Percentages, Profit & Loss and Discount

1📚🧾 AccountsEnergy Sources

Consider the following statements:

- a. There is infinite storage of fossil fuel inside the earth.
- b. Sun can be taken as an inexhaustible source of energy.
- c. Waste from a nuclear power plant can be easily disposed of.

Which of the above statements is/are NOT correct?

Explanation

Statement a is incorrect because fossil fuels are finite and exhaustible. Statement c is incorrect because disposing of nuclear waste is highly complex, hazardous, and difficult. Statement b is correct, so a and c are NOT correct.

بیان 'a' غلط ہے کیونکہ فوسل فیول کے ذخائر محدود ہیں، اور بیان 'c' غلط ہے کیونکہ نیوکلیئر ویسٹ کو ٹھکانے لگانا انتہائی مشکل اور خطرناک کام ہے۔ اس لیے 'a' اور 'c' درست نہیں ہیں۔

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2📚🗺️ GeographyGeography

Which of the following is NOT a tributary of Jhelum River?

Explanation

Verinag is the origin spring of the Jhelum River, located in Anantnag. Vishaw, Sind Nallah, and Romushi are tributaries of the Jhelum River.

ویری ناگ (Verinag) دریائے جہلم کا منبع (origin spring) ہے، جبکہ وِشَو، سندھ نالہ، اور روموشی دریائے جہلم کی معاون ندیاں (tributaries) ہیں۔

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3📚🗺️ GeographyGeography

Arrange the following Indian states in order from North to South:

- a. Himachal Pradesh
- b. Tamil Nadu
- c. Telangana
- d. Madhya Pradesh

Explanation

Geographical arrangement from North to South is: Himachal Pradesh (a), Madhya Pradesh (d), Telangana (c), and Tamil Nadu (b). This corresponds to sequence a, d, c, b.

شمال سے جنوب کی جغرافیائی ترتیب ہے: ہماچل پردیش (a)، مدھیہ پردیش (d)، تلنگانہ (c)، اور تمل ناڈو (b)۔ یعنی 'a, d, c, b'۔

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4📚🧾 AccountsEnvironment

Consider the following national parks and the states they are located in:

- a. Kaziranga National Park: 4. Assam
- b. Jim Corbett National Park: 3. Uttarakhand
- c. Ranthambore National Park: 2. Rajasthan
- d. Gir National Park: 1. Gujarat

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

The correct matches are: Kaziranga is in Assam (a-4), Jim Corbett is in Uttarakhand (b-3), Ranthambore is in Rajasthan (c-2), and Gir is in Gujarat (d-1). This corresponds to a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1.

صحیح جوڑے مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: کازی رنگا نیشنل پارک آسام (a-4)، جم کاربیٹ اتراکھنڈ (b-3)، رنتھمبور راجستھان (c-2)، اور گر نیشنل پارک گجرات (d-1)۔

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5📚🗺️ GeographyAgriculture

Consider the following statements regarding Rabi crops:

- a. Rabi crops are sowed between October and November.
- b. Rabi crops require a lot of water.
- c. Rabi crops need warm weather for growth.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement a is correct. Rabi crops (winter crops) are sown in October-November and harvested in spring. Statements b and c are incorrect because Kharif crops require a lot of water and warm weather, whereas Rabi crops require cool climates.

صرف بیان 'a' درست ہے۔ ربیع (سردیوں کی) فصلیں اکتوبر نومبر میں بوئی جاتی ہیں۔ بیان b اور c غلط ہیں کیونکہ ربیع فصلوں کو زیادہ پانی اور گرمی کی ضرورت نہیں ہوتی۔

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6📚🗺️ GeographyGeography

Consider the following pairs of lakes and the states they are located in:

- a. Hussain Sagar: 4. Telangana
- b. Pulicate Lake: 3. Andhra Pradesh
- c. Dal Lake: 2. Jammu and Kashmir
- d. Loktak Lake: 1. Manipur

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

The correct matches are: Hussain Sagar is in Telangana (a-4), Pulicat Lake in Andhra Pradesh (b-3), Dal Lake in J&K (c-2), and Loktak Lake in Manipur (d-1). This corresponds to a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1.

صحیح جوڑے مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: حسین ساگر تلنگانہ (a-4)، پلیکٹ جھیل آندھرا پردیش (b-3)، ڈل جھیل جموں و کشمیر (c-2)، اور لوکتک جھیل منی پور (d-1)۔

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7📚🗺️ GeographyGeography

Consider the following pairs of dams and the states they are located in:

- a. Sardar Sarovar Dam: 3. Gujarat
- b. Bhavani Sagar Dam: 4. Tamil Nadu
- c. Koyna Dam: 2. Maharashtra
- d. Tehri Dam: 1. Uttarakhand

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

The correct matches are: Sardar Sarovar in Gujarat (a-3), Bhavani Sagar in Tamil Nadu (b-4), Koyna in Maharashtra (c-2), and Tehri in Uttarakhand (d-1). This corresponds to: a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1.

صحیح جوڑے مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: سردار سروور ڈیم گجرات (a-3)، بھوانی ساگر تمل ناڈو (b-4)، کوئنا ڈیم مہاراشٹر (c-2)، اور ٹیہری ڈیم اتراکھنڈ (d-1)۔

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8📚🧾 AccountsCost Accounting

Fixed cost is a cost:

Explanation

Fixed costs are those expenses that remain constant in total amount over a specific range of activity/output during a given period, regardless of volume changes.

مستقل لاگت (Fixed cost) وہ لاگت ہے جو پیداوار کی مقدار تبدیل ہونے کے باوجود کل رقم میں تبدیل نہیں ہوتی (جیسے کرایہ، تنخواہیں)۔

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9📚🧾 AccountsSource Documents

Which of the following business documents is proof of payment for a business transaction?

Explanation

A Receipt is a written acknowledgment that a specified sum of money has been received, serving as proof of payment.

رسید (Receipt) ایک ایسی تحریر ہے جو اس بات کا ثبوت ہوتی ہے کہ ادائیگی وصول کر لی گئی ہے۔

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10📚🧾 AccountsPFMS

The Public Financial Management System (PFMS) was earlier known as:

Explanation

The Public Financial Management System (PFMS) was initially launched as a pilot program called the Central Plan Schemes Monitoring System (CPSMS) in 2009 to track funds released under plan schemes.

پبلک فنانشل مینجمنٹ سسٹم (PFMS) کا پرانا نام سینٹرل پلان اسکیم مانیٹرنگ سسٹم (CPSMS) تھا، جسے 2009 میں فنڈز ٹریک کرنے کے لیے شروع کیا گیا تھا۔

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11📚🧾 AccountsPartnership Accounts

M and N are two partners sharing profits and losses in a 3:2 ratio. They admit P as a new partner with a 1/5th share. What will be the new profit-sharing ratio?

Explanation

Let total profit = 1. P's share = 1/5. Remaining share = 1 - 1/5 = 4/5. M's new share = 3/5 4/5 = 12/25. N's new share = 2/5 4/5 = 8/25. P's share = 1/5 = 5/25. The new profit-sharing ratio is 12:8:5.

شراکت داری کا تناسب: کل منافع = 1۔ P کا حصہ = 1/5۔ باقی حصہ = 4/5۔ M کا نیا حصہ = 3/5 4/5 = 12/25۔ N کا نیا حصہ = 2/5 4/5 = 8/25۔ P کا حصہ = 5/25۔ نیا تناسب 12:8:5 ہے۔

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12📚🧾 AccountsLedger

The method of transferring items from a journal into their respective ledger accounts is known as:

Explanation

Posting is the process of transferring debits and credits from the journal or other books of original entry to the respective ledger accounts.

روزنامچہ (journal) سے اندراجات کو کھاتہ کھتونی (ledger accounts) میں منتقل کرنے کے عمل کو پوسٹنگ (Posting) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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13📚🧾 AccountsLeverage

What does financial leverage measure?

Explanation

Financial leverage measures the sensitivity of Earnings Per Share (EPS) in response to a percentage change in Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT).

فنانشل لیوریج (Financial leverage) شرح سود اور ٹیکس سے پہلے کی آمدنی (EBIT) میں فیصد تبدیلی کے لحاظ سے EPS کی حساسیت کو ماپتا ہے۔

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14📚🧾 AccountsTaxation (GST)

Which of the following is/are included in the definition of "Goods" as defined under section 2(52) of the CGST Act, 2017?

Explanation

Section 2(52) of the CGST Act, 2017 defines 'goods' to exclude money and securities but specifically includes actionable claims, growing crops, grass, etc.

جی ایس ٹی ایکٹ کی دفعہ 2(52) کے تحت 'اشیاء' (goods) کی تعریف میں منی اور سیکیورٹیز شامل نہیں ہیں، لیکن ایکشن ایبل کلیم (Actionable claim) شامل ہیں۔

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15📚🧾 AccountsCost Accounting

From the following information, find out the number of units that must be sold by the firm to earn a profit of Rs. 1,80,000 per year:

- Sales price: Rs. 25 per unit
- Variable manufacturing costs: Rs. 12 per unit
- Variable selling costs: Rs. 3 per unit
- Fixed factory overheads: Rs. 5,00,000
- Fixed selling costs: Rs. 3,00,000

Explanation

Contribution per unit = Selling Price - Total Variable Cost = 25 - (12 + 3) = Rs. 10. Total Fixed Cost = 5,00,000 + 3,00,000 = Rs. 8,00,000. Required Sales Units = (Fixed Costs + Target Profit) / Contribution per unit = (8,00,000 + 1,80,000) / 10 = 9,80,000 / 10 = 98,000 units.

فی یونٹ کنٹریبیوشن = 25 - (12+3) = 10۔ کل فکسڈ لاگت = 8,00,000۔ مطلوبہ یونٹس = (فکسڈ لاگت + منافع) / کنٹریبیوشن = (8,00,000 + 1,80,000) / 10 = 98,000 یونٹس۔

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16📚📝 EnglishPrepositions

Insert the proper preposition in the sentence:

He hinted ___ some loss of treasure.

Explanation

The verb 'hint' is followed by the preposition 'at' when referring to something indirectly. Thus, 'hinted at'.

انگریزی میں 'hint' کے بعد ہمیشہ 'at' پریپوزیشن لگتی ہے۔ جملہ ہوگا: 'He hinted at some loss...'

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17📚📝 EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Choose the correct indirect narration of:

He said to us, "Why are you all sitting about there doing nothing?"

Explanation

In indirect speech, the interrogative sentence becomes assertive. 'said to us' changes to 'asked us', and the present continuous 'are you... sitting' changes to past continuous 'we were... sitting'.

ان ڈائریکٹ اسپیچ بناتے وقت سوالیہ جملہ بیانیہ بن جاتا ہے۔ 'are you' تبدیل ہو کر 'we were' ہو جائے گا اور ورڈ آرڈر سیدھا ہو جائے گا۔

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18📚🔢 MathStatistics

What is an example of a primary data collection method?

Explanation

Primary data is collected directly by the researcher for the specific research goal. Conducting interviews and surveys are active methods of primary data collection.

ابتدائی ڈیٹا (Primary data) وہ ڈیٹا ہے جو خود ریسرچر جمع کرے۔ انٹرویو اور سروے کرنا پرائمری ڈیٹا جمع کرنے کے اہم طریقے ہیں۔

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19📚🔢 MathStatistics

Consider the following statements regarding questionnaire preparation:

- a. Questionnaires collect data by asking people to respond to different sets of questions.
- b. The validity and reliability of the data you collect depend on the design of questions.
- c. Collect the data without a pilot test of all questionnaires.
- d. When designing your questionnaire, you should consider the wording of individual questions prior to the order in which they appear.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements a and d are correct. Statement c is incorrect because pilot testing is crucial to validate the questionnaire before collecting data. Statement b is also true conceptually, but among the given options, C (a and d) is the most standard combination matching standard research methodology.

بیانات a اور d بالکل درست ہیں۔ بیان c غلط ہے کیونکہ پائلٹ ٹیسٹ (پائلٹ رن) کے بغیر سروے شروع کرنا ریسرچ کے اصولوں کے خلاف ہے۔ اس لیے 'a' اور 'd' صحیح جوڑا ہے۔

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20📚🔢 MathStatistics

Which of the following statements regarding tabulation is FALSE?

Explanation

Statement D is false because tabulation is specifically designed to facilitate comparisons between both rows and columns simultaneously.

بیان D غلط ہے کیونکہ جدول سازی (tabulation) قطاروں (rows) اور کالموں (columns) دونوں کے درمیان موازنے کو آسان بناتی ہے، نہ کہ صرف قطاروں کے درمیان۔

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21📚🔢 MathProbability

Consider the following statements regarding probabilities:

- P: Probabilities can never add up to more than one.
- Q: Probabilities of mutually exclusive events always add up to one.
- R: Probabilities can never be zero.
- S: Probabilities are always positive.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

P is correct (probabilities in a sample space sum to 1). S is considered correct in standard exam keys assuming probability is non-negative (

P(E) \ge 0

). Statement Q is false because mutually exclusive events only sum to 1 if they are also exhaustive. Statement R is false because impossible events have a probability of 0.

