالم کی کارکردگی (efficiency) اس کی HETP کے بالواسطہ متناسب (Indirectly proportional) ہوتی ہے؛ یعنی HETP جتنا کم ہوگا، کارکردگی اتنی ہی بہتر ہوگی۔
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64📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsWeb Security
Which of the following explains the nature of Cookies?
Explanation
In standard computer network contexts, cookies are described as transient (temporary) because session cookies expire when the browser is closed, and even persistent cookies have a set expiration time.
کوکیز (Cookies) کی نوعیت عارضی یا ٹرانزینٹ (Transient) ہوتی ہے کیونکہ یہ عام طور پر سیشن ختم ہونے پر مٹ جاتی ہیں۔
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65📚🔢 MathProbability
Two unbiased coins are tossed. What's the probability of having access to at most one head?
Explanation
Outcomes are HH, HT, TH, TT (4 outcomes). 'At most one head' means 0 or 1 head. Favorable outcomes are HT, TH, TT (3 outcomes). Probability = 3/4.
دو سکے اچھالنے پر زیادہ سے زیادہ ایک ہیڈ (at most one head) آنے کے امکانات 3/4 ہوتے ہیں۔
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66📚🔢 MathStatistics
The relation between mean, median and mode in a moderately skewed distribution is
Explanation
The empirical relationship for moderately skewed distributions is: Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean, which can be rearranged as 3 Median = 2 Mean + Mode.
حسابی اوسط، میڈیم اور موڈ کے درمیان صحیح تعلق یہ ہے: 3 Median = 2 Mean + Mode۔
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67📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsInformation Security
Message _____ means that the data must arrive at the receiver exactly as sent.
Explanation
Message integrity ensures that the transmitted data remains unaltered, accurate, and complete during transit from the sender to the receiver.
پیغام کی سالمیت (Message Integrity) کا مطلب یہ ہے کہ وصول کنندہ کے پاس ڈیٹا بالکل اسی حالت میں پہنچے جس حالت میں بھیجا گیا تھا۔
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68📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringComputer Architecture
Which of the following is non-volatile storage?
Explanation
Secondary storage (such as hard disks, solid-state drives, magnetic tape) is non-volatile, meaning it retains stored data even when the device is powered off.
سیکنڈری اسٹوریج (Secondary) جیسے ہارڈ ڈسک نان وولاٹائل (غیر متزلزل) ہوتی ہے، یعنی بجلی جانے سے اس کا ڈیٹا ضائع نہیں ہوتا۔
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69📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsOperating Systems
Which of the following is not an operating system?
Explanation
Oracle is a multinational technology corporation known primarily for its Database Management System (DBMS), not an operating system. Linux, DOS, and Windows are OS.
اوریکل (Oracle) ایک ڈیٹا بیس اور سافٹ ویئر کمپنی ہے، یہ آپریٹنگ سسٹم نہیں ہے جبکہ ونڈوز اور لینکس آپریٹنگ سسٹمز ہیں۔
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70📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringComputer Architecture
BIOS is used by
Explanation
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is used by the operating system during start-up (boot strapping) to detect hardware configuration and load the main OS from storage.
کمپیوٹر شروع ہوتے وقت ہارڈ ویئر سے رابطہ قائم کرنے کے لیے آپریٹنگ سسٹم (Operating system) بنیادی ان پٹ/آؤٹ پٹ سسٹم (BIOS) کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔
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71📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringComputer Architecture
The number of cycles of operations performed by a processor per second is called its
Explanation
The clock speed (or clock rate) measures the number of cycles a CPU executes per second, typically measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz).
پروسیسر کے ایک سیکنڈ میں کام کرنے کے چکروں (cycles) کی تعداد کو کلاک اسپیڈ (clock speed) کہتے ہیں۔
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72📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCloud Computing
Which of the following is the most refined and restrictive cloud service model?
Explanation
SaaS (Software as a Service) is the most refined and restrictive model for users because the provider manages all infrastructure, platforms, and software configuration, leaving users with only software application access.
سافت ویئر ایز اے سروس (SaaS) کلاؤڈ سروس کا سب سے محدود اور کنٹرولڈ ماڈل ہے جہاں صارف صرف سافٹ ویئر استعمال کر سکتا ہے۔
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73📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCyber Crimes
What are the means used for stalking by a cyber stalker?
Explanation
A cyberstalker uses electronic communication channels like emails, direct messages, social media, phone calls, and filesharing/airdrop to harass victims.
سائبر اسٹاکر گواہ یا شکار کو ہراساں کرنے کے لیے ای میلز، فون کالز اور پیغامات (Emails, messages, etc.) کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔
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74📚🔢 MathStatistics
A population has a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 7. A sample of 49 observations will be taken. The probability that the sample mean will be larger than 82 is
Explanation
Standard error = 7 / sqrt(49) = 1. The Z-score for sample mean 82 = (82 - 80) / 1 = 2. P(X > 82) = P(Z > 2) = 1 - 0.9772 = 0.0228.
حسابی فارمولے اور زیڈ اسکور (Z=2) کے ذریعے حل کرنے پر نمونے کا اوسط 82 سے زیادہ ہونے کا امکان 0.0228 حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
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75📚🔢 MathStatistics
The mean of 11 number is 7 if one of the numbers, 7 is deleted, what will be the mean of remaining 10 number?
Explanation
Sum of 11 numbers = 11 * 7 = 77. If 7 is deleted, new sum = 77 - 7 = 70. New mean of 10 numbers = 70 / 10 = 7.0.
11 اعداد کا اوسط 7 تھا، مجموعہ 77 ہوا۔ جب 7 نکالا گیا تو مجموعہ 70 بچا، اور 10 اعداد کا نیا اوسط 7.0 ہی رہا۔
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76📚🔢 MathStatistics
What is the variance of a constant 'x'?
Explanation
The variance measures dispersion. A constant does not vary, so its deviation from its mean is always zero, resulting in a variance of 0.
چونکہ کسی مستقل قیمت (constant) میں کوئی تبدیلی نہیں ہوتی، اس لیے اس کا تغیر یا ویرینس (variance) ہمیشہ صفر (0) ہوتا ہے۔
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77📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine
What does the term "Compos mentis" while giving a testimony or dying declaration mean?
Explanation
"Compos mentis" is a Latin term meaning 'of sound mind' or having full control of one's mental faculties, which is a key requirement for a valid testimony or dying declaration.
"Compos mentis" ایک لاطینی اصطلاح ہے جس کا مطلب 'صحیح دماغ' یا 'صحیح العقل' ہونا ہے، جو کہ نزعی بیان (dying declaration) کی قانونی قبولیت کے لیے ضروری ہے۔
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78📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law
What does Corpus delecti mean?
Explanation
"Corpus delicti" is a Latin term meaning 'the body of the crime', which refers to the objective proof (elements) that a crime has indeed been committed.
"Corpus delicti" کا مطلب 'جرم کا جسم' یعنی جرم کے بنیادی عناصر (Elements of crime) ہیں، جو یہ ثابت کرتے ہیں کہ واقعی کوئی جرم سرزد ہوا ہے۔
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79📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringCrime Scene Reconstruction
In crime scene reconstruction, what does "conjecture" mean?
Explanation
In the process of crime scene reconstruction, a conjecture refers to a preliminary, working hypothesis or possible explanation formulated before comprehensive and detailed laboratory analysis is completed.
کرائم سین کی تعمیر نو (reconstruction) میں، تفصیلی سائنسی تجزیہ کرنے سے پہلے ایک ابتدائی ممکنہ وضاحت یا مفروضہ تیار کرنے کو کنجیکچر (conjecture) کہتے ہیں۔
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80📚🧬 BiologyEvidence Packaging
Consider the following statements about the packaging of evidence:
i. Biological samples such as bloody cloth have to be packaged in an airtight container while it's wet
ii. Samples suspected of containing accelerants from arson scenes should be packaged in airtight metal cans
iii. All the evidence collected from the crime scene should be packaged in one common container for ease of transportation
iv. Biological samples should be air-dried at room temperature and before packaging in breathable paper bags
Which of the above statements are true/correct?
Explanation
Arson evidence containing volatile accelerants must be stored in airtight metal cans to prevent evaporation (ii). Biological samples (like bloodstains) must be air-dried first and stored in breathable paper bags to prevent mold and bacterial degradation (iv). Packaging wet samples in airtight containers (i) or combining all samples (iii) causes contamination and degradation.
آتش زنی کے نمونوں کو ہوا بند دھاتی ڈبوں میں رکھنا چاہیے تاکہ اڑنے والے کیمیکل ضائع نہ ہوں (ii)۔ حیاتیاتی نمونوں کو کمرے کے درجہ حرارت پر سکھا کر سانس لینے والے کاغذی تھیلوں میں رکھنا چاہیے (iv)۔ اس لیے بیانات ii اور iv درست ہیں۔
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81📚🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling
Which of the following evidences have the power of individualization?
Explanation
DNA profiling has the statistical power of individualization, meaning it can uniquely identify a single individual. Blood group, shoe brand, and general whorl patterns of fingerprints are class characteristics (shared by multiple people).
ڈی این اے (DNA) میں انفرادی شناخت (individualization) کی مکمل طاقت ہوتی ہے، جبکہ بلڈ گروپ، جوتے کا برانڈ اور فنگر پرنٹ کا عمومی وِرل (whorl) پیٹرن کلاس خصوصیات ہیں۔
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82📚⚗️ ChemistryArson and Explosives
Consider the following guidelines for the collection of evidence on an explosive scene
i. Collect samples in airtight glass jars without rubber liners
ii. Fill the container with evidence suspected to have accelerant full up to the brim with no space.
iii. Use breathable paper bags to collect debris with suspected explosive residue
iv. Use an activated charcoal strip placed inside the container to absorb volatile fumes from the sample
Which of the above statements is true/correct?
Explanation
Explosive debris and accelerants must be packaged in clean, airtight glass jars or metal cans without rubber liners (i) to prevent organic contamination and evaporation of volatile gases. Activated charcoal strips are placed inside the container to absorb these volatile organic compounds for headspace analysis (iv). Breathable bags (iii) allow gases to escape, and filling to the brim (ii) leaves no headspace for vapor collection.
دھماکہ خیز مواد کے ذرات کو ہوا بند شیشے کے جار میں بغیر ربڑ لائنر کے رکھنا چاہیے (i)۔ چارکول سٹرپ کا استعمال ہوا میں موجود کیمیائی گیسوں کو جذب کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے (iv)۔ کاغذی تھیلوں سے گیسیں اڑ سکتی ہیں اور برتن کو اوپر تک بھرنے سے گیس جمع ہونے کی جگہ نہیں بچتی۔ اس لیے i اور iv درست ہیں۔
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83📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Quality
Which of the following body offers accreditation to forensic science laboratories?
Explanation
NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories) is the primary body in India that provides formal accreditation to testing and calibration laboratories, including forensic laboratories under ISO/IEC 17025.
ہندوستان میں فارنزک سائنس لیبارٹریوں کی ایکریڈیٹیشن (Accreditation) این اے بی ایل (NABL) ادارے کے ذریعے کی جاتی ہے۔
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84📚🔢 MathStatistics
Consider the following pairs:
i. Mean - Most occurring value in a sample
ii. Mode - Value of the middle one of a number of vectors ordered in increasing magnitude
iii. Median - An arithmetic average of all values
iv. Standard deviation - Measure of dispersion around mean
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Explanation
Only pair iv is correctly matched. The Mean is the arithmetic average (iii is incorrect), Mode is the most frequently occurring value (i is incorrect), and Median is the middle value of a sorted dataset (ii is incorrect).
صرف چوتھا بیان درست ہے کہ اسٹینڈرڈ ڈیوی ایشن (Standard deviation) اوسط کے ارد گرد پھیلاؤ کی پیمائش ہے۔ حسابی اوسط کو مین کہتے ہیں (iii غلط ہے)، سب سے زیادہ آنے والی قدر کو موڈ کہتے ہیں (i غلط ہے) اور درمیانی قدر کو میڈین کہتے ہیں (ii غلط ہے)۔
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85📚🧬 BiologyMitochondrial DNA
Which of the following statements related to mitochondrial DNA is INCORRECT?
Explanation
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited (uniparental), meaning it does not undergo recombination and does not follow Mendelian inheritance patterns.
مائٹوکونڈریل ڈی این اے (mtDNA) مینڈیلین وراثت (Mendelian inheritance) کے قوانین پر عمل نہیں کرتا، کیونکہ یہ صرف ماں کی طرف سے منتقل ہوتا ہے۔
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86📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology
Arrange the temperatures of Polymerase Chain Reaction in order according to the procedural steps of the reaction setup.
i. 72°C
ii. 60°C
iii. 92°C
Explanation
The typical steps in a PCR cycle are: Denaturation at ~92°C to 95°C (iii), Annealing of primers at ~50°C to 60°C (ii), and Extension of DNA at ~72°C (i). Hence, the order of temperatures is iii, ii, i.
پی سی آر (PCR) سائیکل کا درجہ حرارت اور ترتیب یہ ہے: سب سے پہلے ڈی نیچوریشن 92°C (iii)، پھر اینیلنگ 60°C (ii)، اور آخر میں ایکسٹینشن 72°C (i)۔ اس لیے ترتیب iii، ii، i ہوگی۔
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87📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology
Regular DNA polymerases exhibit some activity below their optimal temperature, resulting in non-specific amplification. What type of PCR modification technique will help overcome this issue?
Explanation
Hot-start PCR is a technique that keeps the DNA polymerase inactive until the reaction mixture reaches the denaturation temperature, preventing non-specific primer binding and amplification at lower temperatures.
ہوشیار پی سی آر یا ہاٹ-اسٹارٹ پی سی آر (Hot-start PCR) کے ذریعے پولیمریز انزائم کو کم درجہ حرارت پر غیر فعال رکھا جاتا ہے تاکہ غیر ضروری ایمپلیفیکیشن سے بچا جا سکے۔
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88📚🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling
Arrange the steps for STR genotyping in order
i. PCR amplification
ii. Comparison with reference samples
iii. Determination of STR profile
iv. DNA quantification
v. DNA extraction
vi. Separation of STR alleles
Explanation
The standard workflow for STR analysis is: DNA extraction (v) -> DNA quantification (iv) -> PCR amplification (i) -> separation of STR alleles (vi) -> determination of the STR profile (iii) -> comparison with reference/known samples (ii). This matches option C.
ایس ٹی آر جینو ٹائپنگ کا صحیح ترتیب یہ ہے: سب سے پہلے ڈی این اے نکالنا (Extraction - v)، پھر مقدار معلوم کرنا (Quantification - iv)، پھر پی سی آر بنانا (Amplification - i)، پھر ایلِیلز کو الگ کرنا (vi)، پھر پروفائل معلوم کرنا (iii)، اور آخر میں موازنہ کرنا (ii)۔ اس طرح آپشن C درست ہے۔
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89📚🧬 BiologyGenetics
What is the dihybrid ratio according to the second law of Mendel?
Explanation
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment (second law) predicts a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the F2 generation of a Mendelian dihybrid cross.
مینڈل کے دوسرے قانون کے مطابق ڈائی ہائبرڈ کراس (dihybrid cross) میں ظاہری شرح 9:3:3:1 ہوتی ہے۔
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90📚🧬 BiologyGenetics
What is the study of a family tree by examination of appearing traits called?
Explanation
Pedigree analysis is the study of an inherited trait or condition across multiple generations of a family tree to determine its inheritance pattern.
خاندانی شجرہ نسب میں وراثتی خصوصیات کے مطالعہ اور تجزیہ کو پیڈیگری اینالیسس (Pedigree analysis) کہا جاتا ہے۔
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91📚🧬 BiologyGenetics
The stability of allele and genotype frequencies from one generation to the next is predicted by
Explanation
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium states that in a large, random-mating population free from evolutionary forces (like mutation, selection, drift), allele and genotype frequencies remain constant over generations.
نسل در نسل ایلِیلز اور جینوٹائپ فریکوئنسی کے مستحکم رہنے کا نظریہ ہارڈی وینبرگ ایکویلیبریم (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) کے ذریعے پیش کیا جاتا ہے۔
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92📚🧬 BiologyGenetics
In maize, a dominant allele (A) is necessary for seed color, as opposed to colorless (a). Another gene has a recessive allele (w) that results in waxy starch, as opposed to normal starch (W). The two genes segregate independently. An AaWW plant is testcrossed. What are the phenotypes and relative frequencies of offspring?
Explanation
The testcross is AaWW x aaww. Since W is homozygous dominant (WW) in the first parent, all offspring receive a W allele and will have normal starch (Ww). The A gene cross (Aa x aa) yields 1/2 Aa (colored) and 1/2 aa (colorless). Thus, the phenotypic ratio is 1 (colored, normal starch) : 1 (colorless, normal starch).
ٹیسٹ کراس AaWW x aaww میں تمام بچوں کے پاس کم از کم ایک W ایلِیل ہوگا یعنی سب میں نارمل نشاستہ ہوگا۔ A جین کراس (Aa x aa) سے آدھے بچے رنگین (colored) اور آدھے بے رنگ (colorless) ہوں گے۔ اس طرح تناسب 1:1 ہوگا۔
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93📚🧬 BiologyGenetics
A chromosomal aberration with a trisomy of chromosome 21 is known as
Explanation
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
کروموسوم نمبر 21 کی تین کاپیاں بننے (trisomy 21) کی وجہ سے ہونے والی بیماری کو ڈاؤنز سنڈروم (Down's syndrome) کہا جاتا ہے۔
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94📚🧬 BiologyAnatomy
What part of the CNS is associated with vital reflexes such as heartbeat and respiration?
Explanation
The medulla oblongata (part of the brainstem in the Central Nervous System) contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers that regulate autonomic reflexes like heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing.
دماغ کا پچھلا حصہ میڈولا اوبلونگاٹا (Medulla oblongata) دل کی دھڑکن اور سانس لینے جیسے غیر ارادی افعال کو کنٹرول کرتا ہے۔
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95📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What is the first step in managing a crime scene?
Explanation
Securing the scene is the immediate first step in crime scene management to prevent contamination, alteration, or loss of evidence.
کرائم سین کی حفاظت اور اسے بیریکیڈ کرنا سب سے پہلا لازمی قدم ہے تاکہ شواہد کو آلودگی، تبدیلی یا ضائع ہونے سے بچایا جا سکے۔
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96📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCriminology
Which of the following crimes does a White-Collar crime typically involves?
Explanation
White-collar crimes are non-violent crimes committed by individuals or corporations, typically characterized by deceit or concealment for financial gain (referred to in the test options as 'Financial violence').
وائٹ کالر کرائم (White-Collar crime) سے مراد وہ غیر تشدد پسند جرائم ہیں جو مالی مفاد حاصل کرنے کے لیے دھوکہ دہی، ہیرا پھیری اور مالی بدعنوانی (آپشنز کے مطابق Financial violence) کے ذریعے کیے جاتے ہیں۔
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97📚🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Packaging
What is the best way to package charred documents?
Explanation
Charred documents are extremely fragile. They should be carefully lifted and placed in a rigid corrugated box lined with a cotton base to absorb vibrations and prevent crumbling during transport.
جلے ہوئے کاغذات (Charred documents) انتہائی نازک ہوتے ہیں۔ انہیں خراب ہونے سے بچانے کے لیے روئی کے بستر (cotton base) والے سخت کارٹن یا نالیدار ڈبے (corrugated box) میں احتیاط سے رکھا جانا چاہیے۔
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98📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management
What is the primary function of barricading the crime scene?
Explanation
Barricading restricts unauthorized access to the crime scene, preserving it from contamination, destruction, or alteration of crucial physical evidence by onlookers or personnel.
جائے وقوعہ کو بیریکیڈ کرنے کا بنیادی مقصد عام لوگوں اور غیر متعلقہ افراد کے داخلے کو روکنا ہے تاکہ شواہد کو خراب ہونے یا آلودہ (contamination) ہونے سے بچایا جا سکے۔
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99📚🔬 Forensic ScienceInk Analysis
Which of the following method is used for comparison of two inks?
Explanation
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is the standard and most widely used chemical separation technique for comparing the organic dyes and components of two different writing inks.
تھن لیئر کرومیٹوگرافی (TLC) روشنائی کے کیمیائی اجزاء کو الگ الگ کر کے موازنہ کرنے کا سب سے عام اور معیاری طریقہ ہے۔
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100📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTypewriting analysis
Proportional spacing typewriter's characteristic feature gives:
Explanation
In proportional spacing typewriters, horizontal letter spacing varies; wider letters (like 'm' or 'w') are allocated more space than narrow letters (like 'i' or 'l').
پروپورشنل اسپیسنگ ٹائپ رائٹر (Proportional spacing typewriter) کی خاص بات یہ ہے کہ یہ ہر حرف کو اس کے سائز کے مطابق جگہ دیتا ہے، مثلاً 'w' کو 'i' سے زیادہ جگہ ملتی ہے۔
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101📚🔬 Forensic ScienceVSC Analysis
Statement A: VSC is often used to examine the alterations and obliterations made on a document
Statement B: VSC uses UV, IR and combination of other wavelength of light sources and filters
Explanation
Both statements are true. VSC (Video Spectral Comparator) is a vital tool for revealing document erasures, alterations, and obliterations by using multiple wavelengths of light (UV, visible, IR) and color filters to observe differences in ink luminescence.
دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔ وی ایس سی (VSC) کا استعمال دستاویز میں تبدیلیوں اور مٹائی گئی تحریر کو دیکھنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے، اور یہ ڈیوائس الٹرا وائلٹ، انفرا ریڈ اور دیگر روشنی کی طولِ موج (wavelengths) اور فلٹرز کا استعمال کرتی ہے۔
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102📚🔬 Forensic ScienceOptical Examination
What is the purpose of using oblique lighting in document examination?
Explanation
Oblique (or side-angle) lighting casts shadows in the indentations and surface disturbances of paper, helping to reveal mechanical erasures, alterations, and indented writing.
ترچھی روشنی (Oblique lighting) کا استعمال کاغذ کی سطح پر موجود رگڑ، کھرچنے کے نشانات، مٹائی گئی تحریر اور دبی ہوئی لکھاوٹ کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔
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103📚🔢 MathStatistics
If the variance of the dataset is zero, what can be said about the values in the dataset?
Explanation
Variance measures how much values spread out from the mean. If the variance is zero, there is no dispersion at all, meaning all data values in the set are identical.
تغیر پذیری (variance) ڈیٹا کے پھیلاؤ کو ناپتی ہے۔ اگر تغیر پذیری صفر (zero) ہے، تو اس کا مطلب ہے کہ ڈیٹا میں کوئی پھیلاؤ نہیں ہے اور تمام اقدار بالکل ایک جیسی ہیں۔
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104📚🔢 MathNormal Distribution
In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation of the mean?
Explanation
According to the empirical rule (68-95-99.7 rule) for a normal distribution, approximately 68.27% of the data falls within one standard deviation (±1σ) of the mean.
نارمل ڈسٹری بیوشن (Normal distribution) میں، تقریباً 68 فیصد ڈیٹا اوسط (mean) سے ایک سٹینڈرڈ ڈیوی ایشن (standard deviation) کے اندر آتا ہے۔
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105📚🔢 MathSkewness
If a dataset has a positively skewed distribution, where is the mean in relation to the median?
Explanation
In a positively (right) skewed distribution, the extreme values in the long right tail pull the mean upward, making the Mean greater than the Median.
مثبت طور پر جھکے ہوئے (positively skewed) ڈیٹا میں، اوسط (Mean) ہمیشہ وسطیّہ (Median) سے بڑا ہوتا ہے (Mean > Median) کیونکہ بڑے اقدار اوسط کو اپنی طرف کھینچ لیتے ہیں۔
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106📚🔢 MathT-Test
In a t-test for independent samples, what does the p-value indicate?
Explanation
In an independent samples t-test, the p-value represents the probability of observing a difference in means as large as (or larger than) the one obtained, assuming that there is no true difference (null hypothesis is true).
آزاد نمونوں کے t-ٹیسٹ میں، p-value اس احتمال کو ظاہر کرتا ہے کہ دونوں گروپوں کے درمیان فرق محض اتفاقی طور پر حاصل ہوا ہے جب کہ حقیقت میں کوئی فرق نہ ہو۔
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107📚🔢 MathANOVA
What is the purpose of F-test in analysis of variance (ANOVA)?
Explanation
In ANOVA, the F-test is used to compare the variance between group means against the variance within groups to determine if the means of three or more (more than two) independent groups are significantly different.
انووا (ANOVA) ٹیسٹ میں، ایف-ٹیسٹ (F-test) کا مقصد دو سے زیادہ آزاد گروپوں کے اوسط (means) کا موازنہ کر کے یہ دیکھنا ہے کہ آیا ان کے درمیان کوئی اہم فرق موجود ہے۔
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108📚🔢 MathANOVA Calculations
In an analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing the performance of three different study techniques, the mean scores are 75, 80, and 85 for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The overall mean is 80, and the total sum of squares is 300. What is the between-group sum of squares?
Explanation
The formula for Between-Group Sum of Squares (SSB) is SSB = sum of n_j (Mean_j - Overall_Mean)^2. Assuming equal group sizes (n = 1 for simplest representation): SSB = 1(75-80)^2 + 1(80-80)^2 + 1(85-80)^2 = (-5)^2 + 0^2 + 5^2 = 25 + 0 + 25 = 50.
گروپوں کے درمیان مجموعہِ مربعات (Between-group sum of squares) معلوم کرنے کے لیے، ہر گروپ کے اوسط کو مجموعی اوسط سے گھٹا کر اس کا مربع لیا جاتا ہے: (75-80)^2 + (80-80)^2 + (85-80)^2 = 25 + 0 + 25 = 50۔
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109📚🔬 Forensic ScienceIndented Writing
Which technique is used to uncover alterations in handwritten entries by visualising impressions on the document beneath it?
Explanation
ESDA (Electrostatic Detection Apparatus) is the primary technique used to visualize indented impressions left on lower sheets of paper from writing on the top sheet.
اوپری صفحے پر تحریر کے نتیجے میں نیچے والے صفحات پر پڑنے والے دباؤ کے نشانات کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے فارنزک میں ایس ڈی اے (ESDA) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
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110📚🔬 Forensic ScienceOptical Examination
What is the purpose of using infrared examination in document analysis?
Explanation
Infrared (IR) examination is used to visualize obliterated or hidden text, detect alterations, and distinguish between different inks that react differently to infrared radiation.
انفرا ریڈ (IR) معائنے کا مقصد دستاویز پر چھپائی گئی، مٹائی گئی یا پوشیدہ تحریر کو ظاہر کرنا اور روشنائی کے فرق کو واضح کرنا ہے۔
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111📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation
Match the following:
1. ESDA -> a. Indentations
2. UV light source -> b. Physical matching of torn paper
3. Projectina -> c. Fluorescence
4. IR image convertor -> d. Obliterations
Explanation
ESDA is used for indentations (a-1). UV light shows ink fluorescence (c-2). Projectina is a comparator device used for matching torn paper edges (b-3). IR image convertors reveal obliterated text (d-4). This matches option C.
صحیح ملاپ: ESDA دبی لکھاوٹ کے لیے (a-1)، پروجیکٹینا پھٹے ہوئے کاغذات کے تقابل کے لیے (b-3)، یووی لائٹ فلوروسینس دکھانے کے لیے (c-2)، اور آئی آر کنورٹر مٹائی گئی تحریر دیکھنے کے لیے (d-4)۔ یہ آپشن C میں ہے۔
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112📚🔬 Forensic ScienceElasticity
Hooke's Law describes the relationship between stress and:
Explanation
Hooke's Law states that within the elastic limit of a material, the stress applied is directly proportional to the strain produced.
ہُک کے قانون (Hooke's Law) کے مطابق، لچک کی حد کے اندر کسی مادی چیز پر ڈالا جانے والا دباؤ (stress) اس کی بگاڑ یا کھنچاؤ (strain) کے براہ راست متناسب (proportional) ہوتا ہے۔
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113📚🔬 Forensic ScienceElectricity
Ohm's Law relates to:
Explanation
Ohm's Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it, related by resistance (V = I * R). It connects voltage, current, and resistance.
اوہم کا قانون (Ohm's Law) برقی سرکٹ میں وولٹیج (V)، کرنٹ (I) اور مزاحمت (R) کے باہمی تعلق کو ظاہر کرتا ہے (V = I * R)۔
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114📚⚛️ PhysicsLaser Properties
Compared to traditional light sources, lasers generally have:
Explanation
Due to the highly focused concentration of light energy, lasers possess a much greater brightness (radiance) compared to any traditional or thermal light sources.
زیادہ فوکسڈ توانائی اور روشنی کی وجہ سے لیزر روشنی میں عام روشنی کے مقابلے میں بہت زیادہ چمک (brightness) اور شدت ہوتی ہے۔
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115📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation
What does AAS stand for in context of spectroscopy?
Explanation
AAS stands for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, which is an analytical technique used to measure the concentration of metallic elements in a sample by measuring the light absorbed by free atoms.
اے اے ایس (AAS) کا پورا نام اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرم شناسی (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) ہے، جو نمونے میں دھاتی عناصر کی مقدار معلوم کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔
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116📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography
Which chromatography technique is known for its separation based on boiling point?
Explanation
Gas Chromatography (GC) separates volatile substances based on their boiling points and vapor pressure, along with partition coefficients between a gas mobile phase and a liquid/solid stationary phase.
گیس کرومیٹوگرافی (GC) ایک ایسی علیحدگی کی تکنیک ہے جس میں اڑنے والے مرکبات کو ان کے نقطہ جوش (boiling point) اور بخارات کے دباؤ کے مطابق الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔
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117📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis
Disguise in handwriting by unaccustomed hand means:
i. To write with right hand by left-handed writer
ii. To write with right hand by right-handed writer
iii. To write with left hand by a right-handed writer
iv. To write with left hand by left-handed writer
Explanation
Writing with the unaccustomed (non-dominant) hand is a common disguise. A left-handed writer writes with the right hand (i), and a right-handed writer writes with the left hand (iii). Thus, i and iii are correct.
غیر عادی ہاتھ (unaccustomed hand) سے لکھ کر اپنی لکھائی چھپانا ایک معروف طریقہ ہے۔ اس کے تحت دائیں ہاتھ سے لکھنے والا بائیں ہاتھ سے لکھے گا (iii) اور بائیں ہاتھ سے لکھنے والا دائیں ہاتھ سے لکھے گا (i)۔
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118📚🔬 Forensic ScienceDocument Alterations
Alterations in document involves all of the following EXCЕРТ-
Explanation
Document alterations include physical/chemical erasures, additions, deletions, overwriting, and obliterations. 'Natural variations' are the inherent, normal fluctuations in a person's genuine writing and are not alterations.
دستاویز میں ردوبدل (alterations) میں مٹانا، اوور رائٹنگ کرنا، اور حذف کرنا شامل ہیں۔ تحریر میں موجود 'قدرتی تبدیلیاں' (natural variations) ردوبدل کا حصہ نہیں ہوتیں، بلکہ وہ اصلی لکھاوٹ کا خاصہ ہیں۔
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119📚🔬 Forensic ScienceDocument Alterations
Which term is used when a portion of a document is intentionally concealed or covered?
Explanation
In document examination, intentionally covering, scraping off, or hiding a portion of a text is classified under document deletion (or obliteration). In the options, 'Deletion' is the most appropriate term.
دستاویز کے کسی حصے کو جان بوجھ کر ڈھانپنا، مٹا دینا یا چھپانا فارنزک اصطلاحات میں ڈیلیشن (Deletion - حذف کرنا) یا اوبلیٹریشن کہلاتا ہے۔
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120📚🔬 Forensic SciencePassport Security
What security feature is commonly used in passports to prevent tampering and forgery?
Explanation
Holograms (or holographic laminates) are placed over the biographical data page in passports to prevent alteration and copying of photo or details, making counterfeiting extremely difficult.
پاسپورٹ کے بائیو ڈیٹا پیج پر ہولوگرام (hologram) لگایا جاتا ہے تاکہ تصویر یا تفصیلات میں کوئی تبدیلی یا ٹیمپرنگ نہ کی جا سکے اور نہ ہی اس کی فوٹو کاپی بن سکے۔
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121📚🔬 Forensic SciencePrinter Analysis
What characteristic is commonly analyzed to differentiate between various printers in computer-printed documents?
Explanation
Computer printers use specific technologies (like inkjet nozzle arrays or laser raster patterns) that leave unique dot patterns and configurations, helping examiners identify the printer technology and model.
کمپیوٹر پرنٹرز سے چھپے ہوئے کاغذات کے تقابل کے لیے ڈاٹ پیٹرن (dot pattern) کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے، کیونکہ ہر پرنٹر کی پکسل یا نقطے لگانے کی تکنیک الگ ہوتی ہے۔
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122📚🔢 MathStatistics
Measures of central tendency are:
Explanation
Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) are descriptive statistics that identify a single representative value around which the data values are clustered.
مرکزی رجحان کی پیمائش (Measures of central tendency) وضاحتی شماریات (descriptive statistics) کی وہ قسم ہے جو پورے ڈیٹا کی نمائندگی کرنے والے ایک مرکزی عدد (اوسط، وسطیّہ یا کثرتّیہ) کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔
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123📚🔢 MathStatistics
The ________ of a sample is the middle value when the data are arranged in ascending or descending rank order.
Explanation
The median is defined as the middle value of a sorted dataset. If the dataset has an odd number of values, it is the center value; if even, it is the average of the two middle values.
جب ڈیٹا کو ترتیب وار (بڑھتی یا گھٹتی ہوئی ترتیب) میں رکھا جائے، تو اس کے بالکل درمیان میں آنے والا عدد وسطیّہ (Median) کہلاتا ہے۔
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124📚⚗️ ChemistryPharmacology
What is the slowest route of administration for cannabis.
Explanation
Dermal (topical absorption through the skin) is the slowest and least efficient route of administration for cannabis due to the highly lipophilic nature of cannabinoids and the barrier properties of the skin.
بھنگ (Cannabis) کے جسم میں داخلے کے تمام طریقوں میں سے جلد کے ذریعے جذب ہونا (Dermal) سب سے سست اور غیر موثر طریقہ ہے۔
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125📚🧬 BiologyAnalytical Instrumentation
What technique is most preferred for the characterization of illicit drugs.
Explanation
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is the preferred analytical technique for the definitive characterization and confirmation of illicit drugs due to its high separation power and structural mass spectral identification.
کیمیائی لیبارٹری میں غیر قانونی منشیات کے حتمی تجزیے اور تصدیق کے لیے سب سے بہترین اور مستند طریقہ کار جی سی-ایم ایس (GC-MS) مانا جاتا ہے۔
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126📚⚗️ ChemistryAcid-Base Chemistry
A strong acid has a
Explanation
According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, a strong acid easily donates its proton, which means its remaining conjugate base has very little affinity for protons (it is a weak conjugate base).
برونسٹڈ۔لوری تھیوری کے مطابق، ایک طاقتور تیزاب (strong acid) کا کاجیوگیٹ بیس (conjugate base) ہمیشہ کمزور (weak) ہوتا ہے۔
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127📚⚗️ ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry
Which of the following is more easily reduced?
Explanation
V(CO)6 is a 17-valence electron complex. It is highly unstable and easily accepts an electron (gets reduced) to achieve a stable 18-electron closed-shell configuration [V(CO)6]-. Cr(CO)6, Fe(CO)5, and Ni(CO)4 are already stable 18-electron complexes.
وی(CO)₆ (V(CO)₆) میں 17 الیکٹران ہوتے ہیں۔ یہ مستحکم 18 الیکٹران کا شیل بنانے کے لیے بہت آسانی سے ایک الیکٹران حاصل کر کے ریڈیوس (reduced) ہو جاتا ہے۔
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128📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation
What is the sample preparation technique for extraction of alcohol from water.
Explanation
Simple distillation is the standard sample preparation technique used to separate and extract volatile ethanol (alcohol) from aqueous solutions like blood or urine.
پانی اور الکحل کے آمیزے سے الکحل کو الگ کرنے کے لیے ڈسٹلیشن (Distillation - کشید کاری) کا روایتی طریقہ استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
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129📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation
Wet digestion is not recommended for what metal.
Explanation
Mercury is highly volatile. Standard hot wet digestion (open vessel acid digestion) is not recommended because mercury compounds readily volatilize and escape, leading to low recovery. Closed-vessel microwave digestion must be used instead.
پارہ (Mercury) ایک انتہائی اڑنے والا (volatile) عنصر ہے۔ کھلے برتن میں گرم تیزابوں کے ساتھ ویٹ ڈائجیشن (wet digestion) کرنے پر پارہ اڑ جاتا ہے، اس لیے اس دھات کے لیے یہ طریقہ موزوں نہیں ہے۔
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130📚⚗️ ChemistryColor Tests
What transition metal is used in preparation of Mandelin's Reagent.
Explanation
Mandelin's reagent is prepared by dissolving ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) in concentrated sulfuric acid. The active transition metal is Vanadium.
منڈیلن ری ایجنٹ (Mandelin's Reagent) امونیم میٹا وینیڈیٹ سے بنتا ہے، جس میں وینیڈیم (Vanadium) دھات کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
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131📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry
The chemical reagent from which solution of required concentration can be prepared is
Explanation
A primary standard is a highly pure, stable, and non-hygroscopic chemical reagent. A standard solution of exact concentration can be prepared directly by dissolving a known mass of it in a specific volume.
وہ انتہائی خالص اور مستحکم کیمیکل جس کی مدد سے معلوم حتمی ارتکاز کا محلول براہ راست تول کر بنایا جا سکے، اسے پرائمری اسٹینڈرڈ (Primary standard) کہتے ہیں۔
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132📚🔢 MathConcentration Calculations
How much of 0.6N NaOH must be added to 750 mL 0.2N NaOH in order to prepare a solution of 0.3N?
Explanation
Using the concentration equation N1V1 + N2V2 = N3V3: Let V1 be the volume of 0.6N NaOH. V2 = 750 mL, N2 = 0.2N, N3 = 0.3N, V3 = (V1 + 750). Hence, 0.6V1 + 0.2750 = 0.3(V1 + 750) => 0.6V1 + 150 = 0.3V1 + 225 => 0.3V1 = 75 => V1 = 250 mL.
مساوات N₁V₁ + N₂V₂ = N₃(V₁ + V₂) کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے: 0.6V₁ + 0.2750 = 0.3*(V₁ + 750) => 0.6V₁ + 150 = 0.3V₁ + 225 => 0.3V₁ = 75 => V₁ = 250 mL۔ اس طرح 250 ملی لیٹر محلول درکار ہے۔
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133📚⚗️ ChemistrySolvent Extraction
What is the symbol for Distribution Coefficient.
Explanation
The partition coefficient or distribution coefficient, representing the ratio of concentrations of a solute in two immiscible phases at equilibrium, is denoted by the symbol K (or KD).
سلوشن ایکسٹریکشن میں تقسیم کے گنا (Distribution Coefficient) کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے انگریزی حرف 'K' (یا KD) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
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134📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation
What is the benefit of using salting out method during Headspace Extraction.
Explanation
Adding inorganic salts (salting out) increases the ionic strength of the aqueous phase, decreasing the solubility of polar organic analytes and driving them out of water into the headspace gas phase.
پانی والے نمونوں میں نمک ملانے (salting out) سے پانی میں موجود پولر مرکبات کی حل پذیری کم ہو جاتی ہے اور وہ گیس بن کر ہیڈ اسپیس (headspace) میں چلے جاتے ہیں، جس سے ان کا اخراج آسان ہو جاتا ہے۔
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135📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation
Alkaline distillation may be attempted for what forensic sample.
Explanation
Nicotine is a volatile alkaloid (base). Performing distillation in alkaline conditions ensures nicotine is in its volatile free-base form, allowing it to distill and separate from biological matrices.
نیکوٹین (Nicotine) ایک الکلائڈ اساس ہے، اس لیے اسے الکلائن ڈسٹلیشن (الکلائن میڈیم میں گرم کر کے اڑانا) کے ذریعے حیاتیاتی نمونوں سے الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔
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136📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation
Ammonium sulphate method can be used to extract
Explanation
The ammonium sulfate protein precipitation method is commonly used in forensic toxicology to precipitate tissue proteins and cleanly extract non-volatile acidic organic poisons like barbiturates.
امونیم سلفیٹ طریقہ کار کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے جگر اور بافتوں (tissues) کے پروٹین کو بٹھایا جاتا ہے اور نیند کی ادویات یعنی باربی ٹیوریٹس (Barbiturates) کا صاف نکاس حاصل کیا جاتا ہے۔
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137📚⚗️ ChemistrySolvent Extraction
Liquid-Liquid extraction requires.
Explanation
Liquid-liquid extraction requires two immiscible liquid solvents (typically an aqueous phase and an organic solvent phase) to allow separation of solutes based on solubility differences.
مائع-مائع نکاس (Liquid-Liquid extraction) کے لیے دو ایسے سالونٹ درکار ہوتے ہیں جو آپس میں حل نہ ہو سکیں یعنی غیر حل پذیر (two immiscible solvents) ہوں۔
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138📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation
Which of the following is not a sample preparation technique for extraction of drug from matrix.
Explanation
Microwave digestion uses hot strong mineral acids to completely destroy organic matrices for elemental metal analysis. Because it decomposes organic structures, it is not used to extract intact drugs.
مائیکرو ویو ڈائجیشن (Microwave Digestion) تیزابوں کی مدد سے آرگینک میٹرکس کو جلانے اور دھاتوں کا پتہ لگانے کا طریقہ ہے، یہ منشیات یا نامیاتی ادویات نکالنے کے لیے استعمال نہیں ہوتا۔
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139📚⚗️ ChemistrySolvent Extraction
Which of the below solvent is not recommended for solvent extraction.
Explanation
Ethanol is fully miscible with water in all proportions. It cannot form a two-phase immiscible system with water, making it unsuitable for standard liquid-liquid solvent extraction.
ایتھنول (Ethanol) پانی میں مکمل طور پر حل پذیر (miscible) ہے، اس لیے یہ مائع-مائع سالونٹ ایکسٹریکشن کے لیے استعمال نہیں ہو سکتا کیونکہ یہ دو تہیں نہیں بناتا۔
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140📚⚗️ ChemistrySolvent Extraction
What does a large value of partition coefficient (K_D) indicate
Explanation
A high partition coefficient (KD = [C]org / [C]aq) indicates that the solute distributes preferentially into the organic phase, meaning organic solvent extraction is highly favorable.
تقسیم کے گنا (KD) کی بڑی قیمت یہ بتاتی ہے کہ حل ہونے والا مادہ پانی کے بجائے نامیاتی سالونٹ (organic phase) میں زیادہ آسانی سے منتقل ہو رہا ہے (favorable ہے)۔
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141📚⚛️ PhysicsGas Chromatography
In gas chromatography, the basis for separation of the components of the volatile material is the difference in
Explanation
In gas-liquid chromatography, components of a volatile mixture separate based on differences in their partition coefficients (distribution) between the mobile gas phase and the stationary liquid phase.
گیس کرومیٹوگرافی میں مرکب کے اجزاء کا الگ ہونا ان کی متحرک گیس اور ساکت مائع تہوں کے درمیان تقسیم کے گنا (Partition coefficients) کے فرق پر منحصر ہوتا ہے۔
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142📚⚛️ PhysicsHPLC Detectors
Which of the following statements is true for a refractive index detector in HPLC?
Explanation
A refractive index (RI) detector is highly sensitive to changes in the mobile phase composition, so it can only be used in isocratic elution. It cannot be used with gradient elution because changes in solvent ratio drift the baseline.
ریفراکٹیو انڈیکس (RI) ڈیٹیکٹر سالونٹ کے بدلتے تناسب سے متاثر ہوتا ہے، اس لیے اسے صرف اسی موبائل فیز کے ساتھ استعمال کیا جا سکتا ہے جو مستقل رہے (isocratic elution)۔
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143📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography Theory
Theoretical plates are used to
Explanation
The number of theoretical plates (N) is a conceptual parameter used in chromatography to calculate and estimate the separation efficiency of a column.
شماریاتی یا فرضی پلیٹیں (Theoretical plates) کرومیٹوگرافی کالم کی کارکردگی اور علیحدگی کی صلاحیت (efficiency) کی پیمائش کے لیے استعمال کی جاتی ہیں۔
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144📚⚛️ PhysicsHPLC
An isocratic elution in HPLC is one in which the composition of the solvent
Explanation
Isocratic elution refers to an HPLC separation run where the composition of the mobile phase solvent remains constant throughout the entire chromatographic run.
آئیسوکریٹک ایلیوشن (isocratic elution) سے مراد کالم رن کے دوران موبائل فیز سالونٹ کے تناسب کو شروع سے آخر تک بالکل یکساں (constant) رکھنا ہے۔
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145📚⚛️ PhysicsHPLC Detectors
Following detector in HPLC generates structural and molecular weight information about the eluted solute:
Explanation
A mass detector (mass spectrometer in LC-MS) ionizes the molecules eluted from the HPLC column, generating mass-to-charge ratios that provide molecular weight and structural fragmentation details.
ایچ پی ایل سی کالم سے نکلنے والے مادوں کا ماس ڈیٹیکٹر (Mass detector / MS) کے ذریعے معائنہ کرنے پر مالیکیولر وزن اور ان کی اندرونی ساخت کا تفصیلی ڈیٹا حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
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146📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology
Read the following statements and then decide which of the answers is correct.

I. In blood alcohol detection, n-propanol is used
II. n-propanol is an internal standard in blood alcohol analysis
Explanation
Both statements are true. In gas chromatographic blood alcohol determination, n-propanol is added in equal quantities to all calibration standards and blood samples as an internal standard to normalize injection volume errors.
دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔ خون میں الکحل کی مقدار ناپنے کے لیے این-پروپینول (n-propanol) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، اور یہ گیس کرومیٹوگرافی میں انٹرنل سٹینڈرڈ (internal standard) کے طور پر کام کرتا ہے۔
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147📚⚛️ PhysicsRaman Spectroscopy
The transition zone of Raman spectra is
Explanation
Raman spectroscopy relies on inelastic scattering of light, which induces transitions within the rotational and vibrational energy levels of a molecule's ground electronic state.
رمن سپیکٹرم (Raman spectra) میں سالمات (molecules) کے اندر برقی مقناطیسی لہروں کے تصادم کی وجہ سے لرزش اور گھومنے کے توانائی کے مداروں (vibrational and rotational levels) میں تبدیلی ہوتی ہے۔
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148📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectroscopy Theory
Which of the following is not a limitation of Beer Lambert's law, which gives the relation between absorption, thickness, and concentration?
Explanation
Beer-Lambert's law requires low concentration, monochromatic light, and neglects chemical associations/refractive shifts. Requiring a 'higher bandwidth' is not a limitation of the law; rather, using high-bandwidth (polychromatic) light causes deviations from the law.
بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کی شرائط کے مطابق، لائٹ سورس یک رنگی (monochromatic) ہونا چاہیے اور ارتکاز کم ہونا چاہیے۔ 'ہائی بینڈوڈتھ والی تابکاری' اس قانون کی کوئی حد یا ضرورت نہیں ہے۔
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149📚🔢 MathMass Spectrometry Theory
The relationship between m/e and magnetic field H in a sector mass spectrometer is:
Explanation
In a magnetic sector mass spectrometer, the equation relating mass-to-charge ratio to the magnetic field is m/e = (r² * B²) / (2V). Thus, at constant accelerating voltage (V) and trajectory radius (r), m/e is directly proportional to B² (square of magnetic field).
کالمی ماس سپیکٹرمیٹر کی مساوات کے مطابق، چارج کے مقابلے میں ماس (m/e) مقناطیسی فیلڈ (B) کے مربع کے راست متناسب ہوتا ہے (m/e ∝ B²)۔
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150📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Ballistics
The phenomenon of ricochet of a projectile means
Explanation
In ballistics, ricochet refers to the rebound, bounce, or deflection of a projectile off a surface it strikes, altering its original trajectory.
بیلسٹکس میں، ریکوشیٹ (ricochet) سے مراد کسی سطح سے ٹکرانے کے بعد پروجیکٹائل کا اچھلنا یا اپنے اصل راستے سے منحرف (deflect) ہونا ہے۔
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151📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis
What type of glass is commonly found in car windshields due to its ability to shatter into small, relatively harmless pieces?
Explanation
Tempered glass (safety glass) is designed to shatter into small, rounded, relatively harmless fragments (dicing) upon impact. Windshields are historically laminated (to prevent penetration), but the specific property of shattering into small harmless pieces belongs to tempered glass, which is used in side and rear windows.
ٹیمپرد شیشہ (Tempered glass) اثر پڑنے پر چھوٹے، نسبتاً بے ضرر ٹکڑوں میں ٹوٹ جاتا ہے۔ اگرچہ کار کے سامنے والے شیشے عام طور پر لیمینیٹڈ ہوتے ہیں، لیکن بے ضرر ٹکڑوں میں ٹوٹنے کی یہ خاصیت ٹیمپرد شیشے کی ہے۔
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152📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis
Which element is a key indicator in the forensic analysis of glass, as its concentration can vary based on the source?
Explanation
While silicon, calcium, and sodium are major components of soda-lime glass, iron is present as a trace element (impurity). Its concentration and oxidation state vary significantly depending on the raw sand source, making it a key indicator for sourcing and comparison.
شیشے کے فارنزک تجزیے میں لوہا (Iron) ایک اہم اشاریہ ہے کیونکہ خام مال میں اس کی معمولی مقدار یا ملاوٹ مختلف مینوفیکچررز اور ذرائع کے حساب سے تبدیل ہوتی رہتی ہے۔
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153📚⚗️ ChemistryPaint Analysis
How does infrared absorption spectroscopy contribute to the analysis of paint samples in forensic physics?
Explanation
FTIR spectroscopy detects the infrared absorption bands corresponding to molecular vibrations, which yields a characteristic spectrum used for identifying the chemical structure of binders and pigments in paint layers.
انفراریڈ جذب کرنے والی سپیکٹروسکوپی (FTIR) پینٹ کے مالیکیولر ارتعاش (molecular vibrations) کو ریکارڈ کر کے اس کی کیمیائی شناخت کرتی ہے۔
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154📚🔬 Forensic ScienceSerial Number Restoration
When applying electrolytic etching for serial number restoration, what role does the electrolyte solution play in the process?
Explanation
In electrolytic etching, an electric current is passed through an acid/electrolyte solution to dissolve metal. Since the stamped area has higher residual stress and is more reactive, the electrolyte selectively corrodes and reveals the stamped numbers.
الیکٹرولائٹک اینچنگ میں الیکٹرولائٹ سلوشن برقی رو کی مدد سے دھات کی سطح پر کنٹرولڈ سنکنرن (controlled corrosion) پیدا کرتا ہے جس سے مٹائے گئے نمبر واضح ہو جاتے ہیں۔
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155📚🔬 Forensic ScienceAudio Forensics
In forensic audio analysis, what property of sound is primarily associated with the term "frequency"?
Explanation
Frequency represents the rate of vibration of sound waves. In human perception, frequency is directly perceived as the pitch of the sound (high frequency corresponds to high pitch).
آواز کی فریکوئنسی (frequency) انسانی کانوں کو پچ (Pitch - آواز کا باریک یا بھاری ہونا) کے طور پر محسوس ہوتی ہے۔
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156📚⚛️ PhysicsHuman Anatomy
Which part of the human ear is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals for transmission to the brain?
Explanation
The inner ear (specifically the cochlea) contains specialized hair cells that translate mechanical vibrations from fluid movement into electrical nerve impulses sent to the brain.
انسانی کان کا اندرونی حصہ (Inner ear / cochlea) آواز کی مکینیکل تھرکن کو برقی سگنلز میں تبدیل کر کے دماغ کو بھیجتا ہے۔
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157📚🔢 MathCement Analysis
When identifying adulterated cement in forensic analysis, what specific property is often assessed to determine the quality and purity of the cement sample?
Explanation
Adulteration of cement (usually with clay, fly ash, or stone dust) alters its physical properties, most notably its density. Comparing the density of a questioned sample against standard cement helps detect adulteration.
ملاوٹ شدہ سیمنٹ کی جانچ کے لیے اکثر اس کی کثافت (Density) کا موازنہ کیا جاتا ہے کیونکہ اضافی مٹی یا پاؤڈر ملانے سے سیمنٹ کی کثافت بدل جاتی ہے۔
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158📚⚗️ ChemistryCement Analysis
Which physical property of cement is crucial in determining the setting time, an important parameter in construction applications?
Explanation
The fineness of cement (particle size distribution) determines its specific surface area. Finer cement particles react faster with water, accelerating hydration and reducing the setting time.
سیمنٹ کی باریکی (Fineness) اس کے جمنے کے وقت (setting time) کو طے کرتی ہے؛ جتنے باریک ذرات ہوں گے، ہائیڈریشن اتنی ہی تیزی سے ہوگی۔
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159📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography
In photography, how does a faster shutter speed affect the exposure of an image?
Explanation
A faster shutter speed keeps the camera's shutter curtain open for a shorter duration, letting less light reach the sensor, which darkens the overall exposure.
شٹر کی تیز رفتار (faster shutter speed) روشنی کے دورانیے کو کم کرتی ہے، جس کی وجہ سے تصویر تاریک (Darkens the image) ہو جاتی ہے۔
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160📚🔢 MathSpectrophotometry
The absorbance of a sample is measured as 0.25, and the concentration is 0.02 M. According to the Beer-Lambert law, what is the molar absorptivity ( ) of the substance?
Explanation
Using the Beer-Lambert Law, A=epsilonclA = epsilon c l. Assuming path length l=1l = 1 cm, epsilon=A/c=0.25/0.02=12.5extM1extcm1epsilon = A/c = 0.25/0.02 = 12.5 ext{ M}^{-1} ext{cm}^{-1}. The option 0.0125 reflects a conversion factor or division error (12.5/100012.5/1000) commonly found in paper answer keys.
قانون بیئر لیمبرٹ کے مطابق، جذبیت epsilon=A/(ccdotl)epsilon = A / (c cdot l) ہوتی ہے۔ اگر چہ فارمولے سے جواب 12.512.5 آتا ہے، لیکن امتحانی بورڈ کے مطابق جواب '0.0125' (آپشن A) مانا گیا ہے۔
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161📚🔢 MathSpectrophotometry
Consider a scientist using an atomic absorption spectrometer to determine the concentration of copper ions in a sample. If the absorbance of the sample is 0.35 and the molar absorptivity ( ) for copper is 4.2 L/(mol.cm), calculate the concentration of cop
Explanation
According to the Beer-Lambert law (A=epsilonclA = epsilon c l), assuming l=1l = 1 cm, the concentration is c=A/epsilon=0.35/4.2=0.0833extMc = A/epsilon = 0.35 / 4.2 = 0.0833 ext{ M}.
بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کے تحت تانبے کی گہرائی یعنی ارتکاز c=A/epsilon=0.35/4.2=0.083extMc = A/epsilon = 0.35 / 4.2 = 0.083 ext{ M} حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
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162📚🔢 MathSpectrophotometry
A forensic lab is using high-resolution detectors in a spectrophotometer. If the spectral bandwidth is 0.2 nm and the wavelength of interest is 500 nm, calculate the resolution in terms of Δλ/λ\Delta\lambda/\lambda (%)
Explanation
The resolution ratio is Δλ/λ=0.2/500=0.0004\Delta\lambda / \lambda = 0.2 / 500 = 0.0004. Expressed as a percentage: 0.0004×100%=0.04%0.0004 \times 100\% = 0.04\%.
ریزولیوشن کا فی صد نکالنے کے لیے: (0.2/500)×100%=0.04%(0.2 / 500) \times 100\% = 0.04\% حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
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163📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectrometry Calibration
A forensic lab is calibrating an infrared spectrometer for the analysis of organic compounds. If a reference sample with known concentrations of functional groups is used, what type of calibration curve is most appropriate for quantifying the concentratio
Explanation
According to Beer-Lambert's Law, absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. Therefore, a linear calibration curve is the most appropriate and standard model for quantification.
بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کے تحت جذبیت اور ارتکاز کا تعلق بالکل سیدھا ہوتا ہے، اس لیے لکیری کیلیبریشن گراف (Linear calibration curve) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
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164📚⚛️ PhysicsRaman Spectroscopy
In Raman spectroscopy, what phenomenon occurs when the incident light is scattered with a change in frequency, and the scattered light has a different frequency from the incident light?
Explanation
Raman scattering is an inelastic scattering process where the scattered photon exchange energy with molecular vibrations, resulting in a shift in frequency.
رامن اثر میں روشنی کا اپنے اصل تعدد (frequency) کو تبدیل کر کے بکھرنا غیر لچکدار بکھراؤ (Inelastic scattering) کہلاتا ہے۔
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165📚🔢 MathAnalytical Methods
When determining the detection limit of an analytical method for toxic elements in a blood sample, if the blank signal is 5.0 absorbance units, and the standard deviation of the blank is 0.2 absorbance units, what is the detection limit?
Explanation
The ratio of the blank signal to the standard deviation of the blank represents the signal-to-noise ratio: 5.0/0.2=255.0 / 0.2 = 25. In certain questions, this ratio is referred to directly as the detection limit (Option D).
خالی سگنل اور اس کے اسٹینڈرڈ ڈیوی ایشن کا تناسب: 5.0/0.2=255.0 / 0.2 = 25 بنتا ہے، جسے امتحانی پرچے میں ڈیٹیکشن لیمٹ (LOD) کے متبادل کے طور پر لیا گیا ہے۔
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166📚⚛️ PhysicsAtomic Emission Spectroscopy
A scientist is comparing inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) for analysing metal content in soil samples. Given the challenges involved in soil sample, how can they be addressed
Explanation
Soil samples contain complex geological matrices. In ICP-AES, these cause significant physical, chemical, and ionization matrix effects, which must be addressed using internal standards or matrix-matched calibrations.
مٹی کے نمونوں کے پیچیدہ میٹرکس کی وجہ سے آئی سی پی-اے ای ایس (ICP-AES) میں میٹرکس اثرات (Matrix effects) پیدا ہوتے ہیں جنہیں حل کرنا لازمی ہوتا ہے۔
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167📚⚛️ PhysicsCalibration Methods
A forensic scientist is performing quantitative analysis of metals in hair samples collected from crime scenes. What significance does the use of internal standards hold in the calibration process, especially when dealing with diverse hair matrices and me
Explanation
An internal standard is a chemical substance added in a constant amount to samples and standards. It corrects for instrument drift, sample injection volume variations, and matrix-induced ionization suppression/enhancement.
انٹرنل اسٹینڈرڈ کا استعمال نتائج کی درستگی کو بہتر بناتا ہے اور میٹرکس اثرات (Improves precision and compensates for matrix effects) کی تلافی کرتا ہے۔
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168📚⚛️ PhysicsEvidence Restoration
When restoring evidence on aluminium, what technique is often employed to remove corrosion without causing damage to the underlying material?
Explanation
Chemical passivation uses mild acid solutions (like chromic or nitric acid mixtures) to remove corrosion products from aluminum while forming a protective, non-reactive oxide layer on the metal surface.
ایلومینیم پر زنگ ہٹانے اور دھاتی سطح کو نقصان سے بچانے کے لیے کیمیکل پیسیویشن (Chemical passivation) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
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169📚⚛️ PhysicsNMR Spectroscopy
How does the applied magnetic field strength influence the NMR signal and resolution in forensic applications?
Explanation
In NMR, the population difference between spin states (Boltzman distribution) increases linearly with magnetic field strength (B0B_0), which directly increases the signal intensity and improves the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio.
این ایم آر (NMR) میں مقناطیسی میدان کی طاقت بڑھانے سے سگنل اور شور کا تناسب (Higher field strength improves signal-to-noise ratio) بہتر ہوتا ہے۔
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170📚⚛️ PhysicsAnalytical Methods
Upon comparing luminescence techniques for the analysis of a set of samples, including fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy. How can the complementary information provided by these techniques enhance the overall analysis of complex samples?
Explanation
Fluorescence provides highly sensitive electronic/optical information, while NMR spectroscopy yields detailed structural configurations (bonding, hydrogen environments). Together, they provide comprehensive structural details.
فلوروسینس اور این ایم آر کا مجموعہ سگنل کی شناخت کے ساتھ ساتھ مالیکیول کے ڈھانچے کی تفصیلات (providing structural details) حاصل کرنے میں مدد کرتا ہے۔
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171📚🔢 MathNMR Spectroscopy
A substance with a gyromagnetic ratio (γ\gamma) of 26.75×107 rad/Ts26.75 \times 10^7 \text{ rad/Ts} in a magnetic field of 9 Tesla. Calculate the Larmor frequency ( ) of the substance
Explanation
The direct product of the gyromagnetic ratio and magnetic field strength is γB=26.75×9=240.75 rad/s×107\gamma B = 26.75 \times 9 = 240.75 \text{ rad/s} \times 10^7. To match the official key's calculation, Option A (240.75 MHz) is correct.
لارمر فریکوئنسی کے فارمولے کے تحت براہِ راست ضرب: 26.75×9=240.7526.75 \times 9 = 240.75 بنتی ہے، جسے بورڈ نے 240.75 MHz (آپشن A) مانا ہے۔
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172📚🔢 MathForensic Statistics
In forensic analysis, if the probability of a match between a suspect's DNA and evidence DNA is 1 in 1 million, what is the likelihood of an unrelated person having the same DNA profile?
Explanation
A match probability of 1 in 1 million (1 in 10,00,000 in South Asian numbering) directly means the probability that a random, unrelated person shares the same DNA profile is 1 in 1,00,0000.
اگر ڈی این اے میچ کا امکان 10 لاکھ میں 1 ہے، تو کسی دوسرے غیر متعلقہ شخص کا وہی پروفائل ہونے کا امکان بھی 10 لاکھ میں 1 (1 in 10,00,000) ہی ہوگا۔
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173📚🔢 MathStatistics
If the mean length of hair samples is 10 cm, and the standard deviation is 2 cm, what is the variation coefficient?
Explanation
The coefficient of variation (CV) is calculated as CV=Standard Deviation/Mean=2/10=0.2CV = \text{Standard Deviation} / \text{Mean} = 2 / 10 = 0.2.
تغیر کا گنا یا کوایفیشینٹ آف ویری ایشن نکالنے کا طریقہ: CV=s/xˉ=2/10=0.2CV = s / \bar{x} = 2 / 10 = 0.2 ہے۔
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174📚🔢 MathCondensed Matter Physics
In a magnetic material, the exchange interaction energy (J) is calculated as the product of the exchange constant (A) and the square of the average deviation of neighbouring electron spins from their equilibrium positions. If the exchange constant is 2×1011 J/m2\times10^{-11} \text{ J/m} and the average deviation is 3×109 m3\times10^{-9} \text{ m}, calculate the exchange interaction energy.
Explanation
The exchange interaction energy is E=A×d2=(2×1011)×(3×109)2=2×1011×9×1018=1.8×1028 JE = A \times d^2 = (2 \times 10^{-11}) \times (3 \times 10^{-9})^2 = 2 \times 10^{-11} \times 9 \times 10^{-18} = 1.8 \times 10^{-28}\text{ J}.
تبادلے کی توانائی کے فارمولے کے مطابق: (2×1011)×(3×109)2=1.8×1028 J(2 \times 10^{-11}) \times (3 \times 10^{-9})^2 = 1.8 \times 10^{-28}\text{ J} حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
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175📚⚗️ ChemistryIR Sample Preparation
Mull technique is used for the sampling of
Explanation
The Nujol mull technique is a sample preparation method used in infrared (IR) spectroscopy for solid samples, where the ground solid is dispersed in mineral oil (mull).
مل تکنیک (Mull technique) کا استعمال انفراریڈ سپیکٹروسکوپی میں ٹھوس چیزوں (Solids) کے نمونے تیار کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔
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176📚📊 EconomicsIndian Economy
Which of the following taxes are abolished by the Goods and Services Tax?
Explanation
VAT (Value Added Tax) is an indirect tax that was abolished and subsumed under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017. Property tax and Corporation tax are direct taxes and remain outside GST.
قیمت میں اضافے کا ٹیکس (VAT) ایک بالواسطہ (indirect) ٹیکس تھا جسے 2017 میں جی ایس ٹی (GST) کے تحت ختم کر کے ضم کر دیا گیا تھا۔ پراپرٹی ٹیکس اور کارپوریشن ٹیکس اب بھی الگ ہیں۔
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177📚📝 EnglishReading Comprehension
Which of the following statements are false according to the passage?
1. There is a 4 percent increase in the production of plastics in 2013, over 2012.
2. The production of plastics in 2012 is approximately 299 million tons.
3. According to the Global Industry Experts, plastic consumption is to reach 297.5 million tons by the end of 2015.
Explanation
The passage states that 'An estimated 299 million tons of plastics were produced in 2013... representing a 4 percent increase over 2012.' This means 299 million tons refers to 2013 production, not 2012. Therefore, Statement 2 is false.
اقتباس کے مطابق، 2013 میں 299 ملین ٹن پلاسٹک تیار کیا گیا تھا (نہ کہ 2012 میں)۔ اس لیے صرف دوسرا بیان (Statement 2) غلط ہے۔
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178📚📝 EnglishArticles
Fill in the blank: "________ unit means a measurement."
Explanation
The word 'unit' begins with a consonant sound /juː/ (like 'Y-o-u'), so the indefinite article 'a' is used before it.
چونکہ لفظ 'unit' کی آواز ایک کانسوننٹ (consonant) یعنی 'یو' (Y-o-u) سے شروع ہوتی ہے، اس لیے اس کے ساتھ آرٹیکل 'a' استعمال ہوگا۔
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179📚📝 EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Select the most appropriate meaning of the given phrase/idiom: "Iron will"
Explanation
The idiom 'iron will' refers to a very strong determination or firmness of purpose that cannot be easily broken.
محاورہ 'لوہے کا ارادہ' (Iron will) سے مراد پختہ عزم یا انتہائی مضبوط عزم (strong determination) ہے۔
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180📚🔢 MathTime, Speed & Distance
The ratio between the speeds of two trains is 7: 8. If the second train runs 400 km in 4 hours, then the speed of the first train is:
Explanation
Speed of the second train = Distance / Time = 400 km / 4 hours = 100 km/hr. Since the ratio of their speeds is 7:8, the speed of the first train = (7 / 8) * 100 = 87.5 km/hr.
دوسری ٹرین کی رفتار = 400 کلومیٹر / 4 گھنٹے = 100 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ چونکہ رفتار کا تناسب 7:8 ہے، پہلی ٹرین کی رفتار = (7/8) * 100 = 87.5 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ ہوگی۔
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181📚📝 EnglishDirect & Indirect Narration
Choose the one which best expresses the direct narration in indirect form: The lawyer said to his client, "We will win the case."
Explanation
When converting to indirect speech: 'said to' becomes 'told' (without 'to'), 'we' changes to 'they' to match the plural subjects, and the modal 'will' changes to 'would'. Hence, 'The lawyer told the client that they would win the case.'
ان ڈائریکٹ اسپیچ میں تبدیل کرتے ہوئے: 'said to' کو 'told' میں بدلا جاتا ہے، 'we' کو 'they' میں اور 'will' کو 'would' میں تبدیل کیا جاتا ہے۔
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182📚🧩 ReasoningMathematical Operations
If 'x' means 'addition', '-' means 'division', '+' means 'subtraction' and '+' means 'multiplication' (due to a typo, the division sign in the question is printed as +), which equation is correct?
Explanation
Correcting the typographic error in the question where '+' was defined twice: '+' means multiplication (), '-' means division (/), 'x' means addition (+), and '÷' means subtraction (-). Evaluating A: 16 5 / 10 + 4 - 3 = 8 + 4 - 3 = 9.
سوال میں چھپائی کی غلطی کو درست کرنے پر (+ کا مطلب ضرب، - کا مطلب تقسیم، x کا مطلب جمع، اور ÷ کا مطلب تفریق ہے): مساوات A کے تحت: 16×5÷10+43=8+43=916 \times 5 \div 10 + 4 - 3 = 8 + 4 - 3 = 9، جو بالکل درست ہے۔
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183📚🔢 MathTime, Speed & Distance
With an average speed of 40 km/hr, a train reaches its destination in time. If it goes with an average speed of 35 km/hr, it is late by 15 minutes. Find the length of the total journey.
Explanation
Let distance be d. The time difference is 15 minutes = 0.25 hours.
- d/35 - d/40 = 1/4
- (8d - 7d)/280 = 1/4
- d = 280 / 4 = 70 km.
فرض کریں کل فاصلہ d کلومیٹر ہے۔ وقت کا فرق 15 منٹ یعنی 1/4 گھنٹہ ہے:
d/35d/40=1/4    d=70d/35 - d/40 = 1/4 \implies d = 70 کلومیٹر۔
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184📚🔢 MathAverage
The average of runs of a cricket player of 10 innings was 32. How many runs must he make in his next innings so as to increase his average of runs by 4?
Explanation
Total runs in 10 innings = 10 32 = 320. To increase the average by 4 runs in the 11th inning (new average = 36), total runs needed = 11 36 = 396. Runs required in the 11th inning = 396 - 320 = 76 runs.
10 اننگز کے کل رنز = 320۔ 11ویں اننگز کے بعد اوسط 36 ہونی چاہیے، یعنی کل رنز = 396۔ مطلوبہ رنز = 396 - 320 = 76۔
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185📚🔢 MathData Interpretation
The pie-chart shows the sources of funds to be arranged by NHAI for Phase II projects (Market Borrowing: 29,952, External Assistance: 11,486, Annuity: 6000, SPVS: 5252, Toll: 4910). The approximate ratio of the funds to be arranged through Toll and that through Market Borrowing is
Explanation
Toll funds = 4,910. Market Borrowing = 29,952. Ratio = 4,910 / 29,952 ≈ 0.1639. Looking at the options, 1/6 = 0.1667, which is the closest approximation.
ٹول کے فنڈز = 4,910 اور مارکیٹ ادھار = 29,952۔ ان کا تناسب: 4910/299521:64910 / 29952 \approx 1:6 ہے۔
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186📚🔢 MathMensuration
A triangle having sides equal to 7cm, 24cm and 25cm forms a cone when revolved about 24cm side. What is the volume of a cone formed?
Explanation
The triangle is right-angled (7^2 + 24^2 = 25^2). Revolved about the 24cm side, the height h = 24cm and base radius r = 7cm. Volume of the cone = (1/3) π r^2 h = (1/3) (22/7) 7^2 24 = 1232 cm³.
مثلث کے اضلاع 7، 24 اور 25 قائمۃ الزاویہ مثلث بناتے ہیں۔ 24 سینٹی میٹر والے ضلع کے گرد گھمانے سے حجم: V=13π(7)2(24)=1232 cm3V = \frac{1}{3} \pi (7)^2 (24) = 1232 \text{ cm}^3 ہوگا۔
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187📚💻 ComputerOperating System
Which of the following is known as the interval between the instant a computer makes a request for the transfer of data from a disk system to the primary storage and the instance the operation is completed?
Explanation
Disk access time is the total time required for a computer to locate and retrieve data from storage disk to RAM/main memory.
ڈسک پر ڈیٹا کو تلاش کرنے اور اسے پرائمری میموری (RAM) میں منتقل کرنے کے درمیانی وقت کو ڈسک ایکسس ٹائم (Disk access time) کہتے ہیں۔
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188📚💻 ComputerOperating System
GUI means
Explanation
GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. It allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators instead of text-based command lines.
GUI کا مطلب Graphical User Interface (گرافیکل یوزر انٹرفیس) ہے، جو تصاویر اور آئیکنز کے ذریعے کمپیوٹر استعمال کرنے کی سہولت دیتا ہے۔
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189📚💻 ComputerE-Governance
Which term refers to the use of IT to engage citizens in the decision-making process?
Explanation
Participatory Governance (enabled through IT/E-democracy) refers to direct involvement of citizens in public administration and decision-making processes using digital tools.
شہریوں کو انفارمیشن ٹیکنالوجی کے ذریعے فیصلہ سازی میں شامل کرنے کے عمل کو شراکت داری طرزِ حکمرانی (Participatory Governance) کہا جاتا ہے۔
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190📚🗺️ GeographyCensus of India 2011
According to Census of India 2011 which one of the following Union Territories had the highest sex ratio?
Explanation
According to the 2011 Census, Puducherry had the highest sex ratio among Union Territories with 1037 females per 1000 males, while Daman and Diu had the lowest (618).
2011 کی مردم شماری کے مطابق، یونین ٹیریٹریز میں پڈوچیری (Puducherry) کا جنسی تناسب سب سے زیادہ (1037 خواتین فی 1000 مرد) تھا۔
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191📚📝 EnglishSentence Rearrangement
Rearrange the parts P, Q, R and S to form the correct sentence:
"The national unity of a free people..."
P: to make it impracticable
Q: for there to be an arbitrary administration
R: depends upon a sufficiently even balance in political power
S: against a revolutionary opposition that is irreconcilably opposed to it
Explanation
The correct sequence is RPQS. The complete sentence is: 'The national unity of a free people depends upon a sufficiently even balance in political power to make it impracticable for there to be an arbitrary administration against a revolutionary opposition that is irreconcilably opposed to it.'
جملے کی درست ترتیب RPQS ہے، جو ایک مربوط اور با معنی جملہ بناتی ہے۔
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192📚📝 EnglishSynonyms
Select the most appropriate synonym of the given word: TETE-A-TETE
Explanation
A 'tête-à-tête' is a French loanword in English that literally means 'head-to-head', referring to a private conversation between two people.
ٹیٹ-ا-ٹیٹ (tête-à-tête) سے مراد دو افراد کے درمیان ہونے والی نجی گفتگو یا بات چیت (conversation) ہے۔
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193📚📝 EnglishSpelling Test
Find the correct spelling:
Explanation
The correct spelling is 'FEASIBLE', which means capable of being done, possible, or practical.
درست ہجے FEASIBLE (قابلِ عمل یا ممکن) ہے۔
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194📚📝 EnglishHomophones & Vocabulary
Fill in the blank: He left meeting in a fit of ________ (Note: the printed question had the typo 'feet of' instead of 'fit of').
Explanation
The idiom is 'in a fit of pique', meaning a sudden state of irritation, resentment, or anger.
محاورہ 'in a fit of pique' (غصے یا ناراضگی کے عالم میں) ہے۔ لہذا Pique (ہجے: P-I-Q-U-E) درست جواب ہے۔
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195📚🧩 ReasoningVenn Diagram
There are four intersecting circles in the diagram, each representing people who can read and write English, Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi. People who can read and write all the languages can be represented by?
Explanation
In the standard configuration of four overlapping circles representing English, Hindi, Urdu, and Punjabi, the letter representing the central intersection of all four circles is 'M'.
چاروں زبانیں پڑھنے اور لکھنے والے افراد کے مشترکہ علاقے کو مرکزی انٹربینڈ 'M' سے ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے۔
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196📚🔢 MathRatio & Proportion
If A:B = 5:7 and B:C = 6:11, then A:B:C is
Explanation
Multiply A:B by 6 to make B = 42: A:B = 30:42. Multiply B:C by 7 to make B = 42: B:C = 42:77. Therefore, A:B:C = 30:42:77.
دونوں تناسب میں B کی قدر یکساں کرنے کے لیے، پہلے کو 6 سے اور دوسرے کو 7 سے ضرب دیں: A:B=30:42A:B = 30:42 اور B:C=42:77B:C = 42:77، جس سے 30:42:7730:42:77 حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
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197📚🔢 MathSimple Interest
A man invests an amount of Rs. 15,860 in the names of his three sons A, B and C in such a way that they get the same amount (interest) after 2, 3 and 4 years respectively. If the rate of simple interest is 5%, then the ratio of amounts invested among A, B and C will be
Explanation
This question mistakenly equates 'amount' with 'interest'. For equal simple interest: P_A 2 5 = P_B 3 5 = P_C 4 5 => 2P_A = 3P_B = 4P_C. Ratio = 1/2 : 1/3 : 1/4 = 6:4:3. (If equal total amount, ratio would be 276:264:253).
اگر سود یکساں ہو تو: 2PA=3PB=4PC    PA:PB:PC=1/2:1/3:1/4=6:4:32 P_A = 3 P_B = 4 P_C \implies P_A:P_B:P_C = 1/2:1/3:1/4 = 6:4:3۔
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198📚🔢 MathData Interpretation
Which of the packaging materials was used for packaging food items and beverages in the ratio of 4:9?
Explanation
According to the exam data interpretation chart, Paper is the material that was consumed for packaging food items and beverages in the ratio of 4:9.
ڈیٹا چارٹ کے مطابق، کاغذ (Paper) وہ پیکیجنگ مٹیریل ہے جو 4:9 کے تناسب میں استعمال کیا گیا تھا۔
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199📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware & Memory
Input device used for converting pictures, maps and drawings into digital form for storage in computers is
Explanation
A digitizer (graphics tablet) is an input device designed to convert analog drawings, maps, and illustrations into digital coordinate data for computer processing.
ڈیجیٹائزر (Digitizer) وہ ان پٹ آلہ ہے جو اینالاگ ڈرائنگ، نقشوں اور تصاویر کو ٹریس کر کے ڈیجیٹل شکل میں منتقل کرتا ہے۔
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200📚📝 EnglishHomophones
Choose the correct homophone to complete the sentence.

The _____ predicted a future where a great heat would _____ the land, leaving it dry and _____
Explanation
'Seer' means a prophet or fortune teller. 'Sear' means to burn or wither. 'Sere' means dry or withered. The correct order is: seer, sear, sere.
'Seer' کا مطلب ہے غیب دان/پیشگوئی کرنے والا۔ 'Sear' کا مطلب ہے جلانا۔ 'Sere' کا مطلب ہے خشک/مرجھایا ہوا سن۔ صحیح ترتیب ہے: seer, sear, sere۔
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201📚📝 EnglishSynonyms
Select the Synonyms of the word: Cajole
Explanation
'Cajole' means to persuade someone to do something by sustained coaxing or flattery. 'Wheedle' is its synonym.
'Cajole' کا مطلب ہے خوشامد کر کے کسی کو منانا۔ 'Wheedle' اس کا مترادف ہے۔
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202📚📝 EnglishAntonyms
Select the Antonyms of the word: Abnegation
Explanation
'Abnegation' means self-denial or rejection of a belief/claim. 'Espousal' means the adoption or support of a cause or belief, which is the antonym.
'Abnegation' کا مطلب ہے انکار یا دستبرداری۔ 'Espousal' کا مطلب ہے تائید یا وکالت کرنا، جو اس کا الٹ ہے۔
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203📚📝 EnglishIdioms
Which sentence expresses the correct meaning of the given idiom: A damp squib
Explanation
A 'damp squib' is a situation or event which is much less impressive, exciting, or successful than expected.
'A damp squib' سے مراد کوئی ایسی چیز یا واقعہ ہے جو امید کے مطابق کامیاب یا پرجوش ثابت نہ ہو (سرد مہری کا شکار)۔
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204📚📝 EnglishIdioms
Which sentence expresses the correct meaning of the given idiom: Take it with a grain of salt
Explanation
To 'take something with a grain of salt' means to view it with skepticism and not accept it as completely true.
'Take it with a grain of salt' کا مطلب ہے کسی بات کو شک کی نگاہ سے دیکھنا اور اسے مکمل سچ نہ ماننا۔
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205📚📝 EnglishPhrasal Verbs
Fill in the blank with a suitable phrasal verb in the sentence below.

She was feeling unwell, but after some rest, she managed to _____
Explanation
'Come around' means to recover consciousness or return to a normal healthy state after feeling unwell.
'Come around' کا مطلب ہے ہوش میں آنا یا طبیعت کا بحال ہونا۔
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206📚🌍 General AwarenessInternational Organizations
Match the International Organizations with their respective Headquarters:

- i) United Nations Organization (UNO): 1) Kathmandu, Nepal
- ii) World Health Organization (WHO): 2) Geneva, Switzerland
- iii) United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): 3) New York, US
- iv) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): 4) Paris, France
Explanation
UNO headquarters is in New York (i-3), WHO is in Geneva (ii-2), UNESCO is in Paris (iii-4), and SAARC is in Kathmandu (iv-1).
اقوام متحدہ کا ہیڈکوارٹر نیویارک میں ہے (i-3)، ڈبلیو ایچ او جنیوا میں ہے (ii-2)، یونیسکو پیرس میں ہے (iii-4)، اور سارک کاٹھمنڈو میں ہے (iv-1)۔
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207📚🔢 MathRatios
Alloy X consists of gold and silver in the ratio of 3:5, while Alloy Y consists of gold and silver in the ratio of 5:7. If 2/3 volume of Alloy X and 1/3 volume of Alloy Y are mixed to form a new alloy Z, what will be the ratio of gold to silver in alloy Z?
Explanation
Gold in X = 3/8, Silver in X = 5/8. Gold in Y = 5/12, Silver in Y = 7/12.
In Z:
Gold = (2/3 3/8) + (1/3 5/12) = 1/4 + 5/36 = 14/36
Silver = (2/3 5/8) + (1/3 7/12) = 5/12 + 7/36 = 22/36
Ratio = 14/36 : 22/36 = 7:11.
الائے X میں سونا = 3/8، چاندی = 5/8۔ الائے Y میں سونا = 5/12، چاندی = 7/12۔
الائے Z میں سونے اور چاندی کی مقدار جمع کرنے پر تناسب 14:22 یعنی 7:11 حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
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208📚💻 ComputerBasic Hardware
Which of the following is the brain of the computer?
Explanation
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is known as the brain of the computer because it processes instructions and controls operations.
سی پی یو (CPU) کو کمپیوٹر کا دماغ کہا جاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ ہدایات پر عمل درآمد کرتا ہے اور کاموں کو کنٹرول کرتا ہے۔
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209📚🔢 MathAverages
A family consists of grandparents, parents and three grandchildren. The average age of grandparents is 67 years, that of the parents is 35 years and that of the grandchildren is 6 years. What is the average age of the family?
Explanation
Total members = 2 + 2 + 3 = 7.
Total age = (2 67) + (2 35) + (3 * 6) = 134 + 70 + 18 = 222 years.
Average age = 222 / 7 = 31 5/7 years.
خاندان کے کل افراد = 7۔
کل عمر = (2 67) + (2 35) + (3 * 6) = 222 سال۔
اوسط عمر = 222 / 7 = 31 5/7 سال۔
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210📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics
The inability of a lens to form a white image of a white object is known as
Explanation
Chromatic aberration occurs because a lens refracts different wavelengths of color at slightly different angles, failing to focus all colors to the same point to recreate white light.
لینس کی سفید چیز کا سفید عکس بنانے میں ناکامی کو رنگین انحراف (Chromatic Aberration) کہتے ہیں کیونکہ مختلف رنگ مختلف مقامات پر فوکس ہوتے ہیں۔
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211📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
Which part of the camera controls how long light is exposed to the digital sensor/film?
Explanation
The shutter controls the duration of time that light is allowed to hit the camera sensor or film.
کیمرے کا شٹر (shutter) یہ کنٹرول کرتا ہے کہ روشنی کتنی دیر تک سینسر یا فلم پر پڑے گی۔
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212📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
What does the term Camera Obscura mean?
Explanation
Camera Obscura is Latin for 'dark room'. It is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen inside.
کیمرہ اوبسکیورا (Camera Obscura) لاطینی زبان کا لفظ ہے جس کا مطلب 'تاریک کمرہ' یا 'Dark room' ہے۔
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213📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
What is the aeroplane flying height to obtain the average scale of the photograph equal to 1/7200? (Ground surface elevations vary from 160 m to 430 m and focal length of the camera lens is 153 mm)
Explanation
Average ground elevation h = (160 + 430)/2 = 295 m. Scale S = f / (H - h) => 1/7200 = 0.153 / (H - 295) => H - 295 = 7200 * 0.153 = 1101.6 m => H = 1396.6 m ~ 1397 m.
اوسط بلندی h = 295 میٹر۔ فارمولا Scale = f / (H - h)۔ حل کرنے پر ہوائی جہاز کی بلندی H = 1397 میٹر حاصل ہوتی ہے۔
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214📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science
SLR in context of photography means?
Explanation
SLR stands for Single-Lens Reflex, which is a camera design utilizing a mirror and prism system that lets the photographer see exactly what will be captured.
ایس ایل آر (SLR) کا مطلب 'Single Lens Reflex' کیمرہ ہے۔ اس میں ایک ہی لینس اور آئینے کا نظام ہوتا ہے۔
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215📚📝 EnglishHomophones
Choose the correct homophone to complete the sentence. The artist mixed various colors to achieve the perfect _____ for her painting.
Explanation
'Hue' means a color or shade. 'Hew' means to chop or cut wood with an axe.
رنگ یا رنگت کے لیے صحیح لفظ 'Hue' (رنگ کی رنگت) ہے۔ 'Hew' کا مطلب کاٹنا یا تراشنا ہوتا ہے۔
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216📚📝 EnglishHomonyms
Match the following pairs regarding homonyms and their meaning:

i. Stalk | 1. A site for mining stone
ii. Ream | 2. A tree's outer layer is composed of dead cells
iii. Quarry | 3. A kitchen utensil used to extract juice from citrus fruits.
iv. Bark | 4. Vertical stem or connecting part of a plant
Explanation
Stalk matches 4 (plant stem). Ream matches 3 (kitchen tool / juicer). Quarry matches 1 (stone mine). Bark matches 2 (tree outer layer). This corresponds to i-4, ii-3, iii-1, iv-2.
درست جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: Stalk کا مطلب پودے کا تنا (4)، Ream کا مطلب لیموں وغیرہ نچوڑنے کا آلہ (3)، Quarry کا مطلب پتھر کی کان (1)، اور Bark کا مطلب درخت کی چھال (2)۔ یہ ترتیب i-4, ii-3, iii-1, iv-2 بنتی ہے۔
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217📚📝 EnglishSynonyms
Select the Synonyms of the word: Quibble
Explanation
'Quibble' means to argue or raise objections about a trivial matter, or to evade the truth. 'Prevaricate' means to speak or act in an evasive way, which is a synonym.
'Quibble' کا مطلب ہے چھوٹی یا غیر اہم باتوں پر جھگڑنا یا حیلہ و حجت کرنا۔ 'Prevaricate' کا مطلب ٹال مٹول کرنا یا سچائی سے انحراف کرنا ہے، جو اس کا مترادف ہے۔
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218📚📝 EnglishSynonyms
Select the Synonyms of the word: Tenacious
Explanation
'Tenacious' means keeping a firm hold of something, persistent, or cohesive. 'Staunch' means loyal, firm, and steadfast, which is a synonym.
'Tenacious' کا مطلب مضبوط، مستقل مزاج یا اٹل ہوتا ہے۔ 'Staunch' کا مطلب وفادار اور پختہ عزم والا ہے، جو اس کا قریبی مترادف ہے۔
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219📚📝 EnglishAntonyms
Select the Antonyms of the word: Occult
Explanation
'Occult' refers to supernatural, mystical, or hidden beliefs/practices that are hard to understand. 'Fathomable' means capable of being understood or measured, which is the antonym.
'Occult' کا مطلب چھپا ہوا، پراسرار یا مافوق الفطرت ہے۔ 'Fathomable' کا مطلب سمجھ میں آنے والا یا قابلِ فہم ہے، جو اس کا متضاد (Antonym) ہے۔
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220📚📝 EnglishAntonyms
Select the Antonyms of the word: Guile
Explanation
'Guile' means sly or cunning intelligence, deceit. 'Candor' means the quality of being open, sincere, and honest, which is the antonym.
'Guile' کا مطلب مکاری، فریب یا دھوکہ دہی ہے۔ 'Candor' کا مطلب سچائی، بے باکی یا صاف گوئی ہے، جو اس کا متضاد ہے۔
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221📚📝 EnglishIdioms
Which sentence expresses the correct meaning of the given idiom: Will O' the Wisp
Explanation
A 'will-o'-the-wisp' refers to something that is impossible to catch or achieve, or an elusive/misleading goal.
'Will O' the Wisp' کا مطلب ہے ایک ایسی خیالی یا سرابی کوشش جو پرکشش تو ہو لیکن اس کا حصول ناممکن ہو اور وہ انسان کو گمراہ کر دے۔
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222📚📝 EnglishIdioms
Which sentence expresses the correct meaning of the given idiom: Days of reckoning
Explanation
The 'day of reckoning' is the time when past mistakes or misdeeds must be faced and paid for; a time of judgment or consequences.
'Days of reckoning' (حساب کتاب کے دن) سے مراد وہ وقت یا دور ہے جب ماضی کے اعمال اور فیصلوں کے حتمی اور ناگزیر نتائج کا سامنا کرنا پڑتا ہے۔
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223📚📝 EnglishPhrasal Verbs
Fill in the blanks with suitable phrasal verbs in the below sentence. He has been in the hospital for several days, but the doctors are hopeful that he will _____
Explanation
'Pull through' is a phrasal verb that means to get through an illness or other dangerous/difficult situation safely.
'Pull through' کا مطلب کسی بیماری یا خطرناک صورتحال سے بحفاظت باہر نکل آنا یا صحت یاب ہو جانا ہے۔
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224📚📝 EnglishPhrasal Verbs
Fill in the blanks with suitable phrasal verbs in the below sentence. Maya always felt that people _____ her because of her unconventional career choice.
Explanation
'Look down upon' means to think that other people are inferior or less important than oneself.
'Look down upon' کا مطلب کسی کو حقارت یا کم تر نظر سے دیکھنا ہے۔
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225📚📝 EnglishPrepositions
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions from the alternatives given below. As they navigated through the dense forest, they stumbled _____ an ancient ruin that was hidden beneath the overgrown vegetation.
Explanation
To 'stumble upon' something is a phrasal verb/preposition combination that means to discover something by chance.
'Stumble upon' کا مطلب ہے اچانک یا اتفاقاً کوئی چیز دریافت کر لینا یا اس سے ٹکرا جانا۔
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226📚📝 EnglishPrepositions
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions from the alternatives given below. She walked _____ the bustling market, taking in the vibrant colors and enticing scents of fresh produce and spices.
Explanation
To walk 'through' a location means to enter it and move to the other side or move around inside it, which fits a market context.
بازار کے ایک سرے سے دوسرے سرے تک گزرنے یا اس کے اندر چلنے کے لیے 'through' (کے درمیان سے / کے ذریعے) کا استعمال بالکل درست ہے۔
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227📚🌍 General AwarenessInternational Organizations
Which of the following country is not the member of the SAARC?
Explanation
Myanmar is not a member of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation). The 8 SAARC members are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
میانمار (Myanmar) سارک (SAARC) کا رکن نہیں ہے۔ سارک کے 8 رکن ممالک میں افغانستان، بنگلہ دیش، بھوٹان، بھارت، مالدیپ، نیپال، پاکستان اور سری لنکا شامل ہیں۔
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228📚🌍 General AwarenessJ&K Power Projects
Ratle Hydroelectric Power Corporation is a joint venture between which two entities?
Explanation
Ratle Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (RHPCL) is a joint venture company incorporated in 2021 between NHPC (51%) and JKSPDC (49%) to implement the 850 MW Ratle Hydroelectric Project on Chenab River.
رتلے ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک پاور کارپوریشن لمیٹڈ (RHPCL) چناب ندی پر واقع ہے اور یہ نیشنل ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک پاور کارپوریشن (NHPC) اور جموں و کشمیر اسٹیٹ پاور ڈیولپمنٹ کارپوریشن (JKSPDC) کا مشترکہ منصوبہ ہے۔
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229📚🔢 MathHCF and LCM
The H.C.F. and L.C.M. of two numbers are 84 and 21 respectively. If the ratio of the two numbers is 1: 4, then the larger of the two numbers is
Explanation
Note: The question has a typo, swapping HCF and LCM values. HCF is 21 and LCM is 84. Let the numbers be x and 4x. Their HCF is x, so x = 21. The numbers are 21 and 4 * 21 = 84. The larger number is 84.
سوال میں کمپوزنگ کی غلطی ہے، HCF اور LCM کی قیمتیں الٹ لکھی گئی ہیں۔ HCF = 21 اور LCM = 84 ہے۔ اگر اعداد کا تناسب 1:4 ہے تو وہ x اور 4x ہوں گے۔ HCF یعنی x = 21 ہوگا۔ دوسرا عدد 4 * 21 = 84 ہوگا۔ ان میں بڑا عدد 84 ہے۔
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230📚🔢 MathAverages
In a family, the average age of a father and a mother is 35 years. The average age of the father, mother and their only son is 27 years. What is the age of the son?
Explanation
Sum of age of Father and Mother = 2 35 = 70 years. Sum of age of Father, Mother, and Son = 3 27 = 81 years. Son's age = 81 - 70 = 11 years.
والدین کی کل عمر = 2 35 = 70 سال۔ والدین اور بیٹے کی کل عمر = 3 27 = 81 سال۔ بیٹے کی عمر = 81 - 70 = 11 سال ہے۔
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231📚🔢 MathAverages
A library has an average of 510 visitors on Sundays and 240 on other days. The average number of visitors per day in a month of 30 days beginning with a Sunday is
Explanation
A 30-day month starting on a Sunday has exactly 5 Sundays (days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29) and 25 other days. Total visitors = (5 510) + (25 240) = 2550 + 6000 = 8550. Daily average = 8550 / 30 = 285.
اتوار سے شروع ہونے والے 30 دن کے مہینے میں 5 اتوار اور 25 عام دن ہوتے ہیں۔ اتوار کے کل زائرین = 5 510 = 2550۔ دیگر دنوں کے زائرین = 25 240 = 6000۔ کل زائرین = 8550۔ یومیہ اوسط = 8550 / 30 = 285 زائرین۔
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232📚🔢 MathAverages
Out of three numbers, the first is twice the second and is half of the third. If the average of the three numbers is 56, then difference of first and third numbers is
Explanation
Let the second number be x. Then the first number is 2x, and the third is 4x. Sum of the numbers = 2x + x + 4x = 7x. Average = 7x / 3 = 56 => 7x = 168 => x = 24. First number = 48, Third number = 96. Difference = 96 - 48 = 48.
فرض کریں دوسرا عدد x ہے۔ تب پہلا عدد 2x اور تیسرا عدد 4x ہوگا۔ تینوں کا مجموعہ = 7x۔ اوسط = 7x / 3 = 56 جس سے x = 24 حاصل ہوتا ہے۔ پہلا عدد = 48، تیسرا عدد = 96۔ ان کا فرق = 96 - 48 = 48 ہے۔
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233📚🔢 MathAverages
Four years ago, the average age of a family of four persons was 18 years. During this period, a baby was born. Today if the average age of the family is still 18 years, the age of the baby is
Explanation
Sum of age of 4 persons 4 years ago = 4 18 = 72 years. Today, their age sum increases by 4 4 = 16 years, making it 88 years. Today, there are 5 family members and their average age is 18, so total sum = 5 * 18 = 90 years. Baby's age = 90 - 88 = 2 years.
چار سال پہلے 4 افراد کی کل عمر = 4 * 18 = 72 سال۔ آج ان کی کل عمر = 72 + 16 = 88 سال ہوگی۔ اب خاندان میں 5 افراد ہیں اور اوسط عمر اب بھی 18 سال ہے، یعنی کل عمر = 90 سال۔ بچے کی عمر = 90 - 88 = 2 سال ہے۔
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234📚🔢 MathRatio and Proportion
Five mangoes and four oranges cost as much as three mangoes and seven oranges. What is the ratio of the cost of one mango to the cost of one orange?
Explanation
Let M be cost of a mango, O be cost of an orange. 5M + 4O = 3M + 7O => 2M = 3O => M/O = 3/2 or 3:2.
فرض کریں آم کی قیمت M اور مالٹے کی قیمت O ہے۔ 5M + 4O = 3M + 7O جس سے 2M = 3O حاصل ہوتا ہے۔ تب M:O = 3:2 ہوگا۔
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235📚🔢 MathPartnership
Gautam started a business with a sum of Rs. 60,000/- .Jatin joined him 8 months later with a sum of Rs. 35,000/-. At what respective ratio will the two share the profit after two years?
Explanation
Gautam invested for 24 months. Jatin invested for 24 - 8 = 16 months. Ratio of profit share = (60000 24) : (35000 16) = (60 24) : (35 16) = 1440 : 560 = 144 : 56 = 18:7.
گوتم نے 24 مہینوں کے لیے سرمایہ کاری کی۔ جتن نے 24 - 8 = 16 مہینوں کے لیے سرمایہ کاری کی۔ منافع کی تقسیم کا تناسب = (60000 24) : (35000 16) = 18:7۔
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236📚🧩 ReasoningMathematical Operations
Which two signs should be interchanged to make the given equation correct? 171÷316+72×412=572171\div3-16+72\times4-12=572
Explanation
Note: The transcribed equation had a typo '412' which is corrected to '4 - 12'. Interchange 'x' and '-': 171 / 3 16 + 72 - 4 - 12 = 572 => 57 16 + 72 - 16 = 912 + 72 - 16 = 968 - 16 = 968 - 396? Wait, if 412 is kept: 171 / 3 16 + 72 - 412 = 572 => 57 16 + 72 - 412 = 912 + 72 - 412 = 572. The equation is correct. Hence we interchange 'x' and '-'.
درست مساوات کے لیے ضرب (x) اور تفریق (-) کو آپس میں تبدیل کرنا ہوگا۔ مساوات بن جائے گی: 171 ÷ 3 × 16 + 72 - 412 = 572۔ حل کرنے پر: 912 + 72 - 412 = 572، جو کہ درست ہے۔
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237📚💻 ComputerSoftware Types
Which of the following is designed to control the operations of a computer?
Explanation
System Software (like the Operating System) is designed to control and manage the hardware resources and basic operations of a computer system.
سسٹم سافٹ ویئر (جیسے آپریٹنگ سسٹم) کمپیوٹر کے بنیادی کاموں کو کنٹرول کرنے اور ہارڈ ویئر کو منظم کرنے کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا جاتا ہے۔
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238📚💻 ComputerCybersecurity
Select the correct match:

i. A type of program that is created with the purpose of causing damage, stealing data or abusing computer system resources is known as | 1. Privacy
ii. means any email or communication that is intended to trick the recipient to disclose secret or sensitive information, such as password or account details | 2. Malware
iii. Protecting an original invention from being sold or used by others for a specific period of time is known as | 3. Phishing
iv. means your right to control your personal information and decide who can use the same | 4. Patents
Explanation
Damaging software is Malware (i-2). Trick communication is Phishing (ii-3). Invention protection is Patents (iii-4). Control over personal information is Privacy (iv-1). This corresponds to i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1.
درست مماثلت یہ ہے: نقصان پہنچانے والا سافٹ ویئر مالویئر ہے (i-2)، معلومات چرانے والا فریب فیشنگ ہے (ii-3)، ایجاد کا تحفظ پیٹنٹ ہے (iii-4) اور ذاتی معلومات کا کنٹرول پرائیویسی ہے (iv-1)۔ یہ ترتیب i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1 بنتی ہے۔
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239📚📝 EnglishSynonyms
In the following questions out of the four alternatives, choose the one which best expresses the meaning of the given word.

Inclement
Explanation
'Inclement' means unpleasantly cold or wet (usually referring to weather), which is best expressed by the word 'Unfavourable'.
'Inclement' کا مطلب سخت، ناخوشگوار یا خراب موسم ہے، جس کا قریبی ترین مطلب 'Unfavourable' (ناموافق) ہے۔
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240📚📝 EnglishAntonyms
In the following questions choose the word opposite in meaning to the given word.

Perspicuity
Explanation
'Perspicuity' means clearness or lucidity of expression. The opposite in meaning is 'Vagueness' (lack of clarity).
'Perspicuity' کا مطلب وضاحت یا صفائیِ بیان ہے۔ اس کا متضاد 'Vagueness' (مبہم پن یا غیر واضح ہونا) ہے۔
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241📚📝 EnglishIdioms
Choose the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the Idiom/Phrase.

to smell a rat
Explanation
The idiom 'to smell a rat' means to suspect that something is wrong, dishonest, or a trick; to be suspicious.
محاورہ 'to smell a rat' کا مطلب ہے کسی سازش، بے ایمانی یا خطرے کا شک ہو جانا (مشکوک ہونا)۔
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242📚📝 EnglishIdioms
Choose the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the Idiom/ Phrase.

To let off steam, my friend started murmuring.
Explanation
To 'let off steam' is an idiom meaning to do or say something that helps you get rid of strong feelings or energy (releasing tension/anger/frustration).
محاورہ 'let off steam' کا مطلب ہے اپنے غصے، پریشانی یا بوجھ کو ہلکا کرنا (ٹینشن کو دور کرنا)۔
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243📚📝 EnglishOne Word Substitution
Select the word which means the same as the group of words given.

To express in an unclear way
Explanation
'Garbled' means expressed in a confused, distorted, or unclear way. 'Eloquent', 'lucid', and 'intelligible' mean clear and well-expressed.
کسی بات کو الجھے ہوئے، مسخ شدہ یا غیر واضح انداز میں بیان کرنے کو 'garbled' کہا جاتا ہے۔ جبکہ باقی تمام الفاظ کا مطلب واضح اور فصیح ہوتا ہے۔
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244📚📝 EnglishIdioms
Select the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom.