بیان P درست ہے (امکانات کا مجموعہ 1 سے زیادہ نہیں ہو سکتا)۔ بیان S کو کلیدی جواب میں درست مانا گیا ہے۔ اس لیے 'P اور S' صحیح جواب ہے۔

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22📚🔢 MathStatistics

In a class of 100 students, every student must pick exactly one sport to play:
- 28 students pick Football.
- 27 students pick Kho-Kho.
- 33 students pick Volleyball.
- 12 students pick Cricket.
- Total girls = 40. Total boys = 60.
- 13 girls play Kho-Kho.
- 13 boys play Volleyball.
- 10 boys play Cricket (written as 23 boys play Cricket due to a typo in the question).

Match the following:
- a. Boys who play Kho-Kho: 1. 2
- b. Girls who play cricket: 2. 10
- c. Boys who play cricket: 3. 14
- d. Total number of boys: 5. 60

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

Deductions: d) Total boys = 100 - 40 = 60 (d-5). a) Boys who play Kho-Kho = 27 total - 13 girls = 14 (a-3). c) Boys who play cricket = 10 (c-2). b) Girls who play cricket = 12 total - 10 boys = 2 (b-1). Correct match: a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5.

حساب: کل لڑکے (d) = 100 - 40 = 60 (d-5)۔ کھو-کھو کھیلنے والے لڑکے (a) = 27 - 13 لڑکیاں = 14 (a-3)۔ کرکٹ کھیلنے والے لڑکے = 10 (c-2)۔ کرکٹ کھیلنے والی لڑکیاں = 2 (b-1)۔ صحیح میچ: a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5۔

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23📚🔢 MathStatistics

Consider the following statements regarding Measures of Mortality:

- a. Gross Reproduction Rate: 5. Measures the number of daughters over a lifetime.
- b. Age-Specific Fertility Rate: 3. Has modal value between 20 and 25
- c. Net Reproduction Rate: 2. Affected by mortality rates
- d. Maternal Mortality Rate: 4. Is measured per 1000 live births.

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

Matches: GRR (Gross Reproduction Rate) measures daughters born per woman without considering mortality (a-5). ASFR usually peaks in age group 20-25 (b-3). NRR is NRR = GRR * survival rate, hence affected by mortality (c-2). MMR in this specific matching maps to 4. Correct match is a-5, b-3, c-2, d-4.

صحیح جوڑے مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: GRR کا تعلق بیٹیوں کی پیدائش کی شرح سے ہے (a-5)؛ ASFR کا موڈل گروپ 20-25 عمر کے درمیان ہوتا ہے (b-3)؛ NRR پر شرح اموات اثر انداز ہوتی ہے (c-2)۔ یعنی آپشن C درست ہے۔

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24📚🔢 MathCalculus

Consider the following statements:

- a. The limit of

\frac{x^2-1}{x-1}

as x approaches 1 is 0.
- b. If

f(x)=\frac{1}{x}

then the derivative of

f(x)

with respect to x is

\frac{1}{x^2}

.
- c. The limit of

\frac{e^x-1}{x}

as x approaches 0 is 1.
- d. The limit definition of a derivative for a function

f(x)

is

\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}

.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement c is correct (standard exponential limit = 1). Statement d is correct (definition of derivative). Statement a is incorrect (limit is 2). Statement b is incorrect (derivative of

1/x

is

-1/x^2

, not

1/x^2

). Thus, c and d are correct.

بیان c درست ہے (معیاری ایکسپونینشل لیمٹ 1 ہوتی ہے)۔ بیان d بھی درست ہے (ڈیریویٹیو کی لیمٹ تعریف)۔ لہذا 'c' اور 'd' صحیح بیانات ہیں۔

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25📚📊 EconomicsEconomics

What is Gross Domestic Product?

Explanation

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific time period (usually annually).

مجموعی ملکی پیداوار (GDP) سے مراد ایک مخصوص مدت (عام طور پر ایک سال) میں ملک کی حدود کے اندر پیدا ہونے والی تمام حتمی اشیاء اور خدمات کی مالیاتی قدر ہے۔

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26📚📊 EconomicsEconomics

Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured money market instrument issued in the form of a:

Explanation

Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured, short-term money market instrument issued by highly-rated corporations in the form of a promissory note.

کمرشل پیپر (CP) ایک قلیل مدتی غیر محفوظ منی مارکیٹ انسٹرومنٹ ہے جو پرومیسری نوٹ (Promissory Note) کی شکل میں جاری کیا جاتا ہے۔

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27📚📊 EconomicsEconomics

Bank rate is the rate at which the RBI extends credit to the:

Explanation

Bank Rate is the official rate at which the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) provides long-term loans and rediscounts bills for commercial banks without requiring collateral.

بینک ریٹ (Bank rate) وہ شرح ہے جس پر مرکزی بینک (RBI) تجارتی بینکوں (Commercial Banks) کو طویل مدتی قرضے فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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28📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

What causes the twinkling of stars?

Explanation

The twinkling of stars is caused by the atmospheric refraction of starlight as it passes through different layers of air with continuously changing refractive indices.

ستاروں کا چمکنا (twinkling) زمین کے ماحول میں ستاروں کی روشنی کے انعطاف یا ریفریکشن (Atmospheric refraction) کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔

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29📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

The washing machine works on the principle of which of the following?

Explanation

A washing machine works on the principle of centrifugation. High-speed spinning creates centrifugal force that separates water from clothes.

واشنگ مشین سینٹری فیوجیشن (Centrifugation) کے اصول پر کام کرتی ہے، جس میں گھماؤ کی وجہ سے کپڑوں سے پانی الگ ہوتا ہے۔

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30📚💻 ComputerSoftware Concepts

The term FLOSS is associated with:

Explanation

FLOSS stands for 'Free/Libre and Open-Source Software', indicating software that is free to run, copy, distribute, and modify.

اصطلاح FLOSS کا پورا نام 'Free/Libre and Open-Source Software' ہے، جو کہ اوپن سورس سافٹ ویئر (Open source software) سے متعلق ہے۔

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31📚💻 ComputerHardware

Where is firmware stored?

Explanation

Firmware is a specific class of computer software that provides low-level control for the device's hardware, permanently stored in non-volatile ROM/Flash chips.

فرم ویئر (firmware) عام طور پر روم (ROM) یا نان وولیٹائل میموری چپس میں مستقل طور پر محفوظ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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32📚💻 ComputerE-Governance

What does "Smart Governance" involve?

Explanation

Smart Governance (Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive, and Transparent) involves using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to make government services and decision-making more efficient.

اسمارٹ گورننس (Smart Governance) سے مراد سرکاری خدمات کی فراہمی اور فیصلوں کو بہتر بنانے کے لیے آئی ٹی (IT) کا استعمال ہے۔

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33📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Psychology

Which of the following techniques are used to observe psychosomatic changes?

i. Polygraphy
ii. Psychological Stress Evaluator
iii. Brain fingerprinting

Explanation

Polygraphy and the Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE) measure physiological responses (autonomic nervous system activity) related to psychological stress (psychosomatic changes). Brain fingerprinting measures cognitive brainwaves (P300), which are cognitive/recognition-based rather than psychosomatic/emotional.

پولی گرافی اور سائیکولوجیکل اسٹریس ایلوایٹر (PSE) نفسیاتی تناؤ سے متعلق جسمانی تبدیلیوں (psychosomatic changes) کی پیمائش کرتے ہیں۔ برین فنگر پرنٹنگ دماغی لہروں (P300) کی پیمائش کرتی ہے جو علمی شناخت پر مبنی ہے۔

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34📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFingerprints

Which of the following techniques of fingerprint development can be used for porous surfaces?

i. Cyanoacrylate fuming
ii. Silver nitrate method
iii. Ninhydrin method

Explanation

Silver nitrate and Ninhydrin methods are chemical development techniques used specifically for porous surfaces like paper and cardboard. Cyanoacrylate (superglue) fuming is used for non-porous surfaces like plastic and glass.

سلور نائٹریٹ (Silver nitrate) اور نن ہائیڈرین (Ninhydrin) طریقے کاغذی اور مسام دار (porous) سطحوں کے لیے موزوں ہیں۔ سپر گلو یا سائیانواکرائلیٹ فومنگ غیر مسام دار سطحوں کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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35📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions

Arrange the following Forensic Institution as per their year of establishment from older to latest.

a. GEQD Calcutta
b. CFPB Calcutta
c. CFPB, New Delhi
d. GEQD Hyderabad
e. GEQD Shimla

Explanation

The correct chronological order of establishment is: CFPB Calcutta (1897) -> GEQD Shimla (1906) -> GEQD Calcutta (1964) -> GEQD Hyderabad (1968) -> CFPB New Delhi (1973). This corresponds to order: b, e, a, d, c.

صحیح تاریخی ترتیب ہے: فنگر پرنٹ بیورو کلکتہ (1897) -> GEQD شملہ (1906) -> GEQD کلکتہ (1964) -> GEQD حیدرآباد (1968) -> CFPB نئی دہلی (1973)۔ جو ترتیب 'b, e, a, d, c' بنتی ہے۔

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36📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

Specimen of material collected from crime scene for comparing with the questioned material is called as

Explanation

A control sample is a specimen of material collected from the crime scene (e.g. from an adjacent, unstained area of a substrate) to compare with the questioned evidence to ensure that background or substrate interference is accounted for.

کنٹرول سیمپل (Control Sample) جرم کی جگہ سے حاصل کردہ وہ نمونہ ہوتا ہے جو معاون سطح یا پس منظر کی جانچ کے لیے حاصل کیا جاتا ہے تاکہ موازنے کو درست بنایا جا سکے۔

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37📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine

According to Bichat, mode of death due to failure of circulatory system is called as

Explanation

Xavier Bichat classified modes of death into a 'tripod of life'. Failure of the circulatory system (heart) is called Syncope, failure of the nervous system (brain) is Coma, and failure of the respiratory system (lungs) is Asphyxia.

بچیٹ (Bichat) کے مطابق، نظامِ دورانِ خون کی خرابی یا ناکامی کے باعث ہونے والی موت کو سنکوپ (Syncope) کہا جاتا ہے۔ جبکہ دماغ کی ناکامی کو کوما اور پھیپھڑوں کی ناکامی کو خفقان (Asphyxia) کہتے ہیں۔

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38📚⚗️ ChemistryArson Investigation

The best material to collect liquid samples of suspected accelerants found at crime scene is

Explanation

Suspected liquid accelerants (hydrocarbons like gasoline) must be collected in airtight metal containers (such as clean paint cans) because hydrocarbons can dissolve plastic and glass can break.

کرائم سین سے آتش گیر مائعات (accelerants) کو جمع کرنے کے لیے سب سے بہترین ڈبہ ہوا بند دھاتی کنٹینر (Airtight metal container) ہے، کیونکہ پلاسٹک مائع کے اثر سے پگھل سکتا ہے اور شیشہ ٹوٹ سکتا ہے۔

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39📚🔬 Forensic ScienceInquest

If a person dies in a psychiatric hospital in Delhi-NCR, the investigation will be carried out by

Explanation

Under Section 176 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) in India, any death occurring in a psychiatric hospital, prison, or police custody must be investigated by a Judicial or Executive Magistrate (Magistrate Inquest).

بھارتی ضابطہ فوجداری (CrPC) کی دفعہ 176 کے تحت، اگر کسی شخص کی موت نفسیاتی ہسپتال یا حراست میں ہو تو اس کی تفتیش مجسٹریٹ انکویسٹ (Magistrate Inquest) کے ذریعے کی جاتی ہے۔

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40📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine

Match the following:

List-I (Blunt Force Injury)
i. Abrasion
ii. Contusion
iii. Incision
iv. Laceration

List-II (Characteristic of Injury)
a. Effusion of blood into tissue due to ruptured blood vessels
b. Destruction of superficial layer of skin.
c. Tearing or splitting of skin
d. Clean cut through the tissue

Explanation

The correct matches are: Abrasion - destruction of superficial layer (i-b); Contusion (bruise) - effusion of blood (ii-a); Incision - clean cut through tissue (iii-d); Laceration - tearing or splitting of skin (iv-c).

صحیح جوڑ یہ ہیں: خراش (Abrasion) -> جلد کی بیرونی پرت کا تباہ ہونا (i-b)؛ نیل (Contusion) -> بافتوں میں خون کا رساؤ (ii-a)؛ کٹاؤ (Incision) -> صاف کٹاؤ (iii-d)؛ اور پھٹن (Laceration) -> جلد کا پھٹنا (iv-c)۔

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41📚🔢 MathStatistics

Match the following:

List-I
i. Mean
ii. Median
iii. Mode
iv. Range

List-II
a. Difference between largest and smallest value
b. Precise
c. Middle most term
d. Highest Frequency

Explanation

The correct matches are: Mean is a precise mathematical average (i-b); Median is the middlemost term (ii-c); Mode corresponds to the highest frequency (iii-d); Range is the difference between largest and smallest values (iv-a).

صحیح جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: اوسط (Mean) -> درست/پریسائز (i-b)؛ میڈین (Median) -> بالکل درمیانی رقم (ii-c)؛ موڈ (Mode) -> سب سے زیادہ فریکوئنسی (iii-d)؛ رینج (Range) -> سب سے بڑی اور چھوٹی قدر کا فرق (iv-a)۔

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42📚🔢 MathStatistics

Which of the following are Non sampling statistical errors?

i. Coverage error
ii. Non-response error
iii. Response error

Explanation

Non-sampling errors are errors that occur during data collection processes other than active sampling. Coverage, non-response, and response errors are all classified under non-sampling errors.

نان سیمپلنگ غلطیاں (Non sampling errors) وہ ہوتی ہیں جو نمونے کے علاوہ ڈیٹا جمع کرنے کے عمل میں پیدا ہوتی ہیں۔ ان میں کوریج، نان رسپانس، اور رسپانس کی غلطیاں تینوں شامل ہیں۔

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43📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

The Standard of Length is based on

Explanation

Since 1983, the meter has been defined internationally as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. This is based on the speed of light.

1983 سے، لمبائی کے بین الاقوامی معیار (میٹر) کی تعریف خلا میں روشنی کی رفتار (speed of light) کے تحت کی گئی ہے، یعنی روشنی ایک سیکنڈ کے ایک مخصوص حصے میں جتنا فاصلہ طے کرتی ہے۔

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44📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Match the following:

List-I
i. Microns
ii. Angstroms
iii. Fermi
iv. Kilometers

List-II
a. Distance between earth and moon.
b. Inter atomic distance in a solid
c. Size of nucleus.
d. Wavelength of infrared laser.

Explanation

The correct matching of length scales is: Microns corresponds to infrared laser wavelength (i-d); Angstroms corresponds to inter-atomic distances (ii-b); Fermi corresponds to nuclear size (iii-c); Kilometers corresponds to Earth-Moon distance (iv-a).

صحیح جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: مائیکرون (Microns) -> انفرا ریڈ لیزر طول موج (i-d)؛ اینگسٹرام (Angstroms) -> جوہروں کے درمیان فاصلہ (ii-b)؛ فرمی (Fermi) -> نیوکلیئس کا سائز (iii-c)؛ کلومیٹر -> زمین اور چاند کا فاصلہ (iv-a)۔

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45📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Two electrons travelling with same speed. The magnetic field is zero at the mid-point between them. This means,

Explanation

By the right-hand rule, when two negative charges (electrons) travel at equal speed along parallel lines in the same direction, the magnetic fields they produce at the exact midpoint are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, cancelling each other out to zero.

جب دو الیکٹران مساوی رفتار سے متوازی لکیروں پر ایک ہی سمت (same direction) میں سفر کرتے ہیں، تو دائیں ہاتھ کے اصول کے مطابق ان کے بالکل درمیانی نقطے پر مقناطیسی میدان برابر اور مخالف سمت میں ہو کر صفر ہو جاتا ہے۔

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46📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFootprints

A footprint classification system is required for filing the footprints of

i. New born babies
ii. Military airmen
iii. People lacking arms

Explanation

Footprint classification systems are used for filing records of newborn babies (hospital security), military airmen (for identification after plane crashes/burns), and individuals lacking arms (who cannot provide fingerprints).

فٹ پرنٹ کی درجہ بندی کا نظام نوزائیدہ بچوں، فوجی ہوابازوں (حادثات میں شناخت کے لیے)، اور بغیر بازوؤں والے افراد (جن کے فنگر پرنٹ نہیں لیے جا سکتے) کی ریکارڈ فائلنگ کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے تینوں درست ہیں۔

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47📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTrackers

Which of the following statements are correct?

i. The art of tracking through gait pattern is practiced in various parts of India by certain families.
ii. The trackers are, by and large, uneducated persons.
iii. The trackers do not take any extensive measurements.

Explanation

Traditionally, the art of tracking (using gait and footprints) has been practiced in rural parts of India by specific families (e.g. puggees). Trackers are usually uneducated and rely on visual cues, experience, and instinct rather than taking extensive scientific measurements.

بھارت کے مختلف علاقوں میں کچھ خاندان پاؤں کے نشانات سے سراغ لگانے کی مہارت رکھتے ہیں۔ یہ سراغ رساں (trackers) عام طور پر ان پڑھ ہوتے ہیں اور وہ کوئی سائنسی یا وسیع پیمائش نہیں کرتے بلکہ تجربے پر بھروسہ کرتے ہیں۔

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48📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGait Analysis

In scientific study of gait pattern, which of the following characteristics are noted?

i. Dimensions of Mark
ii. Pressure points
iii. Pressure defects

Explanation

A scientific analysis of a gait pattern involves checking the dimensions of the prints, the specific pressure points of the foot during stride, and any pressure defects (uneven weight distribution or gait abnormalities).

چال کی رفتار اور انداز (gait pattern) کے سائنسی مطالعے میں پاؤں کے نشان کا سائز (dimensions)، دباؤ کے مقامات (pressure points)، اور چال کی خرابیاں یا نقائص (pressure defects) سبھی نوٹ کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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49📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTyre Impressions

The photographic technique to record the whole tread of a tyre is called as

Explanation

Periphography is a specialized photographic technique used to capture the entire circumferential tread pattern of a tyre (or any cylindrical surface) as a single flat image.

ٹائر کے پورے ٹریڈ یا گولائی کے نشان کو ایک فلیٹ تصویر میں ریکارڈ کرنے کی تکنیک کو پیریفہوگرافی (Periphography) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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50📚⚖️ LawArms Act

As per Indian Arms Act, 1959, which of the following items are included in the definition of firearms?

i. Artillery
ii. Carriages for mounting, transporting and serving artillery
iii. Accessory of firearm designed to diminish the noise caused by firing

Explanation

Under Section 2(e) of the Indian Arms Act, 1959, the definition of 'firearms' includes artillery, carriages/mounts for artillery, and silence-producing accessories.

بھارتی اسلحہ ایکٹ 1959 کی دفعہ 2(e) کے تحت، آتشیں اسلحے (firearms) کی تعریف میں توپ خانہ (artillery)، توپ لگانے والی گاڑیاں، اور آواز کو کم کرنے والے سائلنسر (accessories) تینوں شامل ہیں۔

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51📚🔬 Forensic ScienceShotguns

Which of the following statement is true for Barrel choke?

i. It is the reducing of bore of a shotgun at the breech end
ii. Choke increases the effective range of a shotgun.
iii. Reduction of diameter by one millimeter is called as full choke.

Explanation

Statements ii and iii are true. A choke is a constriction at the muzzle end (not the breech end) of a shotgun barrel, which tightens the shot pattern to increase the effective range. A 1mm reduction in diameter corresponds to a full choke.

بیانات ii اور iii درست ہیں۔ چوک (choke) بندوق کی نالی کے بیرونی سرے (muzzle) پر ہوتی ہے نہ کہ عقبی سرے (breech) پر۔ یہ مارنے کی صلاحیت یا رینج کو بڑھاتی ہے اور 1mm کمی فل چوک کہلاتی ہے۔

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52📚🔬 Forensic ScienceShotguns

Which of the following statements are true for shotguns?

i. A shotgun is a short-range firearm.
ii. Shotgun gives accurate aim when a single projectile is fired
iii. Spreading of pellets increases with increase in range of fire.

Explanation

Statements i and iii are true. A shotgun is typically a short-range weapon, and pellet dispersion increases with range. Statement ii is incorrect because smoothbore shotguns are generally inaccurate when firing a single projectile (slug) compared to rifled barrels.

بیان i اور iii درست ہیں۔ شاٹ گن مختصر فاصلے کا ہتھیار ہے اور فاصلہ بڑھنے سے چھروں کے پھیلنے کا عمل بڑھتا ہے۔ ہموار نالی ہونے کی وجہ سے سنگل پروجیکٹائل (slug) چلانے پر اس کا نشانہ زیادہ درست نہیں ہوتا۔

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53📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGSR Analysis

Match the following:

List-I (Test)
i. Dermal Nitrate Test
ii. Harrison and Gilroy's Test
iii. Price's Spot Test
iv. Walker's Test

List-II (Reagent)
a. Diphenylamine
b. 2 naphthylamine
c. Triphenylmethyl arsonium iodide
d. Sodium rhodizonate

Explanation

The correct matches are: Dermal Nitrate Test uses Diphenylamine (i-a); Harrison and Gilroy's Test uses Sodium Rhodizonate (ii-d); Price's Spot Test uses Triphenylmethyl arsonium iodide (iii-c); Walker's Test uses 2-naphthylamine (iv-b).

ٹیسٹوں کا کیمیکل سے صحیح جوڑ: تھرمل نائٹریٹ ٹیسٹ -> ڈائی فینائل امائن (i-a)؛ ہیریسن اینڈ گلرائے -> سوڈیم روڈیزونیٹ (ii-d)؛ پرائس سپاٹ ٹیسٹ -> ٹرائی فینائل متھائل آرسونیم آیوڈائڈ (iii-c)؛ واکر ٹیسٹ -> 2 نیفتھائل امائن (iv-b)۔

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54📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTrajectory

The vertical range is maximum at angle of projection equal to

Explanation

The maximum vertical height (range) is obtained when a projectile is fired straight up, which corresponds to an angle of 90°.

سیدھا اوپر فائر کرنے پر بلندی (vertical range) سب سے زیادہ حاصل ہوتی ہے، جس کے لیے فائرنگ کا زاویہ 90 ڈگری ہونا چاہیے۔

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55📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Firearms

Arrange the following firearms with chronological order of their invention.

i. Match Lock
ii. Wheel Lock
iii. Hand Canon
iv. 0.303 SLR

Explanation

The correct chronological sequence of inventions is: Hand Cannon (14th century, iii) -> Matchlock (15th century, i) -> Wheellock (16th century, ii) -> 0.303 SLR (20th century, iv). This corresponds to order: iii, i, ii, iv.

ہتھیاروں کی ایجاد کی صحیح تاریخی ترتیب ہے: ہینڈ کینن (iii) -> میچ لاک (i) -> وہیل لاک (ii) -> 0.303 SLR (iv)۔ یعنی 'iii, i, ii, iv'۔

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56📚🔬 Forensic ScienceRifling

The process of cutting the lands and groove inside the barrel of a firearm is called as

Explanation

Rifling is the process of cutting helical grooves (creating lands and grooves) inside the bore of a firearm barrel to impart spin and stabilize the bullet.

بندوق کی نالی کے اندر ہیلیکل نالیاں اور ابھار (lands and grooves) کاٹنے کے عمل کو رائفلنگ (Rifling) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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57📚🔬 Forensic ScienceInternal Ballistics

The velocity of the bullet when it just exits the barrel of the firearm is called

Explanation

Muzzle velocity is the speed at which a projectile exits the muzzle (the end of the barrel) of a firearm.

بندوق کی نالی کے منہ (muzzle) سے باہر نکلتے وقت گولی کی رفتار کو مزل ویلاسٹی (Muzzle velocity) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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58📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTerminal Ballistics

The velocity of bullet at the time of impact is called as

Explanation

Striking velocity is the speed of the projectile at the exact instant it hits the target.

گولی کے ہدف سے ٹکرانے کے وقت کی رفتار کو اسٹرائیکنگ ویلاسٹی (Striking velocity) کہا جاتا ہے۔ نالی سے نکلتے وقت کی رفتار کو مزل ویلاسٹی کہتے ہیں۔

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59📚🔬 Forensic ScienceExternal Ballistics

The factor affects the path of the projectile are

i. Air resistance
ii. Force of gravity
iii. Spin

Explanation

The trajectory (path) of a bullet is affected by gravity (vertical drop), air resistance/drag (loss of speed), and gyroscopic spin (stabilization and drift).

گولی کے فضا میں راستے (trajectory) پر ہوا کی رکاوٹ، کشش ثقل (gravity)، اور گولی کے گھومنے کا عمل (spin) تینوں اثر انداز ہوتے ہیں۔

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60📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTrajectory

The lateral deviation of trajectory of projectile from the plane of departure is known as

Explanation

Drift is the lateral (sideways) deviation of a spinning bullet from the vertical plane of departure, primarily caused by gyroscopic spin and air interaction.

گولی کے گھومنے کی وجہ سے اپنے اصل سیدھے راستے سے دائیں یا بائیں انحراف کرنے کے عمل کو ڈرفٹ (Drift) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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61📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGSR Analysis

The most impressive and effective method to evaluate GSR is

Explanation

Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) is the gold standard for GSR analysis because it allows identification of both the chemical composition and the spherical morphology of individual particles.

بارود کے بقایا جات (GSR) کے تجزیہ کا سب سے بہترین اور معتبر طریقہ اسکیننگ الیکٹران مائیکروسکوپ (SEM) ہے، جو ذرات کی بناوٹ اور کیمیکل دونوں کو چیک کرتا ہے۔

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62📚🔬 Forensic ScienceWound Ballistics

Scorching is also known as

i. Singeing
ii. Burning
iii. Charring

Explanation

Scorching (the thermal damage caused by muzzle flash gases) is also referred to as singeing (specifically for hair) or burning/charring (for fibers and tissue).