The trouble makers took to their heels when they saw the police coming.
Explanation
The idiom 'took to their heels' means to run away rapidly, especially to escape from danger or trouble.
محاورہ 'take to one's heels' کا مطلب ہے بھاگ کھڑے ہونا یا فرار ہو جانا، خاص طور پر پولیس یا خطرے کو دیکھ کر۔
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245📚📜 HistoryModern Indian History
In which year was English announced as the official language of the Government throughout India?
Explanation
English was made the official language of the British East India Company administration in India under the English Education Act of 1835.
انگریزی کو 1835 کے انگلش ایجوکیشن ایکٹ کے تحت ہندوستان بھر میں سرکاری امورِ سلطنت کے لیے سرکاری زبان قرار دیا گیا تھا۔
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246📚🌍 General AwarenessInternational Organizations
SAARC Arbitration Council (SARCO) is situated in
Explanation
The SAARC Arbitration Council (SARCO) is located in Islamabad, Pakistan.
سارک ثالثی کونسل (SARCO) پاکستان کے دارالحکومت اسلام آباد میں واقع ہے۔
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247📚🔢 MathAverages
The average weight of a group of seven boys is 56 kg. The individual weights (in kg) of six of them are 52, 57, 55, 60, 59 and 55. Find the weight of the seventh boy.
Explanation
Total weight of 7 boys = 7 * 56 = 392 kg. Sum of weights of 6 boys = 52 + 57 + 55 + 60 + 59 + 55 = 338 kg. Weight of 7th boy = 392 - 338 = 54 kg.
7 لڑکوں کا کل وزن = 7 × 56 = 392 کلوگرام۔ 6 لڑکوں کا وزن = 52 + 57 + 55 + 60 + 59 + 55 = 338 کلوگرام۔ ساتویں لڑکے کا وزن = 392 - 338 = 54 کلوگرام۔
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248📚🔢 MathRatio & Proportion
The number of students in 3 classes is in the ratio of 2: 3: 4. If 12 students are increased in each class this ratio changes to 8: 11: 14. The total number of students in the three classes in the beginning was
Explanation
Let original class sizes be 2x, 3x, 4x. Total = 9x. After increase of 12: (2x+12)/(3x+12) = 8/11 => 22x + 132 = 24x + 96 => 2x = 36 => x = 18. Total = 9 * 18 = 162.
پہلے طلبہ کا تناسب 2x:3x:4x تھا۔ کل تعداد 9x۔ 12 طلبہ کے اضافے کے بعد: (2x+12)/(3x+12) = 8/11۔ حل کرنے پر 22x + 132 = 24x + 96 یعنی 2x = 36، اس لیے x = 18۔ آغاز میں طلبہ کی کل تعداد = 9 × 18 = 162۔
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249📚🧩 ReasoningBlood Relations
Introducing a woman, a man said, "Her husband is the only son of my father". How is that woman related to the man?
Explanation
The 'only son of my father' for a man is the man himself. Therefore, the woman's husband is the man himself, meaning she is his wife.
ایک مرد کے لیے 'میرے والد کا اکلوتا بیٹا' وہ خود ہے۔ اس لیے، اس عورت کا شوہر وہ خود ہے، یعنی وہ عورت اس کی بیوی (Wife) ہے۔
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250📚📡 Electronics & TelecomTelevision Engineering
In television, 4: 3 represents the
Explanation
The ratio of the width of a television screen to its height is called the aspect ratio. The traditional SDTV standard aspect ratio is 4:3.
ٹیلی ویژن اسکرین کی چوڑائی اور اونچائی کے تناسب کو اسپیکٹ ریشو (Aspect Ratio) کہا کہتے ہیں۔ روایتی ٹی وی کا اسپیکٹ ریشو 4:3 ہوتا ہے۔
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251📚📡 Electronics & TelecomPulse Modulation
Pulse amplitude modulation is a process whereby
Explanation
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is a modulation process where the amplitude (height) of the carrier pulses is made proportional to the amplitude of the sampled message signal.
پلس ایمپلی ٹیوڈ ماڈیولیشن (PAM) وہ عمل ہے جس میں کیریئر پلسز کی اونچائی (height/amplitude) کو اینالاگ سگنل کی سیمپلڈ ویلیو کے متناسب بنایا جاتا ہے۔
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252📚📡 Electronics & TelecomElectrical Measurements
Alternating Current (AC) cannot be measured by DC ammeter because
Explanation
A DC ammeter measures the average value of the current. Since a complete cycle of alternating current has equal positive and negative halves, its average value over a complete cycle is zero, resulting in no deflection.
ڈی سی ایمیٹر کرنٹ کی اوسط (average) مقدار کی پیمائش کرتا ہے۔ چونکہ اے سی (AC) کے ایک مکمل چکر کا اوسط صفر ہوتا ہے، اس لیے ڈی سی ایمیٹر پر کوئی حرکت نہیں ہوتی۔
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253📚🔢 MathApplied Mathematics
If the supply voltage of a 3-phase induction motor is increased two times, then the torque is
Explanation
The starting torque of an induction motor is directly proportional to the square of the stator supply voltage (TproptoV2T propto V^2). If the voltage is doubled (increased 2 times), torque increases by 22=42^2 = 4 times.
انڈکشن موٹر کا ٹارک سپلائی وولٹیج کے مربع کے متناسب ہوتا ہے (TproptoV2T propto V^2)۔ اگر وولٹیج کو 2 گنا بڑھایا جائے تو ٹارک 4 گنا بڑھ جائے گا۔
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254📚⚛️ PhysicsElectromagnetism
Match the term in column-1 with its closest meaning in column-2:

Column-1:
i. Lenz's law
ii. Electric generator
iii. High permeability
iv. Reluctance

Column-2:
1. Application of electromagnetic induction
2. Polarity of induced voltage
3. Inversely proportional to permeability
4. Easily magnetized
Explanation
The correct matching is: Lenz's law matches the polarity of induced voltage (i-2); Electric generator is an application of induction (ii-1); High permeability means easily magnetized (iii-4); Reluctance is inversely proportional to permeability (iv-3). This matches option A.
درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: لنز کا قانون - وولٹیج کی پولرٹی (i-2)، الیکٹرک جنریٹر - برقی مقناطیسی انڈکشن کی ایپلی کیشن (ii-1)، ہائی پرمیبلٹی - آسانی سے مقناطیسی ہونا (iii-4) اور ریلکٹنس - پرمیبلٹی کے الٹ ہونا (iv-3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔
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255📚📡 Electronics & TelecomAmplitude Modulation
Fill in the blank. "The generation of single sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC) signal is done by ________ discrimination methods."
Explanation
SSB-SC signals are commonly generated using either the frequency discrimination (filter) method or the phase discrimination (phase-shift) method.
سنگل سائیڈ بینڈ سپریسڈ کیریئر (SSB-SC) سگنل بنانے کے لیے فیز ڈسکریمنیشن (Phase) اور فریکوئنسی ڈسکریمنیشن (Frequency) دونوں طریقے استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔
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256📚🌍 General AwarenessDemographics
Which is the state with the maximum sex ratio in India?
Explanation
According to the 2011 Census of India, Kerala has the highest sex ratio with 1084 females per 1000 males.
ہندوستان کی 2011 کی مردم شماری کے مطابق، کیرلا میں سب سے زیادہ جنسی تناسب (Sex Ratio) ہے جہاں 1000 مردوں کے مقابلے میں 1084 خواتین ہیں۔
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257📚🧬 BiologyPlaces & Administration
In which district is the Headquarters of the Northern Command of the Indian Army located?
Explanation
The Headquarters of the Northern Command of the Indian Army is located in the Udhampur district of Jammu and Kashmir.
ہندوستانی فوج کی سدرن اور نادرن کمانڈز میں سے نادرن کمانڈ (Northern Command) کا ہیڈ کوارٹر جموں و کشمیر کے ضلع ادھم پور میں واقع ہے۔
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258📚📝 EnglishPhrasal Verbs
Fill in the blank using a meaningful phrase: If you don't know the meaning of 'posse', why don't you _______ the word in a dictionary?
Explanation
The phrasal verb 'look up' means to search for information in a reference book, dictionary, or online source.
محاورہ 'look up' کا مطلب کسی حوالہ جاتی کتاب، لغت یا آن لائن ذریعے سے معلومات تلاش کرنا ہے۔
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259📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance
The ratio between the speeds of two trains is 7: 8. If the second train runs 400 km in 4 hours, then the speed of the first train is:
Explanation
Speed of the second train = 400 km / 4 hrs = 100 km/hr. Since ratio is 7:8, speed of the first train = (7/8) * 100 = 87.5 km/hr.
دوسری ٹرین کی رفتار = 400 کلومیٹر / 4 گھنٹے = 100 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ چونکہ تناسب 7:8 ہے، اس لیے پہلی ٹرین کی رفتار = (7/8) × 100 = 87.5 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ ہوگی۔
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260📚🧩 ReasoningMathematical Operations
If '-' stands for '÷\div', '++' stands for '×\times', '÷\div' stands for '-' and '×\times' stands for '++', which one of the following is correct?
Explanation
Reconstructed operator mapping: '-' is division, '+' is multiplication, '×' is addition, and '÷' is subtraction. Evaluating Option A: 30 / 6 5 + 4 - 2 = 5 5 + 4 - 2 = 25 + 4 - 2 = 27. This is correct.
آپشن A کا جائزہ: 30 تقسیم 6 ضرب 5 جمع 4 منفی 2 = 5 ضرب 5 جمع 4 منفی 2 = 25 جمع 4 منفی 2 = 27۔ یہ مساوات درست ہے۔
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261📚🔢 MathPartnership
A, B and C enter into a partnership with a capital in which A's contribution is Rs. 10,000. If out of a total profit of Rs. 1000, A gets Rs. 500 and B gets Rs. 300, then C's capital is:
Explanation
Total profit = 1000. A's profit = 500, B's profit = 300. C's profit = 1000 - (500 + 300) = 200. Profit ratio is A:B:C = 500:300:200 = 5:3:2. Since capital ratio equals profit ratio, A's capital (5 parts) = 10,000 => 1 part = 2,000. C's capital (2 parts) = 2 * 2,000 = Rs. 4,000.
کل منافع = 1000۔ A کا منافع = 500، B کا = 300۔ C کا منافع = 200۔ تناسب = 5:3:2۔ چونکہ منافع کا تناسب سرمایہ کاری کے برابر ہے، اس لیے A کا سرمایہ (5 حصے) = 10,000 یعنی 1 حصہ = 2,000۔ C کا سرمایہ (2 حصے) = 2 × 2000 = 4,000 روپے ہوگاُ۔
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262📚🔢 MathMixtures & Allegations
Chandan buys some sugar at Rs. 15 per kg. He mixes it with sugar having price Rs. 18 per kg. The final mixture becomes worth Rs. 16 per kg. What is the ratio of quantities of type 1 sugar to type 2 sugar?
Explanation
Using allegation method: Ratio = (Cheaper quantity)/(Dearer quantity) = (Dearer price - Mean price) / (Mean price - Cheaper price) = (18 - 16) / (16 - 15) = 2/1 = 2:1.
ایلیگیشن کا طریقہ: (ٹائپ 2 کی قیمت - اوسط قیمت) / (اوسط قیمت - ٹائپ 1 کی قیمت) = (18 - 16) / (16 - 15) = 2/1 = 2:1۔
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263📚📝 EnglishSentence Rearrangement
Directions: Arrange the parts P, Q, R, S to make a correct sentence with (1) and (6) as fixed points:

(1) I explained to him
P: was like a family's
Q: always exuded warmth
R: elder and how she has
S: how for me she
(6) and consideration for me.
Explanation
The correct rearrangement is SPRQ: 'I explained to him how for me she (S) was like a family's (P) elder and how she has (R) always exuded warmth (Q) and consideration for me.'
درست ترتیب SPRQ ہے: 'میں نے اسے سمجھایا کہ وہ میرے لیے ایک خاندانی بزرگ کی طرح تھی اور اس نے ہمیشہ میرے لیے گرمجوشی اور خیال کا مظاہرہ کیا۔'
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264📚📝 EnglishAntonyms
Select the most appropriate antonym of the given word: AUDACIOUS
Explanation
Audacious means extremely bold, daring, or reckless. Its antonym is 'Cowardly' (lacking courage).
Audacious کا مطلب دلیر یا بے باک ہے۔ اس کا متضاد 'Cowardly' (بزدل) ہے۔
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265📚📝 EnglishIdioms
Identify the correct meaning of the bold/italicized phrase: "He was in a brown study and did not seem to catch my point."
Explanation
The idiom 'in a brown study' means to be deeply absorbed in one's thoughts, daydreaming, or absent-minded.
محاورہ 'in a brown study' کا مطلب خیالات میں گم ہونا، گم سم ہونا یا غائب دماغ ہونا (Absent-minded) ہے۔
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266📚🔢 MathAverages
The average age of a class is 15.8 years. The average age of the boys in the class is 16.4 years while that of the girls is 15.4 years. What is the ratio of boys to girls in the class?
Explanation
Let B be number of boys and G be number of girls. 16.4B + 15.4G = 15.8(B + G) => 0.6B = 0.4G => B/G = 4/6 = 2/3.
فرض کریں لڑکوں کی تعداد B اور لڑکیوں کی G ہے۔ 16.4B + 15.4G = 15.8(B + G) مساوات کو حل کرنے پر 0.6B = 0.4G یعنی B/G = 2/3۔
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267📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance
A man goes uphill with an average speed of 24 kmph and comes down with an average speed of 36 kmph. The distance travelled in both the cases being the same, the average speed for the entire journey is:
Explanation
Average speed = 2 v1 v2 / (v1 + v2) = 2 24 36 / (24 + 36) = 1728 / 60 = 28.8 km/hr.
اوسط رفتار = 2 × v1 × v2 / (v1 + v2) = 2 × 24 × 36 / (24 + 36) = 28.8 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔
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268📚🔢 MathMensuration
A 5-foot-long cylindrical pipe has an inner diameter of 6 feet and an outer diameter of 8 feet. If the total surface area (inside and out, including the ends) is kπk\pi, what is the value of k?
Explanation
Inner radius r = 3, outer radius R = 4, height h = 5. Outer lateral area = 2πRh = 40π. Inner lateral area = 2πrh = 30π. End rings area = 2 π(R^2 - r^2) = 2 π(16 - 9) = 14π. Total area = 40π + 30π + 14π = 84π. Thus k = 84.
اندرونی رداس r = 3، بیرونی R = 4، اونچائی h = 5۔ بیرونی سطح کا رقبہ = 40π، اندرونی = 30π۔ دونوں سروں کے حلقوں کا رقبہ = 14π۔ کل رقبہ = 84π، یعنی k = 84۔
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269📚🧬 BiologyPlaces & Administration
Match the following tourist/cultural titles of J&K with their correct districts:

P. Chhota Kashi - Samba
Q. Land of Devika - Udhampur
R. District of Lakes - Ganderbal
S. Land of Springs - Anantnag
Explanation
Chhota Kashi refers to Purmandal (Samba - iii), Land of Devika is Udhampur (i), District of Lakes is Ganderbal (ii), and Land of Springs is Anantnag (iv). This matches option A.
درست جوڑ درج ذیل ہیں: چھوٹا کاشی - سانبہ (iii)، دیویکا کی سرزمیں - ادھم پور (i)، جھیلوں کا ضلع - گاندربل (ii)، چشموں کی سرزمیں - اننت ناگ (iv)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔
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270📚📝 EnglishReading Comprehension
Choose the word that is SIMILAR in meaning to the word 'supple' as used in the passage.
Explanation
In the context of metals being shaped, 'supple' means flexible, pliable, or adaptable.
دھاتوں کے لچکدار ہونے کے تناظر میں لفظ 'supple' کا قریبی ترین ہم معنی لفظ 'Flexible' (لچکدار) ہے۔
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271📚🧩 ReasoningMathematical Operations
If P denotes '÷\div', Q denotes '×\times', R denotes '++' and S denotes '-', then what is the value of 24S15P5R7Q4R1?
Explanation
Translating expression: 24 - 15 / 5 + 7 * 4 + 1. Using BODMAS: 24 - 3 + 28 + 1 = 21 + 28 + 1 = 50.
علامتوں کی تبدیلی کے بعد مساوات: 24 - 15 / 5 + 7 * 4 + 1۔ BODMAS کے تحت: 24 - 3 + 28 + 1 = 21 + 28 + 1 = 50۔
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272📚🔢 MathPartnership
If A and B invest in a business in the ratio 7: 6. If 9% of the total profit goes to a flood relief fund and A's share is Rs. 1421, then the total profit is:
Explanation
Let total profit be P. Profit after relief fund = 0.91P. A's share = (7 / 13) * 0.91P = 0.49P. Given A's share = 1421 => 0.49P = 1421 => P = 1421 / 0.49 = Rs. 2900.
فرض کریں کل منافع P ہے۔ فنڈ کے بعد بچا = 0.91P۔ A کا حصہ = 7/13 × 0.91P = 0.49P۔ دیا گیا ہے 0.49P = 1421 یعنی P = 2900 روپے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB💻 Information Technology Department
273📚📜 HistoryModern Indian History
Match the following historical events/missions with their correct objectives:

P) The Cripps Mission - Seeking Cooperation from Indians in World War II
Q) Home Rule Movement - Self-government for India
R) Simon Commission - To review the political situation and reform
S) Morley-Minto Reforms - Separate electorate for Muslims
Explanation
Cripps Mission (P-3) sought WWII cooperation, Home Rule (Q-4) demanded self-government, Simon Commission (R-1) reviewed reforms, and Morley-Minto (S-2) introduced separate electorates. This matches option C.
کرپس مشن (P-3) دوسری جنگ عظیم میں تعاون کے لیے تھا، ہوم رول تحریک (Q-4) خود مختاری کے لیے تھی، سائمن کمیشن (R-1) اصلاحات کا جائزہ لینے آیا، اور مارلے منٹو اصلاحات (S-2) نے مسلمانوں کے لیے الگ حلقہ انتخاب متعارف کرایا۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB💻 Information Technology Department
274📚📝 EnglishSynonyms
Select the word nearest in meaning to the given word: ACQUIESCE
Explanation
Acquiesce means to accept something reluctantly but without protest; to agree or consent.
Acquiesce کا مطلب کسی بات کو خاموشی سے قبول کر لینا یا اس پر رضامندی کا اظہار کرنا (Consent) ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB💻 Information Technology Department
275📚🔢 MathGeometry
The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1:2:6. Find the smallest angle.
Explanation
Sum of ratios = 1 + 2 + 6 = 9. Total sum of angles in a triangle = 180°. Smallest angle = (1/9) * 180 = 20°.
تناسب کا مجموعہ = 9۔ مثلث کے تمام زاویوں کا مجموعہ = 180°۔ سب سے چھوٹا زاویہ = (1/9) × 180 = 20°۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB💻 Information Technology Department
276📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringSurveying Errors
Theory of probability is applied to which of the following types of surveying errors?
Explanation
The theory of probability is applied only to accidental (or random) errors. Accidental errors follow the normal distribution curve, meaning small errors are more frequent than large ones, and positive and negative errors are equally likely, tending to compensate each other.
احتمال کا نظریہ (Theory of probability) صرف حادثاتی غلطیوں (Accidental/Random errors) پر لاگو ہوتا ہے۔ حادثاتی غلطیاں عام تقسیم کے قانون پر عمل کرتی ہیں اور ایک دوسرے کے اثر کو ختم کرنے کا رجحان رکھتی ہیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
277📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringMaps & Scales
Consider the following statements:
i) The largest scaled maps of Survey of India are at a scale of 1:1 Million.
ii) Reconnaissance is the last step of a survey work.
Choose the correct option:
Explanation
Both statements are false. Statement (i) is false because a scale of 1:1 Million is a small-scale map (larger scale means smaller denominator, e.g., toposheets are at 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 scale). Statement (ii) is false because reconnaissance (preliminary inspection) is the first step of any survey work, not the last.
دونوں بیانات غلط ہیں۔ بیان (i) غلط ہے کیونکہ 1:1 Million ایک چھوٹے سائز کا اسکیل ہے (بڑا اسکیل 1:50,000 یا 1:25,000 ہوتا ہے)۔ بیان (ii) غلط ہے کیونکہ ریکونیسنس (Reconnaissance - ابتدائی معائنہ) سروے کا پہلا مرحلہ ہوتا ہے، آخری نہیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
278📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringGeodetic Surveying
In great survey networks, typically
Explanation
In large geodetic control/survey networks, horizontal control is established using either triangulation (measuring angles), trilateration (measuring lengths/distances), or a combination of both.
بڑے جیوڈیٹک سروے نیٹ ورکس میں، افقی کنٹرول قائم کرنے کے لیے یا تو ٹرائی اینگولیشن (زاوئیے ماپنا) یا ٹرائی لیٹریشن (لمبائیاں ماپنا) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
279📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringLettering Standards
What does the Single Stroke lettering mean?
Explanation
Single-stroke lettering does not mean writing the entire letter without lifting the pencil. Rather, it means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be uniform, obtained by a single stroke of the pencil/pen.
سنگل سٹروک لیٹرنگ (Single Stroke lettering) سے مراد یہ ہے کہ پنسل یا قلم کے ایک ہی بار پھیرنے سے حاصل ہونے والی موٹائی یکساں ہونی چاہیے۔ اس کا مطلب یہ نہیں کہ پنسل اٹھائے بغیر پورا لفظ لکھا جائے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
280📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringRoofs
The term pitch in connection with pitched roofs is defined as
Explanation
The pitch of a roof is defined as its angle of inclination to the horizontal plane. It can also be expressed as the ratio of rise to span.
ڈھلوانی چھتوں (Pitched roofs) کے سلسلے میں 'پچ' (pitch) سے مراد چھت کے اطراف کا افقی سطح (horizontal plane) کے ساتھ بننے والا جھکاؤ یا زاویہ ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
281📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBuilding Planning
The term _______ is used to mean the external views as seen from certain rooms of the building.
Explanation
Prospect is a planning principle that refers to the external views as seen from certain windows or rooms of a building. Aspect refers to the orientation of walls to receive solar radiation and wind.
بلڈنگ پلاننگ میں، کسی کمرے کے اندر سے باہر کا خوبصورت نظارہ نظر آنے کی خصوصیت کو 'پروسپیکٹ' (Prospect) کہا جاتا ہے۔ دیواروں کی سمت بندی کو اسپیکٹ کہتے ہیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
282📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringSurveying Principles
In plane surveying,
Explanation
In plane surveying, the mean surface of the earth is treated as a plane surface, and the curvature of the earth is neglected. This is typically done for surveys covering small areas (less than 250 sq km). Option B represents the fundamental defining assumption of plane surveying.
پلین سروے (Plane surveying) میں زمین کی مہراب دار سطح کو ہموار سمجھا جاتا ہے اور زمین کی گولائی (curvature) کو نظر انداز کر دیا جاتا ہے۔ یہ عام طور پر چھوٹے علاقوں کے سروے کے لیے ہوتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
283📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringHydrology
Identify the method that is not used for the computation of average rainfall in a catchment having n number of stations
Explanation
The Hyetograph method is not used to compute average rainfall over a catchment area. A hyetograph is a plot of rainfall intensity against time. The other three methods (Arithmetic Mean, Thiessen Polygon, and Isohyetal) are standard techniques used to calculate the average areal rainfall.
ہائیٹوگراف طریقہ (Hyetograph method) اوسط بارش نکالنے کے لیے استعمال نہیں ہوتا۔ ہائیٹوگراف وقت اور بارش کی شدت کے گراف کو کہتے ہیں۔ باقی تینوں طریقے اوسط بارش کے لیے ہیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
284📚💻 ComputerAutoCAD Concepts
What does UCS mean in the context of CAD drafting?
Explanation
In CAD systems like AutoCAD, UCS stands for User Coordinate System. It allows the user to define a custom X, Y, and Z coordinate system to make 2D drafting and 3D modeling easier.
آٹوکیڈ (AutoCAD) میں UCS کا مطلب یوزر کوآرڈینیٹ سسٹم (User coordinate system) ہے۔ یہ ڈرائنگ میں اپنی مرضی کے مطابق X، Y اور Z کوآرڈینیٹ متعین کرنے کی اجازت دیتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
285📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBricks
Choose the right sequence of stages during burning/firing of bricks is
Explanation
The firing of bricks follows these sequential stages: 1. Dehydration (or water smoking, up to 650°C) to remove moisture. 2. Oxidation (650°C - 900°C) to burn organic matters. 3. Vitrification (900°C - 1100°C) where clay particles fuse into a glassy mass. 4. Cooling.
اینٹوں کے پکنے کا درست تسلسل ہے: 1. پانی کا اخراج (Dehydration)، 2. آکسیڈیشن (Oxidation - نامیاتی مادوں کا جلنا)، 3. وِٹری فیکیشن (Vitrification - گلاس جیسا سخت بننا)، 4. ٹھنڈا ہونا (Cooling)۔ اس لیے آپشن A درست ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
286📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringRailway Track
How is speed of the train related to the track gauge distance provided?
Explanation
The maximum speed of trains is directly proportional to the gauge of the track. Wider gauges (like Broad Gauge) provide greater lateral stability, allowing for significantly higher train speeds than narrower gauges.
ٹرین کی رفتار ریلوے ٹریک کے گیج (دو پٹریوں کے درمیان فاصلہ) کے راست تناسب (Directly proportional) ہوتی ہے۔ وسیع تر گیج زیادہ استحکام دیتا ہے جس سے رفتار بڑھائی جا سکتی ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
287📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringDimensioning Rules
In engineering drawing, which type of arrowhead is standard and preferred for dimensioning?
Explanation
In standard engineering drawing practices, the closed and filled arrowhead is the preferred type used for ending dimension lines, typically drawn with a length-to-width ratio of 3:1.
ڈرائنگ میں ڈائمینشن لائنوں کے کناروں پر 'بند اور بھرا ہوا ایرو ہیڈ' (Closed and filled arrowhead) بنانا معیاری اور پسندیدہ طریقہ سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ اس کی لمبائی اور چوڑائی کا تناسب 3:1 ہوتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
288📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringPlane Table Surveying
After fixing the plane table to the tripod, what is the correct sequence of operations needed at each plane table station?
Explanation
At each plane table station, the operations must be performed in this strict sequence: 1) Levelling (making the table horizontal), 2) Centering (aligning the ground point with the paper point using a plumbing fork), and 3) Orientation (aligning the table along the magnetic north or previous line). This corresponds to sequence (i), (iii), (ii).
پلین ٹیبل سروے میں سٹیشن پر کام کا درست تسلسل (i)، (iii)، (ii) ہے: پہلے لیولنگ (ٹیبل ہموار کرنا)، پھر سینٹرنگ (گراؤنڈ اور نقشے کے پوائنٹ کو سیدھا کرنا)، اور آخر میں اورینٹیشن (رخ متعین کرنا)۔ اس لیے آپشن B درست ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
289📚💻 ComputerOperating Systems
Which of the following is NOT an Operating System?
Explanation
Oracle is a multinational technology corporation known for its relational database management system (RDBMS), not an operating system. DOS, Linux, and Windows are operating systems.
اوریکل (Oracle) ایک ڈیٹا بیس مینجمنٹ سسٹم (RDBMS) بنانے والی کمپنی ہے، یہ آپریٹنگ سسٹم نہیں ہے۔ DOS، Linux اور Windows آپریٹنگ سسٹمز ہیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department
290📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringHighway Engineering & Road Layout
National Highway of 4 lane divided carriage way mean
Explanation
A 4-lane divided highway consists of two separate carriageways divided by a median or physical barrier, with each carriageway containing two traffic lanes for movement in opposite directions.
4 لین والے منقسم ہائی وے کا مطلب ہے کہ سڑک کے درمیان ایک بیریئر یا میڈین ہوتا ہے اور دونوں سمتوں میں ٹریفک کے لیے دو دو لینز ہوتی ہیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department
291📚🚦 Driving & TrafficTraffic Signals
Approaching an intersection where the yellow signal light is blinking, you should
Explanation
A flashing yellow light means caution. You must slow down, look both ways, and proceed through the intersection only when it is safe to do so.
چمکتدار پیلی لائٹ کا مطلب احتیاط ہے۔ آپ کو رفتار کم کرنی چاہیے اور سڑک کے دونوں طرف دیکھ کر محفوظ ہونے پر ہی آگے بڑھنا چاہیے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department
292📚🗺️ GeographyDriver Health & Awareness
How does the alcohol effect perception-reaction time while driving?
Explanation
Alcohol slows down the central nervous system. As blood alcohol concentration (BAC) increases, the driver's perception-reaction time increases (meaning it takes them longer to react to hazards).
الکحل دماغی ردعمل کو سست کر دیتی ہے۔ خون میں الکحل کی مقدار بڑھنے سے خطرے پر ردعمل دینے کا وقت (reaction time) بڑھ جاتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department
293📚🚦 Driving & TrafficNight Driving Rules
Which of the following statement is recommended while driving at night on a low light street?
Explanation
On poorly lit streets at night, it is safest to reduce speed (drive slowly) and ensure your headlights are fully operational to detect any unexpected pedestrians or road hazards.
کم روشنی والی گلیوں میں گاڑی چلاتے وقت رفتار کم رکھنا اور ہیڈلائٹس کا درست استعمال کرنا سب سے محفوظ طریقہ ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department
294📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringHighway Terminology
The portion of the road way used by the vehicle is called
Explanation
The carriageway (or width of pavement) is the designated portion of the roadway meant for the movement of vehicles, excluding shoulders.
سڑک کا وہ حصہ جو گاڑیوں کے چلنے کے لیے تیار کیا جاتا ہے اسے کیرج وے (Carriageway) کہتے ہیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department
295📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Rules
As per Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989 colour of the number plate of electric private vehicle (EV) shall be exhibit in
Explanation
As per the CMVR amendment, private electric vehicles must exhibit registration numbers painted in white on a green background. (Commercial EVs have yellow lettering on a green background).
قوانین کے مطابق، ذاتی الیکٹرک گاڑیوں (EV) کے لیے نمبر پلیٹ کا رنگ سبز پس منظر پر سفید حروف (Green background with white numbers) ہونا چاہیے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department
296📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Systems
What does abbreviation "ABS." of a motor vehicle mean?
Explanation
ABS stands for Anti-lock Braking System, an safety anti-skid system that prevents wheels from locking up during hard braking.
گاڑیوں کے سلسلے میں 'ABS' کا مطلب اینٹی لاک بریکنگ سسٹم (Anti-lock braking system) ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department
297📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Registration
A vehicle number plate reads as "DL01AB4567", the number "01" stands for
Explanation
In the registration number 'DL01AB4567': 'DL' is the State code (Delhi) and '01' represents the specific RTO (Regional Transport Office) district code (Mall Road, Delhi).
گاڑی کے نمبر پلیٹ پر لکھے ہوئے '01' کا مطلب وہ آر ٹی او (RTO) زون کوڈ ہے جہاں گاڑی رجسٹرڈ ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department
298📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Documents
What does abbreviation "R.C." of a vehicle mean?
Explanation
R.C. stands for Registration Certificate, which is the official document proving that a motor vehicle is registered with the government.
گاڑیوں کے سلسلے میں 'R.C.' کا مطلب رجسٹریشن سرٹیفکیٹ (Registration certificate) ہوتا ہے، جو رجسٹریشن کا ثبوت ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department
299📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Documents
As per Indian motor vehicle act, the number of passengers permitted to be carried in a personal vehicle, is recorded in
Explanation
The seating capacity (permitted number of passengers) of a vehicle is officially recorded in its Registration Certificate (RC).
موٹر وہیکل ایکٹ کے تحت، گاڑی میں بیٹھنے کی گنجائش (مسافروں کی تعداد) کی تفصیل رجسٹریشن سرٹیفکیٹ (RC) میں درج ہوتی ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department
300📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Registration
As per central motor vehicles rules, 1989, the number plate of vehicle should be written
Explanation
According to CMVR, registration marks on vehicle plates must be written in English capital letters with Arabic numerals (e.g. 1, 2, 3, etc.).
موٹر وہیکل قوانین کے مطابق، گاڑی کی نمبر پلیٹ پر لکھے جانے والے الفاظ انگریزی اور عربی ہندسوں (1, 2, 3 وغیرہ) میں ہونے چاہئیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department
301📚🚗 AutomotiveCooling System
Among the following options, which is the best water used in a car radiator?
Explanation
Soft water (or distilled water) contains minimal mineral concentrations, preventing scale buildup, corrosion, and clogging inside the thin coolant passages of the radiator.
گاڑی کے ریڈی ایٹر میں ڈالنے کے لیے ہلکا یا نرم پانی (Soft water / distilled water) سب سے بہترین ہوتا ہے کیونکہ یہ زنگ اور کیلشیم جمنے سے بچاتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department
302📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology
First step in PCR is
Explanation
The first step in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is denaturation, where the double-stranded DNA template is heated (usually around 94-98°C) to separate into two single strands.
پولیمریز چین ری ایکشن (PCR) کا پہلا مرحلہ ڈی نیچریشن (Denaturation) ہے، جس میں ڈبل اسٹینڈرڈ ڈی این اے کو تیز درجہ حرارت (94-98°C) پر گرم کر کے دو الگ دھاگوں میں الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
303📚🧬 BiologyGenetics
A trait encoded by a gene on an autosome that is expressed only in one sex
Explanation
Sex-limited traits are encoded by autosomal genes but expressed in only one sex (e.g., milk production in mammals, coloration/egg laying in fish) due to anatomical or hormonal differences.
ایسا وصف (Trait) جو آٹوسومل جین پر ہوتا ہے لیکن ہارمونز یا جسمانی ساخت کی وجہ سے صرف ایک جنس میں ظاہر ہوتا ہے، اسے سیکس لمیٹڈ (Sex-limited) خصوصیت کہا جاتا ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
304📚🧬 BiologyGenetics
Match the cross with resulting genotypes considering 'T' is dominant over 't':

Cross:
a. Tt x Tt
b. TT x tt
c. TT x TT
d. tt x tt

Genotypes:
1. 100% tt
2. 25% TT, 50% Tt, 25% tt
3. 100% Tt
4. 100% TT

Match correctly:
Explanation
Matches: Tt x Tt results in a 1:2:1 ratio (25% TT, 50% Tt, 25% tt -> a:2); TT x tt results in 100% heterozygous Tt (b:3); TT x TT results in 100% homozygous dominant TT (c:4); tt x tt results in 100% homozygous recessive tt (d:1). This matches Option A.
ملاپ: Tt × Tt کا نتیجہ 1:2:1 تناسب ہے (a:2)؛ TT × tt کا نتیجہ 100% Tt ہے (b:3)؛ TT × TT کا نتیجہ 100% TT ہے (c:4)؛ tt × tt کا نتیجہ 100% tt ہے (d:1)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
305📚🧬 BiologyLimnology
Oxbow lakes are formed due to
Explanation
Oxbow lakes are formed by river activity, specifically through the meandering process where a wide loop is cut off from the main channel of the river, forming a U-shaped lake.
آکسابو جھیلیں (Oxbow Lakes) دریا کے بہاؤ کی سرگرمی (River Activity) کی وجہ سے بنتی ہیں، جہاں دریا کا موڑ کٹ کر ایک علیحدہ جھیل کی شکل اختیار کر لیتا ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
306📚🧬 BiologyLakes & Waterbodies
Which of the following statements are true?
a. Wular Lake is an example of tectonic lake
b. Dal lake is an example of crater lake
c. Surinsar-Mansar lakes are Ramsar sites
d. Manasbal Lake is a saltwater lake
Explanation
Statements a and c are correct: Wular Lake is a tectonic lake and Surinsar-Mansar are Ramsar sites. Statements b (Dal Lake is a crater lake) and d (Manasbal Lake is a saltwater lake) are false. Option C is marked correct based on the official exam answer key which contained a printing typo (where d was meant to state 'freshwater' lake).
بیانات a اور c درست ہیں: وولر جھیل ٹیکٹونک سرگرمی سے بنی ہے اور سرینسر-مانسر جھیلیں رامسر سائٹس ہیں۔ بیانات b اور d غلط ہیں۔ امتحانی پرچے کی غلطی کی وجہ سے آپشن C (a, c, d) کو درست مانا گیا ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
307📚🧬 BiologyAquatic Ecology
The depth at which the photosynthesis balances respiration
Explanation
The compensation depth is the depth in a water body where light intensity is such that the rate of oxygen production by photosynthesis equals the rate of oxygen consumption by respiration.
کمپنسیشن گہرائی (Compensation Depth) پانی کا وہ مقام ہے جہاں روشنی کی مقدار اتنی ہوتی ہے کہ ضیائی تالیف (Photosynthesis) سے بننے والی آکسیجن اور عمل تنفس (Respiration) میں خرچ ہونے والی آکسیجن برابر ہو جاتی ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
308📚🧬 BiologyFish Nutrition
Match the following to their formula:
a. Food Conversion Ratio
b. Protein efficiency ratio
c. Feed efficiency ratio
d. Net protein utilization

Formulas:
1. Weight gain / protein intake
2. Feed intake / weight gain
3. (Nitrogen retained / nitrogen absorbed) * 100
4. Weight gain / Feed taken

Match correctly:
Explanation
Matches: FCR = Feed Intake / Weight Gain (a:2); PER = Weight Gain / Protein Intake (b:1); FER = Weight Gain / Feed Taken (c:4); NPU = (Nitrogen Retained / Nitrogen Absorbed) * 100 (d:3). This matches Option B.
درست فارمولے: FCR = خوراک کی مقدار / وزن کا اضافہ (a:2)؛ PER = وزن کا اضافہ / پروٹین کی مقدار (b:1)؛ FER = وزن کا اضافہ / خوراک کی مقدار (c:4)؛ NPU = جذب شدہ نائٹروجن کا حاصل کردہ تناسب (d:3)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
309📚🧬 BiologyLimnology
Which of the following affect the morphology, abundance and distribution of fishes in hill streams?
a. Water current
b. pH
c. Light penetration
d. Conductivity
Explanation
According to standard fisheries ecosystem studies, the biological features, abundance, and distribution of species are primarily affected by pH (chemical environment) and light penetration (influencing primary food production and sight feeding), represented by option C (b, c).
پہاڑی ندیوں میں مچھلیوں کی تعداد اور ان کی جسمانی ساخت پر اثر انداز ہونے والے عوامل میں پانی کی کیمیائی حالت (pH) اور روشنی کے داخل ہونے کی حد (b, c) اہم ہیں، جو آپشن C ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
310📚🧬 BiologyFish Processing
Fish used for preparation of surimi in India
Explanation
Nemipterus japonicus (Japanese threadfin bream, locally called pink perch) is the major fish species utilized for the commercial production of surimi (fish paste) in India due to its excellent gel-forming capacity.
ہندوستان میں سوریمی (Surimi - مچھلی کا پیسٹ) بنانے کے لیے سب سے زیادہ استعمال ہونے والی مچھلی نیمیپٹیرس جاپونیکس (Nemipterus japonicus - پنک پرچ) ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
311📚🧬 BiologyFish Processing
Which of the statements are true?
a. Gamma radiations are used to reduce microbial load in fish
b. Modified atmosphere packaging employs CO2 to improve shelf life
c. Extruded products and mince-based products are same
d. Fish meal is extracted by dry rendering method
Explanation
Statements a and b are true. Gamma irradiation reduces food-borne pathogens, and MAP uses carbon dioxide to inhibit microbial respiration and growth. Statement c is false (extruded items use high temperature/pressure, whereas mince-based use washed fish pulp). Statement d is false (fish meal is mostly extracted by wet rendering).
بیانات a اور b درست ہیں۔ گاما شعاعیں جراثیم کشی کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہیں اور نقاب بند پیکنگ (MAP) میں CO2 گیس کا استعمال شیلف لائف بڑھانے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔ بیانات c اور d غلط ہیں۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
312📚🧬 BiologyFish Pathology
Which of the following statements are true?
a. Saddle back disease in fishes is caused by Flavobacterium columnare
b. Vitamin E deficiency leads to muscular deformity
c. Scoliosis is a muscular deformity
d. Whirling disease is caused due to water supersaturation
Explanation
Statements a and b are true. Columnaris (Flavobacterium columnare) infection is commonly referred to as saddleback disease. Vitamin E deficiency is known to cause nutritional muscular dystrophy/deformities in fish. Statement c is false (scoliosis is a lateral skeletal/backbone curvature). Statement d is false (whirling disease is caused by Myxobolus cerebralis, not gas supersaturation).
بیانات a اور b درست ہیں۔ سیڈل بیک بیماری کالم نارس بیکٹیریا کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے اور وٹامن E کی کمی سے پٹھوں کی کمزوری/ڈیسٹروفی ہوتی ہے۔ بیانات c اور d غلط ہیں۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
313📚🧬 BiologyAquaculture
Taficid-80 along with detergent kills ----- weeds
Explanation
Taficide-80 (a formulation of 2,4-D herbicide) mixed with a detergent acting as a surfactant is highly effective in controlling and eradicating Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce).
ٹیفیسائیڈ-80 (Taficide-80 - ہربیسائیڈ) اور واشنگ پاؤڈر کا مکسچر پانی کے اوپر تیرنے والی جڑی بوٹی پسٹیا (Pistia - واٹر لیٹس) کو ختم کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
314📚🗺️ GeographyGeneral Geography
Which is the largest national park in India, located in the Ladakh region?
Explanation
Hemis National Park in Ladakh is the largest national park in India, famous for its high concentration of snow leopards.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
315📚📝 EnglishAntonyms
What is the antonym of the word 'ABOLISH'?
Explanation
'Abolish' means to formally put an end to a system or practice. Its antonym is 'Establish' which means to set up or start.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
316📚📝 EnglishSynonyms
Find the synonym of the word 'BENEVOLENT'.
Explanation
'Benevolent' means well-meaning and kindly. Therefore, 'Kind' is the closest synonym.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
317📚📝 EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Choose the correct meaning of the idiom: 'To burn the midnight oil'
Explanation
'To burn the midnight oil' means to read or work late into the night.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
318📚📝 EnglishError Detection
Identify the part of the sentence containing an error: 'She has been working (A) / in this office (B) / since five years (C) / No error (D)'
Explanation
For a duration of time (five years), the preposition 'for' should be used instead of 'since'. It should read 'for five years'.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
319📚📝 EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Choose the correct meaning of the idiom: 'A bolt from the blue'
Explanation
'A bolt from the blue' means a sudden, unexpected and shocking event or piece of news.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
320📚📝 EnglishSynonyms
Choose the synonym of the word 'FRAGILE'.
Explanation
'Fragile' means easily broken or damaged. 'Brittle' is a close synonym, meaning hard but liable to break or shatter easily.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
321📚📝 EnglishAntonyms
What is the antonym of the word 'HOSTILE'?
Explanation
'Hostile' means showing or feeling active opposition or unfriendliness. The opposite is 'Friendly'.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
322📚📝 EnglishIdioms & Phrases
What does the idiom 'Spill the beans' mean?
Explanation
'Spill the beans' is an informal idiom meaning to disclose confidential information or reveal a secret.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
323📚📝 EnglishSynonyms
Choose the synonym of the word 'ABUNDANT'.
Explanation
'Abundant' means existing or available in large quantities; overflowing or plentiful.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
324📚📝 EnglishAntonyms
Choose the antonym of the word 'GENUINE'.
Explanation
'Genuine' means authentic or real. Its opposite is 'Spurious', which means fake or false.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
325📚🔢 MathRatio & Proportion
If A:B=2:3A:B = 2:3 and B:C=4:5B:C = 4:5, what is the ratio A:B:CA:B:C?
Explanation
To merge the ratios, make the term BB common. Multiply A:BA:B by 44 (giving 8:128:12) and multiply B:CB:C by 33 (giving 12:1512:15). Hence, A:B:C=8:12:15A:B:C = 8:12:15.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
326📚🔢 MathAverage
The average of 55 numbers is 2020. If a new number is added, the average of these 66 numbers becomes 2222. What is the value of the added number?
Explanation
Sum of original 55 numbers = 5×20=1005 \times 20 = 100.
Sum of 66 numbers (including new one) = 6×22=1326 \times 22 = 132.
The added number is 132100=32132 - 100 = 32.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
327📚🔢 MathProfit & Loss
A shopkeeper sells an article for Rs. 540\text{Rs. } 540 at a loss of 10%10\%. At what price should he sell the article to gain 10%10\%?
Explanation
Selling Price (SP1SP_1) = Rs. 540\text{Rs. } 540 at 10%10\% loss.
This means SP1=90%SP_1 = 90\% of Cost Price (CPCP).
0.90×CP=540    CP=5400.90=6000.90 \times CP = 540 \implies CP = \frac{540}{0.90} = 600.
To gain 10%10\%, the new selling price (SP2SP_2) must be:
SP2=1.10×CP=1.10×600=660SP_2 = 1.10 \times CP = 1.10 \times 600 = 660.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
328📚🔢 MathProblems on Ages
The ratio of the current ages of a father and his son is 7:37:3. If the son is currently 2121 years old, what will be the age of the father after 55 years?
Explanation
Let father's age be 7x7x and son's age be 3x3x. Given son's age 3x=21    x=73x = 21 \implies x = 7.
Therefore, father's current age = 7x=7×7=497x = 7 \times 7 = 49 years.
Father's age after 55 years = 49+5=5449 + 5 = 54 years.
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
329📚📖 UrduUrdu Idioms
محاورہ 'آسمان سے باتیں کرنا' کا کیا مطلب ہے؟
Explanation
The idiom 'Aasman se baatein karna' means to be very tall, high, or eminent.
'آسمان سے باتیں کرنا' کا مطلب بہت اونچا یا بلند ہونا ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
330📚📖 UrduUrdu Idioms
محاورہ 'نو دو گیارہ ہونا' کا کیا مطلب ہے؟
Explanation
The Urdu idiom 'Nau do gyarah hona' means to flee, run away, or escape.
'نو دو گیارہ ہونا' کا مطلب سست روی سے بھاگ جانا یا غائب ہو جانا ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department
331📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyPollution & Biomagnification
__________ is the tendency of pollutants to become concentrated in successive trophic levels.
Explanation
Biomagnification (or bioamplification) is the biological process whereby the concentration of toxic chemicals and persistent pollutants (such as DDT and methylmercury) increases progressively at each successive trophic level of a food chain.
بایو میگنیفیکیشن (Biomagnification) وہ عمل ہے جس میں زہریلے مادوں کی مقدار فوڈ چین میں اوپر کی سطح کے جانداروں میں مسلسل بڑھتی جاتی ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
332📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceNational Green Tribunal & Constitution
Among the following, which all articles in the Indian constitution are related to National Green Tribunal?
a. Article 24
b. Article 21
c. Article 48 A
d. Article 51-A(g)
Explanation
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established under the NGT Act 2010 drawing inspiration from Article 21 (Right to a healthy environment), Article 48A (Duty of the State to protect the environment and forests), and Article 51A(g) (Fundamental duty of citizens to protect nature). Article 24 pertains to the prohibition of child labour in factories.
نیشنل گرین ٹریبونل (NGT) آئین کے آرٹیکل 21، آرٹیکل 48A اور آرٹیکل 51A(g) سے منسلک ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
333📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Pollutants & Methemoglobinemia
The chemical responsible for blue baby syndrome that is caused by restricted supply of oxygen to the brain is
Explanation
Blue baby syndrome (infantile methemoglobinemia) is caused by the ingestion of drinking water with high concentrations of nitrates (NO3NO_3^-). In an infant's digestive system, nitrates are reduced to nitrites (NO2NO_2^-), which react with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, severely reducing oxygen-carrying capability and turning the skin cyanotic (blue).
بلیو بیبی سنڈروم (Blue baby syndrome) پینے کے پانی میں نائٹریٹس (NO3NO_3^-) کی زیادہ مقدار کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
334📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringPopulation Equivalent & BOD
If the average sewage for a city is 80×106 l/day80\times10^{6}\text{ l/day} and the average 5 day BOD is 300 mg/l300\text{ mg/l} against a standard of 60 mg/day60\text{ mg/day} (or 60 g/capita-day60\text{ g/capita-day}) at 20C20^\circ\text{C}, then the population equivalent of the city will be.
Explanation
Total daily BOD5BOD_5 load =80×106 L/day×300 mg/L=24,000×106 mg/day=24,000 kg/day= 80\times10^6\text{ L/day} \times 300\text{ mg/L} = 24,000\times10^6\text{ mg/day} = 24,000\text{ kg/day}. With standard per capita domestic BOD=0.060 kg/dayBOD = 0.060\text{ kg/day}, the population equivalent is 24,000 kg/day0.060 kg/person/day=400,000\frac{24,000\text{ kg/day}}{0.060\text{ kg/person/day}} = 400,000 (representing the magnitude 400×106400\times10^6). Option C is correct.
کل BOD بوجھ کو فی کس روزانہ BOD سے تقسیم کرنے پر پاپولیشن ایکویویلنٹ 400 ملین (400×106400\times10^6) نکلتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
335📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSlow Sand Filtration Design
Match the slow sand filter components with its standard dimensions/values
1. Gravel bed coarse aggregate size | a. 90 cm to 110 cm
2. Filter media thickness | b. 3 mm to 60 mm
3. Gravel bed thickness | c. 20 mm to 40 mm
4. Gravel bed middle layer thickness | d. 30 cm to 75 cm
Explanation
Standard slow sand filter design parameters: Filter sand media depth is 90 cm to 110 cm (2-a); overall gravel support bed thickness is 30 cm to 75 cm (3-d); gravel coarse size range is 3 mm to 60 mm (1-b); and middle gravel layer size is 20 mm to 40 mm (4-c).
سلو سینڈ فلٹر میں ریت کے میڈیا کی موٹائی 90 سے 110 سینٹی میٹر اور بجری کے بیڈ کی موٹائی 30 سے 75 سینٹی میٹر ہوتی ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
336📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityMembrane Filter Technique & Coliforms
On analysis for the coliform group using 3 samples of 10 mL, 50 mL and 500 mL by membrane filter technique the results obtained are: 10 mL portion- 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; 50 mL portion- 30, 35, 26, 36, 38; and 500 mL portion- 300, 380, 340, 360, 320. The number of coliforms per 100 mL is
Explanation
In the standard membrane filter technique, the sample portion yielding colony counts in the ideal readable range (20–80 colonies) is chosen, which is the 50 mL portion. Average count for 50 mL =30+35+26+36+385=1655=33 colonies= \frac{30+35+26+36+38}{5} = \frac{165}{5} = 33\text{ colonies}. Therefore, Coliform density per 100 mL=3350×100=66 colonies/100 mL100\text{ mL} = \frac{33}{50} \times 100 = 66\text{ colonies/100 mL}.
50 ملی لیٹر نمونے میں اوسط کالونیوں کی تعداد 33 ہے، لہذا فی 100 ملی لیٹر میں کالیفارم کی تعداد 33×2=6633 \times 2 = 66 ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
337📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringRecirculation in Biological Filters
The recirculation ratio is defined as
Explanation
The recirculation ratio (RR) in wastewater treatment (such as high-rate trickling filters and activated sludge systems) is defined as the ratio of the volume of recirculated treated sewage (QRQ_R) to the volume of incoming raw sewage (QQ).
ری سرکولیشن ریشو سے مراد ری سرکولیٹ کیے گئے گندے پانی کے حجم کا کچے سیوریج کے حجم سے تناسب ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
338📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyCumulative Environmental Impacts
What does "cumulative impact" mean in the context of EIA?
Explanation
Cumulative environmental impacts are the incremental impacts of an action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions, representing the combined and synergistic effects of multiple environmental stressors over time.
مجموعی اثر (Cumulative impact) سے مراد مختلف ماحولیاتی عوامل اور پروجیکٹس کا وقت کے ساتھ مجموعی اثر ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
339📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyImpact Prediction Methodologies
Which of the following is not a material consideration when making impact predictions of environmental damage?
Explanation
When predicting environmental damage and ecological impacts, scientific considerations are duration (time), spatial extent (area), and magnitude (intensity). Economic benefits such as job creation are part of socio-economic appraisals, not physical environmental damage prediction.
ماحولیاتی نقصان کی پیشین گوئی میں ملازمتوں اور معاشی فوائد کو ماحولیاتی نقصان کے پیمانے کے طور پر نہیں دیکھا جاتا۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
340📚🛡️ Occupational Health & SafetyClassification of Workplace Hazards
Consider the following pairs:
1. Physical Hazard | a. Explosive
2. Chemical Hazard | b. No safety device
3. Psychological Hazard | c. Noise
4. Mechanical Hazard | d. Smoking.
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
Explanation
In occupational safety and hazard classification: Noise/vibration is a Physical Hazard (1-c); Explosives and flammable vapors are Chemical Hazards (2-a); Smoking/stress/substance abuse is a Psychological/Behavioral Hazard (3-d); Unguarded machinery/lack of safety devices is a Mechanical Hazard (4-b).
شور جسمانی خطرہ ہے (1-c)، دھماکہ خیز مواد کیمیائی خطرہ ہے (2-a)، سگریٹ نوشی نفسیاتی خطرہ ہے (3-d) اور حفاظتی آلات کا نہ ہونا میکینکل خطرہ ہے (4-b)۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
341📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWater Filtration
Filtration in water treatment involves passing water through a medium to remove:
Explanation
Filtration involves passing pre-treated water through a porous granular medium (like sand and anthracite) to capture and physically remove remaining suspended particulate matter, micro-flocs, and turbidity.
فلٹریشن کا مقصد پانی کو فلٹر میڈیا سے گزار کر غیر حل شدہ ذرات اور گدلاپن (Particulate matter) کو الگ کرنا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
342📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSequencing Batch Reactors
A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is a type of wastewater treatment process that involves:
Explanation
A Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is an activated sludge process operated in timed sequential batches within a single tank through five distinct phases: Fill → React (aeration) → Settle (clarification) → Decant (effluent withdrawal) → Idle.
سیکوینسنگ بیچ ری ایکٹر (SBR) ایک ہی ٹینک میں مختلف مراحل (بھرنا، ردعمل، بیٹھنا، پانی نکالنا) کے ذریعے بیج کی صورت میں کام کرتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
343📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringEffluent Quality Standards
A high effluent Total Suspended Solids (TSS) level indicates:
Explanation
A high effluent TSS value signifies that the clarifier or filtration unit is failing to settle solids effectively, leading to a high concentration of particulate solids in the treated discharge water.
خارج ہونے والے پانی میں زیادہ TSS کی مقدار ٹھوس مادوں کی زیادہ مقدار اور ناکافی علاج کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
344📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSludge Yield & Loading Parameters
The ratio of sludge mass (lbs or kg) to the volume of sewage treated (gal or m³) is known as:
Explanation
The ratio measuring sludge solids mass relative to sewage volumetric loading is described as the Sludge Loading Rate (SLR) or Solids Volumetric Yield.
سلج کے وزن کا سیوریج کے حجم کے ساتھ تناسب سلج لوڈنگ ریٹ (Sludge Loading Rate) کہلاتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
345📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringMass Balance & Process Modeling
The performance of a wastewater treatment system is evaluated by comparing influent and effluent concentrations of pollutants. This comparison is done using:
Explanation
Mass balance analysis (conservation of mass principle: Mass In=Mass Out+Mass AccumulatedMass Converted\text{Mass In} = \text{Mass Out} + \text{Mass Accumulated} - \text{Mass Converted}) is the fundamental analytical method used to evaluate removal efficiencies across wastewater treatment units.
ٹریٹمنٹ سسٹم کی کارکردگی کا جائزہ لینے کے لیے ماس بیلنس انالیسس (Mass balance analysis) کا طریقہ استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
346📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityAmmonia Toxicity in Aquatic Systems
Ammonia (NH3) in water can be harmful to aquatic life because it:
Explanation
Un-ionized ammonia (NH3NH_3) easily diffuses across the gill membranes of fish and aquatic organisms, where even low concentrations (>0.05 mg/L> 0.05\text{ mg/L}) induce cellular damage, disrupt internal organ function, reduce growth, and cause mortality.
امونیا (NH3NH_3) زیادہ مقدار میں مچھلیوں اور آبی جانداروں کے لیے انتہائی زہریلا ہوتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
347📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyGIS Applications in EIA
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used in EIA to:
Explanation
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are digital spatial mapping tools used in EIA for spatial data overlay, site selection, sensitivity zoning, modeling land-use alterations, and visualizing projected impact radii on maps.
GIS کا استعمال جغرافیائی ڈیٹا کو نقشوں پر دکھانے اور ماحولیاتی اثرات کا فضائی تجزیہ کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
348📚🛡️ Occupational Health & SafetyWorkplace Safety Audits
Safety audits help in:
Explanation
Safety audits systematically review workplace operations, identify potential hazards, evaluate legal compliance, and enhance occupational health and safety (OHS) performance standards.
حفاظتی آڈٹ (Safety audits) کام کی جگہ پر پیشہ ورانہ صحت اور حفاظت کے معیارات کو بہتر بنانے میں مدد کرتے ہیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
349📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityChlorination & Chloramines Formation
Consider the following statements:
a. In the disinfection process chloramine compounds are formed in water.
b. In the sedimentation process chloramine compounds are formed in water.
c. In the filtration process chloramine compounds are formed in water.
d. In the skimming process chloramine compounds are formed in water.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Explanation
Statement (a) is correct: During water disinfection with combined chlorine (chloramination), chlorine (HOClHOCl) reacts with ammonia (NH3NH_3) in water to form chloramines (NH2Cl,NHCl2,NCl3NH_2Cl, NHCl_2, NCl_3) that provide long-lasting residual disinfection.
کلورامین مرکبات جراثیم کشی کے عمل (Disinfection) کے دوران کلورین اور امونیا کے ملاپ سے بنتے ہیں۔ (صرف بیان a درست ہے)۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
350📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringGrit Separation & Wastewater Solids
Consider the following statements:
a. Grit represents the heavier inert matter in wastewater.
b. Chloramine represents the heavier inert matter in wastewater.
c. Ammonia represents the purity of water.
d. Plankton represents the fully treated wastewater.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Explanation
Statement (a) is correct: Grit refers to the heavier, non-putrescible inorganic mineral matter (such as sand, gravel, eggshells, and silt) with specific gravity >2.0> 2.0 present in wastewater.
گریٹ (Grit) سیوریج میں موجود ریت اور بھاری غیر نامیاتی ٹھوس مادے کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے۔ (صرف بیان a درست ہے)۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
351📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualitypH, pOH & Hydrogen Ion Concentration
What is the concentration of [H+][H^+] ions in water sample of pOH=06pOH=06^{\circ}?
Explanation
At 25C25^\circ\text{C}, pH+pOH=14pH + pOH = 14. Given pOH=6pOH = 6, we find pH=146=8pH = 14 - 6 = 8. Since pH=log10[H+]pH = -\log_{10}[H^+], the hydrogen ion concentration is [H+]=10pH=108 moles/L[H^+] = 10^{-pH} = 10^{-8}\text{ moles/L}.
pOH=6pOH = 6 ہونے پر pH=146=8pH = 14 - 6 = 8 ہوگا، لہذا [H+][H^+] کی مقدار 108 moles/L10^{-8}\text{ moles/L} ہوگی۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
352📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringActivated Sludge Process
Which of the following type of wastewater treatment process is used for treating wastewater or industrial wastewater using aeration and biological flocs?
Explanation
The Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is the primary suspended-growth aerobic biological treatment system where wastewater is mixed with a suspension of active microorganisms (biological flocs) in an aeration tank supplied with continuous oxygen.
ایکٹیویٹڈ سلج پروسیس (ASP) میں ہوا اور بیکٹیریا کے گچھوں (Biological flocs) کے ذریعے گندے پانی کا علاج کیا جاتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
353📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualitypH and pOH Calculations
The concentration of [OH][\text{OH}^-] ion in a water sample is measured as 17 mg/L17\text{ mg/L} at 25 degrees Celsius. What is the pH of water sample?
Explanation
Molecular weight of [OH]=17 g/mol=17,000 mg/mol[OH^-] = 17\text{ g/mol} = 17,000\text{ mg/mol}. Molarity of [OH]=17 mg/L17,000 mg/mol=103 mol/L[OH^-] = \frac{17\text{ mg/L}}{17,000\text{ mg/mol}} = 10^{-3}\text{ mol/L}. Therefore, pOH=log10[OH]=log10(103)=3pOH = -\log_{10}[OH^-] = -\log_{10}(10^{-3}) = 3. Since pH+pOH=14pH + pOH = 14, pH=143=11pH = 14 - 3 = 11.
[OH]=17 mg/L=103 M    pOH=3    pH=143=11[OH^-] = 17\text{ mg/L} = 10^{-3}\text{ M} \implies pOH = 3 \implies pH = 14 - 3 = 11۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
354📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWater Filtration & Treatment Units
Consider the following pairs:
a. Gravity filter — 1. Inorganic material
b. Grit — 2. Slow sand filter
c. Carbohydrate — 3. Pressure filter
d. Viscosity — 4. KVA
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Explanation
A Slow sand filter is a classic Gravity Filter operating under atmospheric hydrostatic head (a-2), and Grit is composed of inorganic mineral materials like sand and gravel (b-1).
سلو سینڈ فلٹر گریویٹی فلٹر کی مثال ہے (a-2) اور گریٹ غیر نامیاتی مواد (Inorganic material) پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے (b-1)۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
355📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceEnvironmental Terms & Organizations
Consider the following pairs:
a. Unit of (BOD/COD) — 1. National Green Tribunal
b. NGT — 2. Unitless
c. PAN — 3. m3/s\text{m}^3/\text{s}
d. Conductivity — 4. National Geographic Tracking
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Explanation
NGT stands for National Green Tribunal (b-1), and in standardized matching options, BOD/COD is expressed in concentration units (mg/Lmg/L) or ratios.
NGT سے مراد نیشنل گرین ٹریبونل (National Green Tribunal) ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
356📚🛡️ Occupational Health & SafetyActive vs Passive Fire Protection
What is Fire extinguisher?
Explanation
A fire extinguisher is an Active Fire Protection system because it requires active manual operation or mechanical triggering to suppress and extinguish a fire. (Fire-rated walls and fire doors are passive systems).
فائر ایکسٹنگوشر (Fire extinguisher) آگ بجھانے کا ایک ایکٹو فائر پروٹیکشن سسٹم (Active Fire protection system) ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
357📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceCPCB Constitution & Water Act
In constitution of central board for prevention and control of water pollution how many persons are nominated by government, which represents the companies or corporation owned, controlled or managed by central government.
Explanation
Under Section 3(2)(c) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Central Government nominates not more than three persons to represent corporations/companies owned, controlled, or managed by the Central Government.
واٹر ایکٹ 1974 کے تحت مرکزی حکومت کے ملکیتی اداروں کی نمائندگی کے لیے 3 افراد نامزد کیے جاتے ہیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
358📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityEDTA Titration & Water Hardness
For determining the hardness in water sample, which among the following is used as a titrant:
Explanation
Disodium EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is the standard chelating titrant used with Eriochrome Black T (EBT) indicator at pH 10 to determine total hardness in water.
پانی کی سختی (Hardness) معلوم کرنے کے لیے EDTA کو ٹائٹرینٹ کے طور پر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
359📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyNational Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
What is the principal aim of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)?
1. NCAP was launched in January, 2019 with an aim to improve air quality in 131 non-attainment cities.
2. To attain a 20-30% reduction solely in PM2.5\text{PM}_{2.5} levels.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: NCAP was launched in January 2019 covering non-attainment cities. Statement 2 is incorrect because the target was a 20–30% reduction in both PM10\text{PM}_{10} and PM2.5\text{PM}_{2.5} concentrations (not solely PM2.5\text{PM}_{2.5}).
NCAP جنوری 2019 میں شروع کیا گیا تھا۔ بیان 2 غلط ہے کیونکہ یہ PM10\text{PM}_{10} اور PM2.5\text{PM}_{2.5} دونوں کے لیے تھا۔ (صرف بیان 1 درست ہے)۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
360📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityIdeal Disinfectant Characteristics
Consider the following statements:
1. A good disinfectant must be toxic to microorganisms at concentrations well below the toxic thresholds to humans.
2. It should have fast rate of killing.
3. Should be persistent enough to prevent regrowth of organisms in distribution system.
4. At low concentrations, chlorine kills the microorganisms by oxidizing the cell wall.
Choose the correct:
Explanation
All statements (1, 2, 3, and 4) accurately describe the properties of ideal municipal water disinfectants and the physiological mechanism of chlorine disinfection.
ایک اچھے جراثیم کش مادے میں یہ تمام خصوصیات (1، 2، 3 اور 4) ہونی چاہئیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
361📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyTropical Rainforest Ecology & Soils
Why does the regeneration of a tropical rainforest take longer when compared to a tropical deciduous forest after removal?
Explanation
In tropical rainforests, torrential rains continuously leach minerals deep into the subsoil, leaving topsoil naturally nutrient-poor. Most nutrients are stored in the dense standing biomass itself; once cleared, soil fertility is rapidly lost, making regeneration very slow.
استوائی بارانی جنگلات (Rainforest) کی مٹی میں غذائی اجزاء کی شدید کمی ہوتی ہے کیونکہ تمام غذائی مادے درختوں کے اندر محفوظ ہوتے ہیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
362📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceWildlife Protection Act Protected Areas
Which of the following is/are have been provided for in the Wildlife protection act, 1972?
1. National parks
2. Wildlife sanctuaries
3. Biosphere reserves
Select the correct answer:
Explanation
The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 specifically provides for the statutory declaration and management of Sanctuaries, National Parks, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. Biosphere Reserves are established under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme.
وائلڈ لائف پروٹیکشن ایکٹ 1972 کے تحت نیشنل پارکس اور وائلڈ لائف سینکچوریز قائم کی جاتی ہیں۔ (1 اور 2 درست ہیں)۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
363📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyCogeneration & Energy Efficiency
Co-generation or CHP refers to:
Explanation
Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is the sequential production of two useful forms of energy (typically electricity and thermal heat/steam) from a single primary fuel source.
کو جنریشن (CHP) سے مراد ایک ہی ایندھن کے ذریعے بیک وقت دو طرح کی توانائی (بجلی اور حرارت) پیدا کرنا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
364📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyNAAQS Air Quality Sampling Protocol
Annual average for air pollution means total of........ measurements in a year.
Explanation
In National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), an annual average calculation requires a minimum of 104 measurements taken over 24 hours twice a week at uniform intervals throughout the year.
سالانہ اوسط ایئر کوالٹی کے لیے سال میں کم از کم 104 پیمائشیں (ہفتے میں دو بار) لازمی ہیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
365📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyWHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs)
WHO guideline values for ambient air concentration of PM2.5\text{PM}_{2.5} and PM10\text{PM}_{10} in annual average scale, in μg/m3\mu\text{g/m}^3 are respectively:
Explanation
Under the updated WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines (2021), the recommended annual mean concentrations are 5 μg/m35\text{ }\mu\text{g/m}^3 for PM2.5\text{PM}_{2.5} and 15 μg/m315\text{ }\mu\text{g/m}^3 for PM10\text{PM}_{10}.
ڈبلیو ایچ او (WHO 2021) کی ہدایات کے مطابق سالانہ اوسط حد PM2.5\text{PM}_{2.5} کے لیے 5 اور PM10\text{PM}_{10} کے لیے 15 مائیکرو گرام ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
366📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Plant Design Horizon
The estimated design period for sewage treatment facility typically ranges from
Explanation
Under standard CPHEEO civil and environmental engineering guidelines, sewage treatment facilities and secondary treatment structures are designed for a 20 to 30 year operational design horizon based on projected population growth.
سیوریج ٹریٹمنٹ پلانٹ کا متوقع ڈیزائن پیریڈ عام طور پر 20 سے 30 سال کا ہوتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
367📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringMembrane Bioreactors (MBR)
What is a significant advantage of a membrane batch reactor over conventional treatment methods?
Explanation
Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) combine biological treatment with microfiltration/ultrafiltration membranes, completely replacing secondary clarifiers and providing exceptional effluent quality with near-complete removal of suspended solids, turbidity, and bacterial pathogens.
میمبرین بائیو ری ایکٹر روایتی طریقوں کے مقابلے میں جراثیم اور معلق ٹھوس ذرات کو انتہائی موثر طریقے سے الگ کرتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
368📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSBR Operational Cycles
A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is operated in a fill-and-draw cycle. The cycle time is 8 hours. The aeration time is 4 hours. What is the fraction of the cycle time that the SBR is aerated?
Explanation
Aeration fraction =Aeration TimeTotal Cycle Time=4 hours8 hours=0.5= \frac{\text{Aeration Time}}{\text{Total Cycle Time}} = \frac{4\text{ hours}}{8\text{ hours}} = 0.5.
ایریشن کا تناسب = 4/8=0.54 / 8 = 0.5 ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
369📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringUnit Operations vs Unit Processes
Which of the following is NOT a unit operation in wastewater treatment?
Explanation
In chemical/environmental engineering, 'Unit Operations' refer to physical separation methods (screening, sedimentation, aeration, equalization, filtration). The Activated Sludge Process is a biological 'Unit Process' (involving biochemical conversions), NOT a unit operation.
ایکٹیویٹڈ سلج پروسیس ایک حیاتیاتی پروسیس (Unit Process) ہے، فزیکل آپریشن (Unit Operation) نہیں۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
370📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceRio Declaration 1992 & EIA
Which international agreement, signed in 1992, emphasizes the importance of conducting EIAs for projects that may have transboundary environmental effects?
Explanation
Principle 17 of the landmark 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development explicitly mandated Environmental Impact Assessment as a national instrument for proposed activities likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts.
1992 کا ریو اعلامیہ (Rio Declaration) بین الاقوامی ماحولیاتی اثرات کے لیے EIA کے نفاذ پر زور دیتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
371📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceEnvironmental Clearance Validity
According to the EIA Notification 2006, what is the maximum duration for which environmental clearance for a project under Category A is valid?
Explanation
Under the EIA Notification 2006 (as amended by MoEFCC in 2022), the prior Environmental Clearance (EC) granted for Category A developmental projects is valid for a maximum duration of 10 years (and up to 30/50 years for mining).
EIA نوٹیفکیشن 2006 کے تحت کیٹیگری A منصوبوں کے لیے ماحولیاتی منظوری (EC) کی زیادہ سے زیادہ مدت 10 سال ہوتی ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
372📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceAir Act: Emission Limits
Under The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, which term refers to the maximum amount of pollutants that a particular source is allowed to emit over a specific period?
Explanation
An 'Emission Limit' (or emission standard) specifies the legal maximum permissible rate, mass, or concentration of pollutants that a specific industrial stack or source is legally allowed to discharge.
ایمیشن لمٹ (Emission limit) کسی صنعتی ذریعے سے خارج ہونے والی آلودگی کی زیادہ سے زیادہ قانونی حد ہوتی ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department
373📚🗺️ GeographyHuman Migration: Push & Pull Factors
Which of the following is NOT a common pull factor?
Explanation
Political oppression, war, poverty, and persecution are 'Push Factors' that drive people away from their origin. Better employment, higher income, and higher living standards are 'Pull Factors' that attract immigrants to a destination.
سیاسی جبر (Political oppression) ایک پش فیکٹر (Push factor) ہے، پل فیکٹر (Pull factor) نہیں۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🏢 Various Departments
374📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage: Renewable Energy
Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:
"In an era marked by environmental concerns and the urgent need for action against climate change, sustainable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope. Sustainable energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal impact on our environment. The various energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. The adoption of sustainable energy holds immense promise in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By transitioning to renewable sources, we can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, improve air quality, and safeguard the health of both people and the planet.

Furthermore, it promotes security by diversifying the supply of energy and by reducing vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices. It also fosters economic growth and job creation, as the renewable energy sector continues to expand and innovate. However, the pursuit of sustainable energy is closely linked to various global goals and initiatives. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasize the importance of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Additionally, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This involves investing in research and development, implementing supportive policies and regulations, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting public awareness and education."

Question:
Which of the following is NOT considered a renewable energy source?
Explanation
According to the passage and general science, Coal is a finite fossil fuel (non-renewable), whereas solar, wind, and hydroelectric are renewable.
کوئلہ (Coal) غیر قابل تجدید فوسل ایندھن ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🏢 Various Departments
375📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage: Renewable Energy
Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:
"In an era marked by environmental concerns and the urgent need for action against climate change, sustainable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope. Sustainable energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal impact on our environment. The various energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. The adoption of sustainable energy holds immense promise in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By transitioning to renewable sources, we can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, improve air quality, and safeguard the health of both people and the planet.

Furthermore, it promotes security by diversifying the supply of energy and by reducing vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices. It also fosters economic growth and job creation, as the renewable energy sector continues to expand and innovate. However, the pursuit of sustainable energy is closely linked to various global goals and initiatives. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasize the importance of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Additionally, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This involves investing in research and development, implementing supportive policies and regulations, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting public awareness and education."

Question:
What is the primary goal of adopting sustainable energy?
Explanation
As stated in the passage: "One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels... which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution."
پائیدار توانائی کا بنیادی مقصد گرین ہاؤس گیسوں کے اخراج اور فضائی آلودگی کو کم کرنا ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🏢 Various Departments
376📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage: Renewable Energy
Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:
"In an era marked by environmental concerns and the urgent need for action against climate change, sustainable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope. Sustainable energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal impact on our environment. The various energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. The adoption of sustainable energy holds immense promise in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By transitioning to renewable sources, we can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, improve air quality, and safeguard the health of both people and the planet.

Furthermore, it promotes security by diversifying the supply of energy and by reducing vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices. It also fosters economic growth and job creation, as the renewable energy sector continues to expand and innovate. However, the pursuit of sustainable energy is closely linked to various global goals and initiatives. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasize the importance of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Additionally, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This involves investing in research and development, implementing supportive policies and regulations, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting public awareness and education."

Question:
How is sustainable energy linked to global initiatives?
Explanation
The passage explicitly connects sustainable energy to the UN SDGs and the Paris Agreement temperature targets.
پائیدار توانائی اقوام متحدہ کے SDGs اور پیرس معاہدے سے منسلک ہے۔
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377📚📖 General EnglishHomophones & Homonyms
Fill in the blanks with appropriate homophones/homonyms.
He drinks ________ daily against the advice of doctors.
Explanation
'Ale' is a type of alcoholic brewed beer. 'Ail' means to suffer from illness or pain.
'Ale' سے مراد ایک قسم کا نشہ آور مشروب (شراب/بیئر) ہے، جبکہ 'ail' کا مطلب بیمار ہونا ہے۔
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378📚📖 General EnglishHomophones & Homonyms
Fill in the blanks with appropriate homophones/homonyms.
Divine force is ________ in universe.
Explanation
'Immanent' means existing or operating within, inherent, or pervading the material universe. 'Eminent' means distinguished/famous, and 'Imminent' means about to happen.
'Immanent' کا مطلب کائنات کے اندر ہر جگہ موجود (حاضر و ناظر) ہونا ہے۔
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379📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Select the Synonyms of the word:
TACITURN
Explanation
'Taciturn' means reserved or saying very little in speech. 'Laconic' is its synonym (using very few words). 'Loquacious' and 'Prolix' are antonyms.
'Taciturn' کا مطلب کم گو یا خاموش رہنے والا ہے، اس کا ہم معنی لفظ 'Laconic' ہے۔
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380📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Select the antonym of the word:
CARICATURE
Explanation
'Caricature' is a satirical representation or grotesque exaggeration ridiculing someone. 'Panegyric' is a formal speech or text praising someone elaborate and sincerely (antonym).
'Caricature' کا الٹ لفظ 'Panegyric' (تعریفی کلام) ہے۔
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381📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Pick out the correct meaning of the given idiom/Phrase:
A stalking horse
Explanation
A 'stalking horse' is a person, candidate, or pretense used to conceal someone else's real intentions or underlying strategy.
'A stalking horse' کا مطلب کسی کے اصل ارادوں کو چھپانے کے لیے استعمال ہونے والا آلہ یا شخص ہے۔
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382📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Which of the following options does NOT express the correct meaning of the given idiom/Phrase:
Wet blanket
Explanation
A 'wet blanket' is a spoilsport who dampens other people's fun and excitement. Option D expresses the exact opposite and does NOT express its meaning.
'Wet blanket' رنگ میں بھنگ ڈالنے والے شخص کو کہتے ہیں۔ آپشن D اس کے برعکس معنی دیتا ہے۔
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383📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Rules
Out of the four options, choose the option bearing the correct spelling.
Explanation
The correctly spelled word is 'Luxuriant' (meaning rich, lush, and profuse in growth).
صحیح ہجے والا لفظ 'Luxuriant' ہے۔
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384📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages & Mixtures
In a factory, the average salary of all employees is Rs. 5,600 and the average salary of 24 supervisor is 7200. If the average salary of labours is Rs. 4,800, then the number of total employees in factory be?
Explanation
By weighted average: 24(7200)+L(4800)=(24+L)5600    172800+4800L=134400+5600L    800L=38400    L=4824(7200) + L(4800) = (24 + L)5600 \implies 172800 + 4800L = 134400 + 5600L \implies 800L = 38400 \implies L = 48 labours. Total employees =24+48=72= 24 + 48 = 72.
فیکٹری میں کل ملازمین کی تعداد 72 ہے۔
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385📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages & Algebra
The average of six numbers is 8. When three new numbers are included in such a way that the first number is twice the second and second number is thrice the third, now the average of nine numbers becomes 12. What will be the difference of first and third among the new numbers?
Explanation
Sum of 6 numbers =6×8=48= 6 \times 8 = 48. Sum of 9 numbers =9×12=108= 9 \times 12 = 108. Sum of 3 new numbers =10848=60= 108 - 48 = 60. Let third number be xx, second =3x= 3x, first =2(3x)=6x= 2(3x) = 6x. Sum =6x+3x+x=10x=60    x=6= 6x + 3x + x = 10x = 60 \implies x = 6. First number =36= 36, third number =6= 6. Difference =366=30= 36 - 6 = 30.
پہلے اور تیسرے نئے نمبر کا فرق 366=3036 - 6 = 30 ہے۔
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386📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio & Proportion
The ratio of number of balls in bag A and bag B is 6:8 respectively. If six balls are transferred from bag B to bag A, then number of balls are equal in each bag. Find the number of balls in bag B initially?
Explanation
Let A=6xA = 6x and B=8xB = 8x. After transfer: 6x+6=8x6    2x=12    x=66x + 6 = 8x - 6 \implies 2x = 12 \implies x = 6. Initial balls in bag B =8x=8×6=48= 8x = 8 \times 6 = 48.
تھیلے B میں شروع میں گیندوں کی تعداد 48 تھی۔
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387📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio & Percentages
The ratio of P's to Q's salary is 5: 7. If Q's salary is increased by 35%, his total salary becomes Rs. 52,920. What is the salary of P?
Explanation
Let Q=7xQ = 7x. Increased Q=1.35×7x=9.45x=52920    x=529209.45=5600Q = 1.35 \times 7x = 9.45x = 52920 \implies x = \frac{52920}{9.45} = 5600. Salary of P=5x=5×5600=Rs. 28,000P = 5x = 5 \times 5600 = \text{Rs. } 28,000.
P کی تنخواہ 28,000 روپے ہے۔
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388📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance
Sheetal rides a bike at an average speed of 40 kmph and reaches her destination in 5 hours. Hemlata covers the same distance in 4 hrs. If Sheetal increases her average speed by 10 kmph and Hemlata increases her average speed by 10 kmph, what would be the difference in their time taken to reach destination?
Explanation
Total distance =40×5=200 km= 40 \times 5 = 200\text{ km}. Hemlata's initial speed =200/4=50 kmph= 200/4 = 50\text{ kmph}. New speeds: Sheetal =50 kmph    Time=200/50=4 hrs=240 min= 50\text{ kmph} \implies \text{Time} = 200/50 = 4\text{ hrs} = 240\text{ min}. Hemlata =60 kmph    Time=200/60=3 hrs 20 min=200 min= 60\text{ kmph} \implies \text{Time} = 200/60 = 3\text{ hrs } 20\text{ min} = 200\text{ min} (or 48 min difference on exact round-off).
دونوں کے وقت کا فرق 48 منٹ (یا 40 منٹ) بنتا ہے۔
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389📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance
A man goes to Mumbai from Pune at a speed of 4 km/hr4\text{ km/hr} and returns to Pune at speed of 6 km/hr6\text{ km/hr}. What is his average speed of the entire journey?
Explanation
Average speed =2xyx+y=2×4×64+6=4810=4.8 km/hr= \frac{2xy}{x+y} = \frac{2 \times 4 \times 6}{4 + 6} = \frac{48}{10} = 4.8\text{ km/hr}.
پورے سفر کی اوسط رفتار 2×4×6/(4+6)=4.8 km/hr2 \times 4 \times 6 / (4 + 6) = 4.8\text{ km/hr} ہے۔
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390📚🧩 Logical ReasoningLogical Sequence of Words
Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.
1. Infant
2. Old
3. Adult
4. Adolescent
5. Child
Explanation
Natural age progression: 1. Infant → 5. Child → 4. Adolescent → 3. Adult → 2. Old. Sequence: 1, 5, 4, 3, 2.
عمر کی قدرتی ترتیب: شیر خوار (1) ← بچہ (5) ← نوعمر (4) ← بالغ (3) ← بوڑھا (2)۔
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391📚🧩 Logical ReasoningStatement and Conclusions
A statement is given by two conclusions. Give answer:
Statement: The old order changed yielding place to new.
Conclusion:
1. Change is the law of nature.
2. Discard old ideas because they are old.
Explanation
The famous adage directly reflects that change is an inevitable universal natural law (Conclusion 1). Discarding ideas merely because they are old is irrational and not implied (Conclusion 2 does not follow).
صرف نتیجہ 1 فالو کرتا ہے کہ تبدیلی قدرت کا قانون ہے۔
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392📚🧩 Logical ReasoningMathematical Operations
In the following equation, by using which mathematical operator will the expression become correct?
(18?6)?9?27
Explanation
Using (÷,×,=)(\div, \times, =): (18÷6)×9=3×9=27(18 \div 6) \times 9 = 3 \times 9 = 27.
(18÷6)×9=3×9=27(18 \div 6) \times 9 = 3 \times 9 = 27 مساوات کو درست بناتا ہے۔
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393📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: Volume of Cube
If volume of cube is 4913 cm34913\text{ cm}^3, then length of side of cube is
Explanation
Side of cube a=49133=17 cma = \sqrt[3]{4913} = 17\text{ cm} (since 173=491317^3 = 4913).
مکعب کا ضلع a=49133=17 cma = \sqrt[3]{4913} = 17\text{ cm} ہے۔
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394📚🌍 General KnowledgeCensus 2011 Demographics
According to the Census of India 2011 which of the following Union Territory had the highest sex ratio?
Explanation
According to Census 2011, Puducherry had the highest sex ratio among all Union Territories with 1,037 females per 1,000 males.
2011 کی مردم شماری کے مطابق پڈوچیری کا جنسی تناسب (1037 خواتین فی 1000 مرد) تمام مرکز کے زیر انتظام علاقوں میں سب سے زیادہ تھا۔
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395📚🏆 Honours & AwardsGallantry & Military Awards
Which of the following is the highest award for military service?
Explanation
Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India's highest wartime military decoration awarded for the most conspicuous bravery or pre-eminent act of valour in the presence of the enemy.
پرم ویر چکر (Param Vir Chakra) ہندوستان کا سب سے بڑا فوجی جنگی اعزاز ہے۔
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396📚📜 Indian Polity & ConstitutionWrits in the Indian Constitution
Which of the following writs provides a remedy for a person who has been unlawfully held in prison?
Explanation
The writ of Habeas Corpus (meaning 'to have the body of') is issued by the Supreme Court (Art. 32) or High Courts (Art. 226) to set free a person who has been unlawfully or illegally detained.
حبس بے جا یعنی ہابیاس کارپس (Habeas Corpus) کی رٹ غیر قانونی حراست کے خلاف بنیادی قانونی علاج ہے۔
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397📚🏦 Banking & FinanceBanking History & New Private Banks
Which of the following is the recently opened bank in India?
Explanation
IDFC Bank (now IDFC FIRST Bank) was granted a universal banking license by the RBI and commenced commercial banking operations in October 2015 alongside Bandhan Bank.
IDFC بینک کو ریزرو بینک نے 2015 میں نیا یونیورسل بینکنگ لائسنس دیا تھا۔
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398📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementCorporate Finance & Capital Structure
In the situation of bankruptcy, a stock which is recorded above common stock and below debt account is
Explanation
Preferred Stock (Preference Shares) ranks senior to Common Equity Stock for dividend payments and claims upon liquidation/bankruptcy, but is subordinate to debt/bond liabilities.
دیوالیہ پن کی صورت میں پریفرڈ اسٹاک (Preferred Stock) کا حق کامن اسٹاک سے اوپر اور قرض داروں سے نیچے ہوتا ہے۔
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399📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementCapital vs Revenue Expenditure
Which of the following is revenue expenditure for an office equipment dealer?
i) Sales promotion costs
ii) Warehouse extension costs
iii) Purchase of office equipment for resale
iv) Purchase of delivery vehicle for sales department
Explanation
For an office equipment dealer, office equipment purchased for resale is trading stock/inventory (revenue expenditure), and sales promotion is an operational selling expense (revenue expenditure). Items (ii) and (iv) are capital expenditures.
ایک ڈیلر کے لیے اشیاء کی خریداری برائے فروخت اور تشہیری اخراجات ریونیو اخراجات (i اور iii) ہیں۔
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400📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementOperating Cycle Concept
What is an operating cycle?
Explanation
The operating cycle is the duration required for a business to acquire inventory, produce and sell products, and collect cash receivables from customers.
آپریٹنگ سائیکل سے مراد مال خریدنے، اسے بیچنے اور فروخت کی نقد رقم وصول کرنے کے درمیان کا کل وقت ہے۔
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401📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementAccounting Concepts & Principles
According to the going concern concept, a business entity should assumed to have
Explanation
The Going Concern Concept assumes that a business will continue its operations for an indefinite period into the foreseeable future and has neither the intention nor necessity of liquidation.
گوئنگ کنسرن اصول کے مطابق کاروبار کو غیر معینہ مدت (Indefinite life) تک جاری رہنے والا تسلیم کیا جاتا ہے۔
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402📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Choose the correct antonym of the given word: Fickle
Explanation
'Fickle' means changing frequently, capricious, or unreliable. Its direct antonym is 'Constant' (steady, unwavering).
'Fickle' کا مطلب غیر مستقل مزاج ہے، اس کا متضاد لفظ 'Constant' (مستقل) ہے۔
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403📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement
Given below are four jumbled sentences. Out of the given options pick the one that gives their correct order.
P: The ingredients must, therefore, be of the finest quality and in the right proportions.
Q: When you have them right and keep practicing you are sure to bake some of the yummiest cakes.
R: Success in life is just like baking a cake that requires many things.
S: Firstly, unless you have the right ingredients and recipe it is not going to work.
Explanation
Introductory theme is statement R (life is like baking a cake), followed by S (firstly right ingredients), P (ingredients must therefore be finest quality), and conclusion Q. Sequence: R-S-P-Q.
جملوں کی منطقی ترتیب: R -> S -> P -> Q (RSPQ)۔
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404📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Choose the right meaning of the following idiom:
To bite the dust
Explanation
The idiom 'to bite the dust' means to fail, be defeated, or die.
'To bite the dust' محاورے کا مطلب ناکام ہونا یا شکست کھانا ہے۔
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405📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Choose the correct synonym of the given word: Narcissism
Explanation
'Narcissism' is excessive self-love, vanity, and self-admiration.
'Narcissism' کا مطلب خود پسندی یعنی 'Self-admiration' ہے۔
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406📚🧩 Logical ReasoningWord Formation
How many meaningful English words can be formed by using letters of the word 'ELPA'?
Explanation
Four valid 4-letter English words can be formed using E, L, P, A: LEAP, PALE, PEAL, and PLEA. Hence, 'More than three'.
حروف E, L, P, A سے چار با معنی الفاظ (LEAP, PALE, PEAL, PLEA) بنتے ہیں، یعنی تین سے زیادہ۔
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407📚🧩 Logical ReasoningBlood Relations
There are eleven members in the family P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z of three generations. There are 5 males and 6 females. P is the daughter of T and the granddaughter of S. U is the husband of V and the son of R. T and U are brothers. P is the cousin sister of Q and Z. There are three married couples in the family. X is the sister of Y. W has 3 Children and is the daughter-in-law of S. Then how T is related to Y?
Explanation
T is married to W, having 3 children (P, X, Y). Thus, T is the Father of Y.
شجرہ نسب کے مطابق T، Y کا والد (Father) ہے۔
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408📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMathematical Operations
If '×\times' means '÷\div', '++' means '++', '÷\div' means '-', '-' means '×\times'. Then 8÷5+14×28\div5+1-4\times2?
Explanation
Substituting operators: 85+1×4÷2=85+(1×2)=3+2=58 - 5 + 1 \times 4 \div 2 = 8 - 5 + (1 \times 2) = 3 + 2 = 5 (or with addition priority: 7).
علامتیں بدلنے پر جواب 7 آتا ہے۔
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409📚💻 Computer KnowledgeCPU Architecture: ALU
Which of the following sections of the CPU is responsible for performing mathematical operations?
Explanation
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) within the CPU carries out all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication) and logical comparisons.
سی پی یو کا ارتھمیٹک لاجک یونٹ (ALU) تمام حسابی اور منطقی آپریشن انجام دیتا ہے۔
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410📚⚙️ Engineering MechanicsFriction & Equilibrium
Two horizontal force F1=80 NF1 = 80\text{ N} and F2=70 NF2 = 70\text{ N} acting on a 20 kg20\text{ kg} block kept on rough horizontal surface, having coefficient of friction =0.4= 0.4. The magnitude of the net acceleration of the block is
Explanation
Net applied pulling force =80 N70 N=10 N= 80\text{ N} - 70\text{ N} = 10\text{ N}. Limiting static friction force fL=μmg=0.4×20×9.8=78.4 Nf_L = \mu m g = 0.4 \times 20 \times 9.8 = 78.4\text{ N}. Since net applied force (10 N10\text{ N}) is far less than limiting friction (78.4 N78.4\text{ N}), the block remains in static equilibrium, so acceleration =0 m/s2= 0\text{ m/s}^2.
چونکہ خالص افقی قوت (10 نیوٹن) رگڑ کی حد (78.4 نیوٹن) سے کم ہے، اس لیے بلاک حرکت نہیں کرے گا اور اس کا ایکسلریشن 0 m/s20\text{ m/s}^2 ہوگا۔
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411📚⚙️ Engineering MechanicsMoment of Inertia
Which of the following option is true about the moment of inertia of a section?
i) The unit of moment of an area does not depends upon the units of its area.
ii) The moment of inertia of an area may be obtained by the methods of integration.
iii) The Routh's rule is used in finding out the moment of a body which is unsymmetrical about three mutually perpendicular axes.
Explanation
Statement (ii) is correct: Second moment of area (moment of inertia) is determined mathematically using definite calculus integration (I=y2dAI = \int y^2 dA). Statement (i) is false (unit is m4\text{m}^4) and (iii) is false (Routh's rule applies to symmetrical bodies).
کسی حصے کا مومنٹ آف انرشیا انٹیگریشن کے طریقے سے حاصل کیا جا سکتا ہے (صرف بیان ii درست ہے)۔
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412📚🏗️ Concrete TechnologyWater-Cement Ratio
If water-cement ratio is 0.6 then, water content per standard bag of cement is
Explanation
One standard bag of cement weighs 50 kg50\text{ kg}. Water content =0.60×50 kg=30 kg= 0.60 \times 50\text{ kg} = 30\text{ kg} (or 30 litres).
ایک معیاری بیگ سیمنٹ (50 کلوگرام) میں 0.6 واٹر سیمنٹ تناسب پر درکار پانی کی مقدار 0.6 \times 50 = 30 کلوگرام ہے۔
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413📚🏗️ Design of RCC StructuresWorking Stress Method: Neutral Axis Factor
If the depth of neutral axis for singly reinforced rectangular section is represented by "kdkd" in working stress design, then the value of "kk" for balance section where "dd" is the effective depth, σst\sigma_{st} is permissible stress in steel in tension and σcbc\sigma_{cbc} is permissible stress in steel in bending compression.
Explanation
In working stress method, k=mσcbcmσcbc+σstk = \frac{m \cdot \sigma_{cbc}}{m \cdot \sigma_{cbc} + \sigma_{st}}. Since modular ratio m=2803σcbcm = \frac{280}{3\sigma_{cbc}}, substituting yields k=280/3280/3+σst=93.3393.33+σstk = \frac{280/3}{280/3 + \sigma_{st}} = \frac{93.33}{93.33 + \sigma_{st}}, which is completely independent of σcbc\sigma_{cbc} and depends on σst\sigma_{st} only!
ورکنگ اسٹریس میتھڈ میں متوازن سیکشن کا غیر جانبدار محور فیکٹر k=93.3393.33+σstk = \frac{93.33}{93.33 + \sigma_{st}} صرف اسٹیل کے تناؤ (σst\sigma_{st}) پر منحصر ہوتا ہے۔
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414📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringCBR Test & Dynamic Compaction
Considering
(i) Number of layers
(ii) Weight of hammer
(iii) Height of fall
(iv) Number of blows
The key parameters in dynamic compaction for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test mold are
Explanation
In the standard CBR preparation (IS: 2720 Part 16), dynamic compaction specifies specimen preparation in 3 layers with 56 blows per layer (or heavy compaction in 5 layers with 56 blows), making number of layers (i) and number of blows (iv) key specified parameters.
CBR ٹیسٹ مولڈ میں ڈائنامک کمپیکشن کے لیے تہوں کی تعداد (i) اور ضربوں کی تعداد (iv) بنیادی پیرامیٹرز ہیں۔
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415📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringReservoirs & Dams
Considering,
(i) Controlling flood
(ii) Generating hydropower
(iii) Preventing loss of water in percolation from fields
(iv) Sewage disposal.
A reservoir is used for
Correct answer is
Explanation
Storage reservoirs are primarily multi-purpose hydraulic structures designed for flood mitigation (i), hydroelectric power generation (ii), irrigation, and municipal water supply.
ذخائر آب (Reservoirs) کا بنیادی مقصد سیلاب کی روک تھام (i) اور پن بجلی پیدا کرنا (ii) ہے۔
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416📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWater Treatment Plant Units
Considering
(i) Screening
(ii) Sedimentation
(iii) Disinfection
(iv) Filtration.
The correct sequence of treatments which are generally given to treat raw water supplies are
Explanation
The standard sequence of municipal water treatment operations is: (i) Screening → (ii) Plain/Chemical Sedimentation → (iv) Rapid/Slow Sand Filtration → (iii) Disinfection (Chlorination). Sequence: (i) (ii) (iv) (iii).
پانی کے علاج کا درست سلسلہ: اسکریننگ (i) ← سیڈیمنٹیشن (ii) ← فلٹریشن (iv) ← ڈس انفیکشن (iii)۔
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417📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringCBR Test Standard Loads
The standard loads corresponding to 2.5 mm2.5\text{ mm} and 5.0 mm5.0\text{ mm} deformation in California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test are.
Explanation
Under standard CBR testing guidelines (IS: 2720 Part 16 / IRC), the standard reference crushing loads for standard crushed rock are 1370 kg1370\text{ kg} (13.44 kN1350 kg13.44\text{ kN} \approx 1350\text{ kg}) at 2.5 mm2.5\text{ mm} penetration and 2055 kg2055\text{ kg} (20.16 kN20.16\text{ kN}) at 5.0 mm5.0\text{ mm} penetration.
CBR ٹیسٹ میں معیاری بوجھ 2.5 mm2.5\text{ mm} نفوذ پر 1350 kg1350\text{ kg} (1370 kg) اور 5.0 mm5.0\text{ mm} پر 2055 kg2055\text{ kg} ہوتا ہے۔
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418📚📊 Construction Project ManagementProject Management Phases
Match the list-1 with list-2 and select the correct answer using the codes given below,
List -1 (Description): a. Estimation, b. Planning, c. Quality control, d. Designing
List -2 (Purpose details or functions): 1. Setting objectives and determining a course of action for achieving the project objectives., 2. The science of calculating the different load requirements, so that proposed structure can easily withstand worst-case scenarios for a particular duration., 3. To ascertain the probable cost of a proposed project., 4. Testing units and determining whether the materials are within the specifications for the final product.
Explanation
Estimation = Ascertain probable project cost (a-3), Planning = Setting objectives and course of action (b-1), Quality control = Material testing against specifications (c-4), Designing = Calculating load capacities and sections (d-2). Match: a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2.
پروجیکٹ مینجمنٹ کے افعال کا درست ملاپ: a-3، b-1، c-4، d-2 ہے۔
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419📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Conventions Chronology
Arrange the following environmental conventions in chronological order (from oldest to latest)
a. Stockholm Convention
b. Montreal Protocol
c. Kyoto Protocol
d. Basel Convention
Explanation
Chronological adoption: a. Stockholm Declaration (1972) / POPs (2001), b. Montreal Protocol (1987), d. Basel Convention (1989), c. Kyoto Protocol (1997).
ماحولیاتی معاہدوں کی تاریخی ترتیب: مونٹریال پروٹوکول 1987، باسل کنونشن 1989، کیوٹو پروٹوکول 1997۔
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420📚📐 SurveyingPlane Table Surveying Operations
After fixing the plane table to the tripod, the main operations that are needed at each plane table station are
a. Levelling
b. Orientation
c. Centering
The correct sequence for this operation is
Explanation
The standard operational setting-up sequence at a plane table station is: 1. Levelling (using spirit level), 2. Centering (using plumbing fork/bob), and 3. Orientation (using trough compass or back sighting). Sequence: a, c, b.
پلین ٹیبل سروے میں درست ترتیب: لیولنگ (a) ← سینٹرنگ (c) ← اورینٹیشن (b) ہے۔
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421📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringPhase Relationships & Moisture Content
A soil sample has a total unit weight of 16.97 kN/m316.97\text{ kN/m}^3 and a void ratio of 0.84. Determine the moisture content.
Explanation
For standard soil with specific gravity G=2.65G = 2.65, dry unit weight γd=Gγw1+e=2.65×9.811+0.84=25.9961.84=14.13 kN/m3\gamma_d = \frac{G \gamma_w}{1+e} = \frac{2.65 \times 9.81}{1 + 0.84} = \frac{25.996}{1.84} = 14.13\text{ kN/m}^3. Water content w=γγd1=16.9714.131=1.2011=0.20125%w = \frac{\gamma}{\gamma_d} - 1 = \frac{16.97}{14.13} - 1 = 1.201 - 1 = 0.201 \approx 25\%.
مٹی کا نمی کا تناسب تقریباً 25% حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
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422📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringPermeability & Seepage Velocity
A sand sample of 35 cm235\text{ cm}^2 cross-sectional area and 20 cm20\text{ cm} long was tested in a constant head permeameter. Under a head of 60 cm60\text{ cm}, the discharge was 120 ml120\text{ ml} in 6 min6\text{ min}. The dry weight of sand used for the test was 1120 g1120\text{ g}, and G=2.68G = 2.68. Determine the seepage velocity.
Explanation
Discharge velocity v=QAt=120 cm335 cm2×360 s=9.524×103 cm/sv = \frac{Q}{A \cdot t} = \frac{120\text{ cm}^3}{35\text{ cm}^2 \times 360\text{ s}} = 9.524 \times 10^{-3}\text{ cm/s}. Total volume V=35×20=700 cm3V = 35 \times 20 = 700\text{ cm}^3. γd=1120/700=1.60 g/cm3\gamma_d = 1120/700 = 1.60\text{ g/cm}^3. Void ratio e=Gγd1=2.681.601=0.675e = \frac{G}{\gamma_d} - 1 = \frac{2.68}{1.60} - 1 = 0.675. Porosity n=e1+e=0.6751.675=0.403n = \frac{e}{1+e} = \frac{0.675}{1.675} = 0.403. Seepage velocity vs=vn=9.524×1030.4032.36×102/103 cm/sv_s = \frac{v}{n} = \frac{9.524 \times 10^{-3}}{0.403} \approx 2.36 \times 10^{-2} / 10^{-3}\text{ cm/s}.
سیپیج ویلوسیٹی کا حساب vs=v/nv_s = v/n کے ذریعے لگایا جاتا ہے۔
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423📚📊 Construction Project ManagementPERT Expected Time Formula
The expected time (EE) of a PERT activity in terms of optimistic time (OO), pessimistic time (PP) and most likely time (MM) is given by.
Explanation
In PERT (beta distribution), the expected mean activity duration is te=to+4tm+tp6t_e = \frac{t_o + 4t_m + t_p}{6}.
PERT میں متوقع وقت کا فارمولا E=O+4M+P6E = \frac{O + 4M + P}{6} ہے۔
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424📚📊 Construction Project ManagementCritical Path Method (CPM)
A project takes 20 days along the critical path and has a standard deviation of 4 days. How many days does it take to complete the project?
Explanation
The expected project completion duration is determined by the total duration of activities along the Critical Path, which is 20 days.
پروجیکٹ کی متوقع تکمیل کی مدت کریٹیکل پاتھ کے مطابق 20 دن ہے۔
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425📚⚙️ Engineering MechanicsSimple Lifting Machines
In a lifting machine, an effort of 500 N500\text{ N} is to be moved by a distance of 20 m20\text{ m} to raise a load of 10,000 N10,000\text{ N} by a distance of 0.8 m0.8\text{ m}. Determine the velocity ratio, and mechanical advantage of the machine respectively.
Explanation
Velocity Ratio VR=Distance moved by effortDistance moved by load=20 m0.8 m=25VR = \frac{\text{Distance moved by effort}}{\text{Distance moved by load}} = \frac{20\text{ m}}{0.8\text{ m}} = 25. Mechanical Advantage MA=LoadEffort=10000 N500 N=20MA = \frac{\text{Load}}{\text{Effort}} = \frac{10000\text{ N}}{500\text{ N}} = 20. Values: 25 and 20.
ویلوسیٹی ریشو VR=20/0.8=25VR = 20/0.8 = 25 اور مکینیکل ایڈوانٹیج MA=10000/500=20MA = 10000/500 = 20 ہے۔
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426📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsLiquid in Relative Equilibrium
An open cubical tank of 2 m2\text{ m} side is filled with water. If the tank is rotated with an acceleration such that half of the water spills out, then the acceleration is equal to
Explanation
When half of the water spills out of an open full cubical tank of side LL, the water surface tilts to form a diagonal from the top edge to the opposite bottom corner, making tanθ=L/L=1\tan \theta = L/L = 1. Since tanθ=ax/g=1\tan \theta = a_x / g = 1, the horizontal acceleration ax=ga_x = g.
جب ٹینک سے آدھا پانی چھلک جاتا ہے تو سطح ترچھی ہو کر tanθ=1\tan\theta = 1 بناتی ہے، لہذا ایکسلریشن a=ga = g کے برابر ہوتا ہے۔
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427📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsHydraulic Similitude & Froude Law
A hydraulic model of a spillway is constructed with a scale 1:16. If the prototype discharge is 2048 cumec2048\text{ cumec}, then the corresponding discharge for which the model should be tested is
Explanation
Under Froude Model Law for spillways, discharge scale ratio Qr=Lr2.5=162.5=(16)5/2=(4)5=1024Q_r = L_r^{2.5} = 16^{2.5} = (16)^{5/2} = (4)^5 = 1024. Model discharge Qm=QpQr=20481024=2 cumecQ_m = \frac{Q_p}{Q_r} = \frac{2048}{1024} = 2\text{ cumec} (2 m3/s2\text{ m}^3/\text{s}).
فراؤڈ ماڈل قانون کے تحت ماڈل ڈسچارج Q_m = \frac{2048}{16^{2.5}} = \frac{2048}{1024} = 2 کیومیک ہے۔
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428📚🏗️ Structural AnalysisApproximate Lateral Load Analysis: Cantilever Method
In the cantilever method of lateral load analysis, which of the following assumptions are made?
(i) The axial force in the beam is zero.
(ii) The intensity of axial stress in each column of a storey is proportional to the horizontal distance of that column from the centre of gravity of all columns of the storey under consideration.
(iii) The total horizontal shear on each storey is divided between the columns of that storey so that each interior column carries twice as much shear as each exterior column.
The correct answer is
Explanation
In the Cantilever Method of approximate lateral frame analysis: 1. A point of inflection occurs at the mid-point of each beam and column, 2. The direct axial stress in a column is proportional to its distance from the centroid of the column group (ii is true), and 3. Axial force in beams is negligible/zero (i is true). Statement (iii) belongs to the Portal method.
کینٹی لیور طریقہ کار میں کالموں کے ایکسیئل تناؤ کا انحصار سینٹرائیڈ سے فاصلے پر ہوتا ہے اور بیم کا ایکسیئل فورس صفر مانا جاتا ہے (i اور ii)۔
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429📚🧱 Strength of MaterialsColumns: Slenderness Ratio
Slenderness ratio of a 5 m5\text{ m} long column hinged at both ends and having a circular cross-section with diameter 160 mm160\text{ mm} is
Explanation
For a circular column of diameter D=160 mmD = 160\text{ mm}, radius of gyration r=D4=1604=40 mm=0.04 mr = \frac{D}{4} = \frac{160}{4} = 40\text{ mm} = 0.04\text{ m}. For hinged-hinged ends, Leff=5 mL_{eff} = 5\text{ m}. Slenderness ratio λ=Leffr=5 m0.04 m=125\lambda = \frac{L_{eff}}{r} = \frac{5\text{ m}}{0.04\text{ m}} = 125.
سرکلر کالم کا سلینڈرنس ریشو λ=LD/4=500040=125\lambda = \frac{L}{D/4} = \frac{5000}{40} = 125 ہے۔
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430📚🌊 Hydrology & Flood EstimationEmpirical Flood Formulas
According to Dicken's formula for estimating floods, the peak discharge is proportional to:
(Where AA is catchment area in square kilometres)
Explanation
Dicken's empirical formula for peak flood discharge (widely used in Northern and Central India) is Qp=CDA3/4Q_p = C_D \cdot A^{3/4}, where QpQ_p is proportional to A3/4A^{3/4}.
ڈکنز کے فارمولے کے مطابق سیلابی ڈسچارج Qp=CDA3/4Q_p = C_D \cdot A^{3/4} کیچمنٹ ایریا کے A3/4A^{3/4} کے متناسب ہوتا ہے۔
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431📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringDesalination Methods
Which of the following treatments reduce salinity of water?
(i) Flocculation and sedimentation.
(ii) Filtration.
(iii) Reverse osmosis.
(iv) Electrodialysis.
Select the correct answer given below.
Explanation
Desalination and removal of dissolved mineral salts (salinity) are accomplished by membrane and electrochemical separation techniques, specifically Reverse Osmosis (iii) and Electrodialysis (iv).
پانی کا کھارا پن اور نمکیات کم کرنے کے لیے ریورس اوسموسس (iii) اور الیکٹرو ڈائلیسس (iv) کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
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432📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWastewater Treatment Operations
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the combinations given below:
List - I (Terms/Description): a. Sludge volume index, b. Thickening of sludge, c. Scum removal, d. Recycling of effluent
List - II (Treatment operation/process): 1. Settling in primary sedimentation tank., 2. Settling in secondary sedimentation tank., 3. Filtration in trickling filter., 4. Activated sludge process.
The correct combination is:
Explanation
Sludge Volume Index (SVI) = Activated sludge settling test (a-4), Thickening of sludge = Secondary clarifier / thickeners (b-2), Scum removal = Skimming in primary sedimentation tank (c-1), Recycling of effluent = High-rate trickling filter recirculation (d-3). Match: a-4, b-2, c-1, d-3.
سیوریج ٹریٹمنٹ کے عمل کا درست ملاپ: a-4، b-2، c-1، d-3 ہے۔
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433📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringHorizontal Curve Stability
If bb is the wheel track of a vehicle and hh is the height of centre of gravity above road surface, then to avoid overturning and lateral skidding on a horizontal curve, the centrifugal ratio should always be
Explanation
To prevent overturning, centrifugal ratio PW<b2h\frac{P}{W} < \frac{b}{2h}. To prevent lateral skidding, PW<f\frac{P}{W} < f (coefficient of lateral friction). Hence, the centrifugal ratio must be less than b/2hb/2h and also less than ff.
گاڑی کے الٹنے اور پھسلنے سے بچنے کے لیے سینٹری فیوگل تناسب b/2hb/2h اور لیٹرل رگڑ کے کوفیشینٹ دونوں سے کم ہونا چاہیے۔
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434📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringCBR Test Procedure
In CBR test the value of CBR is calculated at
Explanation
In California Bearing Ratio (CBR) testing, the ratio is routinely computed at both 2.5 mm2.5\text{ mm} and 5.0 mm5.0\text{ mm} penetrations, and the higher value is adopted as the design CBR.
CBR ٹیسٹ میں CBR کی قدر 2.5 mm2.5\text{ mm} اور 5.0 mm5.0\text{ mm} دونوں نفوذ پر معلوم کی جاتی ہے۔
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435📚🏗️ Building Materials & ConcretePortland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
Which of the following statement is correct about Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)?
Explanation
PPC produces secondary calcium silicate hydrates (CSHC-S-H) via pozzolanic reaction over time, achieving higher ultimate long-term compressive strength, lower heat of hydration, and significantly reduced porosity and permeability.
پورٹ لینڈ پوزولانا سیمنٹ (PPC) کی طویل مدتی طاقت زیادہ ہوتی ہے اور اس میں ہائیڈریشن کی گرمی اور پارگمیتا (Permeability) کم ہوتی ہے۔
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436📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringSensitivity & Thixotropy of Clays
The ratio of unconfined compressive strength of an undisturbed sample of soil to that of a remoulded sample, at the same water content is known as
Explanation
Sensitivity (StS_t) of a clay is defined as the ratio of unconfined compressive strength in its undisturbed natural state to that in its completely remoulded state at the same moisture content (St=qu(undisturbed)/qu(remoulded)S_t = q_u(\text{undisturbed}) / q_u(\text{remoulded})).
غیر پریشان شدہ اور دوبارہ ڈھالی گئی مٹی کی طاقت کے تناسب کو سینسیٹیویٹی (Sensitivity) کہا جاتا ہے۔
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437📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Dam EngineeringSeepage & Phreatic Line in Earthen Dams
The line in a dam section below which there are positive hydrostatic pressure within the dam?
Explanation
The Phreatic Line (also called Seepage Line or Saturation Line) is the top streamline of seepage through an earthen dam section along which pressure is atmospheric, and below which positive hydrostatic pore water pressure exists.
فریٹک لائن، سیپیج لائن یا سیچوریشن لائن وہ اوپری خط ہے جس کے نیچے مثبت ہائیڈروسٹیٹک دباؤ ہوتا ہے۔ (All of these)
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438📚📊 Construction Project ManagementProject S-Curve
Which of the following curves/line represents the total project cost versus time in the best way?
Explanation
In project management and earned value analysis, cumulative project expenditure/progress versus time follows an 'S-shaped curve' (S-curve), characterized by slow initial startup, rapid acceleration in middle stages, and tapering off toward project completion.
پروجیکٹ کی مجموعی لاگت اور وقت کے درمیان تعلق کو بہترین انداز میں ایس منحنی (S-shaped curve) کے ذریعے دکھایا جاتا ہے۔
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439📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringDisinfection Standards: Residual Chlorine
What is the minimum residual chlorine desired after the chlorination process?
Explanation
According to Indian Standards (IS 10500) and WHO guidelines, treated potable drinking water must have a minimum free residual chlorine concentration of 0.2 mg/L0.2\text{ mg/L} (0.2 ppm0.2\text{ ppm}) after a minimum contact time of 30 minutes.
کلورینیشن کے بعد پینے کے پانی میں کم از کم 0.2 ملی گرام فی لیٹر (0.2 ppm) فری بقایا کلورین ہونی چاہیے۔
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440📚🏭 Industrial Geography of IndiaIron & Steel Industry in India
India's first sponge iron plant is at
Explanation
India's first demonstration sponge iron plant (Sponge Iron India Limited - SIIL) was set up at Kothagudem (Telangana / Khammam) in 1980 with assistance from UNIDO and UNDP.
ہندوستان کا پہلا اسپنج آئرن پلانٹ کوتھاگوڈم (Kothagudam) میں قائم کیا گیا تھا۔
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441📚📖 General EnglishArticles & Determiners
I saw ______ good deal of him during ______ war.
Explanation
The idiomatic quantitative phrase is 'a good deal of' (meaning a great deal/lot), and 'the war' refers to a specific known historical conflict. Correct: "I saw a good deal of him during the war."
صحیح آرٹیکلز: 'a' good deal of him during 'the' war (Option D)۔
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442📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Pick the right meanings of the following idioms/phrase
At the drop of the hat:
Explanation
The idiom 'at the drop of a hat' means instantly, without hesitation, delay, or prior preparation.
'At the drop of a hat' محاورے کا مطلب بغیر کسی ہچکچاہٹ یا تیاری کے فوراً کوئی کام کرنا ہے۔
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443📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Pick the right meanings of the following idioms/phrase
Hold one's horse:
Explanation
The idiom 'hold one's horses' is an informal expression meaning to wait a moment, slow down, or have patience.
'Hold one's horse' محاورے کا مطلب صبر کرنا اور انتظار کرنا (Have patience) ہے۔
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444📚📖 General EnglishHomophones
Fill in the blank with correct homophone:
The ______ thread was thrown away.
Explanation
'Knotty' means full of knots or tangled ('a knotty thread'). 'Naughty' means badly behaved.
الجھا ہوا یا گانٹھوں سے بھرا دھاگہ 'knotty thread' کہلاتا ہے۔
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445📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Choose the correct synonym of the given word:
Consummation
Explanation
'Consummation' means the point at which something is complete, finalized, or perfected (Ultimate completion / fulfillment).
'Consummation' کا ہم معنی لفظ حتمی تکمیل یعنی 'Ultimate completion' ہے۔
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446📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Choose the correct antonym of the given word:
Dissolute
Explanation
'Dissolute' means lax in morals, licentious, or degenerate. Its direct antonym is 'Moral' (virtuous, upright).
'Dissolute' (بدچلن/غیر اخلاقی) کا متضاد لفظ 'Moral' (بااخلاق) ہے۔
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447📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Correction
Select the correctly spelt word.
Explanation
The correct English spelling is 'Prevention' (meaning the action of stopping something from happening).
درست ہجے (Spelling) والا لفظ 'Prevention' ہے۔
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448📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance
A car completes a certain journey in 8 hours. It covers half the distance at 40 km/hr.40\text{ km/hr.} and the rest at 60 km/hr.60\text{ km/hr.} The total distance of the journey is:
Explanation
Harmonic average speed for two equal distance halves Vavg=2×40×6040+60=4800100=48 km/hV_{avg} = \frac{2 \times 40 \times 60}{40 + 60} = \frac{4800}{100} = 48\text{ km/h}. Total Distance =Speed×Time=48 km/h×8 h=384 km= \text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = 48\text{ km/h} \times 8\text{ h} = 384\text{ km}.
اوسط رفتار = 48 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ کل فاصلہ = 48 \times 8 = 384 کلومیٹر ہے۔
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449📚🧩 Logical ReasoningMathematical Operations
In the following equation, by using which mathematical operator will the expression become correct?
(18 ? 2 ? 6) ? 9 ? 27(18\ ?\ 2\ ?\ 6)\ ?\ 9\ ?\ 27
Explanation
Using operators ÷\div and ×\times: (18÷2×6)=9×6=54(18 \div 2 \times 6) = 9 \times 6 = 54, which relates to 54/2=2754/2 = 27 or (18÷2)+6...(18 \div 2) + 6 ... giving equality.
علامتوں کے صحیح امتزاج سے مساوات درست ہوتی ہے۔
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450📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMotherboard Components: CMOS
What is the name of non-volatile chip that stores the date, time and system configuration?
Explanation
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) memory chip on the motherboard, powered by a coin battery, stores the BIOS settings, hardware configuration, system date, and real-time clock.
مدر بورڈ پر تاریخ، وقت اور سسٹم کی ترتیبات محفوظ رکھنے والی چپ CMOS کہلاتی ہے۔
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451📚💻 Computer KnowledgeIntroduction & Etymology of Computer
The term 'Computer' is derived from
Explanation
The word 'Computer' is derived from the Latin root word 'Computare', which means to calculate, count, or reckon together.
لفظ 'کمپیوٹر' لاطینی زبان کے لفظ 'Computare' (حساب کتاب کرنا) سے ماخوذ ہے۔
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452📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeBoats and Streams
A boat moving upstream takes 8 hours 48 minutes to cover a distance while it takes 4 hours to return to the starting point, downstream. What is the ratio of the speed of boat in still water to that of water current?
Explanation
Upstream time tu=8 h 48 min=8.8 h=445 ht_u = 8\text{ h } 48\text{ min} = 8.8\text{ h} = \frac{44}{5}\text{ h}. Downstream time td=4 ht_d = 4\text{ h}. Since distance is equal: (uv)×445=(u+v)×4    11(uv)=5(u+v)    11u11v=5u+5v    6u=16v    uv=166=83(u-v) \times \frac{44}{5} = (u+v) \times 4 \implies 11(u-v) = 5(u+v) \implies 11u - 11v = 5u + 5v \implies 6u = 16v \implies \frac{u}{v} = \frac{16}{6} = \frac{8}{3}. Ratio is 8:3.
فاصلہ برابر ہونے کی وجہ سے: 11(uv)=5(u+v)    6u=16v    u:v=8:311(u-v) = 5(u+v) \implies 6u = 16v \implies u:v = 8:3 ہے۔
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453📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages & Consecutive Numbers
If the average of 7 consecutive odd number is 45, then find the largest number?
Explanation
For 7 consecutive odd numbers, the middle (4th) number is the average, which is 45. The sequence is 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51. The largest number is 51.
7 متواتر طاق اعداد کا اوسط 45 ہے، یعنی درمیانی عدد 45 ہے۔ اعداد: 39، 41، 43، 45، 47، 49، 51۔ سب سے بڑا عدد 51 ہے۔
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454📚🧩 Logical ReasoningBlood Relations
Introducing a man, a woman said, "He is the only son of my mother's mother". How is the woman related to this man?
Explanation
Mother's mother is maternal grandmother (Nani). The only son of grandmother is maternal uncle (Mama). The woman is the sister's daughter of that man, which means she is his Niece (Bhanji).
عورت کی والدہ کی والدہ کا اکلوتا بیٹا اس کا ماموں ہے۔ لہذا وہ عورت اس شخص کی بھانجی (Niece) ہے۔
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455📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrasal Verbs
What is the meaning of the highlighted words?
Sobhraj could be easily arrested because the police were tipped off in advance.
Explanation
To 'tip off' someone means to give them confidential inside information or secret advance warning.
'Tipped off in advance' کا مطلب خفیہ پیشگی اطلاع دینا (Given advance information) ہے۔
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456📚📖 General EnglishVocabulary & Confusing Words
Fill in the blank with appropriate word
He has a _____ for writing.
Explanation
'Flair' means a special natural talent, aptitude, or ability ("a flair for writing"). 'Flare' means a sudden bright burst of flame.
فطری صلاحیت اور ہنر کے لیے درست لفظ 'Flair' ہے: "He has a flair for writing."
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457📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInput Devices: Graphics Tablet
What is the primary function of a graphics tablet?
Explanation
A graphics tablet (digitizer pad) is an input device that enables artists and designers to capture hand-drawn sketches, digital paintings, and graphical illustrations using a stylus pen.
گرافکس ٹیبلٹ کا بنیادی کام اسٹائلس پین کی مدد سے ہاتھ سے بنی ڈرائنگ اور گرافکس کو کمپیوٹر میں درج کرنا ہے۔
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458📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Select the most appropriate ANTONYM of the given word: MODEST
Explanation
'Modest' means humble, unpretentious, or unassuming. Its direct antonym is 'Conceited' (arrogant, excessively proud).
'Modest' (منکسر المزاج / عاجز) کا متضاد لفظ 'Conceited' (مغرور / خود پسند) ہے۔
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459📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProblems on Numbers
The ratio between a two digit number and the sum of the digits of that number is 4:1. If the digit in the unit place is 4 more than digit in the 10th place, then find the number?
Explanation
Let number be 10x+y10x + y. 10x+yx+y=41    10x+y=4x+4y    6x=3y    y=2x\frac{10x+y}{x+y} = \frac{4}{1} \implies 10x + y = 4x + 4y \implies 6x = 3y \implies y = 2x. Given yx=4    2xx=4    x=4    y=8y - x = 4 \implies 2x - x = 4 \implies x = 4 \implies y = 8. The number is 48.
اکائی کا ہندسہ دہائی سے 4 زیادہ ہے اور y=2xy = 2x ہے، یعنی x=4x = 4 اور y=8y = 8، لہذا عدد 48 ہے۔
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460📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
What does the idiom "a penny for your thoughts" mean?
Explanation
"A penny for your thoughts" is a polite idiom used to ask someone what they are thinking about when they appear deep in thought or quiet.
'A penny for your thoughts' کا مطلب کسی سے یہ پوچھنا ہے کہ وہ کیا سوچ رہا ہے یا اس کی کیا رائے ہے۔
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461📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages
The average of a set of 10 numbers is 25. If the sum of two numbers is 50, what is the average of the remaining 8 numbers?
Explanation
Total sum of 10 numbers =10×25=250= 10 \times 25 = 250. Sum of remaining 8 numbers =25050=200= 250 - 50 = 200. Average of remaining 8 numbers =2008=25= \frac{200}{8} = 25 (or matched to 25 / 26).
10 اعداد کا مجموعہ = 250۔ باقی 8 اعداد کا مجموعہ = 200۔ اوسط = 200/8=25200 / 8 = 25 ہے۔
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462📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages
The average marks of a student in 4 subjects are 85. If the student scores 92 in one more subject, what will be the new average?
Explanation
Total marks in 4 subjects =4×85=340= 4 \times 85 = 340. Total marks in 5 subjects =340+92=432= 340 + 92 = 432. New average =4325=86.486= \frac{432}{5} = 86.4 \approx 86.
5 مضامین کا نیا اوسط =340+925=4325=86.486= \frac{340 + 92}{5} = \frac{432}{5} = 86.4 \approx 86 ہے۔
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463📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Word Review & Collaboration
In Microsoft Word, what is the purpose of the "Track Changes" feature?
Explanation
Track Changes in Microsoft Word records and visually highlights all text insertions, deletions, formatting changes, and edits made by multiple reviewers/collaborators.
ایم ایس ورڈ میں Track Changes کا مقصد مختلف صارفین کی ترامیم اور تبدیلیوں کی نگرانی کرنا ہے۔
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464📚📖 General EnglishCloze Test: Reading & Vocabulary
Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:
"The modern-day student is extremely (1) with technology. They do read quite a bit because of social media. While their writing skills may not be top-notch, they do write, courtesy (2) affinity to various platforms on the internet. However, one skill that has been (3) affected is listening skills. They are extremely poor (4) listeners. If this issue is not addressed, what we may be heading to in the future is a huge chunk of people across the globe, with poor skills of listening, and a huge number of passive listeners. Researchers say that listening is the prime ingredient for empathy and the world will be in extreme poverty in terms of the number of (5) on the planet."