شعلے کی گرمی سے بال اور کپڑے جھلسنے (scorching) کو جھلسنا (singeing)، جلنا (burning)، اور کوئلہ بننا (charring) تینوں ناموں سے پکارا جاتا ہے۔

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63📚🔬 Forensic ScienceShotguns

The mathematical relation between diameter of dispersed pellets (D) and range (R) of fire of a half choke standard firearms is

Explanation

In standard ballistics, the pattern diameter (D in cm) for a half-choke shotgun is roughly 3 times the range of fire (R in meters): D = 3R. (Contrast: Cylinder is 4R, Full choke is 2R/2.5R).

ہاف چوک شاٹ گن کے لیے چھروں کے پھیلاؤ کا قطر (D سینٹی میٹر میں) اور فاصلہ (R میٹر میں) کے درمیان تعلق D = 3R ہوتا ہے (یعنی فی میٹر 3 سینٹی میٹر پھیلاؤ)۔

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64📚⚗️ ChemistryArson Investigation

How must the charred or burnt debris that may have absorbed accelerants from the crime scene be packaged?

Explanation

Charred debris from suspected arson must be packaged in airtight containers (like metal cans) to prevent volatile accelerant vapors from evaporating.

آتش زدگی کے جائے وقوعہ سے جلی ہوئی راکھ اور ملبے کو ہوا بند ڈبوں (Airtight containers) میں پیک کرنا ضروری ہے تاکہ بھاپ بن کر اڑنے والے کیمیکلز ضائع نہ ہوں۔

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65📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

What is a specimen for example a hair sample whose origin is known with certainty and is used for comparison called?

Explanation

A sample whose origin is known with certainty (like hair taken directly from a suspect's head) is called a standard or known sample.

وہ نمونہ جس کا ماخذ یقینی طور پر معلوم ہو (مثلاً مشتبہ شخص کے سر سے لیا گیا بال) اسے موازنے کے لیے 'اسٹینڈرڈ سیمپل' (Standard sample) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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66📚🧬 BiologyImpression Evidence

Which of the following is a type of individual characteristic of physical evidence, a shoe?

Explanation

Individual characteristics are unique features (like random cuts, wear, and tears on the sole) that can uniquely identify a specific shoe, as opposed to class characteristics like size or brand.

جوتے کا سائز، برانڈ اور رنگ اس کے کلاس شواہد ہیں، جبکہ جوتے کے تلوے پر پہننے اور پھٹنے کے منفرد نشانات (Wear and tear) اس کی انفرادی خصوصیت (individual characteristic) ہیں۔

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67📚⚗️ ChemistryExplosives

Sampling of residue deposited on an item in an explosive scene can be collected by vigorously swabbing the surface with several swabs moistened with which of the following?

Explanation

Forensic protocols specify using swabs moistened with distilled water (for inorganic residues/salts) or specific solvents like methanol/ethanol for organic explosive residues. In general, distilled water is the standard safe choice.

دھماکہ خیز مواد کے ذرات کو جمع کرنے کے لیے سطح کو کشید شدہ پانی (Distilled water) سے گیلے کیے گئے سواب کے ذریعے رگڑ کر نمونہ حاصل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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68📚🧬 BiologyAlternate Light Source

The trace evidence sometimes fluoresces under UV light used at the crime scene. What is its range?

Explanation

The ultraviolet (UV) electromagnetic spectrum ranges from 100 nm to 400 nm.

بالائے بنفشی یعنی الٹرا وائلٹ (UV) شعاعوں کی طول موج کی حد 100 سے 400 نینو میٹر (nm) ہوتی ہے۔

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69📚🧬 BiologyLaw of Evidence

Consider the following statements pertaining importance of physical evidence.

i. Physical evidence can be tested by an independent forensic expert
ii. Physical evidence is subjected to memory loss
iii. Physical evidence can provide a link between the crime scene and the suspect
iv. Physical evidence changes according to the statements of the defendant

Which of the above statements is true/correct?

Explanation

Statement i is true as physical evidence can be independently tested. Statement iii is also true, but among the options provided, only 'i only' is available as a single correct choice.

طبیعی ثبوت (physical evidence) کے بارے میں دیا گیا پہلا بیان (i) درست ہے کہ اس کی جانچ آزاد ماہر سائنسی طور پر کر سکتا ہے۔ آپشنز کے لحاظ سے 'i only' ہی موزوں ترین جواب ہے۔

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70📚🧬 BiologyPhysical Evidence

Which of the following evidences have the power of individualization?

Explanation

Only a DNA profile has the power to uniquely identify (individualize) a specific person to the exclusion of all others. Blood groups and clothing brands are class characteristics.

صرف ڈی این اے پروفائل (DNA profile) ہی وہ ثبوت ہے جس میں انفرادی شناخت (individualization) قائم کرنے کی صلاحیت ہوتی ہے، جبکہ بلڈ گروپ اور برانڈ کلاس شواہد ہیں۔

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71📚🧬 BiologyWildlife Protection

Which act deals with the protection and conservation of various species of birds and animals in India?

Explanation

The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 in India deals with the protection of wild animals, birds, and plants.

بھارت میں جنگلی حیات اور پرندوں کے تحفظ کے لیے 'وائلڈ لائف کنزرویشن ایکٹ 1972' نافذ العمل ہے۔

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72📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

What is the part of the microscope under the stage which focuses light on the specimen called?

Explanation

The condenser is situated beneath the stage and functions to collect and focus light from the light source onto the specimen.

مائیکروسکوپ کی اسٹیج کے نیچے نصب وہ حصہ جو روشنی کو نمونے (specimen) پر مرکوز کرتا ہے، کنڈینسر (Condenser) کہلاتا ہے۔

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73📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

Which of the following microscopes gives a three-dimensional view of evidence?

Explanation

A stereomicroscope (dissecting microscope) uses separate optical paths for each eye to provide a 3D view of the specimen.

اسٹیریو مائیکروسکوپ (Stereomicroscope) شواہد کا ایک سہ جہتی یا تھری ڈی (3D) نظارہ فراہم کرتی ہے۔

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74📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

Consider the following statements related to the microscope.

i. Two main types of illumination used in microscopy are Kohler and critical
ii. The lens closest to the specimen is called an ocular lens
iii. The lens closest to the eyes is called an objective lens
iv. The lens closest to the specimen is called an objective lens

Which of the statements are true/correct?

Explanation

Kohler and critical are indeed types of illumination (i). The lens closest to the specimen is the objective lens (iv), whereas the ocular lens (eyepiece) is closest to the eyes.

پہلا بیان (i) درست ہے کہ روشنی کے دو طریقے کوہلر اور کریٹیکل ہیں۔ چوتھا بیان (iv) بھی درست ہے کہ نمونے کے قریب ترین لینس کو آبجیکٹو لینس کہتے ہیں۔

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75📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

Which of the following microscopes does a forensic scientist use to observe two different samples of evidence at the same time?

Explanation

A comparison microscope consists of two independent microscopes joined by an optical bridge, allowing side-by-side comparison of two specimens (e.g. bullets, hair).

موازنہ خوردبین (Comparison microscope) فارنسک میں دو مختلف شواہد (جیسے دو بالوں) کا ایک ہی وقت میں آمنے سامنے رکھ کر موازنہ کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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76📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

Which of the following microscopes gives the forensic scientist power to observe as well as plot the infrared absorption spectrum of the material?

Explanation

A microspectrophotometer combines a microscope with a spectrophotometer, allowing the analysis of light absorption (like UV-Vis or IR spectra) of microscopic samples.

مائیکرو اسپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹر (Microspectrophotometer) خوردبینی نمونوں کی بصری جانچ کے ساتھ ساتھ ان کے لائٹ یا انفرا ریڈ جذب کرنے کے گراف (absorption spectrum) کو بھی ریکارڈ کر سکتا ہے۔

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77📚🧬 BiologySemen Analysis

Which of the following is the major protein present in seminal fluid at concentrations of 0.5-2.0 mg/mL?

Explanation

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA or p30) is present in seminal fluid at concentrations of 0.5–2.0 mg/mL, serving as a key marker for semen detection. Semenogelins are present in much higher concentrations (10-20 mg/mL).

پروسٹیٹ سپیسیفک اینٹیجن (PSA) منی (semen) میں 0.5 سے 2.0 ملی گرام فی ملی لیٹر کی مقدار میں پایا جانے والا ایک اہم پروٹین ہے، جو منی کے فارنسک ٹیسٹ میں استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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78📚🧬 BiologySemen Analysis

What compound acts as the substrate in the Fast Blue B test for semen detection?

Explanation

In the Brentamine (Fast Blue B) test, alpha-naphthyl phosphate acts as the substrate for acid phosphatase, releasing alpha-naphthol which reacts with the dye to form a purple color.

سیمن کی شناخت کے فاسٹ بلیو بی ٹیسٹ میں الفا نیفتھائل فاسفیٹ (a-naphthyl phosphate) سبسٹریٹ کے طور پر کام کرتا ہے جس پر ایسڈ فاسفیٹیز انزائم اثر کرتا ہے۔

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79📚🧬 BiologySpermatozoa Staining

Match the column of the part of spermatozoa to the colour stained in Christmas tree staining.

Explanation

In the Christmas Tree Stain (nuclear fast red/picroindigocarmine), the acrosomal cap is pink (i-q), the nucleus is red (ii-r), the tail is green (iii-s), and the midpiece is blue (iv-p).

کرسمس ٹری اسٹیننگ میں: نطفہ کا بالائی حصہ یعنی ایکروسومل کیپ گلابی (i-q)، مرکزہ یعنی نیوکلیئس سرخ (ii-r)، دم سبز (iii-s)، اور درمیانی حصہ نیلا (iv-p) رنگ اختیار کرتا ہے۔

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80📚🧬 BiologyVaginal Secretions

What are the predominant bacteria in the vagina of women of reproductive age?

Explanation

Lactobacillus species are the dominant members of the vaginal microbiota in healthy women of reproductive age, keeping the pH acidic to protect against infections.

تولیدی عمر کی خواتین کی اندام نہانی میں سب سے زیادہ پائے جانے والے فائدہ مند بیکٹیریا لیکٹوبیسیلی (Lactobacilli spp) ہیں، جو تیزابی ماحول برقرار رکھتے ہیں۔

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81📚🌍 General AwarenessImmunology

Which among the following terms would be aptly defined as a foreign substance that is capable of eliciting antibody formation in a host cell and combining with the antibody?

Explanation

An antigen is traditionally defined as a foreign substance that can trigger an immune response (eliciting antibodies) and bind specifically with those antibodies.

اینٹیجن (Antigen) کی تعریف یہ ہے کہ یہ کوئی بھی بیرونی مادہ ہو سکتا ہے جو جسم میں داخل ہونے پر اینٹی باڈیز کی پیداوار کو متحرک کرے اور ان کے ساتھ جڑ سکے۔

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82📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Botany

Cannabis plants are often grown indoors illegally. Their pollen can be collected as evidence from the cracks and crevices of the indoor environment by investigative team long after the plantation has been shifted or eradicated. What type of pollination does Cannabis exhibit?

Explanation

Cannabis is an anemophilous (wind-pollinated) plant, producing lightweight pollen that disperses easily and lingers in cracks and indoor spaces.

بھنگ کا پودا (Cannabis) ہوا کے ذریعے پولینیشن (Anemophilous) کرتا ہے، اسی لیے اس کے پولن ہوا میں اڑ کر طویل عرصے تک آس پاس کی دراڑوں میں جمع رہتے ہیں۔

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83📚🧬 BiologyWildlife Conservation

According to IUCN Red List, Endangered species are defined as

Explanation

Under IUCN criteria, Endangered (EN) species are those facing a very high risk of extinction due to a population decline of 50% to 70% or more over 10 years.

آئی یو سی این (IUCN) کے مطابق، معدومی کے خطرے سے دوچار (Endangered) انواع وہ ہیں جن کی آبادی گزشتہ 10 برسوں میں 50 سے 70 فیصد یا اس سے زیادہ کم ہو چکی ہو۔

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84📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

In what region of the spermatozoa is the mitochondria placed?

Explanation

The mitochondria are spirally arranged in the midpiece of the spermatozoon, providing energy (ATP) for sperm motility.

نطفہ (spermatozoa) کے مڈ پیس (Mid piece) والے حصے میں مائٹوکونڈریا واقع ہوتے ہیں جو اسے تیرنے یا حرکت کرنے کے لیے توانائی فراہم کرتے ہیں۔

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85📚🧬 BiologyWildlife Forensics

Establishing geographical location of a wildlife species is crucial to legislative actions. How can this be achieved?

Explanation

To enforce regional protections (such as CITES appendices or regional laws), identifying the breeding/reproductive population of origin is the primary way to establish the geographic origin of a specimen.

جنگلی حیات کے تحفظ کے قوانین کے تحت کسی نمونے کے اصل جغرافیائی مقام کا تعین اس کی تولیدی آبادی (reproductive population) کی شناخت کر کے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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86📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology

Which of the following statements are TRUE?

i. Insect colonisation occurs slower if body is completely burnt.
ii. Insect colonisation is influenced by the biogeoclimatic zone
iii. Exposure to sunlight causes faster depletion of resources by the insects.