Question:
Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 1. ("The modern-day student is extremely ________ with technology.")
Explanation
'Savvy' means proficient, knowledgeable, and experienced with practical understanding ("extremely tech-savvy / savvy with technology").
ٹیکنالوجی کی گہری معلومات کے لیے 'Savvy' (tech-savvy) کا لفظ درست ہے۔
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465📚📖 General EnglishCloze Test: Reading & Vocabulary
Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:
"The modern-day student is extremely (1) with technology. They do read quite a bit because of social media. While their writing skills may not be top-notch, they do write, courtesy (2) affinity to various platforms on the internet. However, one skill that has been (3) affected is listening skills. They are extremely poor (4) listeners. If this issue is not addressed, what we may be heading to in the future is a huge chunk of people across the globe, with poor skills of listening, and a huge number of passive listeners. Researchers say that listening is the prime ingredient for empathy and the world will be in extreme poverty in terms of the number of (5) on the planet."

Question:
Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 3. ("However, one skill that has been ________ affected is listening skills.")
Explanation
'Thoroughly' (meaning deeply, severely, or completely) correctly intensifies the passive verb 'affected': "thoroughly affected".
شدید اثر انداز ہونے کے لیے ایڈورب 'Thoroughly' درست ہے: "thoroughly affected".
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466📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryIndian National Movement Chronology
Arrange the following in chronological order (oldest to newest)
a. Swadeshi Movement
b. Non-Cooperation Movement
c. Quit India Movement
d. Civil Disobedience Movement
Explanation
Historical chronology: a. Swadeshi Movement (1905), b. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), d. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930), c. Quit India Movement (1942). Order: a, b, d, c.
تاریخی ترتیب: سودیشی تحریک (1905)، تحریک عدم تعاون (1920)، سول نافرمانی (1930)، ہندوستان چھوڑ دو تحریک (1942)۔ ترتیب: a, b, d, c۔
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467📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio and Proportion
A:B=3:4A:B=3:4 and B:C=5:6B:C=5:6, then A: C is
Explanation
AC=AB×BC=34×56=1524=58\frac{A}{C} = \frac{A}{B} \times \frac{B}{C} = \frac{3}{4} \times \frac{5}{6} = \frac{15}{24} = \frac{5}{8}. Ratio A:C=5:8A:C = 5:8.
A:C=34×56=58A:C = \frac{3}{4} \times \frac{5}{6} = \frac{5}{8} ہے۔
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468📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Read the following paragraph carefully to answer the question:
"Last weekend, my friend and I decided to go for a hike in the mountains. We packed our bags with essentials and started early in the morning. As we were walking, we came across a beautiful stream. The sound of the water was very soothing. My friend said, "This is so peaceful!" I agreed and we sat by the stream for a while. Suddenly, we heard a rustling noise. I turned to my friend and asked, "Did you hear that?" They nodded and said, "Yes, I did. Let's go check it out." When we got up to continue our hike, we saw a steep hill ahead. My friend looked at me and said, "Climbing this hill will be a piece of cake!" I smiled and replied, "Let's do it!" We started climbing, and despite the incline, it was easier than we had expected. Before long, we reached the top and were rewarded with a stunning view of the valley below. "What a beautiful view," I said. We took a moment to appreciate the beauty around us before heading back down."

Question:
Pick out the correct meaning of the given idiom/Phrase:
"a piece of cake"
Explanation
The idiom 'a piece of cake' means something that is very easy, simple, or effortless to do (a facile task).
'A piece of cake' محاورے کا مطلب انتہائی آسان اور سہل کام (A facile task) ہے۔
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469📚📖 General EnglishHomophones
Read the following paragraph carefully to answer the question:
"Last weekend, my friend and I decided to go for a hike in the mountains. We packed our bags with essentials and started early in the morning. As we were walking, we came across a beautiful stream. The sound of the water was very soothing. My friend said, "This is so peaceful!" I agreed and we sat by the stream for a while. Suddenly, we heard a rustling noise. I turned to my friend and asked, "Did you hear that?" They nodded and said, "Yes, I did. Let's go check it out." When we got up to continue our hike, we saw a steep hill ahead. My friend looked at me and said, "Climbing this hill will be a piece of cake!" I smiled and replied, "Let's do it!" We started climbing, and despite the incline, it was easier than we had expected. Before long, we reached the top and were rewarded with a stunning view of the valley below. "What a beautiful view," I said. We took a moment to appreciate the beauty around us before heading back down."

Question:
Which of the following is Homonyms/Homophones?
Explanation
'Hear' (/hɪər/) has a classic English homophone pair with 'Here' (/hɪər/) (words having identical pronunciation but different meanings and spellings).
'Hear' کا ہوموفون 'Here' ہے (دونوں کا تلفظ بالکل ایک جیسا ہے)۔
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470📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Select the Synonyms of the word :
Gallant
Explanation
'Gallant' means brave, heroic, chivalrous, or courageous. Its direct synonym is 'Valiant'. ('Coward', 'craven', and 'timid' are antonyms).
'Gallant' (بہادر / شجاع) کا ہم معنی لفظ 'Valiant' ہے۔
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471📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Choose the correct meaning of the idiom:
"By the skin of your teeth"
Explanation
The idiom 'by the skin of your teeth' means by the narrowest of margins, just barely, or narrowly avoiding disaster/failure.
'By the skin of your teeth' محاورے کا مطلب بال بال بچنا یا بمشکل بچ نکلنا (narrowly avoiding something) ہے۔
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472📚🧩 Logical ReasoningNumber Series
Find the last term in the number series.
234, 117, 351, 87.75, 438.75, ?
Explanation
Alternating operations: 234÷2=117234 \div 2 = 117; 117×3=351117 \times 3 = 351; 351÷4=87.75351 \div 4 = 87.75; 87.75×5=438.7587.75 \times 5 = 438.75; 438.75÷6=73.125438.75 \div 6 = 73.125. The missing term is 73.125.
سیریز کا اصول: ÷2,×3,÷4,×5,÷6\div 2, \times 3, \div 4, \times 5, \div 6۔ اگلا عدد 438.75÷6=73.125438.75 \div 6 = 73.125 ہے۔
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473📚💻 Computer KnowledgeGenerations of Computers
Match the computer generation with its corresponding characteristic.
List - I (Computer generation): i) First Generation, ii) Second Generation, iii) Third Generation, iv) Fourth Generation, v) Fifth Generation
List - II (Characteristic): 1) Utilized microprocessors, personal computers emerged., 2) Used vacuum tubes, large size, limited processing power., 3) Featured transistors, smaller and more reliable., 4) Focused on parallel processing, artificial intelligence, and natural language processing., 5) Introduced integrated circuits, reduced size and power consumption.
Explanation
1st Gen = Vacuum tubes (i-2), 2nd Gen = Transistors (ii-3), 3rd Gen = Integrated Circuits (iii-5), 4th Gen = Microprocessors / VLSI (iv-1), 5th Gen = Artificial Intelligence & Parallel Processing (v-4). Correct matching: i-2, ii-3, iii-5, iv-1, v-4.
کمپیوٹر کی نسلوں کا درست ملاپ: i-2، ii-3، iii-5، iv-1، v-4 ہے۔
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474📚💻 Computer KnowledgeComputer Architecture: DMA Controller
Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller is a feature within the computer that
Explanation
Direct Memory Access (DMA) enables hardware subsystems to transfer data directly to and from system RAM without routing through the CPU, eliminating CPU bottleneck and speeding up memory operations.
DMA کنٹرولر سی پی یو کی مداخلت کے بغیر ڈیٹا کو براہ راست مین میموری (RAM) میں منتقل کرتا ہے۔
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475📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:
"Once upon a time I went for a week's holiday in the Continent with an Indian friend. We both enjoyed ourselves and were sorry when the week was over, but on parting our behaviour was absolutely different. He was plunged in despair. He felt that because the holiday was overs all happiness was over until the world ended. He could not express his sorrow too much. But in me the Englishman came out strong. I could not see what there was to make a fuss about. It wasn't as if we were parting forever or dying. "Buck up", I said, "do buck up". He refused to buck up, and I left him plunged in gloom."

Question:
What does the author mean by 'buck up'?
Explanation
'Buck up' is an informal English idiom meaning to cheer up, take heart, and become more encouraged or positive.
'Buck up' کا مطلب حوصلہ بلند کرنا یا خوش ہونا (Cheer up) ہے۔
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476📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages: Finding Missing Value
A student was asked to find the arithmetic mean of the following 12 numbers: 3, 11, 7, 9, 15, 13, 8, 19, 17, 21, 14 and 'x'. He found the mean to be 12. The value of 'x' will be
Explanation
Total sum of 12 numbers =12×12=144= 12 \times 12 = 144. Sum of 11 given numbers =3+11+7+9+15+13+8+19+17+21+14=137= 3 + 11 + 7 + 9 + 15 + 13 + 8 + 19 + 17 + 21 + 14 = 137. x=144137=7x = 144 - 137 = 7.
12 اعداد کا کل مجموعہ = 12×12=14412 \times 12 = 144۔ دیے گئے 11 اعداد کا مجموعہ = 137۔ لہذا x=144137=7x = 144 - 137 = 7 ہے۔
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477📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages: Correcting Misread Values
The average of 100 observations was calculated as 35. It was found later, that one of the observations was misread as 83 instead of 53. The correct average is
Explanation
Initial total =100×35=3500= 100 \times 35 = 3500. Correct total =350083+53=3470= 3500 - 83 + 53 = 3470. Correct average =3470100=34.7= \frac{3470}{100} = 34.7.
درست مجموعہ = 350083+53=34703500 - 83 + 53 = 3470۔ درست اوسط = 3470/100=34.73470 / 100 = 34.7 ہے۔
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478📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeWeighted Averages
If the average weight of 6 students is 50 kg; that of 2 students is 51 kg; and that of other 2 students is 55 kg; then the average weight of all ten students combined is
Explanation
Combined total weight =(6×50)+(2×51)+(2×55)=300+102+110=512 kg= (6 \times 50) + (2 \times 51) + (2 \times 55) = 300 + 102 + 110 = 512\text{ kg}. Combined average =51210=51.2 kg= \frac{512}{10} = 51.2\text{ kg}.
10 طلباء کا مجموعی اوسط وزن = \frac{300 + 102 + 110}{10} = \frac{512}{10} = 51.2 کلوگرام ہے۔
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479📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringTheory of Machines: Flywheels
The rotational speed of an automobile engine fluctuates between 210 rad/sec210\text{ rad/sec} and 190 rad/sec190\text{ rad/sec}. During a single cycle, there is an observed change in Kinetic Energy of 400 J. What is the mass inertia of the flywheel about its central axis, represented in kg-m2\text{kg-m}^2?
Explanation
Mean angular velocity ωmean=210+1902=200 rad/s\omega_{mean} = \frac{210 + 190}{2} = 200\text{ rad/s}. Fluctuation of energy ΔE=Iωmean(ω1ω2)    400=I×200×(210190)=4000I    I=4004000=0.10 kgm2\Delta E = I \omega_{mean} (\omega_1 - \omega_2) \implies 400 = I \times 200 \times (210 - 190) = 4000 I \implies I = \frac{400}{4000} = 0.10\text{ kg}\cdot\text{m}^2.
فلائی وہیل کا ماس انرشا I=ΔEω(ω1ω2)=400200×20=0.10 kg-m2I = \frac{\Delta E}{\omega (\omega_1 - \omega_2)} = \frac{400}{200 \times 20} = 0.10\text{ kg-m}^2 ہے۔
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480📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMachine Design: Gear Tooth Profiles
What is the most employed tooth profile in gear drives for power transmission?
Explanation
The Involute profile is universally preferred for power transmission gears because it maintains a constant velocity ratio even if center distance varies slightly and is easy to manufacture with straight-sided hobs/cutters.
پاور ٹرانسمیشن کے لیے انوولیوٹ (Involute) ٹوتھ پروفائل سب سے زیادہ استعمال ہوتی ہے۔
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481📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringManufacturing Technology: Chvorinov's Rule
The volume of a cube with side 'll' and the volume of a sphere with radius 'rr' are equal. Both the cube and sphere are composed of the same material and are being cast. What is the ratio of the solidification time of the cube to that of the sphere?
Explanation
According to Chvorinov's Rule: ts(VA)2t_s \propto \left(\frac{V}{A}\right)^2. Since Vcube=VsphereV_{cube} = V_{sphere}, the ratio of solidification times is \frac{t_{cube}}{t_{sphere}} = \left(\frac{A_{sphere}}{A_{cube}} ight)^2 = \left(\frac{4\pi r^2}{6 l^2}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{4\pi}{6}\right)^2 \left(\frac{r}{l}\right)^4.
چورینوف کے قانون کے تحت جمنے کے وقت کا تناسب: (4π6)2(rl)4\left(\frac{4\pi}{6}\right)^{2}\left(\frac{r}{l}\right)^{4} حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
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482📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMachining & Machine Tool Operations
In machining, width of cut becomes equal to depth of cut when the principal cutting edge angle is equal to:
Explanation
In orthogonal cutting, the width of chip/cut w=dsinλw = \frac{d}{\sin\lambda} (where dd is depth of cut and λ\lambda is the principal cutting edge angle). When λ=90\lambda = 90^\circ, sin90=1    w=d\sin 90^\circ = 1 \implies w = d.
جب کٹنگ ایج کا زاویہ 9090^\circ ہو تو کٹ کی چوڑائی کٹ کی گہرائی کے برابر ہو جاتی ہے۔
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483📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringStrength of Materials: Elastic Constants
How is the modulus of rigidity defined?
Explanation
Modulus of Rigidity (Shear Modulus, GG or CC) is defined as the ratio of shear stress (τ\tau) to shear strain (γ\gamma) within the elastic limit (G=τγG = \frac{\tau}{\gamma}).
ماڈیولس آف ریجیڈیٹی (Modulus of Rigidity) لچکدار حد کے اندر شیئر اسٹریس اور شیئر سٹرین کا تناسب ہے۔
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484📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringStrength of Materials: Column Buckling
Among the following factors, which one does NOT influence the buckling load:
Explanation
Euler's critical buckling load is given by Pcr=π2EILe2P_{cr} = \frac{\pi^2 E I}{L_e^2}. It depends directly on Young's modulus EE, least moment of inertia II, effective length LeL_e, and slenderness ratio λ\lambda. Cross-sectional area alone without its geometrical distribution does not govern Euler column buckling.
آئیولر کے بکلنگ لوڈ کا انحصار ماڈیولس آف ایلاسٹسٹی، سلمبرنس ریشو اور مومنٹ آف انرشا پر ہوتا ہے۔
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485📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringFluid Mechanics: Dimensionless Numbers
Weber's number is defined as:
Explanation
Weber Number (WeWe) is the non-dimensional parameter defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force to surface tension force: We=FiFs=vσ/(ρL)We = \sqrt{\frac{F_i}{F_s}} = \frac{v}{\sqrt{\sigma / (\rho L)}}.
ویبر نمبر (Weber's number) انرشا فورس اور سرفیس ٹینشن فورس کے تناسب کا جذر ہے۔
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486📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringFluid Mechanics: Boundary Layer Flow
Consider a laminar flow over a flat plate of length L=1 mL = 1\text{ m}. The boundary layer thickness at the end of the plate is δw\delta_w for water, and δa\delta_a for air for the same freestream velocity. If the kinematic viscosities of water and air are 1×106 m2/s1 \times 10^{-6}\text{ m}^2/\text{s} and 1.6×105 m2/s1.6 \times 10^{-5}\text{ m}^2/\text{s}, respectively, the ratio of δwδa\frac{\delta_w}{\delta_a} is:
Explanation
For laminar flow over a flat plate, Blasius boundary layer thickness $\delta = \frac{5 x}{\sqrt{Re_x}} = 5\sqrt{\frac{
u x}{U_\infty}} \propto \sqrt{
u}.Therefore:. Therefore: \frac{\delta_w}{\delta_a} = \sqrt{\frac{
u_w}{
u_a}} = \sqrt{\frac{1 \times 10^{-6}}{1.6 \times 10^{-5}}} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{16}} = \frac{1}{4}$.
باؤنڈری لیئر کی موٹائی کائینی میٹک وسکاسیٹی کے جذر کے متناسب ہوتی ہے: δwδa=116=14\frac{\delta_w}{\delta_a} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{16}} = \frac{1}{4}۔
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487📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringThermodynamics: Air Standard Otto Cycle
The air standard efficiency of the Otto cycle is:
Explanation
The air-standard thermal efficiency of an Otto cycle (constant-volume heat addition) is ηotto=11rγ1\eta_{otto} = 1 - \frac{1}{r^{\gamma - 1}}, where rr is the compression ratio and γ\gamma is the adiabatic index (Cp/CvC_p / C_v).
اوٹو سائیکل کی معیاری کارکردگی کا فارمولا η=11rγ1\eta = 1 - \frac{1}{r^{\gamma-1}} ہے۔
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488📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIC Engines: Diesel Cycle Cut-Off Ratio
A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 16 and cut-off takes place at 6% of the stroke. What will be the cut-off ratio?
Explanation
Stroke volume Vs=V1V2=(r1)Vc=15VcV_s = V_1 - V_2 = (r - 1)V_c = 15 V_c. Cut-off occurs at 6%6\% of stroke     V3V2=0.06Vs=0.06(15Vc)=0.90Vc\implies V_3 - V_2 = 0.06 V_s = 0.06 (15 V_c) = 0.90 V_c. Since V2=VcV_2 = V_c, V3=Vc+0.90Vc=1.90VcV_3 = V_c + 0.90 V_c = 1.90 V_c. Cut-off ratio rc=V3V2=1.9r_c = \frac{V_3}{V_2} = 1.9.
ڈیزل انجن کا کٹ آف ریشو rc=1+cut-off fraction×(r1)=1+0.06×15=1.9r_c = 1 + \text{cut-off fraction} \times (r - 1) = 1 + 0.06 \times 15 = 1.9 ہے۔
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489📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringOperations Research: Johnson's Sequencing Rule
There are five jobs (namely A, B, C, D and E), each of which must go through machines M1 and M2 in the order M1 - M2. Processing Time (in hours) are given below:
Job A: M1=5, M2=2
Job B: M1=1, M2=6
Job C: M1=9, M2=7
Job D: M1=3, M2=8
Job E: M1=10, M2=4
Determine the optimal sequence to minimize total elapsed time.
Explanation
Applying Johnson's Rule for n jobs on 2 machines:
1. Minimum time is 1 hr (Job B on M1) → Place B first: [B, _, _, _, _]
2. Next minimum is 2 hr (Job A on M2) → Place A last: [B, _, _, _, A]
3. Next minimum is 3 hr (Job D on M1) → Place D second: [B, D, _, _, A]
4. Next minimum is 4 hr (Job E on M2) → Place E fourth: [B, D, _, E, A]
5. Remaining Job C goes in the middle: [B, D, C, E, A].
جانسن کے رول کے مطابق کاموں کی درست ترتیب: B-D-C-E-A ہے۔
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490📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMachine Design: Belt Drives
The velocity ratio of the belt drive is defined as:
Explanation
Velocity ratio (or speed ratio) of a belt drive is defined as the ratio of the rotational speed (RPM) of the driven/follower pulley (N2N_2) to the rotational speed of the driving pulley (N1N_1), i.e., VR=N2N1=d1d2VR = \frac{N_2}{N_1} = \frac{d_1}{d_2}.
بیلٹ ڈرائیو کی ویلوسیٹی ریشو ڈرائیون پللی کی رفتار اور ڈرائیونگ پللی کی رفتار کا تناسب (N2/N1N_2 / N_1) ہوتی ہے۔
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491📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMechanical Vibrations: Critical Damping
A mass of 1 kg is attached to the end of a spring with a stiffness 0.7 N/mm0.7\text{ N/mm}. The critical damping coefficient of this system will be:
Explanation
Stiffness k=0.7 N/mm=700 N/mk = 0.7\text{ N/mm} = 700\text{ N/m}, mass m=1 kgm = 1\text{ kg}. Critical damping coefficient cc=2km=2700×1=2×26.4575=52.92 Ns/mc_c = 2\sqrt{k m} = 2\sqrt{700 \times 1} = 2 \times 26.4575 = 52.92\text{ N}\cdot\text{s/m}.
کریٹیکل ڈیمپنگ کوایفیشینٹ cc=2km=2700×1=52.92 Ns/mc_c = 2\sqrt{km} = 2\sqrt{700 \times 1} = 52.92\text{ Ns/m} ہے۔
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492📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringStrength of Materials: Poisson's Ratio
Which of the following is correct?
Explanation
Poisson's ratio (μ\mu or $
u)isdefinedastheratiooflateralstraintolongitudinal(axial)strain:) is defined as the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal (axial) strain: \mu = \frac{\text{Lateral strain}}{\text{Longitudinal strain}} \implies \text{Lateral strain} = \mu \times \text{Longitudinal strain}$.
پوائسن کے ریشو کے فارمولے کے مطابق: لیٹرل سٹرین = پوائسن ریشو ×\times لونگیٹیوڈینل سٹرین۔
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493📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringRefrigeration & Air Conditioning: Refrigerants
A good refrigerant must have ________ specific heat when it is in liquid state and ________ specific heat when it is vaporized.
Explanation
An ideal refrigerant should have low specific heat of liquid (to minimize subcooling heat losses and flashing during throttling) and high specific heat / high latent heat of vapor (to maximize refrigeration effect per unit mass flow).
ایک اچھے ریفریجرنٹ میں مائع حالت میں کم مخصوص حرارت اور بخاراتی حالت میں زیادہ مخصوص حرارت (Low, high) ہونی چاہیے۔
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494📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringManufacturing Technology: Welding Joints
In single V-butt welds, the angle between edges is:
Explanation
In standard single V-groove butt welding joints, the included groove angle between the prepared plate edges typically ranges from 6060^\circ to 7070^\circ to ensure complete joint penetration.
سنگل وی بٹ ویلڈنگ میں کناروں کے درمیان کا زاویہ 6060^\circ سے 7070^\circ رکھا جاتا ہے۔
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495📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIC Engines: SI vs CI Engines
The thermal efficiency of petrol engines is:
Explanation
Petrol (SI) engines operate at lower compression ratios (6:16:1 to 10:110:1) compared to diesel engines (14:114:1 to 22:122:1) to avoid knock/detonation. Because thermal efficiency increases with compression ratio, petrol engines have lower thermal efficiency.
پیٹرول انجنوں کی تھرمل کارکردگی ڈیزل انجنوں کے مقابلے میں کمپریشن ریشو کم ہونے کی وجہ سے کم (Lower due to lower compression ratio) ہوتی ہے۔
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496📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering & Automation
The word automation leads to:
Explanation
Automation involves the integration of self-operating mechanical and electronic controls to increase production rates, assist/substitute human operators in hazardous tasks, and improve overall factory productivity.
آٹومیشن سے پیداوار میں اضافہ اور مشینوں کے ذریعے انسانی کاموں کی انجام دہی ممکن ہوتی ہے۔
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497📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringManufacturing Processes: Gating Systems
A gating ratio 1:2:4 is used to design the gating system for magnesium alloy casting. This gating system refers to the cross-section areas of the various gating elements as given below:
1. Down sprue
2. Runner bar
3. Ingate
The correct sequence of the above elements in the ratio 1:2:4 is:
Explanation
Gating ratio is standardly defined as Asprue:Arunner:AingateA_{sprue} : A_{runner} : A_{ingate}. An unpressurized ratio of 1:2:4 corresponds directly to 1 (Down sprue) : 2 (Runner bar) : 3 (Ingate).
گیٹنگ ریشو As:Ar:Ag=1:2:4A_s : A_r : A_g = 1:2:4 کا مطلب ہے ڈاؤن اسپرو، رنر بار اور ان گیٹ (1، 2 اور 3)۔
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498📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMaterial Science: Engineering Ceramics
On average, what is the maximum use temperature of engineering ceramics?
Explanation
Advanced refractory engineering ceramics (such as silicon carbide, zirconia, and graphite composites) exhibit maximum service temperatures up to 2760C\approx 2760^\circ\text{C} (5000F5000^\circ\text{F}).
انجینئرنگ سیرامکس زیادہ سے زیادہ تقریباً 2760C2760^\circ\text{C} تک کا درجہ حرارت برداشت کر سکتے ہیں۔
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499📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringRefrigeration: Carnot Refrigeration Cycle
Which statement accurately describes the Carnot refrigeration cycle?
Explanation
The Carnot refrigeration cycle is an ideal totally reversible thermodynamic cycle consisting of two reversible isothermal and two isentropic processes operating between two fixed temperature thermal reservoirs (THT_H and TLT_L).
کارنوٹ ریفریجریشن سائیکل دو مقررہ درجہ حرارتوں کے درمیان کام کرنے والا ایک مکمل طور پر ریورسیبل سائیکل ہے۔
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500📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringPsychrometry: Relative Humidity
The term "relative humidity" refers to:
Explanation
Relative Humidity (ϕ\phi or RH) is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in moist air (pvp_v) to the saturation pressure of pure water (pvsp_{vs}) at the same dry-bulb temperature: ϕ=pvpvs\phi = \frac{p_v}{p_{vs}}.
اضافی نمی (Relative humidity) ہوا میں واٹر ویپر کے جزوی دباؤ اور اسی درجہ حرارت پر سیچوریشن دباؤ کا تناسب (pv/pvsp_v / p_{vs}) ہے۔
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501📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringFluid Mechanics: Reynolds Number
The Reynolds number is used to determine the flow regime in a fluid based on the relationship between:
Explanation
Reynolds Number (ReRe) is the dimensionless ratio of inertia forces to viscous forces in a fluid flow: Re=Inertia forceViscous force=ρvDμRe = \frac{\text{Inertia force}}{\text{Viscous force}} = \frac{\rho v D}{\mu}.
رینالڈز نمبر سیال کے بہاؤ میں انرشا اور وسکاسیٹی فورسز کا تناسب ہوتا ہے۔
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502📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMachining & Machine Tools: Chip Formation
The material removed during machining is called:
Explanation
In metal cutting and machining terminology, the waste metallic debris and chips produced during cutting operations are formally termed Swarf (or chips).
مشیننگ کے دوران کٹ کر الگ ہونے والے میٹل کے ٹکڑوں کو سوارف (Swarf / Chips) کہتے ہیں۔
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503📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMachining: Milling Operations
Milling involves cutting material using:
Explanation
Milling is a metal removal machining process in which the workpiece is fed past a rotating multi-point cutting tool (milling cutter with multiple peripheral/end cutting edges).
ملنگ مشیننگ میں کثیر کٹنگ ایجز رکھنے والا گھومنے والا ملٹی پوائنٹ ٹول استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
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504📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIC Engines: Engine Geometry & Compression Ratio
The term "compression ratio" in an engine refers to the ratio of the:
Explanation
The compression ratio (rr) of an internal combustion engine is the ratio of maximum cylinder volume when the piston is at Bottom Dead Center (BDC, Vs+VcV_s + V_c) to minimum cylinder volume when at Top Dead Center (TDC, VcV_c), i.e., r=VBDCVTDC=Vs+VcVcr = \frac{V_{BDC}}{V_{TDC}} = \frac{V_s + V_c}{V_c}.
کمپریشن ریشو باٹم ڈیڈ سینٹر (BDC) کے کل والیم اور ٹاپ ڈیڈ سینٹر (TDC) کے کلیئرنس والیم کا تناسب ہے۔
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505📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringCAD/CAM: Fundamentals
CAM refers to:
Explanation
CAM stands for Computer-Aided Manufacturing, which uses specialized software and automated computer-controlled machinery (CNC/DNC) to plan, manage, and execute manufacturing operations.
CAM کا مطلب کمپیوٹر ایڈیڈ مینوفیکچرنگ (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) ہے۔
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506📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Select the most appropriate meaning of the idiom (e.g. "A piece of cake"):
Explanation
The standard English idiom denotes an 'Easy task' (a task that is simple and effortless to accomplish).
محاورے کا مطلب آسان اور سہل کام (Easy task) ہے۔
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507📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Select the most appropriate ANTONYM of the word 'Arrogant':
Explanation
'Arrogant' means having an exaggerated sense of one's own importance. Its direct antonym is 'Modest' (humble, unpretentious).
'Arrogant' (مغرور) کا متضاد لفظ 'Modest' (عاجز / خاکسار) ہے۔
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508📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages
The average of five numbers is 27. If one number is excluded, the average becomes 25. The excluded number is
Explanation
Sum of 5 numbers =5×27=135= 5 \times 27 = 135. Sum of remaining 4 numbers =4×25=100= 4 \times 25 = 100. Excluded number =135100=35= 135 - 100 = 35.
5 اعداد کا مجموعہ = 135۔ 4 اعداد کا مجموعہ = 100۔ خارج کیا گیا عدد = 135100=35135 - 100 = 35 ہے۔
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509📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProblems on Ages
The present ages of Aman and Nina are 59 and 37 years, respectively. What was the ratio of the ages of Nina and Aman 13 years ago?
Explanation
13 years ago: Nina's age =3713=24 years= 37 - 13 = 24\text{ years}. Aman's age =5913=46 years= 59 - 13 = 46\text{ years}. Ratio of Nina to Aman =24:46=12:23= 24 : 46 = 12 : 23.
13 سال پہلے نینا اور امن کی عمروں کا تناسب =24:46=12:23= 24 : 46 = 12 : 23 تھا۔
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510📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Human Respiratory System
During respiration exchange of gases take place in
Explanation
In human respiratory anatomy, the exchange of oxygen (O2\text{O}_2) and carbon dioxide (CO2\text{CO}_2) occurs across the thin, vascularized walls of microscopic air sacs called Alveoli in the lungs via simple diffusion.
سانس کے عمل کے دوران گیسوں کا تبادلہ پھیپھڑوں کے ایلوولی (Alveoli of lungs) میں ہوتا ہے۔
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511📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryNon-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements
Which of the following movement was combined with the Non-Cooperation movement in 1920?
Explanation
In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress merged the Non-Cooperation Movement with the Khilafat Movement led by the Ali Brothers (Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) to unite Hindus and Muslims against British rule.
سال 1920 میں عدم تعاون تحریک کو خلافت تحریک (Khilafat Movement) کے ساتھ ملایا گیا تھا۔
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512📚🏥 First Aid & Occupational SafetyPrinciples of First Aid (3 Ps)
Which of the following is/are aim of the First Aid
Explanation
The primary 3 Ps of First Aid are: 1. Preserve life, 2. Prevent deterioration / further injury, and 3. Promote recovery. All the options are core objectives.
ابتدائی طبی امداد کے تینوں بنیادی مقاصد ہیں: زندگی بچانا، مزید نقصان سے بچانا اور بحالی کو فروغ دینا (All of the above)۔
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513📚⚖️ Labour Laws & Social SecurityEmployees' Provident Fund Act, 1952
Minimum _____ persons must be employed in as establishment for the applicability of the PF act.
Explanation
Under the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952, statutory PF registration applies to any factory or commercial establishment employing 20 or more persons.
ایمپلائز پراویڈنٹ فنڈ (EPF) ایکٹ کا اطلاق اس ادارے پر ہوتا ہے جس میں کم از کم 20 ملازمین کام کرتے ہوں۔
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514📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Choose the correct antonym of the given word:
Dissolute
Explanation
'Dissolute' means lax in morals, licentious, or corrupt. Its direct antonym is 'Moral' (virtuous, righteous).
'Dissolute' (بدچلن / بے راہ رو) کا متضاد لفظ 'Moral' (بااخلاق / نیک) ہے۔
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515📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Check
Choose the correctly spelt word
Explanation
The correct spelling is 'Clandestine' (meaning kept secret or done secretly, especially for illicit reasons).
درست ہجے 'Clandestine' (پوشیدہ / خفیہ) ہے۔
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516📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit and Loss
A man buys oranges at Rs. 5 a dozen and an equal number Rs. 4 a dozen. He sells them at Rs. 5.50 a dozen and makes a profit of Rs. 50. How many oranges does he buy?
Explanation
Let him buy xx dozen of each kind (total 2x2x dozens). Total Cost =5x+4x=9x Rs.= 5x + 4x = 9x\text{ Rs.} Average Cost per dozen =9x2x=Rs. 4.50= \frac{9x}{2x} = \text{Rs. } 4.50. Selling price per dozen =Rs. 5.50= \text{Rs. } 5.50. Profit per dozen =5.504.50=Rs. 1.00= 5.50 - 4.50 = \text{Rs. } 1.00. Total profit =(2x)×1.00=50    2x=50 dozens= (2x) \times 1.00 = 50 \implies 2x = 50\text{ dozens} (or buys 50 dozens in total).
اوسط لاگت = 4.50 روپے فی درجن۔ منافع فی درجن = 1 روپیہ۔ 50 روپے منافع کے لیے اس نے کل 50 درجن (50 dozens) مالٹے خریدے۔
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517📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: Area of Triangles
If the sides of a triangle are 26 cm, 24 cm and 10 cm, what is its area?
Explanation
Check Pythagorean triplet: 102+242=100+576=676=26210^2 + 24^2 = 100 + 576 = 676 = 26^2. Since it is a right-angled triangle, Area=12×base×height=12×10×24=120 cm2\text{Area} = \frac{1}{2} \times \text{base} \times \text{height} = \frac{1}{2} \times 10 \times 24 = 120\text{ cm}^2.
چونکہ یہ قائم الزاویہ مثلث ہے، رقبہ = \frac{1}{2} \times 10 \times 24 = 120 مربع سینٹی میٹر ہے۔
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518📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio and Proportion: Alloys
An alloy contains copper and zinc in the ratio 9:4. The zinc required (in kg) to be melted with 24 kg of copper is
Explanation
CopperZinc=94    24Zinc=94    Zinc=24×49=969=323 kg\frac{\text{Copper}}{\text{Zinc}} = \frac{9}{4} \implies \frac{24}{\text{Zinc}} = \frac{9}{4} \implies \text{Zinc} = \frac{24 \times 4}{9} = \frac{96}{9} = \frac{32}{3}\text{ kg}.
زنک کی درکار مقدار = \frac{24 \times 4}{9} = \frac{32}{3} کلوگرام ہے۔
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519📚⚖️ Political Science & GovernanceElectoral Politics & Political Parties
What is the meaning of 'Alliance'?
Explanation
In political science, an electoral Alliance (or Front/Coalition) is formed when multiple political parties join together prior to an election to contest seats collectively and win power (e.g. NDA, UPA/INDIA).
سیاسی اتحاد (Alliance) اس وقت بنتا ہے جب کثیر جماعتی نظام میں مختلف پارٹیاں الیکشن لڑنے اور اقتدار حاصل کرنے کے لیے مل جائیں۔
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520📚📖 General EnglishHomophones
Identify the pair that does not consist of homophones.
Explanation
All pairs are traditional homophones (identical pronunciation). In standard question sets testing homophone definitions, each pair shares identical phonetic transcription (/flaʊ.ər/, /bɛər/, /hɛər/, /breɪk/).
تمام جوڑے ہوموفونز ہیں، تلفظ یکساں ہے۔
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521📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages: Cricket Scores
A cricketer has a certain average for 10 innings. In the 11th inning, he scored 108 runs, thereby increasing his average by 6 runs. His new average is
Explanation
Let old average after 10 innings be AA. Total runs =10A= 10A. After 11th inning: 10A+10811=A+6    10A+108=11A+66    A=42 runs\frac{10A + 108}{11} = A + 6 \implies 10A + 108 = 11A + 66 \implies A = 42\text{ runs}. New average =42+6=48 runs= 42 + 6 = 48\text{ runs}.
پرانی اوسط = 42 رنز۔ نئی اوسط = 42 + 6 = 48 رنز ہے۔
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522📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages & Family Age Problems
The average age of a husband, the wife, and the child two years ago was 28 years and the average age of the husband and the child 5 years ago was 21 years. What is the present age of the wife?
Explanation
2 years ago: Sum of (Husband + Wife + Child) =3×28=84 yrs= 3 \times 28 = 84\text{ yrs}. Present sum of all three =84+3(2)=90 yrs= 84 + 3(2) = 90\text{ yrs}. 5 years ago: Sum of (Husband + Child) =2×21=42 yrs= 2 \times 21 = 42\text{ yrs}. Present sum of (Husband + Child) =42+2(5)=52 yrs= 42 + 2(5) = 52\text{ yrs}. Present age of Wife =9052=38 years= 90 - 52 = 38\text{ years}.
تینوں کی موجودہ عمروں کا مجموعہ = 90 سال۔ شوہر اور بچے کی موجودہ عمروں کا مجموعہ = 52 سال۔ بیوی کی موجودہ عمر = 90 - 52 = 38 سال ہے۔
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523📚🌱 Renewable EnergyWind Energy Generation
The power generated in a windmill
Explanation
The theoretical aerodynamic power extractable by a wind turbine blade rotor is directly proportional to the cube of the wind velocity (P=12ρAv3P = \frac{1}{2} \rho A v^3), making wind speed the dominant determining factor.
پون چکی (Windmill) میں پیدا ہونے والی بجلی کا انحصار براہ راست ہوا کی رفتار (Wind velocity کی تیسری پاور) پر ہوتا ہے۔
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524📚🗣️ Communication SkillsLinguistics & Pragmatics
Studying the practical use of signs and their impact on everyday life is called
Explanation
Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics and semiotics that studies how context contributes to meaning and how signs/language are practically used by speakers in everyday social situations.
علامات اور زبان کے عملی استعمال اور روزمرہ زندگی میں اس کے اثرات کے مطالعہ کو پریگمیٹکس (Pragmatics) کہتے ہیں۔
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525📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: Area of Rectangle
If the length and breadth of a rectangle are 15 cm and 10 cm respectively, then its area is
Explanation
Area of rectangle=length×breadth=15 cm×10 cm=150 sq. cm\text{Area of rectangle} = \text{length} \times \text{breadth} = 15\text{ cm} \times 10\text{ cm} = 150\text{ sq. cm}.
مستطیل کا رقبہ = لمبائی ×\timesچوڑائی = 15 \times 10 = 150 مربع سینٹی میٹر ہے۔
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526📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio & Proportions: Train Speeds
The speed of two trains are in the ratio 6: 7. If the second train runs 364 km in 4 hours, then the speed of first train is ?
Explanation
Speed of second train =364 km4 hr=91 km/hr= \frac{364\text{ km}}{4\text{ hr}} = 91\text{ km/hr}. Ratio S1S2=67    S1=91×67=13×6=78 km/hr\frac{S_1}{S_2} = \frac{6}{7} \implies S_1 = 91 \times \frac{6}{7} = 13 \times 6 = 78\text{ km/hr}.
دوسری ٹرین کی رفتار = 91 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ پہلی ٹرین کی رفتار = 91 \times \frac{6}{7} = 78 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ ہے۔
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527📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProblems on Ages
The ages of X and Y are in the proportion of 6:5 and total of their ages is 44 years. The proportion of their ages after 8 years will be?
Explanation
Let ages be 6x6x and 5x5x. 6x+5x=44    11x=44    x=46x + 5x = 44 \implies 11x = 44 \implies x = 4. Present ages: X=24 yrsX = 24\text{ yrs}, Y=20 yrsY = 20\text{ yrs}. After 8 years: X=24+8=32 yrsX = 24 + 8 = 32\text{ yrs}, Y=20+8=28 yrsY = 20 + 8 = 28\text{ yrs}. Ratio =32:28=8:7= 32 : 28 = 8 : 7.
موجودہ عمریں 24 اور 20 سال ہیں۔ 8 سال بعد عمروں کا تناسب =32:28=8:7= 32 : 28 = 8 : 7 ہوگا۔
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528📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProblems on Ages
Six years ago the ratio of the ages of Preeti and Ruchi was 6: 5. After four years the ratio of their ages will be 11: 10. What is Ruchi's present age?
Explanation
Let ages 6 years ago be 6x6x and 5x5x. Present ages =6x+6= 6x+6 and 5x+65x+6. In 4 years: 6x+105x+10=1110    60x+100=55x+110    5x=10    x=2\frac{6x+10}{5x+10} = \frac{11}{10} \implies 60x + 100 = 55x + 110 \implies 5x = 10 \implies x = 2. Ruchi's present age =5(2)+6=16 years= 5(2) + 6 = 16\text{ years}.
روچی کی موجودہ عمر = 5(2) + 6 = 16 سال ہے۔
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529📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeStatistics: Corrected Mean
The mean of 50 observations was 36. It was found later that an observation 48 was wrongly taken as 23. The corrected new mean is?
Explanation
Original sum =50×36=1800= 50 \times 36 = 1800. Corrected sum =180023+48=1825= 1800 - 23 + 48 = 1825. Corrected mean =182550=36.5= \frac{1825}{50} = 36.5.
درست مجموعہ = 1825۔ نئی اوسط =182550=36.5= \frac{1825}{50} = 36.5 ہے۔
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530📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages: Weight Inclusions
The average weight of a class of 24 students is 35 kg. If the weight of the teacher be included, the average rises by 400 g. The weight of the teacher is?
Explanation
Total students weight =24×35=840 kg= 24 \times 35 = 840\text{ kg}. New total people =25= 25, new average =35+0.4=35.4 kg= 35 + 0.4 = 35.4\text{ kg}. Total weight =25×35.4=885 kg= 25 \times 35.4 = 885\text{ kg}. Teacher's weight =885840=45 kg= 885 - 840 = 45\text{ kg}.
استاد کا وزن = 885 - 840 = 45 کلوگرام ہے۔
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531📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages: Cricket Scores
The average of runs of a cricket player of 10 innings was 32. How many runs must he make in his next innings so as to increase his average of runs by 4?
Explanation
Runs in 10 innings =10×32=320= 10 \times 32 = 320. Required average for 11 innings =32+4=36= 32 + 4 = 36. Required total runs =11×36=396= 11 \times 36 = 396. Runs in 11th inning =396320=76 runs= 396 - 320 = 76\text{ runs}.
11ویں اننگز میں مطلوبہ رنز = 396 - 320 = 76 رنز ہیں۔
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532📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio and Proportion
If a:b=1:2a:b=1:2 and b:c=3:4b:c=3:4 find a:b:ca:b:c?
Explanation
a:b=1:2=3:6a:b = 1:2 = 3:6 and b:c=3:4=6:8    a:b:c=3:6:8b:c = 3:4 = 6:8 \implies a:b:c = 3:6:8.
مشترکہ تناسب a:b:c=3:6:8a:b:c = 3:6:8 ہے۔
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533📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio and Proportion: Divisibility
If the ratio of men to women at a party is 4:7, which of the following could be the number of people at the party?
Explanation
Total parts =4+7=11= 4 + 7 = 11. The total number of people must be an integer multiple of 11. Among the given options, only 66 is divisible by 11 (11×6=6611 \times 6 = 66).
کل افراد کی تعداد 11 کا ضرب ہونی چاہیے، لہذا 66 درست جواب ہے۔
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534📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMixtures and Alligations
A mixture contains alcohol and water in the ratio 4:3. If 5 litres of water is added to the mixture, the ratio becomes 4:5. Find the quantity of alcohol in the given mixture?
Explanation
Let alcohol =4x= 4x, water =3x= 3x. When 5L water is added: 4x3x+5=45    20x=12x+20    8x=20    x=2.5\frac{4x}{3x+5} = \frac{4}{5} \implies 20x = 12x + 20 \implies 8x = 20 \implies x = 2.5. Alcohol quantity =4x=4(2.5)=10 litres= 4x = 4(2.5) = 10\text{ litres}.
شراب کی مقدار = 4 \times 2.5 = 10 لیٹر ہے۔
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535📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: Surface Area of Cube
If each edge of a cube is increased by 50%, find the percentage increase in Its surface area?
Explanation
Surface Area A=6s2A = 6s^2. New edge s=1.5ss' = 1.5s. New Area A=6(1.5s)2=2.25×(6s2)=2.25AA' = 6(1.5s)^2 = 2.25 \times (6s^2) = 2.25 A. Percentage increase =(2.251)×100%=125%= (2.25 - 1) \times 100\% = 125\%.
سطحی رقبے میں فیصد اضافہ =125%= 125\% ہے۔
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536📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: 3D Diagonal of Cuboid
Find the length of the longest pole that can be placed in a room 12 m long 8 m broad and 9 m high?
Explanation
Length of space diagonal =l2+b2+h2=122+82+92=144+64+81=289=17 m= \sqrt{l^2 + b^2 + h^2} = \sqrt{12^2 + 8^2 + 9^2} = \sqrt{144 + 64 + 81} = \sqrt{289} = 17\text{ m}.
کمرے کے وتر کی لمبائی = \sqrt{144 + 64 + 81} = 17 میٹر ہے۔
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537📚🧩 Logical ReasoningBlood Relations: Dialogue Based
Introducing Rukmani, Vijay said, " She is the mother of the son of only brother of my wife." What is the relation of Rukmani's husband with Vijay?
Explanation
Vijay's wife's only brother is Vijay's Brother-in-law. The son of Vijay's wife's brother has Rukmani as mother, meaning Rukmani is the wife of Vijay's wife's brother. Thus, Rukmani's husband is Vijay's Brother-in-law (Saala).
رکمنی کے شوہر کا وجے کے ساتھ رشتہ سالے یعنی برادر ان لاء (Brother-in-law) کا ہے۔
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538📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaInternational Borders of India
Which of the following country shares the longest land boundary with India?
Explanation
India shares its longest international land border with Bangladesh, extending across 4,096.7 km through five Indian states.
ہندوستان کی سب سے لمبی زمینی سرحد بنگلہ دیش کے ساتھ (4,096.7 کلومیٹر) ہے۔
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539📚🌱 Environmental ScienceFundamentals of Ecology
Ecology deals with
Explanation
Ecology (from Greek 'oikos' meaning house) is the branch of biology that studies the interactions and interrelationships between living organisms and their abiotic/biotic environment.
ایکولوجی کا تعلق جانداروں اور ان کے ماحول کے باہمی تعلقات کے مطالعے سے ہے۔
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540📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Select the most appropriate synonym of the given word:
SPONTANEOUS
Explanation
'Spontaneous' means performed or occurring as a result of a sudden impulse without premeditation. Its closest synonym is 'Impulsive'.
'Spontaneous' (برملا / فی البدیہہ) کا ہم معنی لفظ 'Impulsive' ہے۔
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541📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Select the most appropriate antonym of the given word:
COVER
Explanation
'Cover' means to hide, conceal, or protect. Its opposite in context of showing off/exposing openly is 'Flaunt' (or Flash/Expose).
'Cover' (چھپانا) کا متضاد لفظ 'Flaunt' (ظاہر کرنا / نمائش کرنا) ہے۔
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542📚📖 General EnglishPhrasal Verbs & Idiomatic Usage
Select the correct sentence
Explanation
The phrasal verb 'to wait on someone' means to serve, attend to, or provide hospitality to a guest.
مہمان کی خدمت کرنے کے لیے فریز 'wait on the guest' درست ہے۔
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543📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Choose the one word which best express the meaning of the given word:
OBSTINATE
Explanation
'Obstinate' means stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or chosen course of action. Its direct synonym is 'Stubborn'.
'Obstinate' (ضدی / ہٹ دھرم) کا ہم معنی لفظ 'Stubborn' ہے۔
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544📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Check
Select the misspelt word
Explanation
'Relinqush' is misspelt; the correct spelling is 'Relinquish' (meaning to voluntarily cease to keep or claim).
غلط ہجے 'Relinqush' ہے، درست لفظ 'Relinquish' ہے۔
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545📚📖 General EnglishConfusing Words: Affect vs Effect
Fill in the blank with the correct form of the word:
Corruption has tremendous ________ on our political system.
Explanation
'Effect' is a noun meaning a change or result consequence: "has tremendous effect on our political system." ('Affect' is primarily a verb).
اسم کے طور پر نتیجہ ظاہر کرنے کے لیے 'effect' درست لفظ ہے۔
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546📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Choose the word which is exact opposite of the given word:
ENORMOUS
Explanation
'Enormous' means extremely large or huge. Its exact antonym is 'Tiny' (extremely small).
'Enormous' (بہت بڑا / دیو ہیکل) کا متضاد لفظ 'Tiny' (بہت چھوٹا / ننھا) ہے۔
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547📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Fixed Prepositions
Choose the right word for the fill in the blank:
The manager didn't punish him for coming late. He must be ________ his good books.
Explanation
The standard English idiom is "to be in someone's good books" (meaning to be in favor with someone).
محاورہ 'in his good books' (پسندیدہ ہونا) درست ہے۔
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548📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Check
Find the correctly spelled word
Explanation
The correct spelling is 'Adulation' (meaning excessive flattery or praise).
درست ہجے 'Adulation' (خوشامد / حد سے زیادہ تعریف) ہے۔
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549📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Choose the word which is exact opposite of the given word:
QUIESCENT
Explanation
'Quiescent' means in a state of dormancy, inactivity, or rest. Its direct opposite is 'Active'.
'Quiescent' (غیر متحرک / ساکت) کا متضاد لفظ 'Active' (متحرک / فعال) ہے۔
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550📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Check
Choose the word which is correctly spelt:
Explanation
The correct spelling is 'Conduit' (meaning a channel or pipe for conveying water or other fluid, or a tube protecting electrical wiring).
درست ہجے 'Conduit' (نالی / پائپ) ہے۔
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551📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Select the most appropriate antonym of the given word:
BELLIGERENT
Explanation
'Belligerent' means hostile, aggressive, and combative. Its direct antonym is 'Friendly' (peaceable, amicable).
'Belligerent' (جارحانہ / جنگجو) کا متضاد لفظ 'Friendly' (دوستانہ / پرامن) ہے۔
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552📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension: Vocabulary & Antonyms
Avinash, a computer science programmer, dedicated his days to a prominent game development company while nurturing a fervent passion for video creation. Amidst his professional commitments, his heart resided in crafting a game that would enrapture global players. Spending his spare hours engrossed in coding and conceptualization, Avinash meticulously developed a fusion of adventure and strategy for his dream project. Sharing his vision with colleagues who shared his enthusiasm, they embarked on a Kickstarter campaign, pooling resources to manifest their collective dream into reality.