Explanation

All statements are true: Charring limits/slows early fly colonization (i); different climate zones affect insect species (ii); and sunlight speeds up larval metabolism and carcass depletion (iii).

تینوں بیانات درست ہیں: جلی ہوئی لاش پر کیڑوں کا حملہ آہستہ ہوتا ہے (i)؛ مختلف آب و ہوا کے زون کیڑوں کے حملے پر اثر انداز ہوتے ہیں (ii)؛ اور دھوپ میں کیڑے تیزی سے وسائل کو ختم کرتے ہیں (iii)۔

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87📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology

Arrange the sequence of steps you will perform as a forensic entomologist in an outdoor crime scene:

i. Collection of live adult flies
ii. Collection of soil temperatures under the body after its removal
iii. Photography, notations of the overall crime scene from a safe distance
iv. Collection of insects on the body

Explanation

First photograph the scene (iii), catch flying adult insects before they disperse (i), collect crawling insects/maggots from the remains (iv), and lastly collect soil temperatures beneath the body once it is moved (ii).

صحیح ترتیب: جائے وقوعہ کی دور سے تصویر کشی (iii) -> اڑنے والے کیڑوں کو پکڑنا (i) -> لاش پر موجود رینگنے والے کیڑے جمع کرنا (iv) -> لاش ہٹانے کے بعد مٹی کا درجہ حرارت لینا (ii)۔

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88📚🧬 BiologyDrowning

During autopsy of a body found in a lake, diatoms were found in the bone marrow. Which of the following assumptions is most valid?

Explanation

Diatoms entering the bone marrow requires active circulation, proving that the victim aspirated water containing diatoms while still alive.

ہڈی کے گودے میں ڈائیٹمز ملنے سے ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ پانی سانس کے ذریعے جسم میں تب گیا تھا جب مقتول زندہ تھا (active circulation)، یعنی یہ ڈوبنے کی تصدیق کرتا ہے۔

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89📚🧬 BiologyWildlife Protection

Appendix II of CITES includes

Explanation

Appendix II of CITES lists species that are not currently threatened with extinction but may become so unless trade is strictly regulated.

آئی یو سی این اور سائٹس (CITES) کے ضمیمہ II میں وہ انواع شامل ہیں جو فی الحال معدوم نہیں ہو رہیں لیکن ان کے کاروبار کو کنٹرول نہ کیا گیا تو وہ اس خطرے سے دوچار ہو سکتی ہیں۔

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90📚🧬 BiologySerology

In Ouchterlony assay, what would the appearance of a Y-shaped precipitin reaction indicate?

Explanation

In the Ouchterlony double diffusion assay, a Y-shaped precipitin pattern (with a spur) indicates partial identity (shared epitopes but distinct ones as well).

اوچٹرلونی ڈبل ڈیفیوژن ٹیسٹ میں، Y شکل کی پریسیپیٹن لائن بننا جزوی مماثلت (Partial identity) کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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91📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology

If the Accumulated Degree Hours (ADH) in three days is 3672, then how many ADH of 70 degree are there in these 3 days?

Explanation

To find the corresponding hours at a constant 70 degrees: Hours = ADH / Temp = 3672 / 70 = 52.45 hours.

حساب لگانے کے لیے: گھنٹے = کل ADH تقسیم درجہ حرارت؛ یعنی 3672 / 70 = 52.45 گھنٹے۔

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92📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology

State which of the statements are true?

i. Insects can indicate movement of body from rural to urban areas
ii. Insect colonisation patterns help determine wound sites
iii. Unwrapped and wrapped carcasses will show similar insect colonisation patterns
iv. In general, more beetles are found in the indoor environment, and more flies outdoors.

Explanation

Statements i (rural vs. urban species) and ii (wounds attract unusual egg-laying) are true. Wrapping delays colonization, and fly and beetle distribution varies based on decomposion stage, not simply indoor/outdoor.

پہلا اور دوسرا بیان درست ہے: کیڑے لاش کو دیہی سے شہری علاقے میں منتقل کرنے کی نشاندہی کر سکتے ہیں (i) اور کیڑوں کا جھرمٹ زخموں کی جگہ کا تعین کرنے میں مدد دیتا ہے (ii)۔

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93📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology

What is the most accurate way of storing live larval samples for entomological identification?

Explanation

Rearing live larvae to adults is the most accurate way to identify species. Rearing requires placing them in a container with a pupation medium (like soil or sawdust) and meat/food wrapped in foil or a pouch to keep it fresh.

کیڑوں کی درست شناخت کے لیے انہیں زندہ پال کر بڑا کرنا سب سے بہترین طریقہ ہے، جس کے لیے مٹی اور خوراک والے ہوادار ڈبے (Option D) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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94📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology

Which of the following is NOT a tooth characteristic used for age estimation using Gustafson's method?

Explanation

Gustafson's method utilizes six criteria: Attrition, Periodontosis, Secondary dentin formation, Cementum apposition, Root resorption, and Transparency of the root. Primary dentine formation is not a criteria.

گسٹافسن کے طریقہ کار (Gustafson's method) میں دانت کی پائیداری، جڑ کے گھساؤ اور سیکنڈری ڈینٹین بننے کو ناپا جاتا ہے، پرائمری ڈینٹین (Primary dentine) بننا اس کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔

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95📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology

What is the outer covering of the tooth root called?

Explanation

Cementum is the specialized calcified substance covering the outer surface of the root of a tooth.

دانت کی جڑ کے بیرونی حفاظتی خول کو سیمنٹم (Cementum) کہا جاتا ہے، جبکہ دانت کے اوپر چمکدار انیمل چڑھا ہوتا ہے۔

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96📚🧬 BiologyFecal Stains

Urobilinoids can be converted to urobilin zinc salt that fluoresces under ALS of 450 nm. This method can be used to spot -

Explanation

The Edelman test converts urobilinoids present in feces to a green fluorescent zinc-urobilin complex, serving as a test for fecal stains.

فضلہ یا پاخانے کے دھبوں (Fecal stains) کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے کیمیائی عمل کے ذریعے زنک یورو بلین نمک بنا کر نیلی روشنی (ALS) میں چمکایا جاتا ہے۔

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97📚🧬 BiologySaliva Analysis

Which of the following can distinguish between human salivary amylase and human pancreatic amylase?

Explanation

Antihuman salivary amylase antibodies (used in lateral flow tests like RSID-Saliva) specifically target salivary amylase and do not cross-react with pancreatic amylase.

منہ کے تھوک والے امائلیز اور لبلبے (pancreas) کے امائلیز کے درمیان فرق کرنے کے لیے اینٹی ہیومن سلائیوری امائلیز اینٹی باڈی (Option C) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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98📚🌍 General AwarenessImmunology

Match the column:

Explanation

The correct immunoglobulin match is: IgA is a dimer in secretions (i-q); IgE is involved in allergies (ii-s); IgG crosses the placenta (iii-r); IgM is the primary response antibody (iv-p).

امیونوگلوبولن کا صحیح جوڑ: IgA ایک ڈائمر ہے (i-q)؛ IgE الرجی سے لڑتا ہے (ii-s)؛ IgG نال (placenta) کو پار کر سکتا ہے (iii-r)؛ اور IgM انفیکشن کے خلاف پہلا ردعمل ہے (iv-p)۔

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99📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic DNA

Which of the following DNA markers shows maternal inheritance?

Explanation

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited exclusively from the mother because mitochondria are supplied by the egg cell, not the sperm.

مائٹوکونڈریل ڈی این اے (Mitochondrial DNA) مادی طور پر یعنی صرف ماں کی طرف سے منتقل ہونے والی موروثی وراثت کی ایک مثال ہے۔

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100📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

What is not the responsibility of an First Responder?

Explanation

The first responder's priority is life safety (first aid), securing the scene, and arresting suspects if present. Collection of transient evidence is typically done by forensic specialists, although they must preserve it.

فرسٹ ریسپونڈر کا بنیادی کام زخمیوں کو طبی امداد دینا، ملزم کو پکڑنا اور جائے وقوعہ کو محفوظ کرنا ہے۔ شواہد کو اکٹھا کرنا (Collection) فارنسک ٹیم کا کام ہے، فرسٹ ریسپونڈر کا نہیں۔

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101📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

What is not a search method employed for outdoor crime scene?

Explanation

Supervision method is not a physical search pattern. Spiral, Grid, Line/Strip, and Zone methods are standard forensic search patterns used for crime scenes.

سپر ویزن کا طریقہ (Supervision method) کوئی سائنسی سرچ پیٹرن نہیں ہے۔ اسپائرل، گرڈ اور لائن میتھڈ کرائم سین کی تلاش کے مقبول طریقے ہیں۔

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102📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Science

A forensic scientist becomes an expert by the virtue of

Explanation

Under Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, a forensic scientist qualifies as an expert through education/knowledge, specialized training, and practical experience/practice.

قانونِ شہادت کے تحت، ایک فارنسک سائنسدان اپنے علم، مسلسل مشق، تربیت اور تجربے (All of the above) کی بنیاد پر عدالت میں ایک ماہر (expert) بنتا ہے۔

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103📚🔢 MathStatistics

______ is defined as the difference between the value of the extreme items of a series

Explanation

Range is the simplest measure of dispersion, defined as the difference between the maximum (largest) and minimum (smallest) values in a data set.

رینج (Range) سے مراد کسی ڈیٹا سیریز کی سب سے بڑی اور سب سے چھوٹی قیمتوں کے درمیان کا فرق ہوتا ہے۔

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104📚⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics

What is an example of synthetic cannabinoid?

Explanation

Spice (or K2) is a common street name for herbal mixtures sprayed with synthetic cannabinoids.

اسپائس (Spice) مصنوعی کینابینوئڈز (synthetic cannabinoids) کی ایک مقبول ترین مثال ہے جسے عام طور پر جڑی بوٹیوں پر چھڑک کر نشے کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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105📚⚖️ LawNDPS Act

Disposal of seized narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is defined under what section of NDPS Act

Explanation

Section 52A of the NDPS Act deals with the disposal of seized narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

این ڈی پی ایس ایکٹ کی دفعہ 52A کے تحت پکڑے گئے نشہ آور مواد اور منشیات کو ضائع کرنے (disposal) کا طریقہ کار بیان کیا گیا ہے۔

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106📚⚗️ ChemistryExplosives

"Booby trap" type of TED is designed to function when

Explanation

A booby trap is an explosive device (IED) designed to be triggered unknowingly by the victim performing a specific, routine action (like opening a door or lifting an object).

بوبی ٹریپ (Booby trap) ایک ایسا بم دھماکہ خیز آلہ ہوتا ہے جو تب چلتا ہے جب شکار خود نادانستہ طور پر اسے چلانے کا کوئی عمل (جیسے دروازہ کھولنا) کرتا ہے۔

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107📚⚖️ LawLegal Acts

Explosive, their definition, composition and punishment is described in

Explanation

The Explosive Substances Act, 1908 of India defines explosive substances, deals with punishments for causing explosions, and possessing explosives under suspicious circumstances.

بھارت کا 'دی ایکسپلوسو سبسٹینس ایکٹ 1908' دھماکہ خیز مواد کی تعریف، ان کی تیاری اور دھماکہ کرنے پر دی جانے والی سزاؤں سے متعلق ہے۔

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108📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

Primary evaluation as done by the First Responder should include

Explanation

A first responder's initial assessment (primary evaluation) must establish the size/scope of the incident, identify what emergency services are needed, and evaluate hazard/safety concerns.

فرسٹ ریسپونڈر کی ابتدائی تشخیص (Primary evaluation) میں حادثے کا دائرہ کار، درکار ہنگامی خدمات اور جائے وقوعہ پر موجود خطرات کی جانچ (All of the above) شامل ہونی چاہیے۔

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109📚⚗️ ChemistryChemical Tests

Roussin's Test is used to identify' alkaloid of

Explanation

Roussin's crystals test (yielding characteristic crystalline forms under microscopic view) is a microchemical test specifically used to identify nicotine.

روسنز ٹیسٹ (Roussin's Test) کا استعمال خاص طور پر نکوٹین (Nicotine) الکلائڈ کی خوردبینی شناخت کے لیے کرسٹل بنانے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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110📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectroscopy

Morphine in acidic medium shows an max at

Explanation

Morphine in an acidic aqueous solution (0.1 N HCl) exhibits a characteristic UV absorption maximum (lambda max) at approximately 285 nm (often shifting to ~298 nm in alkaline medium).

تےزابی میڈیم (acidic medium) میں مارفین کا الٹرا وائلٹ سپیکٹرم 285 نینو میٹر (nm) پر اپنی سب سے زیادہ جذب کرنے کی صلاحیت (lambda max) دکھاتا ہے۔

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111📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

Dragendorff's Reagent gives what colour in response to alkaloids on TLC

Explanation

Dragendorff's reagent (potassium bismuth iodide) yields bright orange-red or orange-brown spots when it reacts with alkaloids on a TLC plate.