What is the opposite of the word: meticulously
Explanation
'Meticulously' means with great attention to detail, precision, and thoroughness. Its direct opposite is 'Sloppily' (carelessly, untidily).
'Meticulously' (نہایت احتیاط اور باریک بینی سے) کا متضاد لفظ 'Sloppily' (لاپرواہی اور بے ترتیبی سے) ہے۔
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553📚🏆 Sports & TrophiesNational Football Championships
"Santosh Trophy" is associated with which game
Explanation
The Santosh Trophy is India's premier inter-state senior men's national Football championship organized by the All India Football Federation (AIFF) since 1941.
سنتوش ٹرافی کا تعلق فٹ بال (Football) کے کھیل سے ہے۔
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554📚📖 General EnglishArticles
Fill in the blank using suitable articles. When no article is required, select no article among the given options:
I went to ______ hometown last year and remained there for ______ week.
Explanation
In idiomatic English, 'went to hometown' functions without an article when referring to one's own home territory, followed by indefinite singular time duration 'for a week'.
'went to hometown' اور مدت کے لیے 'for a week' درست آرٹیکل کا استعمال ہے۔
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555📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Pick out the correct meaning of the given idiom/Phrase:
To brow beat
Explanation
'To browbeat' means to intimidate, bully, or cow someone with stern words or overbearing looks.
'To browbeat' کا مطلب کسی کو دھمکانا، ڈرانا یا دباؤ ڈالنا (To intimidate or bully someone) ہے۔
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556📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Pick out the correct meaning of the given idiom/Phrase:
To play ducks and drakes
Explanation
'To play ducks and drakes with' is an idiom meaning to squander, waste recklessly, or lavish money and resources.
'To play ducks and drakes' کا مطلب دولت یا وسائل کو بے دردی سے ضائع کرنا (To squander money) ہے۔
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557📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Select the antonym of the word:
Languid
Explanation
'Languid' means weak, sluggish, or lacking in vitality. Its direct antonym is 'Virile' (energetic, strong, vigorous).
'Languid' (کمزور / سست) کا متضاد لفظ 'Virile' (طاقتور / پُرجوش) ہے۔
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558📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Check
Find out the wrongly spelled word.
Explanation
'Etiquete' is misspelt; the correct spelling is 'Etiquette' (meaning the customary code of polite behavior).
غلط ہجے 'Etiquete' ہے، درست لفظ 'Etiquette' ہے۔
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559📚📖 General EnglishConfusing Words / Homonyms
Fill in the blanks with appropriate homonyms:
Indian mythology regards the material world as an ______
Explanation
'Illusion' (Maya) means a deceptive appearance or impression of reality, which Indian philosophical metaphysics attributes to the material world.
فلسفیانہ طور پر مادی دنیا کو 'illusion' (سراب / دھوکہ / مایا) سمجھا جاتا ہے۔
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560📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: Area of Rectangle
The length of a rectangular plot is thrice its breadth. If the area of the rectangular plot is 7803 sq. metres, What is the breadth of the rectangular plot?
Explanation
Let breadth =b= b, length =3b= 3b. Area=3b×b=3b2=7803    b2=2601    b=2601=51 m\text{Area} = 3b \times b = 3b^2 = 7803 \implies b^2 = 2601 \implies b = \sqrt{2601} = 51\text{ m}.
پلاٹ کی چوڑائی b = \sqrt{7803 / 3} = 51 میٹر ہے۔
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561📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProblems on Ages
The ages of Sulekha and Arunima are in the ratio of 9: 8 respectively. After 5 years, the ratio of their ages will be 10: 9. What is the difference in their ages?
Explanation
Let ages be 9x9x and 8x8x. 9x+58x+5=109    81x+45=80x+50    x=5\frac{9x + 5}{8x + 5} = \frac{10}{9} \implies 81x + 45 = 80x + 50 \implies x = 5. Difference in ages =9x8x=x=5 years= 9x - 8x = x = 5\text{ years}.
عمروں کا فرق = 9(5) - 8(5) = 5 سال ہے۔
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562📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance: Delay Problems
With an average speed of 50 km/hr50\text{ km/hr} a train reaches its destination in time. If it goes with an average speed of 40 km/hr40\text{ km/hr} it is late by 24 minutes. The total journey is
Explanation
Time difference =24 minutes=2460=25 hours= 24\text{ minutes} = \frac{24}{60} = \frac{2}{5}\text{ hours}. D40D50=25    5D4D200=25    D200=25    D=80 km\frac{D}{40} - \frac{D}{50} = \frac{2}{5} \implies \frac{5D - 4D}{200} = \frac{2}{5} \implies \frac{D}{200} = \frac{2}{5} \implies D = 80\text{ km}.
سفر کا کل فاصلہ D = \frac{2}{5} \times 200 = 80 کلومیٹر ہے۔
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563📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio and Proportion: Algebraic Ratios
If a:(b+c)=1:3a:(b+c)=1:3 and c:(a+b)=5:7,c:(a+b)=5:7, then b:(a+c)b:(a+c) is equal to
Explanation
a=14(a+b+c)a = \frac{1}{4}(a+b+c) and c=512(a+b+c)c = \frac{5}{12}(a+b+c). Normalizing total sum to 12: a=3a = 3, c=5    b=12(3+5)=4c = 5 \implies b = 12 - (3 + 5) = 4. Therefore, b:(a+c)=4:(3+5)=4:8=1:2b : (a + c) = 4 : (3 + 5) = 4 : 8 = 1 : 2.
مطلوبہ تناسب b:(a+c)=4:8=1:2b:(a+c) = 4:8 = 1:2 حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
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564📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio and Proportion: Income and Expenditure
The ratio of income and expenditure of a person is 11 : 10 If he saves Rs. 9000 per annum, his monthly income is
Explanation
Savings ratio =1110=1 unit=Rs. 9000 per annum= 11 - 10 = 1\text{ unit} = \text{Rs. } 9000\text{ per annum}. Annual Income =11×9000=Rs. 99000= 11 \times 9000 = \text{Rs. } 99000. Monthly Income =9900012=Rs. 8250= \frac{99000}{12} = \text{Rs. } 8250.
سالانہ آمدنی = 99000 روپے۔ ماہانہ آمدنی = \frac{99000}{12} = 8250 روپے ہے۔
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565📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: Volume of Solids
From a cube of side 8m, a square hole of 3m side is hollowed from end to end. What is the volume of the remaining solid?
Explanation
Volume of original cube =83=512 m3= 8^3 = 512\text{ m}^3. Volume of hollowed square hole prism =3×3×8=72 m3= 3 \times 3 \times 8 = 72\text{ m}^3. Remaining volume =51272=440 m3= 512 - 72 = 440\text{ m}^3.
باقی ماندہ ٹھوس کا حجم = 512 - (3 \times 3 \times 8) = 440 مکعب میٹر ہے۔
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566📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages: Family Ages
In a family, the average age of a father and a mother is 35 years. The average age of the father, mother and their only son is 27 years. What is the age of the son?
Explanation
Sum of parents' ages =2×35=70 years= 2 \times 35 = 70\text{ years}. Sum of all three =3×27=81 years= 3 \times 27 = 81\text{ years}. Son's age =8170=11 years= 81 - 70 = 11\text{ years}.
بیٹے کی عمر = 81 - 70 = 11 سال ہے۔
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567📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProblems on Ages
The ages of A and B are in the ratio 6: 5 and the sum of their ages is 44 years. What will be the ratio of their ages after 8 years?
Explanation
6x+5x=44    11x=44    x=46x + 5x = 44 \implies 11x = 44 \implies x = 4. Present ages: A=24A = 24, B=20B = 20. After 8 years: A=32A = 32, B=28B = 28. Ratio =32:28=8:7= 32 : 28 = 8 : 7.
8 سال بعد عمروں کا تناسب =32:28=8:7= 32 : 28 = 8 : 7 ہوگا۔
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568📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages: Consecutive Odd Numbers
The average of five consecutive odd numbers is 95. What is the fourth number in the descending order?
Explanation
Let five consecutive odd numbers be x4,x2,x,x+2,x+4x-4, x-2, x, x+2, x+4. Their average is x=95x = 95. The numbers are 91, 93, 95, 97, 99. Arranged in descending order: 99, 97, 95, 93, 91. The 4th number in descending order is 93.
نزولی ترتیب (99، 97، 95، 93، 91) میں چوتھا عدد 93 ہے۔
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569📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryIndian National Movements Chronology
Arrange the following freedom struggle movements in chronological order:
1. Non-Cooperation Movement
2. Quit India Movement
3. Swadeshi Movement
4. Civil Disobedience Movement
Explanation
Chronology: Swadeshi Movement (1905, 3) → Non-Cooperation Movement (1920, 1) → Civil Disobedience Movement (1930, 4) → Quit India Movement (1942, 2)     \implies 3-1-4-2.
تاریخی ترتیب: سودیشی (1905) → عدم تعاون (1920) → سول نافرمانی (1930) → ہندوستان چھوڑ دو (1942) یعنی 3-1-4-2۔
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570📚⚖️ Political Science & CivicsFeatures of Democracy
Which of the following is NOT a feature of a democratic government?
Explanation
Democracy is founded on decentralization, pluralism, separation of powers, and civic participation. Autocratic Centralized decision-making is antithetical to democracy.
مرکوز فیصلہ سازی (Centralized decision-making) جمہوری حکومت کی خصوصیت نہیں ہے۔
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571📚⚖️ Indian Polity & ConstitutionFederalism in India
Consider the following statements:
1. Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.
2. In federalism, there is usually more than one level of government for the entire country.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
Explanation
Both statements accurately define the constitutional system of Federalism: division of powers between National and State governments across multiple operational tiers.
وفاقیت (Federalism) کے دونوں بیانات 1 اور 2 بالکل درست ہیں۔
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572📚📖 General EnglishGrammar: Phrases and Clauses
______ are a group of words that together act as a grammatical unit.
Explanation
A 'Phrase' is a group of two or more words functioning as a meaningful syntactic grammatical unit within a clause or sentence without containing both a subject and finite verb.
الفاظ کا وہ مجموعہ جو ایک گرائمیکل یونٹ کے طور پر کام کرے 'فریز' (Phrase) کہلاتا ہے۔
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573📚🗣️ Communication SkillsCommunication Cycle: Decoding
The process of interpreting and understanding message by receiver is called
Explanation
In communication theory, Decoding is the cognitive process by which the receiver interprets, translates, and derives meaning from the sender's encoded symbols/message.
وصول کنندہ کی جانب سے پیغام کو سمجھنے اور تشریح کرنے کے عمل کو ڈی کوڈنگ (Decoding) کہتے ہیں۔
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574📚🏥 Occupational Safety & StandardsInternational Safety Bodies: OSHA
What does the acronym "OSHA" stand for?
Explanation
OSHA stands for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
OSHA کا مخفف 'Occupational Safety and Health Administration' ہے۔
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575📚🌱 Environmental ScienceSolid Waste Management: Incineration
The process of burning municipal solid wastes under suitable temperature and conditions in a specific furnace is called
Explanation
Incineration is a controlled thermal waste treatment process that involves the high-temperature combustion of organic substances contained in solid waste materials.
مخصوص بھٹی میں مناسب درجہ حرارت پر کچرے کو جلانے کے عمل کو انسنریشن (Incineration) کہتے ہیں۔
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576📚⚖️ Indian Polity & ConstitutionRight to Education Act, 2009 Exemptions
Which among the following don't come under the purview of Right to Education?
Explanation
Madrasas, Vedic Pathshalas, and religious minority educational institutions are specifically exempted from the operational ambit of the Right to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 under the 2012 RTE Amendment and Supreme Court rulings.
دینی مدارس اور اقلیتی تعلیمی ادارے حق تعلیم ایکٹ (RTE) کے دائرہ کار سے مستثنیٰ ہیں۔
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577📚⚖️ Taxation & Legal PersonhoodIncome Tax Act: Types of Assessees
A private university named "Kaushal University" is assessable under the income tax act as
Explanation
Under Section 2(31) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, universities, bar councils, and statutory corporations that do not fall under individuals, HUFs, companies, or firms are assessed as an 'Artificial Juridical Person'.
انکم ٹیکس ایکٹ کے تحت نجی یونیورسٹی کو 'Artificial Juridical Person' کے طور پر اسیس کیا جاتا ہے۔
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578📚👥 Demographics of J&KCensus 2011: Literacy in J&K
According to 2011 census, what is average literacy rate in the state of Jammu and Kashmir
Explanation
According to Census 2011, the average literacy rate of Jammu and Kashmir was 67.16%67.16\% (which lies in the bracket: More than 65%65\% but less than 70%70\%).
2011 کی مردم شماری کے مطابق جموں و کشمیر کی شرح خواندگی 67.16% (65% سے 70% کے درمیان) تھی۔
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579📚📖 General EnglishPhrasal Verbs
What are you ______ in the kitchen cupboard?
Explanation
The phrasal verb 'looking for' means searching to find something: "What are you looking for in the kitchen cupboard?"
تلاش کرنے کے لیے فریز 'looking for' درست ہے۔
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580📚📖 General EnglishEnglish Proverbs
"Man proposes, ______ disposes". Fill in the blank space in this saying with any one of the following words -
Explanation
The timeless proverb is: "Man proposes, God disposes" (meaning human plans are subject to divine will).
مشہور کہاوت ہے: "Man proposes, God disposes" (انسان سوچتا ہے اور خدا فیصلہ کرتا ہے)۔
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581📚📖 General EnglishHomophones & Legal Terminology
Choose the right word to fill in the blank in the sentence:
"The President gave ______ to the bill."
Explanation
'Assent' means official agreement or formal presidential approval to legislation.
قانونی بل کی باضابطہ توثیق و منظوری کے لیے 'Assent' استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
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582📚📖 General EnglishPhrasal Verbs
"The wise man advised us not to hate the poor". Replace the word 'hate' in the sentence with one of the following expressions:
Explanation
The phrasal verb 'to look down upon' means to regard with contempt, disdain, or hate.
'Hate' (حقارت سے دیکھنا) کا درست متبادل فریز 'Look down upon' ہے۔
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583📚📖 General EnglishSubjunctive Conjunctions: Lest...should
Fill in the blank in the sentence "He studied hard lest he ______ fail" with an appropriate word:
Explanation
The conjunction 'lest' (meaning 'for fear that') is grammatically followed by the auxiliary verb 'should': "...lest he should fail."
لفظ 'lest' کے ساتھ ہمیشہ موڈل 'should' کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
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584📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
"What you told is Greek to me", In this sentence, the word 'Greek' means -
Explanation
The idiom 'Greek to me' means completely unintelligible, unknown, or incomprehensible.
محاورہ 'Greek to me' کا مطلب نامعلوم یا سمجھ سے بالاتر (Unknown / Incomprehensible) ہے۔
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585📚📖 General EnglishAdverbs of Degree
"He hardly tried for good luck." In this sentence, the word 'hardly' means -
Explanation
'Hardly' is a negative adverb of degree meaning scarcely or 'almost not'.
'Hardly' کا مطلب نہ ہونے کے برابر یعنی 'Almost not' ہے۔
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586📚📖 General EnglishProverbs
"Where there is a ______ there is a way." Fill in the blank space in this sentence with any one of the following words -
Explanation
The famous proverb is: "Where there is a will there is a way" (meaning determination leads to success).
مشہور کہاوت ہے: "Where there is a will there is a way" (جہاں چاہ وہاں راہ)۔
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587📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Metaphors
The expression "Think out of the box" means -
Explanation
'To think out of the box' is an idiomatic metaphor meaning to think creatively, unconventionally, and in an innovative manner.
'Think out of the box' کا مطلب روایات سے ہٹ کر تخلیقی اور جدید انداز میں سوچنا ہے۔
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588📚🧩 Logical ReasoningWord Classification & Patterns
RAP, MAP, HOT, FUN, ?
Explanation
Words following three-letter English consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) pattern with standard meaningful dictionary words: CAT.
تین حرفی بامعنی لفظ کے پیٹرن کے مطابق 'CAT' درست ہے۔
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589📚🧩 Logical ReasoningStatement and Conclusions
Statements: Government has spoiled many top ranking financial institutions by appointing bureaucrats as Directors of these institutions.
Conclusions:
1. Government should appoint Directors of the financial institutes taking into consideration the expertise of the person in the area of finance.
2. The Director of the financial institute should have expertise commensurate with the financial work carried out by the institute.
Explanation
Both conclusions directly address the premise's root problem by asserting that directors should possess specific financial expertise matching institutional roles. Both (1) and (2) follow.
دونوں نتائج (1 اور 2) بیان کے منطقی حل کے طور پر اخذ ہوتے ہیں۔
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590📚🧩 Logical ReasoningMathematical Operations & BODMAS
If ++ means '÷\div', - means '++', ÷\div means '-' and ×\times means '×\times', then what will be the value of the following expression:
18÷627+3×12=?18 \div 6 - 27 + 3 \times 12 = ?
Explanation
Substituting operators: 186+(27÷3)×12=186+(9×12)=186+108=12018 - 6 + (27 \div 3) \times 12 = 18 - 6 + (9 \times 12) = 18 - 6 + 108 = 120 (or with standard arithmetic operator scaling: 92/105).
علامات تبدیل کرنے کے بعد حسابی عمل سے جواب حاصل کیا گیا۔
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591📚🧩 Logical ReasoningLogical Sequence of Words
Arrange the following words in a logical and meaningful order:
1. Writing
2. Book
3. Seller
4. Idea
5. Feedback
6. Reader
Explanation
Sequential publishing lifecycle: Idea (4) → Writing (1) → Book (2) → Seller (3) → Reader (6) → Feedback (5)     4,1,2,3,6,5\implies 4, 1, 2, 3, 6, 5.
منطقی ترتیب: آئیڈیا (4) → لکھنا (1) → کتاب (2) → سیلر (3) → قاری (6) → فیڈ بیک (5)۔
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592📚🧩 Logical ReasoningLogical Sequence of Events
Arrange the following in a logical and meaningful order:
1. World Cup Semi Final Matches
2. World Cup Finals Match
3. Organizing the World Cup
4. Finalizing the participating teams
5. Winner of the World Cup
Explanation
Tournament chronological process: Finalizing teams (4) → Organizing World Cup (3) → Semi Finals (1) → Finals (2) → Winner (5)     4,3,1,2,5\implies 4, 3, 1, 2, 5.
درست ترتیب: ٹیموں کا انتخاب (4) → ٹورنامنٹ کا انعقاد (3) → سیمی فائنل (1) → فائنل (2) → فاتح (5)۔
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593📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeGeometry: Angles of Quadrilateral
The angles of the quadrilateral are in Ratio 4:5:10:114 : 5 : 10 : 11. The angles are given below:
Explanation
Sum of angles of a quadrilateral =360= 360^\circ. Total ratio parts =4+5+10+11=30x= 4 + 5 + 10 + 11 = 30x. 30x=360    x=1230x = 360^\circ \implies x = 12^\circ. Angles: 4(12)=484(12) = 48^\circ, 5(12)=605(12) = 60^\circ, 10(12)=12010(12) = 120^\circ, 11(12)=13211(12) = 132^\circ.
چوکور کے زاویے: 48,60,120,13248^\circ, 60^\circ, 120^\circ, 132^\circ ہیں۔
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594📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeGeometry: Similar Triangles
Consider triangle where BC=12 cmBC = 12\text{ cm}, DB=9 cmDB = 9\text{ cm}, CD=6 cmCD = 6\text{ cm} and BCD=BAC\angle BCD = \angle BAC. What is ratio of perimeter of the triangle ADC to that of triangle BDC?
Explanation
By angle-angle similarity, BACBCD\triangle BAC \sim \triangle BCD. Calculating sides yields AB=16 cmAB = 16\text{ cm}, AD=7 cmAD = 7\text{ cm}, AC=8 cmAC = 8\text{ cm}. Perimeter of ADC=7+8+6=21 cm\triangle ADC = 7 + 8 + 6 = 21\text{ cm}. Perimeter of BDC=9+6+12=27 cm\triangle BDC = 9 + 6 + 12 = 27\text{ cm}. Ratio =21:27=7:9= 21 : 27 = 7 : 9.
مثلثات کے احاطے کا تناسب =21:27=7:9= 21 : 27 = 7 : 9 ہے۔
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595📚💻 Computer KnowledgeTypes of Software
What type of software is responsible for managing hardware components and providing a user interface?
Explanation
System Software (primarily the Operating System, device drivers, and utilities) manages underlying hardware operations and delivers the user interface.
سسٹم سافٹ ویئر (System software) ہارڈ ویئر کے انتظام اور یوزر انٹرفیس کا ذمہ دار ہے۔
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596📚💻 Computer KnowledgeWeb Browsers & Technology Organizations
Which organization oversees the development of the open-source web browser Firefox?
Explanation
The Mozilla Foundation (and its subsidiary Mozilla Corporation) oversees the development and open-source ecosystem of the Firefox web browser.
فائر فاکس ویب براؤزر کی ترقی موزیلا فاؤنڈیشن (Mozilla Foundation) کے زیر انتظام ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj
597📚💻 Computer Knowledge: CybersecurityMalware & Computer Viruses
What is a computer virus?
Explanation
A computer virus is a malicious self-replicating software program that inserts its own code into programs or files to alter computer operations, steal data, or corrupt storage.
کمپیوٹر وائرس ایک نقصان دہ پروگرام ہے جو سسٹمز کو نقصان پہنچانے یا متاثر کرنے کے لیے بنایا جاتا ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj
598📚💻 Computer Knowledge: CybersecurityAntivirus Products & Vendors
Which of the following is a well-known antivirus software developed by Symantec?
Explanation
Norton Antivirus is the flagship cybersecurity and antivirus product developed and marketed by Symantec Corporation (now Gen Digital).
نارٹن اینٹی وائرس (Norton Antivirus) سائمنٹیک (Symantec) کا مشہور اینٹی وائرس سافٹ ویئر ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj
599📚💰 Indian Banking & Financial SystemsNPCI vs RBI Regulatory Roles
Which of the following is NOT an objective of NPCI?
Explanation
Regulating payment and settlement systems in India is the statutory constitutional function of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI under the PSS Act 2007). National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is an operational utility company (running UPI, IMPS, RuPay), not a statutory regulator.
ادائیگی اور تصفیہ کے نظام کو ریگولیٹ کرنا ریزرو بینک (RBI) کا کام ہے، این پی سی آئی (NPCI) کا نہیں۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Revenue Department
600📚⚡ Energy & Petroleum in IndiaWinter-Grade Fuel Technology for Ladakh
Which oil company has rolled out special winter-grade diesel for Ladakh?
Explanation
Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) engineered and rolled out specialized winter-grade diesel that does not freeze or lose fluidity even at sub-zero extreme temperatures down to -33°C in high-altitude Ladakh.
انڈین آئل کارپوریشن (IOCL) نے لداخ کے منفی 33 ڈگری درجہ حرارت کے لیے خصوصی ونٹر گریڈ ڈیزل تیار کیا۔
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601📚📖 General EnglishHomophones
Select a homophone pair in the passage context:
As the sun ascended towards the horizon, its golden rays stretched across the expanse of the meadow, painting the landscape in warm hues of orange and pink.
Explanation
'Sun' has the exact phonetic homophone 'son' (words identical in pronunciation but differing in spelling and meaning).
'Sun' کا ہوموفون لفظ 'Son' ہے۔
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602📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Select the antonym of the word leniency:
The school principal showed leniency to the students who arrived late for class...
Explanation
'Leniency' means mercy, mildness, and clemency. Its direct contextual antonym is 'Vengeance' (harsh retribution, severity, and intolerance).
'Leniency' (نرمی و درگزر) کا متضاد لفظ 'Vengeance' (سختی و انتقام) ہے۔
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603📚📖 General EnglishSentence Completion: Vocabulary in Context
Choose the pair of words that will make the sentence grammatically correct and meaningful:
The mournful _____ of the grieving widow _____ through the empty halls of the old mansion.
Explanation
Singular noun 'wail' (mournful cry of sorrow) fits with singular verb 'echoed': "The mournful wail of the grieving widow echoed through the empty halls..."
درست اور بامعنی جوڑا 'wail, echoed' ہے۔
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604📚📖 General EnglishSentence Completion
Choose the pair of words that will make the sentence grammatically correct and meaningful:
She described that those responsible for _____ are connected with _____ like drugs or gaming.
Explanation
'offenses' (crimes/misdeeds) and 'vice' (immoral habits like drugs/gambling) perfectly complete the semantic structure: "...responsible for offenses are connected with vice like drugs or gaming."
درست جوڑا 'offenses, vice' (جرائم اور برائیاں) ہے۔
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605📚📖 General EnglishIdioms and Phrases
Pick out the correct meaning of the given idiom:
To show the white feather
Explanation
'To show the white feather' is a traditional idiom meaning to behave cowardly or show signs of cowardice.
'To show the white feather' کا مطلب بزدلی ظاہر کرنا (To act as a cowardice) ہے۔
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606📚📖 General EnglishIdioms and Phrases
Pick out the correct meaning of the given idiom:
Break the ice
Explanation
'To break the ice' means to overcome social awkwardness, shyness, or tension when people first meet.
'Break the ice' کا مطلب پہلی ملاقات میں جھجھک یا تناؤ کو ختم کرنا ہے۔
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607📚🛣️ Highway Engineering & Road InfrastructureCarriageway Design & Lane Specifications
National Highway of 4 lane divided carriage way means
Explanation
A 4-lane divided carriageway highway consists of a central physical median dividing two lanes of dedicated traffic flow in each opposite direction (2 lanes up + 2 lanes down = 4 total lanes).
4-لین ڈیوائیڈڈ ہائی وے کا مطلب دونوں سمتوں میں 2، 2 ٹریفک لینز کا ہونا ہے۔
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608📚🛑 Regulatory Road SignsProhibitory Signs: No Overtaking
A circular sign with a diagonal slash through overtaking vehicles represents:
Explanation
A circular regulatory sign showing a red car alongside a black car crossed by a red diagonal bar means Overtaking is strictly prohibited on that stretch.
اس نشان کا مطلب ہے کہ اوورٹیک کرنا سخت منع ہے (Overtaking is prohibited)۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments
609📚🚗 Impaired Driving & SafetyAlcohol Effects on Perception-Reaction Time
How does alcohol affect perception-reaction time while driving?
Explanation
Alcohol acts as a central nervous system depressant, slowing neurotransmission and causing perception-reaction time to Increase (worsen) directly with higher Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC).
شراب پینے سے ڈرائیور کا ردعمل دینے کا وقت (Reaction time) بڑھ جاتا ہے یعنی ردعمل سست ہو جاتا ہے۔
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610📚🚗 Law Enforcement & TestingBreathalyzer Testing for BAC
Which of the following test is commonly used to measure the alcohol limit of a driver?
Explanation
A Breath Analyser (Breathalyzer) is the standard portable electrochemical device used by traffic law enforcement to measure Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) from expired alveolar air.
ڈرائیور کے نشے کی سطح جانچنے کے لیے بریتھ اینالائزر (Breath analyser) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
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611📚🛣️ Highway Lighting SystemsStreet Lighting Configurations
Single-sided road lighting is most effective for
Explanation
In street lighting engineering, single-sided luminaire pole arrangement is effective only when the road width is less than or equal to the luminaire mounting height (single-lane or narrow two-lane roads).
ایک طرفہ اسٹریٹ لائٹس تنگ یا سنگل لین سڑکوں کے لیے سب سے زیادہ مؤثر ہوتی ہیں۔
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612📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RulesEV Registration Plate Color Codes
As per Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989, the colour of the number plate of an electric private vehicle (EV) shall be exhibited as:
Explanation
Under MoRTH CMVR specifications: Private Electric Vehicles display White lettering on a Green background. (Commercial EVs display Yellow lettering on a Green background).
پرائیویٹ الیکٹرک گاڑیوں کی نمبر پلیٹ سبز بیک گراؤنڈ پر سفید ہندسوں (Green with white) میں ہوتی ہے۔
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613📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RegistrationVehicle Registration Number Structure
A vehicle registration plate reads as "DL01AB4567", the number "01" stands for
Explanation
In Indian vehicle number plates: 'DL' is the State/UT code (Delhi); '01' is the specific Registering Authority / Regional Transport Office (RTO) district code (Mall Road RTO); 'AB4567' is the unique alphanumeric series.
ہندسہ '01' مخصوص آر ٹی او (RTO code) کی نشاندہی کرتا ہے جہاں گاڑی رجسٹرڈ ہے۔
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614📚🔬 General Science & ChemistrypH Scale & Acid Strength
Which of the following values of pH represents a stronger acid?
Explanation
The pH scale measures acidity from 0 to 14. Values below 7 are acidic, and lower pH values represent higher hydronium ion [H+][\text{H}^+] concentration; hence pH=2\text{pH} = 2 represents the strongest acid.
پی ایچ اسکیل پر کم ترین قیمت یعنی pH 2 سب سے تیز تیزابیت کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔
2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments
615📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RegistrationVehicle Registration Certificate (RC)
What does the abbreviation "R.C." of a vehicle stand for?
Explanation
RC stands for Registration Certificate, the statutory government document issued under Section 41 of the Motor Vehicles Act certifying official registration of a motor vehicle.
RC کا مخفف رجسٹریشن سرٹیفکیٹ (Registration certificate) ہے۔
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616📚🚗 Motor Vehicle DocumentsRC Parameters: Seating Capacity
As per Indian Motor Vehicles Act, the number of passengers permitted to be carried in a personal vehicle is recorded in the
Explanation
The legally authorized seating capacity (including driver) of every motor vehicle is officially documented in its Registration Certificate (RC).
گاڑی میں مسافروں کے بیٹھنے کی مجاز گنجائش رجسٹریشن سرٹیفکیٹ (RC) میں درج ہوتی ہے۔
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617📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RulesRule 50: Registration Mark Script & Font
As per Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, the number plate of a vehicle should be written in
Explanation
Under Rule 50 and Rule 51 of CMVR, 1989, registration marks on number plates must be displayed in capital Roman English letters with international Arabic numerals (e.g. JK01AB1234).
نمبر پلیٹ پر حروف انگریزی میں اور ہندسے بین الاقوامی عربی اعداد (Arabic numerals) میں لکھے ہونے چاہییں۔
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618📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms in Context
The early monsoon has brought respite to the people.
Choose the word nearest in meaning to the bold part:
Explanation
'Respite' means a short period of rest or relief from something difficult or unpleasant (an interval of relief).
'Respite' کا ہم معنی لفظ راحت یا آرام کا وقفہ (Interval of relief) ہے۔
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619📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Our fates seemed intertwined.
Choose the word nearest in meaning to the bold part:
Explanation
'Intertwined' means closely connected, interconnected, or linked together.
'Intertwined' کا مطلب باہم جڑا ہوا یا منسلک (Linked) ہونا ہے۔
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620📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
He tried to alleviate the suffering of his neighbors.
Choose the word nearest in meaning to the bold part:
Explanation
'Alleviate' means to make suffering, deficiency, or a problem less severe; to relieve.
'Alleviate' کا مطلب تکلیف یا بوجھ کو کم یا دور کرنا (Relieve) ہے۔
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621📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
After his success in the examination, he felt elated.
Choose the word closest to the opposite in meaning to the bold part:
Explanation
'Elated' means extremely happy, jubilant, and exhilarated. Its direct antonym is 'Dejected' (sad, depressed, and disheartened).
'Elated' (بہت خوش) کا متضاد لفظ 'Dejected' (افسردہ و مایوس) ہے۔
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622📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
There are no permanent adversaries in politics.
Choose the word closest to the opposite in meaning to the bold part:
Explanation
'Adversaries' means opponents or rivals. Its direct political antonym is 'Allies' (partners working in cooperation).
'Adversaries' (مخالفین) کا متضاد لفظ 'Allies' (اتحادی / دوست) ہے۔
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623📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
The judge thought that the offense was deliberate.
Choose the word closest to the opposite in meaning to the bold part:
Explanation
'Deliberate' means intentional, planned, and done on purpose. Its antonym is 'Unintentional' (accidental).
'Deliberate' (دانستہ) کا متضاد لفظ 'Unintentional' (غیر ارادی) ہے۔
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624📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Pick the right meaning of the given idiom:
A man of straw
Explanation
'A man of straw' refers to a person of no substance, weak character, or lacking real integrity and power.
'A man of straw' کا مطلب بے وقعت یا کمزور کردار والا شخص (A man of no substance) ہے۔
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625📚📖 General EnglishPhrasal Verbs
Pick the right meaning of the given phrase:
Long for
Explanation
'To long for' is a phrasal verb meaning to have an intense yearning, strong craving, or deep desire for something.
'Long for' کا مطلب شدید خواہش یا آرزو کرنا (Desire) ہے۔
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626📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Pick the right meaning of the given idiom:
Leave no stone unturned
Explanation
'To leave no stone unturned' means to use every possible means or make every conceivable effort to achieve an objective.
'Leave no stone unturned' کا مطلب ہر ممکن کوشش کرنا (Try everything possible) ہے۔
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627📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Pick the right meaning of the given idiom:
Spill the beans
Explanation
'To spill the beans' means to disclose confidential information or reveal a secret prematurely.
'Spill the beans' کا مطلب راز فاش کرنا (Reveal a secret) ہے۔
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628📚⚖️ Indian PolityDuration of Panchayats (Article 243E)
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of India 1992 provides for a ________ term of office to the Panchayat at every level.
Explanation
Article 243E of the Indian Constitution mandates a fixed 5-year tenure for Panchayats at all levels from the date appointed for their first meeting.
آئین کے تحت پنچایتوں کی مدت 5 سال (Five years) مقرر ہے۔
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629📚💻 Computer KnowledgeComputer Generations: Transistors
During the second generation, the size of computers was decreased by replacing vacuum tubes with
Explanation
Second-generation computers (1956–1963) replaced bulky, fragile vacuum tubes with solid-state Transistors (invented at Bell Labs).
کمپیوٹر کی دوسری نسل میں ویکیوم ٹیوبز کی جگہ ٹرانزسٹرز (Transistors) استعمال کیے گئے۔
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630📚💻 Computer NetworksNetwork Topologies: Star Topology
A distributed network configuration in which all data/information passes through a central hub/computer is
Explanation
In a Star Topology network, every individual network node is connected directly to a central hub, switch, or computer that manages all communication.
وہ نیٹ ورک ٹوپولوجی جس میں تمام نوڈز ایک مرکزی ہب سے جڑے ہوتے ہیں اسٹار نیٹ ورک (Star network) کہلاتا ہے۔
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631📚💻 Operating Systems & File SystemsFile Allocation Table (FAT)
What does FAT mean in file systems?
Explanation
FAT stands for File Allocation Table, a file system architecture developed by Microsoft (FAT12, FAT16, FAT32) to map disk clusters to stored files.
فائل سسٹم میں FAT کا مطلب 'File allocation table' ہے۔
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632📚📈 Indian Economy & Union Budget 2024Blue Economy 2.0 Framework
Which one of the following best describes the term 'Blue Economy 2.0', highlighted in the Union Budget 2024?
Explanation
Blue Economy 2.0 focuses on the sustainable economic utilization, conservation, and regeneration of marine, ocean, and coastal resources, including maritime aquaculture and coastal tourism.
بلیو اکانومی 2.0 کا تعلق سمندروں، ساحلی وسائل اور سمندری معیشت کے پائیدار فروغ سے ہے۔
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633📚🌱 Renewable EnergyBiomass Energy Conversion
Which non-conventional source of energy uses organic materials (biological waste) for power generation?
Explanation
Biomass energy harnesses stored chemical energy from organic materials (agricultural residue, animal waste, wood pellets, municipal organic waste) via combustion or anaerobic digestion.
نامیاتی مادوں اور فضلے سے حاصل ہونے والی غیر روایتی توانائی بائیو ماس (Biomass) ہے۔
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634📚🌱 Waste Management & EnvironmentWaste Hierarchy: 3R Principles
What is the correct hierarchy order of the 3 R environmental principle?
Explanation
The universally accepted waste hierarchy priority order is: Reduce waste generation first → Reuse products second → Recycle recyclable materials third (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle).
ماحولیاتی 3R اصول کی درست ترتیب: Reduce (کمی), Reuse (دوبارہ استعمال), Recycle (ری سائیکل) ہے۔
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635📚🔬 Wave Optics & PhysicsPolarization of Light
Which one of the following optical phenomena conclusively proves that light travels as a transverse wave?
Explanation
Polarization (the restriction of electric field vector vibrations to a single plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation) is unique to Transverse Waves and cannot occur in longitudinal waves.
پولرائزیشن (Polarization) وہ واحد بصری مظہر ہے جو ثابت کرتا ہے کہ روشنی ایک عرضی لہر (Transverse wave) ہے۔
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636📚🧮 Physics: KinematicsLinear Acceleration Formula ($a = \Delta v / \Delta t$)
A body of mass 10 kg is moving with a constant initial velocity of +10 m/s+10\text{ m/s}. When a constant force acts for 4 seconds on it, the body moves with a velocity of 2 m/s2\text{ m/s} in the opposite direction (2 m/s-2\text{ m/s}). The acceleration produced is:
Explanation
Using kinematics: u=+10 m/su = +10\text{ m/s}, v=2 m/sv = -2\text{ m/s}, t=4 st = 4\text{ s}. Acceleration a=vut=2104=124=3 m/s2a = \frac{v - u}{t} = \frac{-2 - 10}{4} = \frac{-12}{4} = -3\text{ m/s}^2.
اسراع (Acceleration) کا حساب: a=2104=3 m/s2a = \frac{-2 - 10}{4} = -3\text{ m/s}^2۔
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637📚🔧 Engineering Mechanics & StaticsForce Systems: Coplanar vs Non-Coplanar Concurrent Forces
In engineering mechanics, non-coplanar concurrent forces are defined as those forces which
Explanation
'Concurrent' means their lines of action intersect at a single common point in 3D space; 'Non-coplanar' means they act in multiple different geometric planes.
نان کوپلانر کونکورنٹ فورسز ایک ہی نقطے پر ملتی ہیں لیکن ان کی لائنیں ایک ہی پلین میں نہیں ہوتیں۔
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638📚🧩 Logical ReasoningMathematical Operations & Equation Balancing
Select the correct set of mathematical signs to satisfy the equation:
1678246=10816 \quad 7 \quad 8 \quad 24 \quad 6 = 108
Explanation
Applying Option C (×+÷)(\times - + \div): 16×78+(24÷6)=1128+4=104+4=10816 \times 7 - 8 + (24 \div 6) = 112 - 8 + 4 = 104 + 4 = 108.
علامات لگانے پر: 16×78+24÷6=1128+4=10816 \times 7 - 8 + 24 \div 6 = 112 - 8 + 4 = 108 درست حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
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639📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryChronology of Indian National Movement
Arrange the following historical events in chronological order:
a) Non-Cooperation Movement
b) Quit India Movement
c) Dandi March (Civil Disobedience)
d) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
Explanation
Chronology of the Indian Freedom Struggle: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April 1919, d) → Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922, a) → Dandi March (March 1930, c) → Quit India Movement (August 1942, b)     \implies d, a, c, b.
تاریخی واقعات کی ترتیب: جلیانوالہ باغ (1919, d) → تحریک عدم تعاون (1920, a) → ڈانڈی مارچ (1930, c) → بھارت چھوڑو تحریک (1942, b)۔
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640📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
What does the idiom "salt of the earth" mean?
Explanation
'Salt of the earth' refers to a fundamentally good, honest, humble, and reliable person.
'Salt of the earth' کا مطلب ایک نہایت مخلص، نیک اور ایماندار انسان (Genuine, good and honest) ہے۔
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641📚🗺️ Physical Geography of IndiaExtreme Weather: Mawsynram Rainfall
The wettest place on Earth is
Explanation
Mawsynram in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, India, receives an extraordinary average annual rainfall of nearly 11,872 mm11,872\text{ mm}, making it the wettest place on Earth.
زمین پر سب سے زیادہ بارش والا مقام ماسنرام (Mawsynram, میگھالیہ) ہے۔
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642📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement
Find the proper sequence of jumbled sentence parts:
P: we must read
Q: if we want to absorb the fruits of great literature
R: but with concentration
S: them not as we do cricket stories
Explanation
The logical and grammatically coherent sequence is QPSR: "If we want to absorb the fruits of great literature (Q), we must read (P) them not as we do cricket stories (S) but with concentration (R)."
جملے کی درست ترتیب QPSR ہے۔
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643📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Choose the correct synonym of the word: Consummation
Explanation
'Consummation' means the point at which something is complete or finalized; ultimate completion or perfection.
'Consummation' کا ہم معنی لفظ حتمی تکمیل (Ultimate completion) ہے۔
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644📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Choose the correct antonym of the word: Dissolute
Explanation
'Dissolute' means lax in morals, licentious, or corrupt. Its direct opposite is 'Moral' (upright, ethical, and virtuous).
'Dissolute' (بدچلن/غیر اخلاقی) کا متضاد لفظ 'Moral' (باکردار/اخلاقی) ہے۔
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645📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages: Missing Value Calculation
The average weight of a group of 7 boys is 56 kg. The individual weights of 6 of them are 52, 57, 55, 60, 59, and 55 kg. Find the weight of the seventh boy.
Explanation
Total weight of all 7 boys =7×56=392 kg= 7 \times 56 = 392\text{ kg}.
Sum of known 6 boys =52+57+55+60+59+55=338 kg= 52 + 57 + 55 + 60 + 59 + 55 = 338\text{ kg}.
Weight of 7th boy =392338=54 kg= 392 - 338 = 54\text{ kg}.
ساتویں لڑکے کا وزن = (7 \times 56) - 338 = 392 - 338 = 54 کلو ہے۔
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646📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio and Proportion: Multi-Class Shift
The number of students in 3 classes is in the ratio of 2:3:4. If 12 students are added to each class, the ratio becomes 8:11:14. The total number of students across all three classes in the beginning was
Explanation
Let initial classes be 2x,3x,4x2x, 3x, 4x. After adding 12: 2x+123x+12=811    11(2x+12)=8(3x+12)    22x+132=24x+96    2x=36    x=18\frac{2x + 12}{3x + 12} = \frac{8}{11} \implies 11(2x + 12) = 8(3x + 12) \implies 22x + 132 = 24x + 96 \implies 2x = 36 \implies x = 18.
Total initial students =(2+3+4)x=9×18=162= (2 + 3 + 4)x = 9 \times 18 = 162.
ابتدائی طلباء کی کل تعداد =9×18=162= 9 \times 18 = 162 تھی۔
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647📚🧩 Logical ReasoningWord Series Classification
Complete the letter series: RAP, MAP, HOT, FUN, ?
Explanation
In this word puzzle series, all three-letter meaningful words follow consonant-vowel-consonant structure ending in common family patterns, where CAT completes the sequence.
تین حرفی الفاظ کی ترتیب میں 'CAT' درست جواب ہے۔
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648📚🔬 Human Nutrition & ImmunologyVitamins: Vitamin C and Immunity
Which vitamin is commonly believed and recommended to help boost immunity and relieve symptoms of the common cold?
Explanation
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble antioxidant that supports immune defense and cellular functions, widely used to reduce duration of the common cold.
وٹامن سی (Vitamin C) عام نزلہ زکام اور مدافعت بڑھانے کے لیے مفید مانا جاتا ہے۔
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649📚🔬 History of Medical SciencePioneers of Immunology: Edward Jenner
The medical concept and term 'Vaccine' was introduced by
Explanation
Dr. Edward Jenner developed the first successful smallpox vaccine in 1796 using cowpox pustules (Variolae vaccinae, from Latin vacca meaning cow), pioneering immunization.
ویکسین کا تصور اور ایجاد سب سے پہلے ایڈورڈ جینر (Edward Jenner) نے 1796 میں کی۔
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650📚🗺️ Tourism & Geography of J&KMajor Tourist Hubs: Gulmarg
Gulmarg in the Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir is famously known as the
Explanation
Gulmarg (literally meaning 'Meadow of Flowers' in Persian/Kashmiri) is famous for its vibrant wildflower meadows and world-class ski resort.
گلمرگ کو 'پھولوں کی وادی' (Meadow of Flowers) کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے۔
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651📚👥 Gender Studies & Labor EconomicsGender Wage Gap: Occupational Segregation
Which of the following is a major structural factor contributing significantly to the gender pay gap in the labor market?
Explanation
Occupational segregation (the concentration of women in lower-paying care, clerical, and informal sectors, and underrepresentation in STEM/executive roles) is the single leading structural driver of the gender wage gap.
پیشہ ورانہ علیحدگی (Occupational segregation) صنفی اجرت کے فرق کی سب سے بڑی وجہ ہے۔
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652📚🌱 Environmental Science & Climate ChangeEnvironmental Terminology & Definitions
Match environmental concepts with their definitions:
a. Renewable Energy — 5. Energy derived from naturally replenished sources (sunlight, wind, water)
b. Carbon Footprint — 2. Total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities
c. Anthropogenic — 4. Resulting from the influence of human beings on nature
d. Climate Mitigation — 3. Actions taken to reduce or prevent GHG emissions
e. Greenhouse Effect — 1. Earth's atmosphere trapping solar radiation, increasing surface temperature
Explanation
Environmental definitions: Renewable energy is replenished naturally (a-5); Carbon footprint measures GHG emission total (b-2); Anthropogenic means human-caused (c-4); Mitigation means emissions reduction (d-3); Greenhouse effect warms the planet (e-1)     \implies a-5, b-2, c-4, d-3, e-1.
ماحولیاتی اصطلاحات کے درست جوڑے a-5, b-2, c-4, d-3, e-1 ہیں۔
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653📚🏛️ Public Administration & EthicsAnti-Corruption & Transparency Mechanisms
Which of the following institutional measures is most effective in curbing corruption within public administration?
Explanation
Establishing institutional transparency, robust anti-corruption oversight (Lokpal/CVC), citizen charters, RTI access, and automated digital procurement effectively curtails corruption.
کرپشن کے خاتمے کا سب سے مؤثر طریقہ سخت احتساب، شفافیت اور ڈیجیٹل نگرانی ہے۔
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654📚🧠 Child Development & PedagogyPiaget's Formal Operational Stage
According to Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, at which developmental stage do children acquire the capacity for abstract thinking, hypothetical deductive reasoning, and systematic problem solving?
Explanation
Piaget's 4th stage, the Formal Operational Stage (ages 11 and up), enables adolescents to think abstractly, reason hypothetically, and formulate deductive scientific logic.
پیاجے کے مطابق تجریدی اور منطقی سوچ کا ارتقاء فارمل آپریشنل مرحلے (Formal Operational Stage) میں ہوتا ہے۔
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655📚🏛️ Central Government SchemesSaansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)
The Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) was launched on 11 October 2014 in commemoration of the birth anniversary of which freedom fighter and social reformer?
Explanation
SAGY was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 11 October 2014 on the birth anniversary of Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan to develop model holistic rural villages.
سانسد آدرش گرام یوجنا لوک نایک جے پرکاش نارائن کی یوم پیدائش پر شروع کی گئی۔
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656📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Pick out the correct meaning of the idiom: A piece of cake
Explanation
'A piece of cake' is an informal English idiom meaning something that is very simple, straightforward, and effortless to achieve (a facile task).
'A piece of cake' کا مطلب ایک نہایت آسان اور سہل کام (A facile task) ہے۔
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657📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Choose the correct meaning of the idiom: Barking up the wrong tree
Explanation
'Barking up the wrong tree' means pursuing a mistaken line of thought, blaming the wrong person, or seeking a solution in the wrong place.
'Barking up the wrong tree' کا مطلب غلط سمت یا غلط گمان میں کوشش کرنا ہے۔
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658📚🌊 Multipurpose River Valley ProjectsSrisailam Dam & Krishna River
Consider the following statements about Srisailam Dam:
1. The Srisailam Dam is constructed across the Krishna River on the border of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
2. It houses one of the largest capacity working hydroelectric power stations in India.
3. It is 512 m long, 145 m high, with 12 radial crest gates.
Which of the above statements are correct?
Explanation
All statements (1, 2, and 3) are correct: Srisailam Dam on the Krishna River has a 1,670 MW power generation capacity across both banks.
سری سیلم ڈیم کے بارے میں تمام بیانات (1، 2 اور 3) درست ہیں۔
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659📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages and Algebraic Equations
Lavya bought 312 chocolates to distribute among xx students. When she bought 364 chocolates for the same xx students, the average received per student increased by 1. Find the number of students xx and the new average per student.
Explanation
Difference in average =364x312x=52x=1    x=52 students= \frac{364}{x} - \frac{312}{x} = \frac{52}{x} = 1 \implies x = 52\text{ students}. Average with 364 chocolates =36452=7 chocolates= \frac{364}{52} = 7\text{ chocolates}.
طلباء کی تعداد x=52x = 52 اور فی طالب علم اوسط چاکلیٹس =36452=7= \frac{364}{52} = 7 ہے۔
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660📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeLinear Equations & Ratios
Rohit and Mohit together have Rs. 1500. If 37\frac{3}{7} of Rohit's amount is equal to 25\frac{2}{5} of Mohit's amount, how much money does Mohit have (rounded to nearest whole rupee)?
Explanation
Given 37R=25M    R=1415M\frac{3}{7} R = \frac{2}{5} M \implies R = \frac{14}{15} M. Substituting into R+M=1500    1415M+M=1500    2915M=1500    M=2250029775.86Rs. 776R + M = 1500 \implies \frac{14}{15} M + M = 1500 \implies \frac{29}{15} M = 1500 \implies M = \frac{22500}{29} \approx 775.86 \approx \text{Rs. } 776.
موہت کے پاس رقم = \frac{1500 \times 15}{29} \approx 776 روپے ہے۔
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661📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatios and Proportions
Rs. 66 is divided among X, Y, and Z such that X gets Rs. 9 more than Y, and Y gets Rs. 12 more than Z. What is the ratio of their shares?
Explanation
Let Z=zZ = z. Then Y=z+12Y = z + 12, and X=(z+12)+9=z+21X = (z + 12) + 9 = z + 21. Total: (z+21)+(z+12)+z=66    3z+33=66    3z=33    z=11(z + 21) + (z + 12) + z = 66 \implies 3z + 33 = 66 \implies 3z = 33 \implies z = 11. Thus Z=11Z = 11, Y=23Y = 23, X=32X = 32. The ratio X:Y:Z=32:23:11X : Y : Z = 32 : 23 : 11.
حصص: X=32X = 32, Y=23Y = 23, Z=11Z = 11۔ تناسب = 32:23:1132 : 23 : 11 ہے۔
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662📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Choose the word most similar in meaning to: ABEYANCE
Explanation
'Abeyance' means a state of temporary disuse, inactivity, or suspension.
'Abeyance' کا مترادف لفظ عارضی التواء یا معطلی (Temporary Suspension) ہے۔
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663📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Choose the word most similar in meaning to: ABHOR
Explanation
'Abhor' means to regard with extreme disgust, detestation, or hatred; to loathe.
'Abhor' کا ہم معنی لفظ شدید نفرت کرنا یا گھن کھانا (Loathe) ہے۔
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664📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Choose the word most similar in meaning to: SAGACIOUS
Explanation
'Sagacious' means having or showing keen mental discernment and good judgment; wise, shrewd, and insightful.
'Sagacious' کا مطلب عقلمند، دانا اور فہم و فراست والا (Wise) ہے۔
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665📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Choose the word most opposite in meaning to: MOLLIFY
Explanation
'Mollify' means to appease, soothe, or calm someone's anger. Its direct antonym is 'Enrage' (to make extremely angry or infuriate).
'Mollify' (غصہ ٹھنڈا کرنا) کا متضاد لفظ 'Enrage' (اشتعال دلانا / غصہ دلانا) ہے۔
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666📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Choose the word most opposite in meaning to: DOCILE
Explanation
'Docile' means submissive, compliant, and easily managed. Its antonym is 'Defiant' (rebellious, bold, and disobedient).
'Docile' (فرمانبردار) کا متضاد لفظ 'Defiant' (باغی / سرکش) ہے۔
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667📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Choose the word most opposite in meaning to: ANIMATED
Explanation
'Animated' means lively, spirited, and full of vigor. Its antonym is 'Dull' (lifeless, boring, or sluggish).
'Animated' (پرجوش/زندہ دل) کا متضاد لفظ 'Dull' (بے جان/سست) ہے۔
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668📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Describe the meaning of the idiom: A bolt from the blue
Explanation
'A bolt from the blue' refers to a sudden, completely unexpected, and shocking piece of news or event.
'A bolt from the blue' کا مطلب ناگہانی اور غیر متوقع صدمہ یا مصیبت ہے۔
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669📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Describe the meaning of the idiom: Scrape the barrel
Explanation
'Scrape the barrel' (or scrape the bottom of the barrel) means being reduced to using the worst, least desirable, or last remaining alternatives available.
'Scrape the barrel' کا مطلب مجبوراً سب سے آخری اور کم تر درجے کا ذریعہ استعمال کرنا ہے۔
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670📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Describe the meaning of the idiom: Bear the palm
Explanation
'To bear the palm' is an idiom derived from ancient victory laurels meaning to win, achieve distinction, or be victorious.
'Bear the palm' کا مطلب فتح یاب ہونا یا انعام جیتنا (To be a winner) ہے۔
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671📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Vocabulary
Describe the meaning of the word/idiom: A greenhorn
Explanation
'A greenhorn' is an inexperienced, naive person who is new to a particular field, profession, or situation.
'Greenhorn' کا مطلب نا تجربہ کار یا نیا سیکھنے والا شخص (An inexperienced person) ہے۔
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672📚📖 General EnglishDouble Fillers & Sentence Completion
Fill in the blanks: "The different moods of the subjects had a direct _______ not only on what was observed but, even more _______ on the meaning of what was perceived."
Explanation
"had a direct effect" provides the appropriate noun following the adjective 'direct', and "even more strongly" provides the comparative adverb modifying the verb perceived.
درست الفاظ: 'effect' اور 'strongly' ہیں۔
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673📚🗺️ Political Geography of IndiaInternational Borders of Indian States
Which Indian state shares international land borders with three separate countries: Nepal, Bhutan, and China?
Explanation
The Himalayan state of Sikkim is nestled between Nepal to its west, Bhutan to its east, and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to its north.
سکم (Sikkim) کی سرحدیں نیپال، بھوٹان اور چین تینوں ممالک سے ملتی ہیں۔
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674📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages: Age Problems
4 years ago, the average age of 6 members of a family was 56. The present average age increases to 60 as one new family member is added. The age of the new member is
Explanation
Sum of 6 members 4 years ago =6×56=336= 6 \times 56 = 336. Present sum of 6 members =336+(6×4)=360= 336 + (6 \times 4) = 360. Present sum of 7 members =7×60=420= 7 \times 60 = 420. Age of new member =420360=60 years= 420 - 360 = 60\text{ years}.
نئے رکن کی عمر = (7 \times 60) - (336 + 24) = 420 - 360 = 60 سال ہے۔
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675📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages & Hostel Expenditure
There are 40 students in a hostel. If the number of students increases by 10, the daily food expenditure increases by Rs. 50, but the average expenditure per student drops by Re. 1. What was the initial daily food expenditure?
Explanation
Let initial average be AA. Total cost =40A= 40A. With 50 students, new cost =40A+50= 40A + 50 and new average =A1= A - 1. Equation: 40A+5050=A1    40A+50=50A50    10A=100    A=10\frac{40A + 50}{50} = A - 1 \implies 40A + 50 = 50A - 50 \implies 10A = 100 \implies A = 10. Initial expenditure =40×10=Rs. 400= 40 \times 10 = \text{Rs. } 400.
ابتدائی یومیہ خرچ = 40 \times 10 = 400 روپے تھا۔
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676📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio and Proportion
The number 84 is divided into two parts such that one-fourth of the first part and one-fifth of the second part are in the ratio 1:2. The ratio of the first part to the second part is:
Explanation
Let parts be xx and yy. x/4y/5=5x4y=12    xy=410=25\frac{x/4}{y/5} = \frac{5x}{4y} = \frac{1}{2} \implies \frac{x}{y} = \frac{4}{10} = \frac{2}{5}. The ratio of the first part to the second part is 2:5.
پہلے اور دوسرے حصے کا تناسب =25= \frac{2}{5} ہے۔
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677📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatios & Fractions
In a college, the ratio of male to female employees is 2:5. If 1/4th of male employees and 1/5th of female employees are non-graduates, and the total number of non-graduate employees is 60, find the total number of employees in the college.
Explanation
Let male =2x= 2x, female =5x= 5x. Non-graduates =14(2x)+15(5x)=0.5x+x=1.5x=60    x=40= \frac{1}{4}(2x) + \frac{1}{5}(5x) = 0.5x + x = 1.5x = 60 \implies x = 40. Total employees =2x+5x=7x=7×40=280= 2x + 5x = 7x = 7 \times 40 = 280.
ملازمین کی کل تعداد =7×40=280= 7 \times 40 = 280 ہے۔
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678📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatios and Linear Equations
Ahana and Anaya together have Rs. 1,200. When Rs. 300 is taken from Ahana, she has the same amount that Anaya had initially. Find the initial ratio of amounts with Ahana and Anaya.
Explanation
Ah+An=1200Ah + An = 1200 and Ah300=An    AhAn=300Ah - 300 = An \implies Ah - An = 300. Solving gives Ah=750Ah = 750 and An=450An = 450. Ratio =750450=53= \frac{750}{450} = \frac{5}{3}.
ابتدائی رقوم کا تناسب =750450=53= \frac{750}{450} = \frac{5}{3} ہے۔
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679📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAge Ratios
The present ages of Navish and Lavya are in the ratio 4:7. After 6 years, the ratio becomes 5:8. Find the sum of their ages after 11 years.
Explanation
Let present ages be 4x4x and 7x7x. 4x+67x+6=58    32x+48=35x+30    3x=18    x=6\frac{4x + 6}{7x + 6} = \frac{5}{8} \implies 32x + 48 = 35x + 30 \implies 3x = 18 \implies x = 6. Present ages: Navish =24= 24, Lavya =42= 42. After 11 years: 24+11=3524+11=35, 42+11=5342+11=53. Sum =35+53=88 years= 35 + 53 = 88\text{ years}.
11 سال بعد دونوں کی عمروں کا مجموعہ = 35 + 53 = 88 سال ہوگا۔
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680📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: Solid Volume
A wall measuring 6 m×5 m×0.5 m6\text{ m} \times 5\text{ m} \times 0.5\text{ m} is constructed using bricks measuring 25 cm×12.5 cm×7.5 cm25\text{ cm} \times 12.5\text{ cm} \times 7.5\text{ cm}. If mortar occupies 10% of the wall volume, how many bricks are required?
Explanation
Wall volume =600×500×50=15,000,000 cm3= 600 \times 500 \times 50 = 15,000,000\text{ cm}^3. Brick volume required =0.90×15,000,000=13,500,000 cm3= 0.90 \times 15,000,000 = 13,500,000\text{ cm}^3. Volume of 1 brick =25×12.5×7.5=2343.75 cm3= 25 \times 12.5 \times 7.5 = 2343.75\text{ cm}^3. Number of bricks =135000002343.75=5760= \frac{13500000}{2343.75} = 5760.
دیوار بنانے کے لیے 5,760 اینٹوں کی ضرورت ہوگی۔
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681📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection Sense
Prabudh walks 8 km East, turns right and walks 4 km South, then turns left and walks 5 km. Which direction is he facing now?
Explanation
Facing South, turning left makes him face East again. Walking 5 km means he is currently facing East.
جنوب سے بائیں مڑنے کے بعد وہ مشرق (East) کی طرف رخ کیے ہوئے ہے۔
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682📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Select the synonym of the word: MUNIFICENT ("a MUNIFICENT benefactor")
Explanation
'Munificent' means characterized by great generosity, bountiful charity, and lavish giving.
'Munificent' کا ہم معنی لفظ فیاض، سخی اور دل کھول کر دینے والا (Bountiful) ہے۔
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683📚📖 General EnglishParts of Speech
Identify the part of speech of the bold word: "Jeff longed for a pity party after he lost his job."
Explanation
'Longed' functions as the main finite action/state Verb in the past tense, meaning to have an earnest yearning or desire.
'Longed' جملے میں فعل (Verb) کے طور پر آیا ہے۔
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684📚📖 General EnglishCommon Errors: Comprise vs Consist
Spot the error: "The three storey building comprises of six houses, two parking lots and one basement."
Explanation
The verb 'comprises' means 'consists of' and must never be followed by the preposition 'of' in active voice. It should read "comprises six houses".
'Comprises' کے ساتھ 'of' نہیں لگایا جاتا، لہذا حصہ A میں غلطی ہے۔
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685📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension: Vocabulary in Context
Based on the reading passage, which sentence expresses the contextual meaning of 'DISENGAGEMENT'?
Explanation
'Disengagement' in learning refers to emotional and cognitive detachment, lack of participation, and loss of involvement.
'Disengagement' کا مفہوم بے تعلقی اور علیحدگی (Air of detachment) ہے۔
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686📚📖 General EnglishVocabulary
Which of the following is a synonym of 'AGGRAVATION' in the context of problems and difficulties?
Explanation
'Aggravation' means making a situation worse, irritating, or intensifying trouble and inconvenience.
'Aggravation' کا ہم معنی لفظ زحمت، پریشانی یا بگاڑ (Inconvenience) ہے۔
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687📚📖 General EnglishDeterminers: Little vs A Little
Fill in the blank: "I got up and went out to the veranda for ______ air, but the wind god seemed to have taken time off."
Explanation
'A little' means some (a small positive quantity of fresh air), which fits the positive affirmative context.
تھوڑی سی ہوا کے لیے مثبت مفہوم میں 'a little' استعمال ہوگا۔
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688📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement
Assemble the scattered segments into a coherent sentence:
a) A consumer protection drive to educate
b) Against using fraudulent means
c) The people about their rights and to warn traders
d) The administration will soon launch
Explanation
The logical sequence is dacb: "The administration will soon launch (d) a consumer protection drive to educate (a) the people about their rights and to warn traders (c) against using fraudulent means (b)."
جملے کی درست ترتیب dacb ہے۔
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689📚📖 General EnglishSentence Sequencing
Find the correct sequence of the sentence parts:
P. I have not come to complain, he said
Q. even if it means some humiliation
R. but the boy must learn to be honest
S. and admit he broke it
Explanation
The logical sequence is PRSQ: "I have not come to complain, he said (P) but the boy must learn to be honest (R) and admit he broke it (S) even if it means some humiliation (Q)."
درست ترتیب PRSQ ہے۔
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690📚📜 Historical Literature of KashmirKalhana's Rajatarangini
What is the literal English meaning of Kalhana's Sanskrit historical chronicle 'Rajatarangini'?
Explanation
'Rajatarangini' is composed of Raja (Kings) and Tarangini (River/Stream), literally translating to 'The River of Kings'.
راج ترنگنی کا لغوی معنی 'راجاؤں کا دریا' یعنی 'River of Kings' ہے۔
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691📚📖 General EnglishOdd Word Out & Vocabulary
In this question, four words have been given, out of which three are alike in some manner and the fourth one is different. Choose out the odd one.
Explanation
Conjecture, Surmise, and Speculate are synonyms meaning to form an opinion or guess without firm proof. 'Terrible' is an evaluative adjective meaning extremely bad or dreadful, making it the odd one out.
Conjecture, Surmise اور Speculate ہم معنی الفاظ ہیں جن کا مطلب قیاس آرائی کرنا ہے، جبکہ Terrible (خوفناک/انتہائی برا) الگ لفظ ہے۔
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692📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit, Loss and Discounts
A shopkeeper gains a profit of 15% on selling a book after offering a 20% discount on the marked printed price. The ratio of the printed price to the cost price of the book is:
Explanation
Selling Price: SP=MP×(10.20)=0.80MPSP = MP \times (1 - 0.20) = 0.80 MP.
Also SP=CP×(1+0.15)=1.15CPSP = CP \times (1 + 0.15) = 1.15 CP.
0.80MP=1.15CP    MPCP=1.150.80=11580=23160.80 MP = 1.15 CP \implies \frac{MP}{CP} = \frac{1.15}{0.80} = \frac{115}{80} = \frac{23}{16}.
چھپی ہوئی قیمت اور لاگت قیمت کا تناسب =1.150.80=2316= \frac{1.15}{0.80} = \frac{23}{16} ہے۔
2024🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Animal / Sheep Husbandry Department
693📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProblems on Ages
The present ratio of a brother and sister's age is 6:7. 12 years ago, the ratio was 3:4. Find the sum of their present ages in years.
Explanation
Let present ages be 6x6x and 7x7x. 6x127x12=34    24x48=21x36    3x=12    x=4\frac{6x - 12}{7x - 12} = \frac{3}{4} \implies 24x - 48 = 21x - 36 \implies 3x = 12 \implies x = 4.
Present ages: Brother =24= 24, Sister =28= 28. Sum of present ages =24+28=52 years= 24 + 28 = 52\text{ years}.
موجودہ عمروں کا مجموعہ = 24 + 28 = 52 سال ہے۔
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694📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeTime and Work: Efficiency Ratio
A is thrice as efficient a workman as B, and takes 10 days less than B to finish a piece of work. If B alone takes 15 days, how many days will A alone take to finish the work?
Explanation
Let B take 3x3x days, then A takes xx days. Time difference: 3xx=2x=10    x=5 days3x - x = 2x = 10 \implies x = 5\text{ days}. Thus A takes 5 days (and B takes 15 days).
A اکیلا اس کام کو 5 دن میں مکمل کرے گا۔
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695📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAlligation and Mixtures
A shopkeeper mixes 6 kg of tea worth Rs. 6 per kg with 4 kg of tea worth Rs. 7 per kg. What is the weighted average cost of the mixture per kg?
Explanation
Total cost =(6×6)+(4×7)=36+28=Rs. 64= (6 \times 6) + (4 \times 7) = 36 + 28 = \text{Rs. } 64.
Total weight =6+4=10 kg= 6 + 4 = 10\text{ kg}.
Cost per kg =6410=Rs. 6.4= \frac{64}{10} = \text{Rs. } 6.4.
مکسچر کی فی کلو قیمت = \frac{36 + 28}{10} = 6.4 روپے ہے۔
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696📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages
The average weight of a group of three friends is 55 kg. When a fourth person weighing 75 kg joins them, what is the new average weight of the four members?
Explanation
Sum of weights of 3 friends =3×55=165 kg= 3 \times 55 = 165\text{ kg}.
New sum with 4th person =165+75=240 kg= 165 + 75 = 240\text{ kg}.
New average =2404=60 kg= \frac{240}{4} = 60\text{ kg}.
نیا اوسط وزن = \frac{165 + 75}{4} = 60 کلو ہے۔
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697📚📊 Census of India 2011Sex Ratio Statistics
According to the Census of India 2011, which Indian State recorded the highest sex ratio (1,084 females per 1,000 males)?
Explanation
Kerala recorded the highest sex ratio in India with 1,084 females per 1,000 males in the 2011 Census.
2011 کی مردم شماری کے مطابق سب سے زیادہ جنسی تناسب کیرالہ (1084) میں تھا۔
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698📚📈 Public Finance & TaxationDirect vs Indirect Taxes
Which of the following is an Indirect Tax?
Explanation
Sales Tax / GST is an Indirect Tax levied on goods and services where the tax incidence is passed on to the final consumer. Income Tax and Corporation Tax are Direct Taxes.
سیلز ٹیکس یا جی ایس ٹی ایک بالواسطہ ٹیکس (Indirect tax) ہے۔
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699📚🌍 Current Affairs & Wildlife LawOperation Sesha: Red Sanders Anti-Smuggling
'Operation Sesha', launched by the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) and Customs authorities, aims to curb the illicit international trafficking of:
Explanation
Operation Sesha is a targeted global interdiction operation initiated by India's Customs administration to crack down on the illegal export and smuggling of Red Sanders and precious timber.
'آپریشن شیشا' کا مقصد لال صندل اور قیمتی لکڑی (Timber) کی غیر قانونی اسمگلنگ کو روکنا ہے۔
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700📚🛡️ Defense & National SecurityBSF Operations: Operation Alert
Which specialized security operation was launched by the Border Security Force (BSF) along the India-Pakistan International Border in J&K to prevent cross-border infiltration?
Explanation
The BSF frequently launches 'Operation Alert' along the 200 km International Border in Jammu to step up electronic surveillance and counter foggy winter infiltration attempts.
بی ایس ایف نے دراندازی روکنے کے لیے 'آپریشن الرٹ' (Operation Alert) شروع کیا۔
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701📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
Choose the meaning of the bold idiom in the sentence:
"The cashier wiped the nose of his employer by presenting false bills."
Explanation
The colloquial idiom 'to wipe someone's nose' means to cheat, defraud, or take advantage of someone deceitfully.
'Wiped the nose' کا مطلب دھوکہ دینا یا غبن کرنا (Cheated) ہے۔
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702📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms
Select the correct synonym for the word: Reverberate
Explanation
'Reverberate' means to echo, ring, or be repeated several times as an echo or reflection of sound/energy.
'Reverberate' کا ہم معنی لفظ گونجنا یا منعکس ہونا (Reflect/Echo) ہے۔
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703📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms
Select the antonym of the word vehement in: "The bill received a vehement resistance from the opposition party."
Explanation
'Vehement' means showing intense, passionate, or forceful feeling. Its antonym is 'Apathetic' (showing lack of interest, indifference, or unconcern).
'Vehement' (شدید/پرجوش) کا متضاد لفظ 'Apathetic' (بے حس/لاپرواہ) ہے۔
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704📚📖 General EnglishVocabulary & Contextual Fillers
Fill in the blanks: "There were screams, chills and thrills ______ at the discotheque the other night as the director along with the producers hosted a party to ______ the success of their latest horror flick."
Explanation
'Galore' means in great abundance ("thrills galore"), and one hosts a party to 'celebrate' box office success.
درست جوڑا 'Galore' اور 'celebrate' ہے۔
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705📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Political Terms
What is the meaning of the political idiom: A banana republic?
Explanation
'Banana republic' is a pejorative term describing a small, politically unstable, and economically dependent country ruled by a corrupt oligarchy.
'Banana republic' کا مطلب ایک کمزور اور کرپٹ حکومت والا پسماندہ ملک ہے۔
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706📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases
What is the meaning of the idiom: A cock and bull story?
Explanation
'A cock and bull story' refers to an improbable, contrived, and completely unbelievable story presented as an explanation or excuse.
'A cock and bull story' کا مطلب من گھڑت، بے بنیاد اور ناقابل یقین کہانی ہے۔
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707📚📖 General EnglishAppropriate Prepositions
Fill in the blank: "Disintegration of the country is inimical ______ the progress of the people."
Explanation
The adjective 'inimical' (meaning harmful, hostile, or adverse) is standardly followed by the preposition 'to' ("inimical to the progress").
لفظ 'inimical' کے ساتھ ہمیشہ پریپوزیشن 'to' آتی ہے۔
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708📚📖 General EnglishHomophones
Pick the correct homophone: "Raman was ______ by the English King."
Explanation
'Knighted' means conferred the noble title or rank of a Knight by the monarch.
شاہی خطاب پانے کے لیے درست لفظ 'knighted' ہے۔
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709📚🧩 Logical ReasoningMathematical Operations & BODMAS
If '' means '+', '/' means '', '-' means '/', and '+' means '-', evaluate the arithmetic expression: 40/601530+2540 / 60 - 15 * 30 + 25.
Explanation
Substituting operators: 40×60÷15+302540 \times 60 \div 15 + 30 - 25.
Applying BODMAS: 40×(60÷15)+3025=40×4+3025=160+5=16540 \times (60 \div 15) + 30 - 25 = 40 \times 4 + 30 - 25 = 160 + 5 = 165.
علامتوں کی تبدیلی اور BODMAS کے بعد: 40×4+3025=16540 \times 4 + 30 - 25 = 165 حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
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710📚🧩 Verbal ReasoningWord Formation & Letter Combinations
How many distinct meaningful English dictionary words can be formed using any combination of the letters in "FRIEND" using each letter at most once per word?
Explanation
Multiple distinct English words can be constructed from letters F, R, I, E, N, D: FIND, FIRED, FRIED, RED, DIE, DIN, END, RID, FIN, REIN, DEN     \implies More than 6 words.
FRIEND کے حروف سے 6 سے زائد بامعنی الفاظ بنتے ہیں (More than 6)۔
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711📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTJ&K Reorganisation Act 2019
Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, led to the bifurcation of the state into two Union Territories.
Reason (R): It was implemented to reclaim Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.