ٹی ایل سی (TLC) پلیٹ پر الکلائڈز پر ڈریگینڈورف ری ایجنٹ (Dragendorff's Reagent) چھڑکنے سے نارنجی (Orange) رنگ کے نشانات بنتے ہیں۔

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112📚⚗️ ChemistryAntidotes

Antidote for Morphine or Opioid overdose in emergency?

Explanation

Naloxone is a rapid-acting opioid antagonist used to reverse life-threatening respiratory depression in acute opioid/morphine overdose.

مارفین یا کسی بھی افیون سے بنے نشے کے اوور ڈوز کے لیے ہنگامی علاج اور اینٹی ڈوٹ نیلکسون (Naloxone) ہے۔

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113📚⚗️ ChemistryFood Toxicology

Infant Botulism is mostly caused by Contaminated:

Explanation

Infant botulism occurs when an infant ingests spores of Clostridium botulinum, which are commonly found in contaminated raw honey. Hence honey is forbidden for infants under 1 year.

بچوں میں بوٹولزم (Infant Botulism) کی بیماری عام طور پر جراثیم آلود شہد (Honey) کھانے کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

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114📚⚗️ ChemistryMedical Jurisprudence

Apoplexy is the term used for

Explanation

Historically in forensic MCQ banks, apoplexy refers to cerebral congestion or hemorrhage causing sudden loss of consciousness.

فارنسک ایم سی کیو کے مطابق، اپوپلیسی (Apoplexy) کا لفظ روایتی طور پر دماغ میں خون کے جماؤ یا دماغی بھیڑ (Cerebral congestion) کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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115📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology Extraction

Which of the following poisons can be detected in the viscera in a decomposed body?

Explanation

Yellow phosphorus and metallic/elemental poisons can resist putrefaction and be detected in the viscera of highly decomposed bodies (organophosphates degrade quickly).

مٹی میں گل سڑ جانے والی لاش کے اعضاء سے بھی فاسفورس (Phosphorous) اور دھاتی زہروں کا پتہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے کیونکہ یہ سڑنے کے عمل سے تباہ نہیں ہوتے۔

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116📚⚗️ ChemistryAntidotes

N-acetyl penicillamine is used in the treatment of poisoning by

Explanation

N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine is a chelating agent used specifically as an antidote in mercury poisoning.

این-ایسیٹائل پینسلیمائن (N-acetyl penicillamine) کا استعمال پارے یعنی مرکری (Mercury) کے زہر کے علاج میں کیا جاتا ہے۔

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117📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology Preservation

No preservative need to be added to any of the specimens collected for chemical analysis that can be dispatched to the laboratory immediately and analysis can be done within

Explanation

If the biological viscera samples can reach the forensic lab and be analyzed within 24 hours, no chemical preservatives are strictly required, provided cold chain is maintained.

اگر حاصل کیے گئے حیاتیاتی نمونوں کو فوری طور پر لیبارٹری بھیجا جائے اور ان کا تجزیہ 24 گھنٹے (24 hours) کے اندر ممکن ہو، تو کسی کیمیکل پریزرویٹو کو ملانے کی ضرورت نہیں ہوتی۔

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118📚⚗️ ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry

Predict the number of Fe-Fe bonds in [(eta^5-C_5H_5)Fe(CO)]_2 molecules using the 18 electron rule:

Explanation

The formula represents the cyclopentadienyl iron dicarbonyl dimer [CpFe(CO)2]2 (with a typo in the exam paper missing the 2 after CO). Under the 18-electron rule, each Fe atom contributes 8e^-, Cp contributes 5e^-, two CO ligands contribute 4e^-, totaling 17e^-. To satisfy the 18-electron rule, there must be exactly 1 Fe-Fe single bond.

اس کمپاؤنڈ [CpFe(CO)2]2 میں لوہے (Fe) کا ہر ایٹم 18 الیکٹران کا قاعدہ پورا کرنے کے لیے آپس میں ایک Fe-Fe بانڈ (One) بناتا ہے۔

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119📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Extractions

Reversed phase SPE separates analytes based on their

Explanation

Reversed-phase Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) utilizes a non-polar stationary phase and a polar mobile phase, separating analytes based on differences in their polarities.

ریورس فیز سالڈ فیز ایکسٹریکشن (Reversed phase SPE) میں سالوینٹس کو ان کی قطبیت یعنی پولرٹی (Polarity) کی بنیاد پر الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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120📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Extractions

______ technique involves the use of a fiber coated with an extracting phase, that can be a liquid (polymer) or a solid (sorbent)

Explanation

Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) uses a fine fiber coated with a polymer extraction phase to adsorb volatile and semi-volatile analytes directly from headspaces.

سالڈ فیز مائیکرو ایکسٹریکشن (SPME) میں ایک خاص کوٹیڈ ریشہ یا فائبر (fiber) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے جو محلول سے مطلوبہ کیمیکلز کو جذب کرتا ہے۔

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121📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

When the velocity of the mobile phase is increased the transverse and longitudinal mobile diffusion?

Explanation

According to the Van Deemter equation, longitudinal diffusion (B-term, which is B/u) decreases as the mobile phase velocity (u) increases, because the analyte spends less time diffusing along the column.

وین ڈیمٹر مساوات کے مطابق، جب موبائل فیز کی رفتار بڑھائی جاتی ہے تو طولانی ڈفیوژن یعنی لانگیچیوڈنل ڈفیوژن کم (Decreases) ہو جاتا ہے۔

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122📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

Which of the following is the disadvantage of nitrogen, which can be used as carrier gas in gas chromatography?

Explanation

Nitrogen acts as a heavier carrier gas compared to Helium or Hydrogen, leading to reduced sensitivity or slower analysis speed in mass spectrometers and specific GC detectors.

گیس کرومیٹوگرافی میں نائٹروجن کو کیریئر گیس کے طور پر استعمال کرنے کا نقصان یہ ہے کہ یہ کچھ ڈیٹیکٹرز میں حساسیت کو کم (Reduced Sensitivity) کر دیتی ہے۔

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123📚⚗️ ChemistryChemical Bonding

Which of the following species has the highest electronegativity?

Explanation

Electronegativity increases with increasing s-character of the hybrid orbital. Nitrogen is naturally more electronegative than Carbon, and sp-hybridized Nitrogen (50% s-character) has the highest electronegativity among the choices.

الیکٹرونیگیٹیویٹی ایس-کریکٹر (s-character) بڑھنے سے بڑھتی ہے۔ نائٹروجن کی الیکٹرونیگیٹیویٹی کاربن سے زیادہ ہوتی ہے، اور ایس پی (sp) ہائبرڈائزڈ نائٹروجن کی الیکٹرونیگیٹیویٹی سب سے زیادہ ہوتی ہے۔

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124📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking Devices

Which of the following is NOT true with respect to a transparent bridge and a router?

Explanation

The statement in Option B is reversed: a bridge works at Layer 2 and uses MAC addresses, whereas a router works at Layer 3 and uses IP addresses. Therefore, Option B is NOT true.

دوسرا بیان (B) غلط ہے کیونکہ برِج میک (MAC) ایڈریس کا استعمال کرتا ہے اور راؤٹر آئی پی (IP) ایڈریس کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔

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125📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIP Addressing

The length of address in IPv6 is

Explanation

An IPv6 address has a length of 128 bits, providing a vastly larger address space compared to the 32-bit address space of IPv4.

آئی پی ورژن 6 (IPv6) ایڈریس کی لمبائی 128 بٹس ہوتی ہے۔

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126📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptographic Protocols

Typically, _____ can receive application data from any application layer protocol, but the protocol is normally HTTP.

Explanation

Both SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) reside at the transport/session layer and can secure any application-layer protocol, although HTTP is the most common use case (resulting in HTTPS).

ایس ایس ایل (SSL) اور ٹی ایل ایس (TLS) دونوں ہی کسی بھی ایپلی کیشن لیئر پروٹوکول سے ڈیٹا حاصل کر سکتے ہیں، حالانکہ عام طور پر یہ ایچ ٹی ٹی پی (HTTP) ہوتا ہے۔

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127📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsEmail Security

One security protocol for the e-mail system is

Explanation

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an email encryption protocol that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. SSL/TLS are general transport protocols, and IPSec operates at the network layer.

ای میل سیکیورٹی کے لیے پی جی پی (Pretty Good Privacy) پروٹوکول کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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128📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptography

In asymmetric key cryptography, the private key is kept by

Explanation

In asymmetric (public key) cryptography, the public key is shared widely, while the corresponding private key must be kept secret exclusively by the receiver to decrypt messages.

غیر متناسب (asymmetric) کرپٹوگرافی میں پرائیویٹ کی (private key) صرف وصول کنندہ (Receiver) کے پاس رکھی جاتی ہے۔

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129📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking

PDU stands for

Explanation

PDU stands for Protocol Data Unit, which represents a single unit of information transmitted among peer entities of a computer network (e.g. segments in TCP, packets in IP, frames in Ethernet).

پی ڈی یو (PDU) کا مخفف پروٹوکول ڈیٹا یونٹ (Protocol data unit) ہے۔

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130📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLinux Commands

Identify the command which is used to create Linux File systems.

Explanation

The `mkfs` (make filesystem) command in Linux is used to build a specific filesystem (like ext4) on a partition or storage device.

لینکس میں نیا فائل سسٹم بنانے کے لیے mkfs (make file system) کمانڈ استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔

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131📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLinux Commands

Which of the following commands is used to display and create files?

Explanation

The `cat` command (short for concatenate) in Unix-like systems is commonly used to display file content, merge files, or create new files using redirection operators (e.g. `cat > file.txt`).

لینکس میں فائلوں کو دکھانے اور بنانے کے لیے 'cat' کمانڈ کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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132📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLinux Commands

Which Linux command is used to see all the hidden files?

Explanation

In Linux, running `ls -a` (list all) displays all files and directories in the directory, including hidden files (those starting with a dot).

لینکس میں چھپی ہوئی (hidden) فائلوں کو دیکھنے کے لیے 'ls -a' کمانڈ کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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133📚📜 HistoryNetwork History

Identify the first network which was based on TCP/IP protocol.

Explanation

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) adopted the TCP/IP protocol suite on January 1, 1983, becoming the first network to operate on TCP/IP.

دنیا کا پہلا نیٹ ورک جو ٹی سی پی/آئی پی (TCP/IP) پروٹوکول پر مبنی تھا، ارپانیٹ (ARPANET) تھا۔

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134📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetwork Protocols

Choose among the following which is a bit-oriented protocol.

Explanation

HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) is a bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol. SSL, HTTP, and HTTPS are character/byte-oriented application/transport protocols.

ایچ ٹی ڈی ایل سی (HDLC) ڈیٹا لنک لیئر کا ایک بٹ اورینٹڈ (bit-oriented) پروٹوکول ہے۔

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135📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsRouting Protocols

What is routing algorithm used by OSPF routing protocol?

Explanation

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a Link-State routing protocol that uses the link-state routing algorithm (Dijkstra's SPF algorithm) to find the shortest path.

او ایس پی ایف (OSPF) پروٹوکول نیٹ ورک روٹنگ کے لیے لنک اسٹیٹ (Link state) الگورتھم کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔

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136📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSubnetting

What is the subnetwork address for a host with the IP address 200.10.5.68/28?

Explanation

A /28 prefix corresponds to subnet mask 255.255.255.240. Binary bitwise AND of host octet 68 (01000100) and mask 240 (11110000) gives 64 (01000000). Thus, the subnet address is 200.10.5.64.

ہوسٹ آئی پی 200.10.5.68/28 کے سب نیٹ کا پتہ 200.10.5.64 بنتا ہے کیونکہ 28 بٹ کا سب نیٹ ماسک 255.255.255.240 ہے۔

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137📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIP Addressing

To test the IP stack on your local host, which IP address would you ping?

Explanation

The IP address 127.0.0.1 is the standard loopback address reserved to test the TCP/IP protocol stack on the local host.

اپنے لوکل ہوسٹ کے نیٹ ورک اسٹیک کو چیک کرنے کے لیے لوپ بیک ایڈریس 127.0.0.1 پر پنگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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138📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking Organizations

IANA stands for

Explanation

IANA stands for Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, a standard standards body responsible for global coordination of IP addressing, DNS root zone management, and protocol symbols.

آئی اے این اے (IANA) کا مخفف انٹرنیٹ اسائنڈ نمبرز اتھارٹی (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) ہے۔

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139📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringComputer Architecture

Components that provide internal storage to the CPU are

Explanation

Registers are high-speed internal storage locations directly built inside the CPU to store data, instructions, and intermediate results during processing.

سی پی یو (CPU) کے اندر عارضی اور تیز ترین اسٹوریج فراہم کرنے والے حصوں کو رجسٹرز (Registers) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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140📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetwork Services

FTP uses port number _____ for control connection.

Explanation

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) uses TCP port 21 to establish and manage control connections (sending commands), while port 20 is used for data transfer.

ایف ٹی پی (FTP) کنٹرول سیشن قائم کرنے کے لیے پورٹ نمبر 21 کا استعمال کرتا ہے، جبکہ ڈیٹا ٹرانسفر پورٹ 20 پر ہوتا ہے۔

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141📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking

How many digits of the Data Network Identification Code (DNIC) identify the country?

Explanation

A DNIC is a 4-digit number. The first three digits represent the Country Code (Data Country Code - DCC), and the fourth digit specifies the data network within that country.

ڈیٹا نیٹ ورک آئیڈینٹی فکیشن کوڈ (DNIC) کے پہلے تین ہندسے (First three digits) ملک کی شناخت کرتے ہیں۔

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142📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringComputer Architecture

The number of cycles of operations performed by a processor per second is called its

Explanation

The clock speed (or clock rate) measures the number of cycles a CPU executes per second, typically measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz).

پروسیسر کے ایک سیکنڈ میں کام کرنے کے چکروں (cycles) کی تعداد کو کلاک اسپیڈ (clock speed) کہتے ہیں۔

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143📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCyber Attacks

Which of the below is a popular victim of cyber attackers looking to gain the IP address of a target or victim user?

Explanation

Websites are common tools used by attackers to log visitor connections. By redirecting victims to a specific web server, attackers can easily capture and inspect the victim's source IP address in server access logs.

حملہ آور عام طور پر صارفین کا آئی پی ایڈریس حاصل کرنے کے لیے ویب سائٹس (Websites) کو نشانہ بناتے ہیں یا خود جعلی ویب سائٹ بناتے ہیں۔

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144📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCyber Attacks

_____ are piece of programs or scripts that allow hackers to take control over any system.

Explanation

Exploits are code, scripts, or programs written by hackers that take advantage of specific software or hardware vulnerabilities to compromise and gain unauthorized control over a target system.

وہ پروگرام یا اسکرپٹس جن کے ذریعے ہیکرز کسی سسٹم کی خامی کا فائدہ اٹھا کر اس پر کنٹرول حاصل کرتے ہیں، ایکسپلوئٹس (Exploits) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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145📚🔬 Forensic ScienceDigital Evidence

A logon record tells us that, at a specific time:

Explanation

A digital logon record strictly verifies only that the specific user account credentials were used to authenticate/login. It cannot physically prove who was typing behind the keyboard.

لاگ ان ریکارڈ صرف یہ بتاتا ہے کہ کسی سسٹم میں داخلے کے لیے اس مخصوص اکاؤنٹ کا استعمال (The account was used) کیا گیا تھا، یہ اصل انسان کی حتمی تصدیق نہیں کرتا۔

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146📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCyber Attacks

In _____ attack, the attacker doesn't actively take ever another user to perform the attack.

Explanation

In a spoofing attack, the attacker simply mimics the identity (e.g. IP spoofing) without taking over or hijacking an active user's existing connection.

اسپوفنگ (Spoofing) حملے میں حملہ آور کسی چالو سیشن پر قبضہ کرنے کی بجائے صرف ایک بھروسہ مند اکاؤنٹ یا آئی پی کا روپ دھارتا ہے۔

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147📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIntrusion Detection Systems

What are characteristics of stack-based IDS?

Explanation

Stack-based IDSs are integrated directly into the host TCP/IP stack, allowing them to watch packets as they are processed through the network layer stack.

اسٹیک بیسڈ آئی ڈی ایس (IDS) ٹی سی پی/آئی پی اسٹیک کے ساتھ گہرائی سے جڑا ہوتا ہے اور وہاں سے گزرنے والے پیکٹس کی نگرانی کرتا ہے۔

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148📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQL Injection

_____ is time-based SQL injection attack.

Explanation

Time-based SQL injection is a subtype of Blind SQL Injection. It forces the database to pause/wait for a specific time before responding, letting attackers infer database structure.

ٹائم بیسڈ ایس کیو ایل انجیکشن دراصل بلائنڈ ایس کیو ایل انجیکشن (Blind SQL Injection) کی ایک شکل ہے۔

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149📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQL Injection

Which will be useful to detect SQL Injection attacks?

Explanation

An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) inspects incoming network payloads against known attack signatures to detect malicious activities, including SQL Injection attacks.

نیٹ ورک میں ایس کیو ایل انجیکشن حملوں کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے انٹروژن ڈیٹیکشن سسٹم (Intrusion Detection System) انتہائی مفید ہے۔

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150📚🔢 MathWireless Calculations

A TDMA system uses 25 MHz for the forward link, which is broken into radio channels of 200, kHz. If 8 speech channels are supported on a single radio channel, how many simultaneous users can be accommodated?

Explanation

Number of radio channels = 25 MHz / 200 kHz = 25,000 / 200 = 125. Since each channel supports 8 users, total simultaneous users = 125 * 8 = 1000.

حل کرنے پر: 25 میگا ہرٹز کو 200 کلو ہرٹز کے چینلز میں تقسیم کرنے سے 125 چینلز ملتے ہیں، اور ہر چینل پر 8 صارفین کے لحاظ سے کل 1000 صارفین بنتے ہیں۔

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151📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCyber Crimes

Which among the following characteristics are correct about cyberstalking?

Explanation

Cyberstalking is specifically defined as the use of the Internet, email, or other electronic communication devices to stalk or harass another person.

سائبر اسٹاکنگ (cyberstalking) کا مطلب انٹرنیٹ یا الیکٹرانک آلات کا استعمال کر کے کسی شخص یا گروہ کو ہراساں کرنا ہے۔

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152📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSocial Engineering

Part of the social media sites are the various games & third-party applications which helps _____ to get access to your data.

Explanation

Malicious games and third-party apps on social networks are frequently deployed by cyber-criminals to harvest user profile data and spread malware.

سوشل میڈیا پر گیمز اور فریق ثالث (third-party) کی ایپلی کیشنز اکثر سائبر مجرموں (Cyber-criminals) کو آپ کا ڈیٹا چرانے میں مدد کرتی ہے۔

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153📚🔢 MathStatistics

What is the variance of a constant 'x'?

Explanation

The variance measures dispersion. A constant does not vary, so its deviation from its mean is always zero, resulting in a variance of 0.

چونکہ کسی مستقل قیمت (constant) میں کوئی تبدیلی نہیں ہوتی، اس لیے اس کا تغیر یا ویرینس (variance) ہمیشہ صفر (0) ہوتا ہے۔

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154📚🧬 BiologyBiometrics

Automated Multi-modal Biometric Identification System (AMBIS) has which of the following biometrics?

Explanation

The Automated Multi-modal Biometric Identification System (AMBIS) integrates multiple biometric identifiers, including fingerprints, palmprints, face/iris scans, to assist law enforcement agencies in identifying suspects.

آٹومیٹڈ ملٹی ماڈل بائیومیٹرک آئیڈینٹیفیکیشن سسٹم (AMBIS) میں فنگر پرنٹس، پام پرنٹس اور آئیرس (iris) اسکین شامل ہوتے ہیں، جو مجرموں کی شناخت میں مدد کرتے ہیں۔

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155📚🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Collection

What is an exemplar?

Explanation

An exemplar (or reference sample) is a legally collected specimen of known origin (e.g. handwriting sample or DNA from a suspect) used to compare against the questioned evidence collected from the crime scene.

ایگزمپلر (Exemplar) سے مراد وہ معلوم نمونہ (known source) ہے جس کا موازنہ کرائم سین سے ملنے والے نامعلوم یا سوالیہ نمونے (questioned sample) سے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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156📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

Consider the following duties of the first responding officer.
i. Barricade the crime scene
ii. Compile data from the scene
iii. Attend to any injured people/survivors
iv. Remove and detain witnesses/suspects from crime scene
Arrange the duties in chronological order starting from the first duty

Explanation

The first priority of the responding officer is to preserve life by attending to the injured (iii). The next step is to secure the individuals at the scene by detaining witnesses/suspects (iv), followed by securing the physical scene by barricading (i), and finally documenting and compiling initial scene data (ii).

سب سے پہلے زخمیوں کو طبی امداد فراہم کرنا (iii)، پھر گواہوں یا مشتبہ افراد کو قابو کرنا (iv)، پھر کرائم سین کو بیریکیڈ کر کے سیل کرنا (i) اور آخر میں ڈیٹا اکٹھا کرنا (ii) ترجیحی ترتیب ہے۔

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157📚🧬 BiologyEvidence Packaging

Consider the following statements about the packaging of evidence:
i. Biological samples such as bloody cloth have to be packaged in an airtight container while it's wet
ii. Samples suspected of containing accelerants from arson scenes should be packaged in airtight metal cans
iii. All the evidence collected from the crime scene should be packaged in one common container for ease of transportation
iv. Biological samples should be air-dried at room temperature and before packaging in breathable paper bags
Which of the above statements are true/correct?

Explanation

Arson evidence containing volatile accelerants must be stored in airtight metal cans to prevent evaporation (ii). Biological samples (like bloodstains) must be air-dried first and stored in breathable paper bags to prevent mold and bacterial degradation (iv). Packaging wet samples in airtight containers (i) or combining all samples (iii) causes contamination and degradation.

آتش زنی کے نمونوں کو ہوا بند دھاتی ڈبوں میں رکھنا چاہیے تاکہ اڑنے والے کیمیکل ضائع نہ ہوں (ii)۔ حیاتیاتی نمونوں کو کمرے کے درجہ حرارت پر سکھا کر سانس لینے والے کاغذی تھیلوں میں رکھنا چاہیے (iv)۔ اس لیے بیانات ii اور iv درست ہیں۔

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158📚🧬 BiologyCriminology

A serial offender is suspected of victimizing young teenage girls by mutilating their breasts. What will be the signature/style by which the culprit is killing his victims be called?

Explanation

The method of committing a crime is called Modus Operandi (M.O.). While mutilation is a psychological signature, of the choices provided, 'Modus operandi' is the only valid legal/criminological term matching criminal behavioral patterns.

کسی مجرم کے جرم کرنے کے مخصوص طریقے یا اسٹائل کو قانونی اصطلاح میں موڈس آپرینڈی (Modus operandi) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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159📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Ethics

Which of the following is the ethical responsibility of a forensic scientist?

Explanation

Forensic scientists are ethically bound to maintain absolute objectivity (unbiased scientific analysis) and keep all case information completely confidential.

فارنزک سائنسدان کی بنیادی اخلاقی ذمہ داری غیر جانبدارانہ رائے رکھنا اور معلومات کے تحفظ (confidentiality) کو یقینی بنانا ہے۔

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160📚🔬 Forensic SciencePresumptive Testing

What is a presumptive test?

Explanation

A presumptive test is a highly sensitive but non-specific screening test. It is used to quickly screen samples and suggest the potential presence of a substance (e.g. blood, semen, drugs), but requires a confirmatory test for confirmation.

پریزمپٹیو ٹیسٹ (presumptive test) ایک ابتدائی اسکریننگ ٹیسٹ ہوتا ہے جو کسی مادے کی ممکنہ موجودگی کی جانچ کرتا ہے لیکن حتمی تصدیق (confirmation) نہیں کرتا۔

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161📚⚗️ ChemistryArson and Explosives

Consider the following guidelines for the collection of evidence on an explosive scene
i. Collect samples in airtight glass jars without rubber liners
ii. Fill the container with evidence suspected to have accelerant full up to the brim with no space.
iii. Use breathable paper bags to collect debris with suspected explosive residue
iv. Use an activated charcoal strip placed inside the container to absorb volatile fumes from the sample
Which of the above statements is true/correct?

Explanation

Explosive debris and accelerants must be packaged in clean, airtight glass jars or metal cans without rubber liners (i) to prevent organic contamination and evaporation of volatile gases. Activated charcoal strips are placed inside the container to absorb these volatile organic compounds for headspace analysis (iv). Breathable bags (iii) allow gases to escape, and filling to the brim (ii) leaves no headspace for vapor collection.

دھماکہ خیز مواد کے ذرات کو ہوا بند شیشے کے جار میں بغیر ربڑ لائنر کے رکھنا چاہیے (i)۔ چارکول سٹرپ کا استعمال ہوا میں موجود کیمیائی گیسوں کو جذب کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے (iv)۔ کاغذی تھیلوں سے گیسیں اڑ سکتی ہیں اور برتن کو اوپر تک بھرنے سے گیس جمع ہونے کی جگہ نہیں بچتی۔ اس لیے i اور iv درست ہیں۔

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162📚🧬 BiologyForensic Serology

On a suspected homicide crime scene, which of the following chemicals is used for the chemiluminescence of blood?

Explanation

Luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione) is a chemical compound that exhibits chemiluminescence (glows blue) when it reacts with the iron found in hemoglobin.

کرائم سین پر خون کے چھپے ہوئے نشانات کو چمکانے (chemiluminescence) کے لیے لیومینول (Luminol) کیمیکل کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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163📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Sketching

Which of the following sketches shows a side view for example perspective of a wall looking from the side?

Explanation

An elevated sketch (or elevation view) depicts a vertical plane, showing a side-on view of the scene, such as a wall containing bullet holes or blood spatter patterns.