Which of the following is the correct Answer:
Explanation
Assertion (A) is factually correct as the state was bifurcated into UT of J&K and UT of Ladakh on October 31, 2019. Reason (R) is false as the official objective of the Act was internal administrative reorganization, national integration, and socio-economic governance.
अभिकथन (A) सत्य है क्योंकि राज्य 2 केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों में विभाजित हुआ। कारण (R) असत्य है क्योंकि इसका प्राथमिक उद्देश्य आंतरिक प्रशासनिक सुधार और विकास था। अतः A सत्य है, लेकिन R असत्य है।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
712📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTKargil War & Military Operations in J&K
Which operation was launched to regain control of Kargil during the 1999 war?
Explanation
Operation Vijay was launched by the Indian Armed Forces in May 1999 to recapture Indian territories occupied by Pakistani infiltrators in the Kargil-Drass sectors of Jammu and Kashmir.
1999 के कारगिल युद्ध के दौरान भारतीय सेना ने कारगिल की चोटियों को पुनः अपने नियंत्रण में लेने के लिए 'ऑपरेशन विजय' शुरू किया था।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
713📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTJ&K UT Administration & Governors
Who is the first Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir?
Explanation
Girish Chandra Murmu (GC Murmu), an IAS officer of the Gujarat cadre, was sworn in as the first Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir on October 31, 2019.
गिरीश चंद्र मुर्मू (Girish Chandra Murmu) 31 अक्टूबर 2019 को केंद्र शासित प्रदेश जम्मू और कश्मीर के पहले उपराज्यपाल बने।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
714📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTJ&K Constitutional History & Integration
Why was the Jammu & Kashmir Constitution abrogated in 2019?
Explanation
The abrogation of Article 370 and the J&K Constitution was undertaken to foster complete national integration, eliminate discriminatory residency/domicile barriers, extend fundamental central laws, and accelerate socio-economic development and investments across the region.
2019 में जम्मू-कश्मीर के विशेष दर्जे और अलग संविधान को समाप्त करने का उद्देश्य पूर्ण राष्ट्रीय एकीकरण, सभी नागरिकों को समान अधिकार प्रदान करना और क्षेत्र में आर्थिक सुधार व निवेश को गति देना था (उपरोक्त सभी)।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
715📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTIndo-Pak Wars & Diplomatic Treaties
The 1965 war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir ended with the signing of which agreement?
Explanation
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 ended with the signing of the Tashkent Declaration on January 10, 1966, mediated by Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin between Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and President Ayub Khan.
1965 का भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्ध 10 जनवरी 1966 को हस्ताक्षरित 'ताशकंद घोषणापत्र' (Tashkent Declaration) के साथ समाप्त हुआ।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
716📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension
Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the author's metaphorical statement, "it is not every garden that grows the herbs to make it with"?
Explanation
The metaphor 'not every garden grows the herbs' correlates directly with the author's earlier clause 'few can practise it', meaning genuine patience is cultivated and observed by only a few rare individuals.
रूपक 'हर बगीचे में यह जड़ी-बूटी नहीं उगती' का अर्थ है कि समाज में बहुत कम लोग वास्तव में धैर्य का पालन कर पाते हैं।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
717📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension
The writer's statement "It is their fancy rather than their fate" suggests that:
Explanation
'Fancy' means imagination/mindset whereas 'fate' means external destiny. The author clarifies that people's perpetual misery is a product of their pessimistic attitude rather than unavoidable bad luck.
लेखक का कहना है कि लोगों का दुख उनके भाग्य (fate) के कारण नहीं बल्कि उनके सोचने के नकारात्मक तरीके (fancy/मन के वहम) के कारण है।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
718📚General English & ComprehensionSynonyms & Antonyms
Choose the correct synonym of the given word: LAXITY
Explanation
'Laxity' means lack of strictness, care, or discipline; sluggishness or slackness. Among the options, 'Lethargy' (or slackness) is the closest synonym.
'Laxity' का अर्थ ढिलाई, सुस्ती या लापरवाही होता है, जिसका निकटतम समानार्थी 'Lethargy' है।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
719📚General English & ComprehensionSynonyms & Antonyms
Choose the correct antonym of the word: LISSOME
Explanation
'Lissome' means slim, supple, flexible, and graceful in movement. Its direct antonym is 'Ungainly', which means awkward, clumsy, or ungraceful.
'Lissome' का अर्थ लचीला, फुर्तीला और आकर्षक होता है। इसका सटीक विलोम शब्द 'Ungainly' (भद्दा या बेढंगा) है।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
720📚General English & ComprehensionHomophones & Word Usage
Fill in the blanks: The dog took a ______ during his walk and raised his ______ to show that he was tired.
Explanation
'Pause' means a temporary stop/break, while 'paws' refers to the feet of an animal: 'The dog took a pause during his walk and raised his paws...'
रुकने के लिए 'pause' और कुत्ते के पंजों के लिए 'paws' का प्रयोग होगा। अतः 'pause; paws' सही है।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
721📚General English & ComprehensionOne Word Substitution
Choose the one which can be substituted for the given words/sentence: Be the embodiment or perfect example of
Explanation
'Personify' (or Epitomize) means to represent a quality or concept in human form or to be the ultimate embodiment/archetype of something.
किसी गुण या विचार का साक्षात उदाहरण या अवतार होने को अंग्रेजी में 'Personify' (मूर्त रूप देना) कहते हैं।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
722📚General English & ComprehensionSentence Completion & Vocabulary
Pick out the most effective word from the given words to fill in the blank: Even at the risk of economic loss, he ______ refused to take the beaten track.
Explanation
'Steadfastly' means with firm, unwavering purpose and determination, which fits the sentence: 'he steadfastly refused to take the beaten track.'
'Steadfastly' का अर्थ दृढ़तापूर्वक और बिना डगमगाए होता है। अतः 'steadfastly refused' सही उत्तर है।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
723📚General English & ComprehensionError Spotting & Prepositions
Identify the part of the sentence that contains an error, to ensure the meaning is clear and relevant. If there is no error, select 'No error': The visitors complained at (A) / the poor accommodation (B) / they were provided with (C) / No error (D)
Explanation
The correct preposition with the verb 'complain' when referring to a grievance or condition is 'about' or 'of', not 'at'. It should read: 'The visitors complained about the poor accommodation...'. Therefore, part (A) contains the error.
'Complain' के साथ 'at' के स्थान पर 'about' या 'of' का प्रयोग होता है। अतः त्रुटि भाग (A) में है।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
724📚General English & ComprehensionError Spotting & Voice
Identify the part of the sentence that contains an error, to ensure the meaning is clear and relevant. If there is no error, select 'No error': Arjun's parents died when he was young and (A) / he looked after his uncle (B) / who had no children. (C) / No error (D)
Explanation
In part (B), the context implies Arjun was brought up / cared for by his uncle after his parents died. The passive voice 'he was looked after by his uncle' is required. Using active 'he looked after his uncle' creates an illogical meaning.
वाक्य के संदर्भ से स्पष्ट है कि माता-पिता की मृत्यु के बाद अर्जुन का पालन-पोषण उसके चाचा द्वारा किया गया, इसलिए Passive Voice 'he was looked after by his uncle' होना चाहिए। त्रुटि भाग (B) में है।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
725📚General English & ComprehensionIdioms and Phrases
Choose the correct meaning of the given Idiom: Harp on
Explanation
To 'harp on' (or harp on about something) means to talk or complain repeatedly and tiresomely about a single subject.
मुहावरे 'Harp on' का अर्थ किसी एक ही बात को बार-बार दोहराते रहना या लगातार बोलते रहना होता है।
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726📚General English & ComprehensionIdioms and Phrases
Choose the correct meaning of the given Idiom: A storm in a teacup
Explanation
A 'storm in a teacup' (or tempest in a teapot) refers to great anger, excitement, or commotion over a trivial or unimportant matter.
'A storm in a teacup' मुहावरे का अर्थ बात का बतंगड़ बनाना या छोटी सी बात पर अत्यधिक हंगामा खड़ा करना होता है।
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727📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsPartnership & Ratio
A and B invest in a business in the ratio 3 : 2. If 5% of the total profit goes to charity and A's share is Rs. 912, the total profit is:
Explanation
Let total profit be PP.
After 5% charity, distributable profit =0.95P= 0.95P.
Ratio of A to B is 3:23 : 2, so A's fraction is 35\frac{3}{5}:
A’s share=35×0.95P=0.57P=912\text{A's share} = \frac{3}{5} \times 0.95P = 0.57P = 912
P=9120.57=9120057=1600 Rs.P = \frac{912}{0.57} = \frac{91200}{57} = 1600\text{ Rs}.
माना कुल लाभ PP है। 5% दान के बाद शेष लाभ =0.95P= 0.95P
A का हिस्सा =35×0.95P=0.57P=912= \frac{3}{5} \times 0.95P = 0.57P = 912
P = \frac{912}{0.57} = 1600 रुपये।
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728📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsSpeed, Time and Distance
A train increases its normal speed by 12.5% and reaches its destination 20 minutes earlier. What is the actual (normal) time taken by the train on the journey?
Explanation
Increase in speed =12.5%=18= 12.5\% = \frac{1}{8}.
New speed =S(1+18)=98S= S \left(1 + \frac{1}{8}\right) = \frac{9}{8}S.
Since distance is constant, time is inversely proportional to speed:
New time T=89T\text{New time } T' = \frac{8}{9}T
Time saved =T89T=T9=20 minutes= T - \frac{8}{9}T = \frac{T}{9} = 20\text{ minutes}
T=9×20=180 minutes=3 hours.T = 9 \times 20 = 180\text{ minutes} = 3\text{ hours}.
गति में 12.5%=1812.5\% = \frac{1}{8} की वृद्धि     \implies नई गति =98= \frac{9}{8} मूल गति।
नया समय =89= \frac{8}{9}मूल समय।
बचाया गया समय = T - \frac{8}{9}T = \frac{T}{9} = 20 मिनट \implies T = 180 मिनट = 3 घंटे।
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729📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsAlligation and Mixture
A merchant has 800 kg of sugar, part of which he sells at 8% profit and the rest at 18% profit. He gains 14% on the whole. The quantity of sugar sold at 18% profit is:
Explanation
Using the rule of Alligation:
- Part 1 (8%) vs. Part 2 (18%), Mean = 14%
Ratio=(1814):(148)=4:6=2:3\text{Ratio} = (18 - 14) : (14 - 8) = 4 : 6 = 2 : 3
Quantity sold at 18\% profit:
Quantity=32+3×800=35×800=480 kg.\text{Quantity} = \frac{3}{2 + 3} \times 800 = \frac{3}{5} \times 800 = 480\text{ kg}.
मिश्रण नियम (Alligation):
अनुपात =(1814):(148)=4:6=2:3= (18 - 14) : (14 - 8) = 4 : 6 = 2 : 3
18% लाभ पर बेची गई चीनी = \frac{3}{5} \times 800 = 480 किग्रा।
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730📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsAverages & Weighted Average
The average salary of all the workers in a workshop is Rs. 10,000. The average salary of 6 technicians is Rs. 15,000 and the average salary of the rest is Rs. 8000. The total number of workers in the workshop is:
Explanation
Let total workers be NN.
Total salary =10000N= 10000N.
Salary of 6 technicians =6×15000=90000= 6 \times 15000 = 90000.
Salary of remaining (N6)(N - 6) workers =(N6)×8000= (N - 6) \times 8000.
Equation:
90000+8000(N6)=10000N90000 + 8000(N - 6) = 10000N
90000+8000N48000=10000N90000 + 8000N - 48000 = 10000N
42000=2000N    N=21.42000 = 2000N \implies N = 21.
माना कुल कर्मचारी NN हैं।
6×15000+(N6)×8000=10000N6 \times 15000 + (N - 6) \times 8000 = 10000N
42000=2000N    N=2142000 = 2000N \implies N = 21 कर्मचारी।
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731📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsPercentages & Ratio
Mr. Verma's expenditure and savings are in the ratio of 3 : 2. His income increases by 10%. His expenditure also increased by 12%. How much percent does his savings increase?
Explanation
Let Expenditure =300= 300, Savings =200    = 200 \implies Income =500= 500.
- New Income =500×1.10=550= 500 \times 1.10 = 550
- New Expenditure =300×1.12=336= 300 \times 1.12 = 336
- New Savings =550336=214= 550 - 336 = 214
Increase in savings =214200=14= 214 - 200 = 14.
Percentage increase in savings:
%Increase=14200×100=7%.\%\text{Increase} = \frac{14}{200} \times 100 = 7\%.
माना खर्च =300= 300, बचत =200    = 200 \implies आय =500= 500
नई आय =550= 550, नया खर्च =336    = 336 \implies नई बचत =550336=214= 550 - 336 = 214
बचत में प्रतिशत वृद्धि =14200×100=7%= \frac{14}{200} \times 100 = 7\%
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732📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsMensuration & Volume
The circumference of the base of a cylindrical vessel is 44 cm and its height is 25 cm. How many litres of water can it hold? (Take π=227\pi = \frac{22}{7})
Explanation
Base circumference:
2πr=44    2×227×r=44    r=7 cm2\pi r = 44 \implies 2 \times \frac{22}{7} \times r = 44 \implies r = 7\text{ cm}
Volume of the cylinder:
V=πr2h=227×72×25=22×7×25=3850 cm3V = \pi r^2 h = \frac{22}{7} \times 7^2 \times 25 = 22 \times 7 \times 25 = 3850\text{ cm}^3
Converting to litres (1 litre=1000 cm31\text{ litre} = 1000\text{ cm}^3):
Capacity=38501000=3.85 litres.\text{Capacity} = \frac{3850}{1000} = 3.85\text{ litres}.
2\pi r = 44 \implies r = 7 सेमी।
आयतन = \pi r^2 h = \frac{22}{7} \times 49 \times 25 = 3850 सेमी^3।
लीटर में क्षमता = \frac{3850}{1000} = 3.85 लीटर।
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733📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsTrigonometric Ratios & Identities
If tanθ=512\tan \theta = \frac{5}{12}, what is the value of secθ\sec \theta?
Explanation
Using the trigonometric identity sec2θ=1+tan2θ\sec^2 \theta = 1 + \tan^2 \theta:
sec2θ=1+(512)2=1+25144=169144\sec^2 \theta = 1 + \left(\frac{5}{12}\right)^2 = 1 + \frac{25}{144} = \frac{169}{144}
secθ=169144=1312.\sec \theta = \sqrt{\frac{169}{144}} = \frac{13}{12}.
sec2θ=1+tan2θ=1+25144=169144    secθ=1312\sec^2 \theta = 1 + \tan^2 \theta = 1 + \frac{25}{144} = \frac{169}{144} \implies \sec \theta = \frac{13}{12}
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734📚Statistics & DemographyData Interpretation & Bar Graphs
What was the difference between the average amount invested in Raw materials during the given period and the average value of sales of finished goods during this period?
Explanation
- Total Raw Materials =130+235+430+340+565+440=2140 Lakhs= 130 + 235 + 430 + 340 + 565 + 440 = 2140\text{ Lakhs}
- Average Raw Materials =21406=356.67 Lakhs= \frac{2140}{6} = 356.67\text{ Lakhs}
- Total Sales =210+310+550+420+640+480=2610 Lakhs= 210 + 310 + 550 + 420 + 640 + 480 = 2610\text{ Lakhs}
- Average Sales =26106=435.00 Lakhs= \frac{2610}{6} = 435.00\text{ Lakhs}
Difference between averages:
Diff=435.00356.67=78.33 Lakhs.\text{Diff} = 435.00 - 356.67 = 78.33\text{ Lakhs}.
औसत बिक्री =26106=435.00= \frac{2610}{6} = 435.00 लाख।
कच्चे माल का औसत =21406=356.67= \frac{2140}{6} = 356.67 लाख।
अंतर =435.00356.67=78.33= 435.00 - 356.67 = 78.33 लाख रुपये।
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735📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsMensuration & Surface Area
The radius of a hemisphere is 7 cm. Find the total surface area of the hemisphere. (consider π=227\pi = \frac{22}{7})
Explanation
Total surface area (TSA) of a solid hemisphere:
TSA=3πr2=3×227×72=3×22×7=462 cm2.\text{TSA} = 3\pi r^2 = 3 \times \frac{22}{7} \times 7^2 = 3 \times 22 \times 7 = 462\text{ cm}^2.
ठोस अर्धगोले का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल (TSA) = 3\pi r^2 = 3 \times \frac{22}{7} \times 49 = 462 सेमी^2।
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736📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsCPU Architecture (ALU, CU, Registers)
Consider the following statements:
I. The control unit of the CPU is used to process and store data.
II. The CPU's ALU can perform both arithmetic and logical operations.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?
Explanation
Statement I is incorrect: The Control Unit (CU) directs the operations of the processor and manages instruction execution; data is stored in registers and memory. Statement II is correct: The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction) and logical comparisons (AND, OR, NOT). Hence, II only is correct.
कथन I गलत है क्योंकि कंट्रोल यूनिट निर्देशों को नियंत्रित करती है, डेटा स्टोर रजिस्टर करते हैं। कथन II सही है क्योंकि ALU अंकगणितीय और तार्किक दोनों ऑपरेशन करता है। अतः केवल II सही है।
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737📚Statistics & DemographyMeasures of Central Tendency (Mean & Median)
The mean and median of a set of 51 numbers is 30. The highest number in this set is replaced with twice its value. What will be the impact on the mean and median of the modified set?
Explanation
In an ordered set of 51 numbers, the median is the 26th term. Doubling the 51st (highest) term increases the sum of numbers (thus increasing the mean), but leaves the middle (26th) term completely unchanged. Hence, the mean will increase and the median remains unaffected.
51 संख्याओं के समुच्चय में माध्यिका 26वाँ पद होती है। 51वें (सबसे बड़े) मान को दोगुना करने से कुल योग बढ़ेगा (माध्य बढ़ेगा), लेकिन बीच का 26वाँ पद अपरिवर्तित रहेगा। अतः माध्य बढ़ेगा और माध्यिका पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ेगा।
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738📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsAverages & Quadratic Equations
The average of four consecutive squares of natural numbers is 73.5. Find the largest number.
Explanation
Let the consecutive natural numbers be n,n+1,n+2,n+3n, n+1, n+2, n+3.
n2+(n+1)2+(n+2)2+(n+3)24=73.5\frac{n^2 + (n+1)^2 + (n+2)^2 + (n+3)^2}{4} = 73.5
n2+(n2+2n+1)+(n2+4n+4)+(n2+6n+9)=294n^2 + (n^2 + 2n + 1) + (n^2 + 4n + 4) + (n^2 + 6n + 9) = 294
4n2+12n+14=294    4n2+12n280=0    n2+3n70=04n^2 + 12n + 14 = 294 \implies 4n^2 + 12n - 280 = 0 \implies n^2 + 3n - 70 = 0
(n+10)(n7)=0    n=7(n + 10)(n - 7) = 0 \implies n = 7
The numbers are 7, 8, 9, 10. The largest number is 10.
चार क्रमागत प्राकृत संख्याएं n,n+1,n+2,n+3n, n+1, n+2, n+3 हैं।
समीकरण हल करने पर: n2+3n70=0    n=7n^2 + 3n - 70 = 0 \implies n = 7
संख्याएँ 7, 8, 9, 10 हैं। सबसे बड़ी संख्या 10 है।
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739📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsProblems on Ages & Ratios
The ratio of the present ages of two siblings is 5:9. After four years, sum of their age will be 64. What is the current age of the younger sibling in years?
Explanation
Let present ages be 5x5x and 9x9x.
After 4 years, sum of ages:
(5x+4)+(9x+4)=64    14x+8=64    14x=56    x=4(5x + 4) + (9x + 4) = 64 \implies 14x + 8 = 64 \implies 14x = 56 \implies x = 4
Current age of younger sibling = 5x=5×4=20 years5x = 5 \times 4 = 20\text{ years}.
माना वर्तमान आयु 5x5x और 9x9x है।
(5x+4)+(9x+4)=64    14x=56    x=4(5x + 4) + (9x + 4) = 64 \implies 14x = 56 \implies x = 4
छोटे भाई/बहन की वर्तमान आयु =5×4=20= 5 \times 4 = 20 वर्ष।
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740📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsRatio and Proportion
Rs. 1,000 is divided among three friends in the ratio 3:2:5. What is the share of the second friend?
Explanation
Total parts = 3+2+5=103 + 2 + 5 = 10.
Share of the second friend = 210×1000=200 Rs\frac{2}{10} \times 1000 = 200\text{ Rs}.
कुल भाग =3+2+5=10= 3 + 2 + 5 = 10
दूसरे मित्र का हिस्सा =210×1000=200= \frac{2}{10} \times 1000 = 200 रुपये।
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741📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsMensuration & Area
An elderly person runs on a rectangular ground daily for 20 minutes at the rate of 2.4 km per hour. He finishes 10 rounds of the rectangular ground. If the length is three times the breadth of the rectangle, find the area of the rectangle.
Explanation
Speed =2.4 km/h=2400 m/60 min=40 m/min= 2.4\text{ km/h} = 2400\text{ m} / 60\text{ min} = 40\text{ m/min}.
Total distance in 20 min =40×20=800 m= 40 \times 20 = 800\text{ m}.
10 rounds =800 m    = 800\text{ m} \implies Perimeter of ground =80 m= 80\text{ m}.
Perimeter =2(L+B)=80    L+B=40= 2(L + B) = 80 \implies L + B = 40.
Given L=3B    3B+B=40    4B=40    B=10 m,L=30 mL = 3B \implies 3B + B = 40 \implies 4B = 40 \implies B = 10\text{ m}, L = 30\text{ m}.
Area of rectangle =L×B=30×10=300 m2= L \times B = 30 \times 10 = 300\text{ m}^2 (standard close option 240/300 m²).
गति =40= 40 मी/मिनट     20\implies 20 मिनट में कुल दूरी =800= 800 मीटर।
10 चक्कर =800= 800 मी     \implies परिमाप =80= 80मीटर।
2(3B + B) = 80 \implies B = 10 मी, L = 30 मी।
क्षेत्रफल = 30 \times 10 = 300 मी^2।
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742📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsMensuration & Percentages
The radius of a circle is doubled. Find the percentage increase in its area.
Explanation
Initial area A1=πr2A_1 = \pi r^2.
When radius is doubled (r=2rr' = 2r), new area A2=π(2r)2=4πr2=4A1A_2 = \pi (2r)^2 = 4\pi r^2 = 4A_1.
Increase in area = 4A1A1=3A14A_1 - A_1 = 3A_1.
Percentage increase =3A1A1×100=300%= \frac{3A_1}{A_1} \times 100 = 300\%.
प्रारंभिक क्षेत्रफल =πr2=\pi r^2, नया क्षेत्रफल =π(2r)2=4πr2=\pi (2r)^2 = 4\pi r^2
वृद्धि =41=3= 4 - 1 = 3 गुना =300%= 300\%
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743📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsMensuration & Cylinders
Find the volume of a cylinder with a radius 14 cm and height 20 cm. (Use π = 22/7)
Explanation
Curved surface area of the cylinder =2πrh=2×227×14×20=1760 cm2= 2\pi r h = 2 \times \frac{22}{7} \times 14 \times 20 = 1760\text{ cm}^2 (listed in question paper under 1,760 value).
बेलन के वक्र पृष्ठ का क्षेत्रफल =2πrh=2×227×14×20=1760= 2\pi rh = 2 \times \frac{22}{7} \times 14 \times 20 = 1760
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744📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningNumber Series
Find the next number in the series: 3, 9, 27, 81, ?
Explanation
Geometric progression with common ratio r=3r = 3:
- 3×3=93 \times 3 = 9
- 9×3=279 \times 3 = 27
- 27×3=8127 \times 3 = 81
- 81×3=24381 \times 3 = 243.
प्रत्येक पद में 3 का गुणा हो रहा है: 81×3=24381 \times 3 = 243
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745📚General English & ComprehensionSynonyms & Antonyms
Select the synonym of the word HEGEMONY
Explanation
'Hegemony' means leadership, dominance, or paramount control especially by one state or group over others. Its direct synonym is 'Dominion' (or supremacy).
'Hegemony' का अर्थ प्रभुत्व, वर्चस्व या अधिपत्य होता है। इसका सटीक पर्यायवाची 'Dominion' है।
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746📚General English & ComprehensionSynonyms & Antonyms
Select the antonym of the word ELOQUENT
Explanation
'Eloquent' means fluent, persuasive, and articulate in speech. Its opposite is 'Muttering' (or inarticulate/mumbling).
'Eloquent' का अर्थ सुवक्ता या स्पष्ट रूप से बोलने वाला होता है। इसका विलोम 'Muttering' (बुदबुदाना/अस्पष्ट बोलना) है।
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747📚General English & ComprehensionSynonyms & Antonyms
Select the antonyms of the word JAUNT
Explanation
'Jaunt' means a short pleasurable lively journey or outing. Its antonym is 'Torpidity' (inactivity, lethargy, sluggish immobility).
'Jaunt' का अर्थ सैर-सपाटा या भ्रमण होता है। इसका विलोम 'Torpidity' (निष्क्रियता/जड़ता) है।
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748📚General English & ComprehensionPrepositions
Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition in the below sentence.
_____ the beautiful decorations, candles were placed _____ the centerpiece.
Explanation
'Alongside the beautiful decorations, candles were placed around the centerpiece' correctly expresses accompanying placement and surrounding orientation.
सजावट के साथ के लिए 'Alongside' और केंद्र के चारों ओर के लिए 'around' का सही प्रयोग होगा।
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749📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension
What does Edison's quote, "Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration," suggest about his approach to innovation?
Explanation
The famous aphorism underscores that hard work, perseverance, and relentless experimentation (99% perspiration) are vastly more critical to breakthrough success than mere inspiration.
इस उद्धरण का आशय है कि सफलता और नवाचार के लिए निरंतर परिश्रम और दृढ़ संकल्प (Persistence and effort) सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण हैं।
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750📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary
Choose the alternative bearing the correct spelling from a, b, c and d
Explanation
The correct spelling is 'Conscience' (meaning a person's moral sense of right and wrong).
'Conscience' (अंतरात्मा) की सही वर्तनी विकल्प A है।
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751📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary
Fill in the blank with the correct spelling: The detective had to _____ the evidence carefully to uncover the truth behind the mysterious disappearance.
Explanation
The correct spelling is 'scrutinise' (British English) or 'scrutinize' (meaning to examine or inspect closely and thoroughly).
'Scrutinise' (गहनता से जांच करना) की सही वर्तनी विकल्प B है।
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752📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary
Fill in the blank with the correct spelling: It was pure _____ that I met my old friend at the park today.
Explanation
The correct spelling is 'serendipity' (meaning the occurrence of valuable or agreeable things not sought for; happy coincidence).
'Serendipity' (संयोग से सुखद घटना होना) की सही वर्तनी विकल्प D है।
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753📚General English & ComprehensionSentence Improvement & Collective Nouns
Choose the correct alternative to improve the bold part: The jury was unanimous in their verdict after hours of deliberation.
Explanation
When a collective noun like 'jury' acts as a single unified body (indicated by 'unanimous'), it takes a singular verb and singular neuter pronoun: 'was unanimous in its verdict'.
जब 'jury' सर्वसम्मत होकर एक इकाई के रूप में निर्णय देती है, तो इसके साथ एकवचन सर्वनाम 'its' आता है: 'was unanimous in its verdict'।
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754📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsFolk Dances of India
Which of the following statements about the folk dance "Tarangmel" is/are correct?
i) Tarangmel is a Goan folk dance that embodies the youthful and exuberant spirit of the region.
ii) The name "Tarangmel" is derived from "Tarang," which means streamers, which are an integral part of the dance.
iii) It is traditionally performed during the Hindu festivals of Dussehra and Holi.
iv) The dance is a colorful spectacle, featuring vibrant costumes, banners, and streamers, creating a rainbow-like display.

Choose the correct answer:
Explanation
All four statements are factually accurate regarding Tarangmel, the energetic folk dance of Goa performed by youth holding colorful rainbow streamers (tarang) and banners during Dussehra and Holi celebrations.
तरंगमेल गोवा का प्रसिद्ध लोकनृत्य है, जो दशहरा और होली के दौरान रंग-बिरंगे झंडों और रिबनों के साथ किया जाता है। सभी चार कथन (i, ii, iii और iv) सही हैं।
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755📚Indian Polity, Constitution & GovernanceIntegration of States & Reorganisation
In what year did Sikkim become a part of the Indian Union?
Explanation
Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union on May 16, 1975, following the Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975, after a historic referendum ending the Chogyal monarchy.
सिक्किम 36वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम द्वारा 16 मई 1975 को भारतीय संघ का 22वां राज्य बना।
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756📚History of India & National MovementPost-Independence Integration & French Territories
In 1954, which Union Territory was transferred to India by the French?
Explanation
The French establishments in India (Pondicherry, Karikal, Mahe, and Yanam) were de facto transferred to the Republic of India on November 1, 1954, forming the Union Territory of Puducherry.
1 नवंबर 1954 को फ्रांस सरकार ने पुडुचेरी (पांडिचेरी), कराईकल, माहे और यानम को भारत गणराज्य को हस्तांतरित किया था।
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757📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Cell Biology & Organelles
What is the powerhouse of the cell?
Explanation
Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouses of the cell' because they generate most of the chemical energy required for cellular processes in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) via cellular respiration.
माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया (Mitochondria) को 'कोशिका का पावरहाउस' कहा जाता है क्योंकि यह कोशिकीय श्वसन द्वारा एटीपी (ATP) के रूप में ऊर्जा उत्पन्न करता है।
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758📚Statistics & DemographyScales of Measurement
Match the Scale of measurement with its Characteristics:

| Scale | Characteristics |
| :--- | :--- |
| i. Ratio | 4. Absolute zero |
| ii. Nominal | 1. Number as label for category |
| iii. Equal Interval | 3. Arbitrary zero |
| iv. Ordinal | 2. Unequal intervals |

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
Explanation
Matching: i-4 (Ratio has absolute zero), ii-1 (Nominal uses numbers as category labels), iii-3 (Interval scale has arbitrary zero), iv-2 (Ordinal has ranked unequal intervals).
सही मिलान: i-4, ii-1, iii-3, iv-2।
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759📚Statistics & DemographyPower Analysis & Sample Size
To estimate sample size before data collection for t-test, we need to know:
1. Expected value of 1-type II error
2. Level of significance
3. Expected effect-size
4. Mean X variance

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
A priori sample size determination for a t-test requires: Desired power (1β1-\beta), Significance level (α\alpha), and Expected effect size (Cohen's dd).
t-परीक्षण के नमूना आकार हेतु: शक्ति (1β1-\beta), सार्थकता स्तर (α\alpha), और प्रभाव आकार (Effect size) आवश्यक हैं। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।
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760📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersDisruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally/ behaviorally that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation is sign of
Explanation
Severe recurrent temper outbursts disproportionate to provocation in children/adolescents defines Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD).
बार-बार होने वाले गंभीर और अनियंत्रित गुस्से के दौरे 'डिसरप्टिव मूड डिसरेगुलेशन डिसऑर्डर' (DMDD) के मुख्य लक्षण हैं।
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761📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersEMDR Protocol Steps
For following steps in EMDR, specify the correct order?
1. Preparation
2. Body scan
3. Assessment
4. Installation
5. Desensitization
6. Closure

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
EMDR 8-phase protocol order: Preparation (1) -> Assessment (3) -> Desensitization (5) -> Installation (4) -> Body Scan (2) -> Closure (6).
EMDR का सही क्रम: तैयारी (1) → मूल्यांकन (3) → विसंवेदीकरण (5) → स्थापना (4) → बॉडी स्कैन (2) → समापन (6)। सही विकल्प B है।
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762📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersNeuropsychological Batteries
What is one significant advantage of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery compared to other neuropsychological assessments?
Explanation
A major advantage of the LNNB over lengthy batteries like Halstead-Reitan is that it offers a comprehensive, highly standardized, and substantially faster administration time (~1.5 to 2.5 hours) for diagnosing brain impairment.
LNNB का प्रमुख लाभ यह है कि यह मस्तिष्क क्षति का अपेक्षाकृत तीव्र और अत्यधिक संरचित (Faster and structured) मूल्यांकन प्रदान करता है।
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763📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Anatomical Terminology & Neuroanatomy
Match the Anatomical Directional Term with its Meaning:

| Term | Meaning |
| :--- | :--- |
| i. Anterior | 2. Near or toward the head |
| ii. Posterior | 4. Near or toward the tail |
| iii. Dorsal | 1. Top of the head or back |
| iv. Ventral | 3. Bottom of the skull or front surface of the body |

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
In neuroanatomy: Anterior (Rostral) = Toward head/front (2); Posterior (Caudal) = Toward tail/back (4); Dorsal = Toward back/top of head (1); Ventral = Toward belly/bottom of skull (3). Code: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3.
न्यूरोएनाटॉमी दिशा-निर्देश: Anterior (सिर की ओर - 2), Posterior (पूंछ की ओर - 4), Dorsal (पीठ/शीर्ष - 1), Ventral (उदर/तल - 3)। सही विकल्प D है।
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764📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanisms
Match the Regulatory System Terms with their Meanings:

| Term | Meaning |
| :--- | :--- |
| i. System Variable | 1. The characteristic to be regulated |
| ii. Set point | 3. The optimal value of the system variable |
| iii. Detector | 2. Monitor of the value of the system variable |
| iv. Correctional mechanism | 4. Restores the system variable to the set point |

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
Matching: i) System variable = characteristic regulated (1); ii) Set point = optimal target value (3); iii) Detector = sensory monitor (2); iv) Correctional mechanism = restores balance to set point (4). Code: i-1, ii-3, iii-2, iv-4.
सही मिलान: i-1, ii-3, iii-2, iv-4।
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765📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersPsychotherapy Pioneers & Modalities
Match the Pioneer with their School of Therapy:

| Pioneer | Therapy |
| :--- | :--- |
| i. Donald Meichenbaum | 3. Cognitive behavioural modification |
| ii. Dance/Movement therapy | 1. Marian Chace |
| iii. Narrative therapy | 2. Michael White and David Epston |
| iv. REBT | 4. Albert Ellis |

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
i) Donald Meichenbaum = Cognitive Behaviour Modification (3); ii) Marian Chace = Dance/Movement Therapy pioneer (1); iii) Michael White and David Epston = Narrative Therapy (2); iv) Albert Ellis = Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (4). Code: i-3; ii-1; iii-2; iv-4.
i) डॉनल्ड मीकेनबाम: CBM (3)
ii) मारियान चेस: डांस/मूवमेंट थेरेपी (1)
iii) माइकल व्हाइट और डेविड एपस्टन: नैरेटिव थेरेपी (2)
iv) अल्बर्ट एलिस: REBT (4)। सही विकल्प A है।
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766📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersSolution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)
Which of the following are key techniques in solution-focused brief therapy?
1. Miracle questioning
2. Role reversal
3. Exaggeration
4. Exception questions
5. Formula first session task

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT, Steve de Shazer & Insoo Kim Berg) is defined by: (1) The Miracle Question, (4) Exception Questions, and (5) Formula First Session Task. (Role reversal and exaggeration are Gestalt/Psychodrama techniques). Thus, 1, 4 and 5 only are correct.
सॉल्यूशन-फोकस्ड ब्रीफ थेरेपी (SFBT) की मुख्य तकनीकें: मिरेकल क्वेश्चन (1), एक्सेप्शन क्वेश्चन (4), और फॉर्मूला फर्स्ट सेशन टास्क (5)। अतः 1, 4 और 5 सही हैं।
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767📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersPhases of Psychodynamic Therapy
Arrange the phases of psychodynamic therapy in the correct order:
1. Exploration of unconscious conflicts
2. Establishing a therapeutic alliance
3. Interpretation of transference
4. Resolution and integration

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
Sequential stages in psychodynamic psychotherapy: Initial alliance formation (2) -> Exploration of defenses and unconscious material (1) -> Analysis and interpretation of transference (3) -> Working through, resolution, and integration (4). Sequence: 2 -> 1 -> 3 -> 4.
मनोगतिक चिकित्सा के चरण: चिकित्सीय गठबंधन स्थापित करना (2) → अचेतन संघर्षों की खोज (1) → स्थानांतरण की व्याख्या (3) → समाधान और एकीकरण (4)। सही क्रम: 2 -> 1 -> 3 -> 4।
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768📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersEvidence-Based Practice (EBPP)
What is the trend toward specific, empirically supported treatment for specific problems known as?
Explanation
Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP) is the integration of the best available research evidence with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences.
विशिष्ट समस्याओं के लिए अनुभवजन्य रूप से समर्थित वैज्ञानिक उपचार विधियों के उपयोग को 'साक्ष्य-आधारित अभ्यास' (Evidence-based practice - EBP) कहा जाता है।
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769📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersBehavioral Medicine Definition
Which of the following best describes behavioral medicine?
Explanation
Behavioral medicine is the interdisciplinary field concerned with the development and integration of behavioral, psychosocial, and biomedical science knowledge relevant to the understanding of health and illness, and the application of this knowledge to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation.
व्यवहार चिकित्सा (Behavioral medicine) बीमारियों की रोकथाम और उपचार के लिए व्यवहारिक, मनोसामाजिक और जैव-चिकित्सीय ज्ञान का अंतःविषय एकीकरण है।
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770📚General English & ComprehensionSynonyms & Antonyms
Select the Synonyms of the word: Jabber
Explanation
'Jabber' means to talk rapidly, indistinctly, or nonsensically. Its direct synonym is 'Prattle' (or chatter).
'Jabber' का अर्थ तेजी से बड़बड़ाना या व्यर्थ बातें करना होता है। इसका समानार्थी 'Prattle' (बकबक करना) है।
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771📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension
What is one of the primary reasons for the increasing vulnerability of networks in today's digital landscape?
Explanation
According to the passage, 'The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has expanded the attack surface by making networks more susceptible to unauthorized access.'
गद्यांश के अनुसार IoT उपकरणों के प्रसार ने नेटवर्क को अनधिकृत पहुंच के प्रति अधिक संवेदनशील बना दिया है।
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772📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary
Which of the following is the correct spelling of the word that means "the action of throwing someone out of a window"?
Explanation
The correct spelling is 'Defenestration' (from Latin fenestra, meaning window).
खिड़की से बाहर फेंकने की क्रिया के लिए सही वर्तनी 'Defenestration' है।
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773📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary
Which of the following is the correct spelling of the word that means "excessively talkative"?
Explanation
The correct spelling is 'Garrulous' (meaning excessively talkative, especially on trivial matters).
अत्यधिक बातूनी के लिए सही वर्तनी 'Garrulous' है।
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774📚General English & ComprehensionSentence Completion & Fill in Blanks
Choose the pair of words that will make the sentence grammatically correct and meaningful.
The facilitator _____ the advantages of collaborative tasks to _____ learners teamwork skills.
Explanation
'The facilitator emphasized the advantages of collaborative tasks to enhance learners teamwork skills' is idiomatic and grammatically precise.
सही युग्म 'emphasized, enhance' है (सुविधाकर्ता ने कौशल को बढ़ाने के लिए लाभों पर बल दिया)।
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775📚General English & ComprehensionHomophones & Vocabulary
Fill in the blank using suitable homophones:
Despite the _____ remarks made by the coach, the athlete continued to train hard and developed a _____ on her hand by gripping the weights.
Explanation
'Callous' (adjective) means insensitive, unfeeling, or harsh. 'Callus' (noun) means a thickened and hardened part of the skin caused by friction.
'Callous' (कठोर/असंवेदनशील) टिप्पणी और हाथ पर 'callus' (घट्टा/कड़ा चमड़ा)। सही विकल्प 'callous, callus' है।
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776📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsAverages & Number Sequences
A girl is playing with a sequence of three numbers, each of which is the square of consecutive natural numbers. When the largest number is removed, then the average of the remaining numbers decreases by 37/6 as compared to the original average. What is the value of the largest square in the old sequence?
Explanation
Let the consecutive numbers be n,n+1,n+2n, n+1, n+2. The original average of their squares:
A1=n2+(n+1)2+(n+2)23=3n2+6n+53A_1 = \frac{n^2 + (n+1)^2 + (n+2)^2}{3} = \frac{3n^2 + 6n + 5}{3}
When (n+2)2(n+2)^2 is removed, the average of n2n^2 and (n+1)2(n+1)^2 is:
A2=n2+(n+1)22=2n2+2n+12A_2 = \frac{n^2 + (n+1)^2}{2} = \frac{2n^2 + 2n + 1}{2}
A1A2=2(3n2+6n+5)3(2n2+2n+1)6=6n+76A_1 - A_2 = \frac{2(3n^2 + 6n + 5) - 3(2n^2 + 2n + 1)}{6} = \frac{6n + 7}{6}
Given 6n+76=376    6n+7=37    6n=30    n=5\frac{6n + 7}{6} = \frac{37}{6} \implies 6n + 7 = 37 \implies 6n = 30 \implies n = 5.
The numbers are 5, 6, 7. The largest square is 72=497^2 = 49.
माना संख्याएँ n,n+1,n+2n, n+1, n+2 हैं। समीकरण 6n+76=376    n=5\frac{6n+7}{6} = \frac{37}{6} \implies n = 5। सबसे बड़ी संख्या 7 का वर्ग =49= 49 है।
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777📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsProblems on Ages & Ratios
The ratio of the ages of three friends A, B, and C is 3:5:7. Eight years ago, the ratio of their ages was 1:3:5. Find their present ages.
Explanation
Let present ages be 3x,5x,7x3x, 5x, 7x.
8 years ago:
3x85x8=13    9x24=5x8    4x=16    x=4\frac{3x - 8}{5x - 8} = \frac{1}{3} \implies 9x - 24 = 5x - 8 \implies 4x = 16 \implies x = 4
Present ages: 3(4)=12,5(4)=20,7(4)=28 years3(4) = 12, 5(4) = 20, 7(4) = 28\text{ years}.
माना वर्तमान आयु 3x,5x,7x3x, 5x, 7x है। 3x85x8=13    x=4\frac{3x-8}{5x-8} = \frac{1}{3} \implies x = 4
वर्तमान आयु 12, 20, 28 वर्ष है।
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778📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsAverages
The average weight of a group of 10 boys is 52 kg. When a boy weighing 60 kg leaves the group and is replaced by another boy, the average weight of the group decreases by 0.5 kg. Determine the weight of the boy who replaced him.
Explanation
Initial total weight =10×52=520 kg= 10 \times 52 = 520\text{ kg}.
New total weight =10×(520.5)=10×51.5=515 kg= 10 \times (52 - 0.5) = 10 \times 51.5 = 515\text{ kg}.
Weight of new boy =60+(515520)=605=55 kg= 60 + (515 - 520) = 60 - 5 = 55\text{ kg}.
कुल कमी =10×0.5=5= 10 \times 0.5 = 5 किग्रा।
नए लड़के का वजन =605=55= 60 - 5 = 55 किग्रा।
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779📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsCompound Ratios
What is the smallest natural value of a + b + c if a:b = 4:7 and b:c = 6:5?
Explanation
Combining the ratios:
a:b=4:7=24:42a:b = 4:7 = 24:42
b:c=6:5=42:35b:c = 6:5 = 42:35
Thus, a:b:c=24:42:35a:b:c = 24:42:35.
Smallest natural sum =24+42+35=101= 24 + 42 + 35 = 101.
a:b:c=24:42:35a:b:c = 24:42:35
न्यूनतम प्राकृत योग =24+42+35=101= 24 + 42 + 35 = 101
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780📚Basic Electrical Engineering & Circuit TheoryLinear vs Non-Linear Resistors
Which of the following is NOT a type of non-linear resistor?
Explanation
A wire-wound resistor is a linear resistor whose resistance follows Ohm's law (V=IRV = IR) proportionally. Thermistors, varistors (VDRs), and photoresistors (LDRs) are non-linear components whose resistance changes non-linearly with temperature, voltage, or light.
वायर-वाउंड रेसिस्टर (Wire-wound resistor) एक रैखिक (Linear) प्रतिरोधक है जो ओम के नियम का पालन करता है। अन्य सभी गैर-रैखिक हैं।
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781📚Domestic & Industrial Electrical AppliancesHeating Appliances & Joule Heating
Which of the following statements correctly describes the principle of operation of an electric heater?
1. Electric heaters work by converting electrical energy into heat energy through a heating element or coil.
2. Electric heaters operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction to generate heat.
3. Electric heaters utilize the heating effect of electric current, where resistance in the heating element produces heat.
4. Electric heaters rely on chemical reactions in the filament or coil to produce heat for heating purposes.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Explanation
Electric heaters function via Joule's heating effect of electric current (H=I2RtH = I^2 R t), converting electrical energy directly into thermal heat energy across a resistive alloy coil (Statements 1 and 3 are correct).
इलेक्ट्रिक हीटर विद्युत ऊर्जा को ऊष्मीय ऊर्जा में बदलते हैं (1) और विद्युत धारा के तापीय प्रभाव (जूल का नियम I2RtI^2Rt) पर काम करते हैं (3)। अतः केवल 1 और 3 सही हैं।
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782📚Domestic & Industrial Electrical AppliancesFuzzy Logic in Modern Appliances
What is the primary function of the Fuzzy Inference Unit (FIU) in a fuzzy controller used in a washing machine?
Explanation
The Fuzzy Inference Unit (FIU) processes fuzzified input sensor variables (such as load weight, fabric type, dirt level) by evaluating IF-THEN linguistic fuzzy rules to determine optimal wash duration, water level, and spin speed.
फजी इंफरेंस यूनिट (FIU) इनपुट स्थितियों के आधार पर निर्णय लेने के लिए फजी लॉजिक नियमों (IF-THEN rules) को लागू करती है।
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783📚Domestic & Industrial Electrical AppliancesRefrigeration Cycle Components
Match the components in the refrigerator system with the corresponding functions:

| Components | Function |
| :--- | :--- |
| i) Evaporator | 2) Features tubes with high thermal conductivity that absorbs heat rejected in the system. |
| ii) Compressor | 3) Condenses the low-pressure, low-temperature vapor into a high-temperature, high-pressure vapor. |
| iii) Condenser | 4) Comprises a set of tubes with external fins placed back of refrigerator to convert gaseous refrigerant into liquid form. |
| iv) Expansion Valve | 1) Helps to sense temperature change and regulates the flow of refrigerant |

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
Matching: i) Evaporator absorbs heat from inside compartment (2); ii) Compressor compresses low-pressure vapor into high-pressure vapor (3); iii) Condenser cools and condenses gas to liquid via rear fins (4); iv) Expansion valve drops pressure and regulates refrigerant flow (1). Code: i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1.
सही मिलान: i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1।
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784📚Illumination & Lighting SchemesLaws of Illumination (Lambert's Law)
A surface is inclined at an angle of 45° to the rays and is kept 5 m away from a 150 candle power lamp. Calculate the average intensity of illumination on the surface. (Value of square root of 2 = 1.414)
Explanation
According to Lambert's Cosine Law of Illumination:
E=Icosθd2=150×cos4552=150×11.41425=61.4144.24 Lux4.2 Lux.E = \frac{I \cos \theta}{d^2} = \frac{150 \times \cos 45^\circ}{5^2} = \frac{150 \times \frac{1}{1.414}}{25} = \frac{6}{1.414} \approx 4.24\text{ Lux} \approx 4.2\text{ Lux}.
लैम्बर्ट के कोज्या नियम से: E=Icosθd2=150×cos4525=61.4144.2E = \frac{I \cos \theta}{d^2} = \frac{150 \times \cos 45^\circ}{25} = \frac{6}{1.414} \approx 4.2 लक्स।
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785📚Power Generation & Energy SourcesHydroelectric Power Generation
Consider the following statements about Hydroelectric Power:
1. Hydroelectric power is a secondary source of energy.
2. It is a non-renewable energy source that uses the force of flowing or falling water to drive turbines and generate electricity.
3. It is efficient and eco-friendly but can harm ecosystems and displace communities.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Explanation
Hydroelectric power generates electricity (a secondary energy carrier) (1 - True) and is clean during operation but has ecological/displacement impacts (3 - True). Statement 2 is false because water power is renewable (not non-renewable). Thus, 1 and 3 are correct.
जलविद्युत ऊर्जा द्वितीयक ऊर्जा स्रोत है (1) और यह पर्यावरण के अनुकूल होने के बावजूद पारिस्थितिकी और समुदायों को प्रभावित कर सकती है (3)। कथन 2 असत्य है क्योंकि यह नवीकरणीय (Renewable) स्रोत है। अतः 1 और 3 सही हैं।
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786📚Magnetic Circuits & ElectromagnetismMagnetic Field of Circular Coils
A circular coil carrying a certain current produces a magnetic field B0 at its center. If the coil is rewound to have n turns while maintaining the same current, what will be the new magnetic field at the center of the new coil?
Explanation
Magnetic field at center of a coil of nn turns: B=nB0B = n B_0 (or proportional to n2n^2 when wire length is kept constant, here standard question paper specifies nB0n B_0).
समान धारा प्रवाहित होने पर nn फेरों वाली कुंडली के केंद्र पर चुंबकीय क्षेत्र nB0n B_0 हो जाता है।
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787📚Electromagnetic Induction & AC CircuitsAC Power & Wattless Current
In an AC circuit, the instantaneous emf and current are given by:
E = 120 sin(50t) and I = 15 sin(50t - pi/3)
What is the average power consumed by the circuit (in watts) and the wattless current (in amperes)?
Explanation
Erms=1202E_{\text{rms}} = \frac{120}{\sqrt{2}}, Irms=152I_{\text{rms}} = \frac{15}{\sqrt{2}}, and phase angle ϕ=π3=60\phi = \frac{\pi}{3} = 60^\circ.
- Average Power P=ErmsIrmscosϕ=(1202)(152)cos60=900×0.5=450 WP = E_{\text{rms}} I_{\text{rms}} \cos \phi = \left(\frac{120}{\sqrt{2}}\right) \left(\frac{15}{\sqrt{2}}\right) \cos 60^\circ = 900 \times 0.5 = 450\text{ W}.
- Wattless Current Iw=Irmssinϕ=152sin60=152×32=7.532 AI_w = I_{\text{rms}} \sin \phi = \frac{15}{\sqrt{2}} \sin 60^\circ = \frac{15}{\sqrt{2}} \times \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} = 7.5 \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\text{ A}.
औसत शक्ति P=120×152cos60=450P = \frac{120 \times 15}{2} \cos 60^\circ = 450 W।
वाटहीन धारा Iw=152sin60=7.532I_w = \frac{15}{\sqrt{2}} \sin 60^\circ = 7.5 \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} A।
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788📚Basic Electronics & Digital CircuitsElectronic & Logic Schematic Symbols
Match the different schematic electronic symbols with their names:

Electronic Schematic Symbols

| Symbols | Name |
| :--- | :--- |
| i) Symbol i | 4) Darlington Transistor |
| ii) Symbol ii | 2) PMOS Transistor |
| iii) Symbol iii | 1) Multiplexer (2-to-1) |
| iv) Symbol iv | 3) DE multiplexer (1-to-2) |

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
i) Symbol (i) is a Darlington Pair Transistor configuration (4);
ii) Symbol (ii) is a PMOS Field Effect Transistor (2);
iii) Symbol (iii) is a 2-to-1 Multiplexer (MUX) with inputs I0, I1 and select line A (1);
iv) Symbol (iv) is a 1-to-2 Demultiplexer (DEMUX) with input I and outputs D0, D1 (3).
Correct matching code is i-4, ii-2, iii-1, iv-3.
i) डार्लिंगटन ट्रांजिस्टर (4)
ii) PMOS ट्रांजिस्टर (2)
iii) 2-से-1 मल्टीप्लेक्सर (1)
iv) 1-से-2 डी-मल्टीप्लेक्सर (3)।
सही विकल्प i-4, ii-2, iii-1, iv-3 है।
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789📚Electrical Safety, Earthing & InstallationIndian Electricity Rules 1956
Match the following Indian Electricity Rules (1956) with their corresponding functions/purposes:

| Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 | Function/Purpose |
| :--- | :--- |
| i) Rule 29 | 3) Relates to construction, installation, protection, operation and maintenance of electric supply lines and apparatus |
| ii) Rule 31 | 1) Specifies the need for a cut-out on the consumer's premises |
| iii) Rule 33 | 4) Refers to provision of an earthed terminal on the consumer's premises |
| iv) Rule 44 | 2) Relates to instructions for restoration of persons suffering from electric shock |

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
Indian Electricity Rules (1956):
- Rule 29: General safety requirements of electric supply lines & apparatus (3)
- Rule 31: Cut-out on consumer's premises (1)
- Rule 33: Earthed terminal on consumer's premises (4)
- Rule 44: Instructions for restoration of persons suffering from electric shock (2).
Correct code: i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2.
भारतीय विद्युत नियम (1956): नियम 29 (3), नियम 31 (1), नियम 33 (4), नियम 44 (2)। सही विकल्प A है।
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790📚DC Machines (Generators & Motors)DC vs AC Motors
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the preference of a DC motor over an AC motor?
1. DC motors are widely used in industrial applications requiring precise speed and torque control.
2. DC motors respond quickly to starting, stopping, and reversing operations, making them suitable for applications needing rapid transitions.
3. DC motors are compatible with the DC energy stored in batteries, making them an ideal choice for electric vehicles.
4. DC motor ceiling fans use more energy than a standard AC fan.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Explanation
Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Statement 4 is false because Brushless DC (BLDC) motor ceiling fans consume ~50-65% LESS energy (28W-35W) than standard induction motor AC fans (75W). Thus, 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
कथन 1, 2 और 3 सत्य हैं। कथन 4 असत्य है क्योंकि BLDC (DC) पंखे पारंपरिक AC पंखों की तुलना में काफी कम बिजली की खपत करते हैं। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।
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791📚TransformersTransformer Turns Ratio
A transformer has 1500 turns in the primary coil, and a current of 10 A flows through it. If the input power is 12 kW and the output voltage is 800 V, determine the number of turns in the secondary coil.
Explanation
Primary Voltage V1=PowerI1=12,000 W10 A=1200 VV_1 = \frac{\text{Power}}{I_1} = \frac{12,000\text{ W}}{10\text{ A}} = 1200\text{ V}.
Transformation Ratio:
N2N1=V2V1    N2=1500×800 V1200 V=1500×23=1000 turns.\frac{N_2}{N_1} = \frac{V_2}{V_1} \implies N_2 = 1500 \times \frac{800\text{ V}}{1200\text{ V}} = 1500 \times \frac{2}{3} = 1000\text{ turns}.
प्राथमिक वोल्टेज V1=1200010=1200V_1 = \frac{12000}{10} = 1200 V।
द्वितीयक फेरे N2=1500×8001200=1000N_2 = 1500 \times \frac{800}{1200} = 1000 फेरे।
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792📚TransformersSeparation of Core Losses in Transformers
In a single-phase transformer, the total iron loss is 3000 W at a nominal voltage of 500 V and a frequency of 50 Hz. The total iron loss is 1200 W at 250 V and 25 Hz. At nominal voltage and frequency, the hysteresis and eddy current losses are:
Explanation
When V/f=constantV/f = \text{constant} (500/50=250/25=10500/50 = 250/25 = 10), maximum flux density BmB_m is constant:
Total core loss Pi=Af+Bf2P_i = A f + B f^2.
- At 50 Hz: 50A+2500B=3000    A+50B=6050A + 2500B = 3000 \implies A + 50B = 60
- At 25 Hz: 25A+625B=1200    A+25B=4825A + 625B = 1200 \implies A + 25B = 48
Subtracting gives 25B=12    B=0.4825B = 12 \implies B = 0.48.
Then A=6050(0.48)=6024=36A = 60 - 50(0.48) = 60 - 24 = 36.
At 50 Hz nominal:
- Hysteresis Loss Ph=Af=36×50=1800 WP_h = A f = 36 \times 50 = 1800\text{ W}
- Eddy Current Loss Pe=Bf2=0.48×2500=1200 WP_e = B f^2 = 0.48 \times 2500 = 1200\text{ W}.
V/fV/f नियत होने पर Pi=Af+Bf2P_i = A f + B f^2
समीकरण हल करने पर A=36,B=0.48A = 36, B = 0.48
50 Hz पर: हिस्टैरिसीस हानि =1800= 1800 W तथा भंवर धारा हानि =1200= 1200 W।
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793📚Synchronous Machines (Alternators)Parallel Operation of Alternators
Consider the following statements about the parallel operation of alternators:
1. In parallel operation, alternators must be synchronized in terms of voltage, frequency, and phase sequence to ensure smooth and stable power distribution.
2. It allows multiple machines to share the load which increases the overall power output of the system.
3. Properly synchronized alternators reduce the efficiency of the system due to increased losses.
4. Parallel operation ensures reliability and continuity of power supply.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Explanation
Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct. Statement 3 is false because parallel operation optimizes machine loading near peak efficiency and permits maintenance without shutdowns. Thus, 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि समानांतर संचालन प्रणाली की दक्षता और विश्वसनीयता को बढ़ाता है। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।
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794📚Electrical Measuring InstrumentsTypes of Electrical Indicating Instruments
Match the various types of ammeter with their corresponding Functions:

| Types | Function |
| :--- | :--- |
| i) Permanent Moving Coil Ammeter | 2) Measures direct current (DC) based on magnetic deflection principle |
| ii) Moving Iron Ammeter | 4) Measures both AC and DC where deflection is proportional to square of current |
| iii) Electro-Dynamometer Ammeter | 1) High-precision precision instrument for both AC and DC using dual fixed/moving coils |
| iv) Rectifier Type Ammeter | 3) Measures AC by converting to DC using diode bridge, suitable for communication circuits |

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
Matching: i) PMMC = DC only with linear scale (2); ii) Moving Iron = AC and DC rms measurements (4); iii) Electrodynamometer = Precision transfer standard for AC/DC (1); iv) Rectifier type = AC audio/RF communications (3). Code: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3.
सही मिलान: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3।
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795📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsComputer Generations & Architecture
Which of the following is a characteristic of the third generation of computers?
Explanation
Third generation computers (1964-1971) were characterized by the introduction of Integrated Circuits (ICs / Small & Medium Scale Integration silicon chips), replacing discrete transistors.
तीसरी पीढ़ी के कंप्यूटरों (1964-1971) की मुख्य विशेषता 'इंटीग्रेटेड सर्किट' (Integrated Circuits - ICs) का उपयोग था।
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796📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsCPU Cache & Memory Hierarchy
Which memory is part of the processor chip in current-generation desktop processors?
Explanation
Modern multi-core CPU processor chips integrate ultra-fast on-die SRAM Cache Memory (L1, L2, and shared L3 cache) directly onto the silicon processor die.
आधुनिक प्रोसेसर चिप पर सीधे एकीकृत मेमोरी 'कैश मेमोरी' (Cache Memory - L1, L2, L3) होती है।
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797📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsInternet Protocols (HTTP, FTP, DNS, DHCP)
Match List I with List II:

| List I | List II |
| :--- | :--- |
| i) HTTP | 2) Used for transferring web pages over the internet |
| ii) FTP | 1) Used for transferring files between computers on a network |
| iii) DNS | 4) Translates domain names into IP addresses |
| iv) DHCP | 3) Automatically assigns unique IP addresses to devices on a network |

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
Matching:
- i) HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol for web pages (2)
- ii) FTP: File Transfer Protocol for file transfers (1)
- iii) DNS: Domain Name System translating domain names to IP addresses (4)
- iv) DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol automatically leasing IP configurations (3).
Correct code: i-2, ii-1, iii-4, iv-3.
सही मिलान: HTTP (2), FTP (1), DNS (4), DHCP (3)। सही विकल्प D है।
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798📚C Programming & Data StructuresFunction Pointers in C
Which of the following is a correct declaration of a pointer to a function in C?
Explanation
A function pointer returning `int` and accepting `int a` is declared with parentheses around the pointer symbol: `int (func)(int a);` (or `int (func)(int);`). Without parentheses, `int *func(int a);` declares a function returning a pointer to int.
फंक्शन पॉइंटर की सही घोषणा `int (func)(int a);` है। कोष्ठक न लगाने पर यह `int` रिटर्न करने वाला सामान्य फंक्शन बन जाता है।
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799📚C Programming & Data StructuresControl Structures (if-else, switch, loops)
Consider the following statements about control structures in C:
1. The if-else structure is used for conditional execution of code.
2. The switch statement must always have a default case.
3. The for loop is used when the number of iterations is known beforehand.
4. The while loop can execute zero or more times based on the condition.

Choose the correct Statement:
Explanation
Statements 1, 3, and 4 are correct. Statement 2 is false because the `default` label in a `switch` statement is completely optional.
कथन 1, 3 और 4 सत्य हैं। कथन 2 गलत है क्योंकि `switch` में `default` केस वैकल्पिक (Optional) होता है।
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800📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLQuery Processing & Optimization Steps
Arrange the following steps in query processing in the correct order:
1. Query Optimization
2. Query Parsing
3. Execution Plan Generation
4. Query Execution

Choose the correct options:
Explanation
DBMS Query Processing Pipeline:
1. Parsing & Translation: Syntactic/semantic checks and relational algebra translation (2)
2. Query Optimization: Cost-based evaluation of query trees (1)
3. Execution Plan Code Generation: Producing physical execution steps (3)
4. Query Execution: Evaluating the plan by the query execution engine (4).
Order: 2 → 1 → 3 → 4.
क्वेरी प्रोसेसिंग का सही क्रम: पार्सिंग (2) → ऑप्टिमाइजेशन (1) → निष्पादन योजना जनरेशन (3) → निष्पादन (4)। अतः 2 → 1 → 3 → 4 सही है।
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801📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLDatabase Indexing Pros & Cons
Which of the following are advantages of indexing in a database?
1. Improves query performance
2. Reduces storage requirements
3. Increases the speed of updates and inserts
4. Enables faster retrieval of rows

Choose the correct options:
Explanation
Indexing speeds up SELECT query performance (1) and accelerates row retrieval (4). However, indexes consume additional disk storage space and slow down INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operations because the index tree must be updated.
इंडेक्सिंग से क्वेरी का प्रदर्शन बेहतर होता है (1) और डेटा तेजी से प्राप्त होता है (4)। यह अतिरिक्त मेमोरी लेता है और इन्सर्ट/अपडेट को धीमा करता है। अतः 1 और 4 सही हैं।
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802📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLTransaction Lifecycle
Arrange the following steps in the execution of a transaction in the correct order:
1. Start
2. Execute operations
3. Commit or rollback
4. End

Choose the correct options:
Explanation
Transaction lifecycle sequence: 1 (Begin/Start transaction) → 2 (Execute Read/Write SQL operations) → 3 (Commit if successful, Rollback if error) → 4 (End transaction). Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4.
ट्रांजेक्शन निष्पादन क्रम: प्रारंभ (1) → ऑपरेशन निष्पादन (2) → कमिट/रोलबैक (3) → अंत (4)। सही क्रम 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 है।
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803📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLDatabase Design Lifecycle
Arrange the following operations in the correct order for database design:
1. Requirement Analysis
2. Conceptual Design
3. Logical Design
4. Physical Design

Choose the correct options:
Explanation
Standard phases of Database Design:
1. Requirement Analysis: Collecting data/functional user needs (1)
2. Conceptual Design: Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling (2)
3. Logical Design: Mapping ER diagrams to normalized relational schema (3)
4. Physical Design: Implementing storage structures, file organizations, and indexes (4).
Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4.
डेटाबेस डिजाइन के चरण: आवश्यकता विश्लेषण (1) → वैचारिक डिजाइन/ER मॉडल (2) → तार्किक डिजाइन (3) → भौतिक डिजाइन (4)। सही क्रम 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 है।
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804📚C Programming & Data StructuresDoubly vs Singly Linked Lists
Which of the following operations is performed more efficiently by a doubly linked list than by a singly linked list?
Explanation
In a doubly linked list with a tail pointer, deleting the last node takes O(1)O(1) time because the `prev` pointer directly accesses the second-to-last node. In a singly linked list, finding the node before the tail requires traversing the entire list in O(n)O(n) time.
डबली लिंक्ड लिस्ट में अंतिम नोड को हटाना (Deletion of the last node) O(1)O(1) में हो जाता है क्योंकि `prev` पॉइंटर उपलब्ध होता है, जबकि सिंगली में O(n)O(n) लगता है।
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805📚C Programming & Data StructuresHashing & Linear Probing
A hash table with 10 slots uses open addressing with linear probing. What is the average time complexity for an unsuccessful search?
Explanation
In linear probing open addressing, primary clustering can form long contiguous occupied blocks, leading to an average/worst-case unsuccessful search complexity of O(n)O(n).
लीनियर प्रोबिंग वाले हैश टेबल में क्लस्टरिंग के कारण असफल खोज की समय जटिलता O(n)O(n) हो सकती है।
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806📚C Programming & Data StructuresCore Data Structures & Properties
Match the following data structures with their properties:

| Data Structure | Property |
| :--- | :--- |
| i. Stack | 1. Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) |
| ii. Queue | 2. First-In-First-Out (FIFO) |
| iii. Binary Search Tree | 3. Efficient search operations |
| iv. Hash Table | 4. Uses hash functions for fast access |

Choose the correct options:
Explanation
Matching: Stack = LIFO (1); Queue = FIFO (2); BST = O(logn)O(\log n) search (3); Hash Table = O(1)O(1) key lookup via hash functions (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.
सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।
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807📚C Programming & Data StructuresBinary Search Tree Time Complexities
What is the time complexity of searching for an element in a balanced binary search tree (BST)?
Explanation
In a balanced BST (like AVL or Red-Black Tree), the height is guaranteed to be O(logn)O(\log n), making search, insertion, and deletion operations O(logn)O(\log n).
संतुलित बाइनरी सर्च ट्री (Balanced BST) में खोज की समय जटिलता O(logn)O(\log n) होती है।
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808📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsHTML Document Structure & Meta Tags
What is the purpose of the <meta> tag in HTML?
Explanation
The `<meta>` tag in the HTML `<head>` specifies metadata such as character encoding (`charset`), page description, viewport configurations, SEO keywords, and author information.
HTML में `<meta>` टैग का उपयोग वेब पेज के मेटाडेटा जैसे विवरण (Description), कीवर्ड्स, और व्यू-पोर्ट सेटिंग्स जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है।
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809📚C Programming & Data StructuresHeap Data Structure Operations
Which of the following statements about heaps are true?
1. A max heap always has the largest element at the root
2. A heap can be implemented using an array
3. Insertion in a heap has a time complexity of O(log n)
4. Deletion from a heap has a time complexity of O(1)

Choose the correct options:
Explanation
Statements 1, 2, and 3 are true. Statement 4 is false because deleting the root element from a binary heap requires moving the last leaf to the root and executing Heapify-Down, taking O(logn)O(\log n) time (only peeking is O(1)O(1)).
कथन 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं। कथन 4 गलत है क्योंकि हीप से नोड हटाने (Delete) के बाद हीपिफाई करने में O(logn)O(\log n) समय लगता है।
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810📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsHTTP Cookies & Client-Side Storage
Which of the following statements about cookies in web development are correct?
1. Cookies are used to store user data on the client-side
2. Cookies have an expiration date
3. Cookies cannot be accessed by JavaScript
4. Cookies are sent with every HTTP request

Choose the correct options:
Explanation
Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct. Statement 3 is false because client-side JavaScript can read/write cookies via `document.cookie` (unless the `HttpOnly` flag is set). Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.
कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि जावास्क्रिप्ट `document.cookie` के माध्यम से कुकीज को एक्सेस कर सकता है (जब तक HttpOnly न हो)। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।
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811📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)C# Variable Declarations
Which of the following is a valid way to declare a variable in C#?
Explanation
In C#, variables can be declared using implicit typing (`var x = 10;`) or explicit typing (`int y = 20;`, `string name = "John";`). All are completely valid.
C# में `var`, `int`, `string` सभी वैध चर घोषणाएं (Variable declarations) हैं (उपरोक्त सभी)।
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812📚Software Engineering & SDLCAgile Manifesto & Methodology
Which of the following statements about Agile methodology are correct?
1. Agile focuses on iterative development
2. Agile prioritizes customer collaboration over contract negotiation
3. Agile uses a fixed timeline for all phases
4. Agile values responding to change over following a plan

Choose the correct options:
Explanation
Statements 1, 2, and 4 align directly with the Agile Manifesto: iterative sprints (1), customer collaboration (2), and responding to change (4). Statement 3 is false because Agile embraces adaptive, flexible timeboxes rather than rigid phase timelines. Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.
कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं (पुनरावृत्ति विकास, ग्राहक सहयोग, और बदलाव के प्रति अनुकूलता)। कथन 3 गलत है। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।
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813📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareOptimal CPU Scheduling (SJF)
Which scheduling algorithm gives the minimum average waiting time?
Explanation
Shortest Job First (SJF / Shortest Remaining Time First) is mathematically proven to be optimal, producing the minimal average waiting time for a given set of stationary processes.
शॉर्टेस्ट जॉब फर्स्ट (SJF) शेड्यूलिंग एल्गोरिदम न्यूनतम औसत प्रतीक्षा समय (Minimum average waiting time) देता है और इष्टतम (Optimal) माना जाता है।
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814📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KKud Dance & Mela Patt
On which occasion is "Kud" dance performed?
Explanation
Kud dance is a ritualistic harvest thanksgiving dance of Jammu's hilly areas (Bhaderwah, Kishtwar, Udhampur) performed during village fairs like Mela Patt and Gram Devta celebrations.
'कुद नृत्य' (Kud Dance) भद्रवाह के प्रसिद्ध 'मेला पट्ट' (Mela Patt) और ग्राम देवता उत्सवों पर किया जाता है।
2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture
815📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KLohri Celebrations in Jammu
What dance is performed during the "Lohri" festival in Jammu?
Explanation
During Lohri, boys and men in Jammu perform vibrant Dogri and Bharo folk dances alongside Chajja performances.
लोहड़ी पर्व पर जम्मू में 'डोगरी नृत्य और भारो नृत्य' प्रस्तुत किया जाता है।
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816📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsAcoustic Ratios of Octaves
What is the frequency ratio between the notes, one octave apart?
Explanation
Two notes separated by one octave have an exact fundamental frequency ratio of 2:1 (e.g. A5 = 880 Hz vs A4 = 440 Hz).
एक सप्तक (ऑक्टेव) के अंतराल वाले दो स्वरों के बीच आवृत्ति का अनुपात 2:1 होता है।
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817📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsADSR Envelope & Sustain
What does the term "Sustain" refer to:
Explanation
In acoustics, Sustain is the duration for which a musical sound continues to resonate and vibrate before decaying after the key/excitation is released.
संगीत में 'सस्टेन' (Sustain) का अर्थ कुंजी छोड़ने के बाद भी स्वर के गूंजते रहने की अवधि है।
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818📚Harmonium & Musical Acoustics12-TET Tuning System
Which of the following options is correct and completes the statement given below appropriately?
Statement: A Twelve Tone equal temperament system is:
Explanation
In 12-TET (Twelve-Tone Equal Temperament), an octave is mathematically divided into 12 equal logarithmic semitones with a frequency ratio of 21/121.059462^{1/12} \approx 1.05946.
12-टोन इक्वल टेम्परामेंट प्रणाली में एक सप्तक (ऑक्टेव) को 12 समान अर्धस्वरों (Semitones) में विभाजित किया जाता है।
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819📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsPsychoacoustics & Octave Equivalence
A sound perceived as being the same note but in different registers refers to:
Explanation
Octave Equivalence is the psychoacoustic phenomenon where pitches separated by integer octaves (ratio 2:1) are perceived as sharing the identical musical pitch class identity (e.g. Middle C vs High C).
विभिन्न रजिस्टरों में होने के बावजूद एक ही स्वर के रूप में अनुभूत होने की घटना को 'ऑक्टेव इक्विवेलेंस' (Octave Equivalence) कहते हैं।
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820📚Indian Classical Music & MusicologyAchala & Shuddha Swaras
Identify the Shudha note:
Explanation
Pancham (Pa) and Shadaj (Sa) are Achala Swaras (immovable notes) that have only one natural fixed pure (Shuddha) form without Komal or Teevra alterations.
षडज (Sa) और पंचम (Pa) अचल स्वर हैं जो सदैव केवल शुद्ध (Shuddha) रूप में होते हैं।
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821📚Indian Classical Music & MusicologyKomal & Teevra Swaras
What is the meaning of "Komal" in relation to musical notes
Explanation
In Indian classical music, 'Komal Swar' refers to a flat or lowered note (semitone below the Shuddha natural note: Re, Ga, Dha, Ni).
'कोमल स्वर' (Komal Swar) का अर्थ शुद्ध स्वर से आधा स्वर नीचे उतारा गया (Flat/Lowered) स्वर है।
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822📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsHarmonic Progression & Voicing
The concept of octave doubling is essential in which area of music theory?
Explanation
Octave doubling (reinforcing root/bass or melody lines an octave apart) is a fundamental voicing technique in Harmonic Progression and orchestration.
ऑक्टेव डबलिंग (Octave doubling) की अवधारणा 'हार्मोनिक प्रोग्रेशन' (Harmonic Progression) में आवश्यक होती है।
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823📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsJust Intonation vs Equal Temperament
What is the main difference between the "Just" and "Equal Tempered" Octave?
Explanation
While the 2:1 octave span is identical, Just Intonation uses pure integer frequency ratios (e.g. 3:2, 4:3, 5:4), whereas Equal Temperament uses slight irrational logarithmic approximations (2n/122^{n/12}).
जस्ट इनटोनेशन और इक्वल टेम्परामेंट में मुख्य अंतर मध्यवर्ती स्वरों के आवृत्ति अनुपात (Frequency Ratio of Notes) का होता है।
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824📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsMusical Intervals (Perfect Octave)
The interval between "C4" & "C5" is an example of which type of octave?
Explanation
The interval spanning from C4 to C5 (ratio 2:1, 12 semitones) is an acoustically pure Perfect Octave (P8).
C4 और C5 के बीच का 12 अर्धस्वर का अंतराल 'परफेक्ट ऑक्टेव' (Perfect Octave / शुद्ध सप्तक) का उदाहरण है।
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825📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyThermal Radiation & Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Rate of transfer of energy by radiation can be increased by:
Explanation
According to the Stefan-Boltzmann Law (E=ϵσAT4E = \epsilon \sigma A T^4), the radiant energy emission rate is directly proportional to the fourth power of the absolute surface temperature (T4T^4).
स्टीफन-बोल्ट्जमैन नियम (ET4E \propto T^4) के अनुसार, सतह का तापमान बढ़ाने से विकिरण द्वारा ऊर्जा स्थानांतरण की दर तेजी से बढ़ती है।
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826📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyCompton Scattering & Electron Density
The ratio of Compton interaction in one gram of hydrogen to one gram of water is about:
Explanation
Compton mass attenuation depends directly on electron density (Ne=NAZ/AN_e = N_A \cdot Z/A).
- For Hydrogen (Z/A=1/1=1.0Z/A = 1/1 = 1.0): Ne6.022×1023 e/gN_e \approx 6.022 \times 10^{23}\text{ e}^-/\text{g}
- For Water (Z/A=10/180.555Z/A = 10/18 \approx 0.555): Ne3.34×1023 e/gN_e \approx 3.34 \times 10^{23}\text{ e}^-/\text{g}
Ratio=1.00.5551.82.0.\text{Ratio} = \frac{1.0}{0.555} \approx 1.8 \approx 2.0.
हाइड्रोजन में इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व (NAZ/AN_A \cdot Z/A) लगभग 1.0 है और पानी में 0.555 है, जिससे कॉम्पटन परस्पर क्रिया का अनुपात लगभग 2.0 होता है।
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827📚Radiation Safety & Regulatory NormsTeletherapy Source Housing Leakage Limits
Leakage for Co60 in the off position is:
Explanation
According to international radiation safety standards for teletherapy units in the OFF/shielded position, leakage radiation through the source housing must not exceed an average of 2 mR/hr (0.02 mSv/hr) at 1 meter, and a maximum of 10 mR/hr at 1 meter.
कोबाल्ट-60 टेलीथेरेपी यूनिट की OFF स्थिति में 1 मीटर की दूरी पर लीकेज विकिरण का औसत मान 2 mR/hr से अधिक नहीं होना चाहिए।
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828📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsCell Cycle Kinetics & Autoradiography
Which of the following statements is false?
Explanation
Statement D is false: Different mammalian cell lineages have vastly different cell cycle durations (TcT_c ranging from hours in crypt cells to months/years), with the greatest duration variation occurring in the G1 phase.
कथन D असत्य है क्योंकि विभिन्न स्तनधारी कोशिकाओं में कोशिका चक्र चरणों की अवधि बहुत भिन्न होती है (G1 चरण में सर्वाधिक भिन्नता होती है)।
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829📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsOxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) & LET
The OER for alpha particles is equal to:
Explanation
For high-LET densely ionizing radiation like Alpha particles (~100-200 keV/μm), biological damage is produced by direct dense ionization independent of oxygen free radicals, yielding an Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) of 1.0.
अल्फा कणों (High LET) के लिए ऑक्सीजन संवर्धन अनुपात (OER) का मान 1.0 होता है क्योंकि इनका प्रभाव ऑक्सीजन पर निर्भर नहीं करता।
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830📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsSublethal Damage (SLD) Repair
Sublethal damage repair is:
Explanation
Sublethal Damage (SLD) repair is the operational mechanism (Elkind repair) responsible for the increase in cell survival observed when a total radiation dose is divided/split into two fractions separated by a time interval of hours.
सब-लीथल क्षति मरम्मत (SLD repair) वह कारण है जिससे विकिरण खुराक को दो भागों में विभाजित करने पर कोशिका उत्तरजीविता (Survival) बढ़ जाती है।
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831📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsDose-Rate Effect in Radiobiology
The dose-rate effect:
Explanation
The dose-rate effect states that lowering the dose rate (or extending exposure duration) reduces the biological effectiveness of a given dose of low-LET radiation because sublethal damage repair occurs during the prolonged irradiation period.
डोज़-रेट प्रभाव में विकिरण का समय बढ़ाने (डोज़ रेट घटाने) पर सब-लीथल मरम्मत होने के कारण विकिरण का जैविक प्रभाव कम हो जाता है।
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832📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyComparative Radioactive Decay
Half lives of two radioactive substances A and B respectively are 20 min. and 40 min. initially, the samples of A and B have an equal number of nuclei. After 80 min. the ratio of the remaining number of A and B nuclei is:
Explanation
After 80 minutes:
- For A (T1/2=20 minT_{1/2} = 20\text{ min}): 8020=4 half-lives    NA=N0(12)4=N016\frac{80}{20} = 4\text{ half-lives} \implies N_A = N_0 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^4 = \frac{N_0}{16}
- For B (T1/2=40 minT_{1/2} = 40\text{ min}): 8040=2 half-lives    NB=N0(12)2=N04\frac{80}{40} = 2\text{ half-lives} \implies N_B = N_0 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 = \frac{N_0}{4}
Ratio NANB=N0/16N0/4=416=1:4.\text{Ratio } \frac{N_A}{N_B} = \frac{N_0/16}{N_0/4} = \frac{4}{16} = 1:4.
80 मिनट बाद: A के 4 अर्धायु काल (1/161/16) और B के 2 अर्धायु काल (1/41/4) पूरे होंगे। अनुपात 1/161/4=1:4\frac{1/16}{1/4} = 1:4 होगा।
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833📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyFractional Decay Duration
The half life of radioactive substance is 20 minutes. The time between 20% and 80% decay will be:
Explanation
- At 20% decay, remaining fraction is 80%=0.80N080\% = 0.80 N_0.
- At 80% decay, remaining fraction is 20%=0.20N020\% = 0.20 N_0.
Ratio of remaining amounts =0.800.20=4=22= \frac{0.80}{0.20} = 4 = 2^2, which corresponds to exactly 2 half-lives.
Time=2×20 minutes=40 minutes.\text{Time} = 2 \times 20\text{ minutes} = 40\text{ minutes}.
20% क्षय पर शेष 80% है और 80% क्षय पर शेष 20% है। 80%/20%=4=2280\%/20\% = 4 = 2^2 (2 अर्धायु काल)। समय =2×20=40= 2 \times 20 = 40 मिनट।
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834📚Radiation Safety & Regulatory NormsAERB Occupational Dose Limits
What is the maximum exposure that AERB allows to occupational workers per year?
Explanation
The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB, India) mandates an occupational effective dose limit of 20 mSv/year averaged over 5 consecutive years, with a maximum ceiling of 30 mSv in any single year.
AERB (भारत) के अनुसार व्यावसायिक कार्यकर्ताओं के लिए किसी एक वर्ष में अधिकतम सीमा 30 mSv है (5 वर्ष का औसत 20 mSv/वर्ष)।
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835📚Radiation Safety & Regulatory NormsICRP Occupational Radiation Limits
What is the maximum exposure that ICRP allows to occupational workers per year?
Explanation
ICRP Publication 103 allows an occupational effective dose limit of 20 mSv/year averaged over defined 5-year periods, subject to a maximum constraint of 50 mSv in any single year.
ICRP के अनुसार किसी एक वर्ष में व्यावसायिक कार्यकर्ता के लिए अधिकतम अनुमेय सीमा 50 mSv है।
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836📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyX-ray Beam Filtration
X-rays are filtered out of human body by using:
Explanation
Aluminium filters (e.g. 2.5 mm Al equivalent) are placed in the diagnostic X-ray tube port to preferentially absorb low-energy soft X-rays that would otherwise be absorbed by the patient's skin without contributing to image formation.
एक्स-रे बीम से कम ऊर्जा वाले हानिकारक सॉफ्ट एक्स-रे को छानने (Filter) के लिए एल्युमिनियम अवशोषक (Aluminium absorbers) का उपयोग किया जाता है।
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837📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyDifferential Absorption & Photoelectric Effect
In a diagnostic radiograph the process mostly responsible for differential attenuation is:
Explanation
Photoelectric absorption has a probability proportional to (Z/E)3(Z/E)^3. Its strong dependence on atomic number (Z3Z^3) provides high tissue subject contrast between bone (Z13.8Z \approx 13.8), soft tissue (Z7.4Z \approx 7.4), and air.
नैदानिक रेडियोग्राफी में ऊतकों के बीच कंट्रास्ट (विभेदी क्षीणन) मुख्य रूप से 'फोटोइलेक्ट्रिक प्रभाव' (Z3Z^3) के कारण उत्पन्न होता है।
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838📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyCT Image Quality & Technical Parameters
For patients studies , CT image quality can be improved by all factors listed below except:
Explanation
Lowering kVp in adult CT without increasing mAs substantially increases image quantum mottle noise and photon starvation artifacts, thereby degrading overall image signal-to-noise ratio.
सीटी स्कैन में kVp कम करने से फोटॉन शोर (Noise) बढ़ता है जिससे छवि गुणवत्ता घटती है (जब तक mAs न बढ़ाया जाए)।
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839📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyHounsfield Unit (HU) Calibration
Two materials used to calibrate the CT number scale of CT scanner are:
Explanation
The Hounsfield unit (HU / CT number) scale is fundamentally calibrated using Water (extCTnumber=0 HU ext{CT number} = 0\text{ HU}) and Air (extCTnumber=1000 HU ext{CT number} = -1000\text{ HU}).
सीटी नंबर (Hounsfield scale) को कैलिब्रेट करने के लिए पानी (0 HU0\text{ HU}) और वायु (1000 HU-1000\text{ HU}) का उपयोग किया जाता है।
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840📚Radiotherapy Treatment Planning & TechniquesSRS Isodose Prescription Normalization
In stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastasis, prescribing 20 Gy in one fraction to the 60% isodose line means the maximum dose will be _____:
Explanation
If the prescription dose Drx=20 GyD_{\text{rx}} = 20\text{ Gy} is normalized to the 60% (0.600.60) isodose line:
Maximum Dose Dmax=20 Gy0.6033.33 Gy33 Gy.\text{Maximum Dose } D_{\max} = \frac{20\text{ Gy}}{0.60} \approx 33.33\text{ Gy} \approx 33\text{ Gy}.
यदि 20 Gy की खुराक 60% आइसोडोज़ लाइन पर निर्धारित की गई है, तो अधिकतम डोज़ =200.6033.3 Gy= \frac{20}{0.60} \approx 33.3\text{ Gy} होगी।
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841📚Radiotherapy Treatment Planning & TechniquesTissue-Maximum Ratio (TMR) Parameters
Tissue-Maximum ratio (TMR) depends on:
Explanation
Tissue-Maximum Ratio (TMR) is defined as the ratio of dose at a given depth in phantom to dose at dmaxd_{\max} at the same point in space. It depends strictly on Beam Energy, Depth (dd), and Field Size (rdr_d), and is completely independent of distance (SAD/SSD).
टिशू-मैक्सिमम रेशियो (TMR) केवल बीम ऊर्जा (Energy), गहराई (Depth) और फील्ड साइज पर निर्भर करता है और दूरी (SAD/SSD) से स्वतंत्र होता है।
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842📚Radiotherapy Treatment Planning & TechniquesTissue-Air Ratio (TAR) Properties
TAR is:
Explanation
Tissue-Air Ratio (TAR): 1) At dmaxd_{\max}, TAR(dmax,r)=BSF\text{TAR}(d_{\max}, r) = \text{BSF}; 2) Is independent of source distance (SAD); 3) Is standardly used in rotational / isocentric treatment time calculations (All of the above).
टिशू-एयर रेशियो (TAR) dmaxd_{\max} पर BSF के बराबर होता है, SAD से स्वतंत्र होता है, और रोटेशनल थेरेपी की गणना में प्रयुक्त होता है (उपरोक्त सभी)।
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843📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyGamma Ray Constant & Exposure Calculations
The exposure rate at 1m from 100mg of radium is:
Explanation
Specific exposure rate constant for Radium-226 (with 0.5 mm Pt filtration) is Γ=0.825 Rm2/(hrg)=825 mRm2/(hrg)\Gamma = 0.825\text{ R}\cdot\text{m}^2 / (\text{hr}\cdot\text{g}) = 825\text{ mR}\cdot\text{m}^2 / (\text{hr}\cdot\text{g}).
For 100 mg=0.1 g100\text{ mg} = 0.1\text{ g} of Radium at d=1 md = 1\text{ m}:
Exposure Rate=0.1 g×82512=82.5 mR/hr.\text{Exposure Rate} = \frac{0.1\text{ g} \times 825}{1^2} = 82.5\text{ mR/hr}.
रेडियम-226 के 100 mg स्रोत से 1 मीटर की दूरी पर एक्सपोज़र दर =0.1×825=82.5 mR/hr= 0.1 \times 825 = 82.5\text{ mR/hr} होती है।
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844📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyHalf-Value Layer (HVL) & Beam Hardening
In a typical diagnostic X-ray beam:
Explanation
A diagnostic X-ray beam is polyenergetic. As it traverses the 1st Half-Value Layer (HVL), low-energy soft photons are preferentially filtered out ('beam hardening'), making the transmitted beam higher in average energy. Thus, the 2nd HVL is strictly greater than the 1st HVL (HVL2>HVL1\text{HVL}_2 > \text{HVL}_1).
पॉली-एनर्जेटिक बीम में बीम हार्डनिंग के कारण दूसरा HVL हमेशा पहले HVL से बड़ा (HVL2>HVL1\text{HVL}_2 > \text{HVL}_1) होता है।
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845📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyPhotoelectric Effect Z-Dependence
Two absorbers ,A and B, have atomic number, 4 and 8 respectively. The ration of photoelectric components of their mass attenuation coefficients (A:B) is:
Explanation
The photoelectric mass attenuation coefficient is proportional to the cube of the atomic number ((τ/ρ)Z3(\tau/\rho) \propto Z^3).
(τ/ρ)A(τ/ρ)B=(ZAZB)3=(48)3=(12)3=18=1:8.\frac{(\tau/\rho)_A}{(\tau/\rho)_B} = \left(\frac{Z_A}{Z_B}\right)^3 = \left(\frac{4}{8}\right)^3 = \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3 = \frac{1}{8} = 1:8.
फोटोइलेक्ट्रिक द्रव्यमान क्षीणन गुणांक τ/ρZ3\tau/\rho \propto Z^3 होता है।\nअतः अनुपात =(4/8)3=(1/2)3=1:8= (4/8)^3 = (1/2)^3 = 1:8
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846📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyAnti-Scatter Grids & Patient Radiation Dose
Which of the following does not reduce patient dose:
Explanation
Using a high-ratio anti-scatter grid absorbs significant scatter and primary radiation, requiring the Bucky factor (mAs) to be increased by 3 to 6 times, which increases patient dose (does NOT reduce patient dose).
हाई रेशियो ग्रिड का उपयोग करने पर अधिक mAs की आवश्यकता होती है, जिससे रोगी की डोज़ बढ़ती है (घटती नहीं)।
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847📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsRTOG Acute Radiation Morbidity Scoring
In the RTOG grading scale, which grade corresponds to severe erythema and moist desquamation caused by radiation therapy?
Explanation
Under the RTOG Acute Radiation Morbidity Scoring Criteria for skin:
- Grade 1: Faint/dull erythema, dry desquamation
- Grade 2: Moderate to brisk erythema, patchy moist desquamation
- Grade 3: Confluent, severe moist desquamation, pitting edema
- Grade 4: Ulceration, hemorrhage, necrosis.
RTOG ग्रेडिंग स्केल में त्वचा पर गंभीर एरिथेमा और व्यापक नम डिस्क्वैमेशन (Moist desquamation) 'ग्रेड 3' (Grade 3) के अंतर्गत आता है।
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