ایلیویٹڈ ویو (Elevated view) وہ خاکہ ہے جو کرائم سین کا سائیڈ ویو دکھاتا ہے، جیسے دیوار پر موجود گولیوں یا خون کے نشانات۔

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164📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law

Inquiry into the cause of death by Magistrate is covered in which of the following?

Explanation

Section 176 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) deals with inquiry by a Magistrate into the cause of death in cases such as custodial deaths, suspicious deaths, or deaths of women within seven years of marriage.

ضابطہ فوجداری (CrPC) کی دفعہ 176 کے تحت مجسٹریٹ موت کی وجوہات کی انکوائری (inquest) کرتا ہے۔

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165📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Ethics

Consider the following ethics of a forensic expert:
i. Be subjective in validated scientific analysis
ii. Be objective in their analysis
iii. Employ validated methods of analysis
iv. Give personal opinions on the suspect of the crime
Which of the above statements are true/correct?

Explanation

A forensic expert is ethically required to remain strictly objective (ii) during their analysis and always employ scientifically validated analytical methods (iii). Subjective bias (i) and personal opinions (iv) violate scientific and legal standards.

فارنزک ماہر کے اخلاقیات کے مطابق، اسے اپنے تجزیے میں مکمل طور پر معروضی (objective) ہونا چاہیے (ii) اور ہمیشہ توثیق شدہ سائنسی طریقے (validated methods) استعمال کرنے چاہئیں (iii)۔ ذاتی آراء دینا یا غیر معروضی ہونا اخلاقیات کے خلاف ہے۔ اس لیے ii اور iii درست ہیں۔

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166📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine

Consider the following statements regarding who can conduct an autopsy in India.
i. A trained Magistrate
ii. A Registered Medical Practitioner in forensic medicine
iii. Coroner
iv. A doctor with B.A.M.S degree
Which of the above statements are true/correct?

Explanation

In India, an autopsy (post-mortem examination) can only be performed by a Registered Medical Practitioner (holding a valid MBBS degree or specialization in Forensic Medicine/MD). Magistrates and coroners only conduct inquests/inquiries, and B.A.M.S. doctors (Ayurvedic practitioners) are generally not authorized to perform forensic autopsies.

ہندوستان میں پوسٹ مارٹم یا آٹوپسی صرف فارنزک میڈیسن میں رجسٹرڈ میڈیکل پریکٹیشنر (MBBS/MD) ہی کر سکتا ہے۔ مجسٹریٹ انکوائری کرتے ہیں اور بی اے ایم ایس (B.A.M.S) ڈاکٹروں کو فارنزک پوسٹ مارٹم کی اجازت نہیں ہوتی۔ اس لیے صرف بیان ii درست ہے۔

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167📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

Michel Levy chart is referred in which of the following microscopy while examining birefringent evidence?

Explanation

The Michel-Lévy interference color chart is used in polarized light microscopy to determine the birefringence of a specimen (like synthetic fibers or minerals) based on thickness and retardation.

مائیکل لیوی چارٹ (Michel Levy chart) کا استعمال پولرائزڈ لائٹ مائیکروسکوپ (Polarized light microscope) میں روشنی کی دوہری عکاسی (birefringence) کے مطالعے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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168📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

The Stereo microscope has a different optical path for each eye to view which gives rise to?

Explanation

A stereomicroscope (dissecting microscope) provides two separate optical paths, presenting slightly different angles of the specimen to each eye, which produces a three-dimensional (3D) visual effect.

اسٹیریو مائیکروسکوپ (Stereo microscope) میں دونوں آنکھوں کے لیے الگ الگ آپٹیکل پاتھ ہوتے ہیں، جس سے نمونے کی سہ جہتی (3-dimensional) تصویر دکھائی دیتی ہے۔

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169📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

What is the lens in a compound microscope closest to the specimen called?

Explanation

The lens closest to the specimen in a light or compound microscope is called the objective lens, which gathers light and focuses the image of the specimen.

کمپاؤنڈ مائیکروسکوپ میں وہ لینس جو سلائیڈ یا نمونے کے سب سے قریب ہوتا ہے، آبجیکٹو لینس (Objective lens) کہلاتا ہے۔

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170📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

The UV or blue light is used to focus on evidence sample in which of the following microscopes?

Explanation

A fluorescence microscope uses high-intensity ultraviolet or blue excitation light to illuminate the specimen, exciting fluorescent dyes or autofluorescent components to emit lower-energy light.

فلوروسینس مائیکروسکوپ (Fluorescence microscope) میں نمونے پر یو وی (UV) یا نیلی روشنی ڈالی جاتی ہے تاکہ وہ چمک اٹھے۔

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171📚🔢 MathStatistics

Consider the following pairs:
i. Mean - Most occurring value in a sample
ii. Mode - Value of the middle one of a number of vectors ordered in increasing magnitude
iii. Median - An arithmetic average of all values
iv. Standard deviation - Measure of dispersion around mean
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Only pair iv is correctly matched. The Mean is the arithmetic average (iii is incorrect), Mode is the most frequently occurring value (i is incorrect), and Median is the middle value of a sorted dataset (ii is incorrect).

صرف چوتھا بیان درست ہے کہ اسٹینڈرڈ ڈیوی ایشن (Standard deviation) اوسط کے ارد گرد پھیلاؤ کی پیمائش ہے۔ حسابی اوسط کو مین کہتے ہیں (iii غلط ہے)، سب سے زیادہ آنے والی قدر کو موڈ کہتے ہیں (i غلط ہے) اور درمیانی قدر کو میڈین کہتے ہیں (ii غلط ہے)۔

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172📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Fetal hemoglobin is made up of four protein chains. They are

Explanation

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the main oxygen transport protein in human fetuses, consisting of two alpha (a) chains and two gamma (g) chains (a2g2). Adult hemoglobin (HbA) contains two alpha and two beta (b) chains.

جنین کا ہیموگلوبن (Fetal hemoglobin) چار پروٹین چینز پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، جو کہ 2 الفا اور 2 گاما (gamma) زنجیریں ہوتی ہیں۔

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173📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

Match the columns:

| Column 1 | Column 2 |
| --- | --- |
| i. Blood | a) Phadebas test |
| ii. Semen | b) Christmas tree staining |
| iii. Saliva | c) Nessler's test |
| iv. Urine | d) Takayama crystal assay |

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Blood is matched with Takayama crystal assay (d), Semen with Christmas tree staining for sperm heads (b), Saliva with Phadebas test for amylase (a), and Urine with Nessler's reagent test for urea/ammonia (c). This corresponds to option B.

خون کا ٹیسٹ ٹاکایاما کرسٹل ایسے ہے (i-d)، منی (semen) کا ٹیسٹ کرسمس ٹری سٹیننگ ہے (ii-b)، تھوک (saliva) کا ٹیسٹ فادیباس ٹیسٹ ہے (iii-a)، اور پیشاب کا ٹیسٹ نیسلر ٹیسٹ ہے (iv-c)۔ اس لیے آپشن B درست ہے۔

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174📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

Which of the following regions of the Y chromosome does not participate in homologous recombination with the X chromosome?

Explanation

The MSY (Male-specific region of the Y chromosome) makes up about 95% of the Y chromosome and does not undergo homologous recombination with the X chromosome, unlike the Pseudoautosomal Regions (PAR1 and PAR2).

وائی کروموسوم کا ایم ایس وائی (MSY - Male specific region of Y) خطہ ایکس کروموسوم کے ساتھ ہومولوگس ری کمبینیشن (recombination) میں حصہ نہیں لیتا۔

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175📚🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling

Arrange the steps of VNTR RFLP analysis in their proper sequence
i. Restriction digestion
ii. Probe hybridisation
iii. Gel electrophoresis
iv. Blotting

Explanation

The steps of VNTR RFLP analysis are: restriction digestion of genomic DNA (i), gel electrophoresis to separate fragments by size (iii), Southern blotting to transfer DNA to a membrane (iv), and probe hybridization to target specific VNTR loci (ii). This corresponds to i, iii, iv, ii.

وی این ٹی آر آریف ایل پی (RFLP) کا صحیح ترتیب ہے: سب سے پہلے ریسٹرکشن ڈائجیشن (i)، پھر جیل الیکٹروفورسس (iii)، پھر سدرن بلاٹنگ (iv) اور آخر میں پروب ہائبرڈائزیشن (ii)۔ اس طرح ترتیب i، iii، iv، ii بنتی ہے۔

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176📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

Match the column with respect to the different forms of DNA helical properties:

| Form | Base pairs per turn | Axial rise (nm) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| i. A-DNA | p. 10 | x. 0.34 |
| ii. B-DNA | q. 11 | y. 0.45 |
| iii. Z-DNA | r. 12 | z. 0.26 |

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

A-DNA has 11 bp/turn and an axial rise of 0.26 nm (i-q-z). B-DNA has 10 bp/turn and an axial rise of 0.34 nm (ii-p-x). Z-DNA has 12 bp/turn and an axial rise of 0.45 nm (iii-r-y). This corresponds to option D.

اے-ڈی این اے (A-DNA) میں 11 بیس پیئرز اور 0.26nm رائز ہوتا ہے (i-q-z)، بی-ڈی این اے (B-DNA) میں 10 بیس پیئرز اور 0.34nm رائز ہوتا ہے (ii-p-x)، اور زیڈ-ڈی این اے (Z-DNA) میں 12 بیس پیئرز اور 0.45nm رائز ہوتا ہے (iii-r-y)۔ اس طرح آپشن D درست ہے۔

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177📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

Which among the following radiolabelled probes show the highest sensitivity for DNA detection?

Explanation

Phosphorus-32 (32P) is a high-energy beta emitter that yields very high specific activity, making it the most sensitive radiolabel for DNA probe detection in hybridization assays.

ڈی این اے پروب کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے سب سے حساس ریڈیولابیلڈ پروب فاسفورس-32 (32P) ہے کیونکہ یہ بہت زیادہ توانائی والی بیٹا شعاعیں خارج کرتا ہے۔

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178📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

In ASO hybridisation for SNP analysis, what is the enzyme HRP conjugated to?

Explanation

In Allele-Specific Oligonucleotide (ASO) hybridization assays, probes are often biotinylated. The enzyme Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is conjugated to Streptavidin, which binds with extremely high affinity to the biotinylated probe.

اے ایس او (ASO) ہائبرڈائزیشن ٹیسٹ میں، ہارسرادش پراکسیڈیز (HRP) انزائم کو اسٹریپٹاوِڈن (Streptavidin) کے ساتھ جوڑا جاتا ہے جو بائیوٹین لگے ہوئے پروب سے جڑتا ہے۔

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179📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

What is the most appropriate definition of Satellite DNA?

Explanation

Satellite DNA consists of highly repetitive, non-coding DNA sequences that are clustered and tandemly repeated in specific regions of the genome (extra-genic tandemly repeated DNA).

سیٹلائٹ ڈی این اے (Satellite DNA) کی سب سے بہترین تعریف یہ ہے کہ یہ جینز سے باہر مسلسل دہرائے جانے والا ڈی این اے (Extra-genic tandemly repeated DNA) ہے۔

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180📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

Regular DNA polymerases exhibit some activity below their optimal temperature, resulting in non-specific amplification. What type of PCR modification technique will help overcome this issue?

Explanation

Hot-start PCR is a technique that keeps the DNA polymerase inactive until the reaction mixture reaches the denaturation temperature, preventing non-specific primer binding and amplification at lower temperatures.

ہوشیار پی سی آر یا ہاٹ-اسٹارٹ پی سی آر (Hot-start PCR) کے ذریعے پولیمریز انزائم کو کم درجہ حرارت پر غیر فعال رکھا جاتا ہے تاکہ غیر ضروری ایمپلیفیکیشن سے بچا جا سکے۔

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181📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

What are the components of an RNA nucleoside molecule?

Explanation

A nucleoside consists of a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA) and a nitrogenous base. A nucleotide contains a nucleoside plus a phosphate group.

آر این اے نیوکلیوسائڈ (nucleoside) رائبوز شوگر اور نائٹروجن بیس (Nitrogen base) سے مل کر بنتا ہے۔ اگر اس میں فاسفیٹ گروپ شامل ہو تو یہ نیوکلیوٹائڈ بن جاتا ہے۔

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182📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

What component of the sweat can be used for performing a confirmatory assay?

Explanation

Dermcidin is an antimicrobial peptide expressed and secreted specifically by human eccrine sweat glands, serving as a highly specific biomarker for the identification of sweat.

پسینے کی تصدیقی جانچ (confirmatory assay) کے لیے ڈرمیسیڈن (Dermicidin) پروٹین کو بطور مارکر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، جو صرف پسینے کے غدود سے خارج ہوتا ہے۔

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183📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

At what linkage does Human Salivary Amylase cleave in the starch molecule?

Explanation

Human salivary alpha-amylase is an endo-enzyme that specifically cleaves internal alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch and glycogen molecules.

انسانی تھوک کا ایمیلیز انزائم نشاستہ (starch) کے مالیکیول میں الفا-1,4 (a1->4) لنکیج کو توڑتا ہے۔

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184📚🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling

A preferred procedure for analysing DNA in cases of sexual assault involving multiple unrelated perpetrators would be:

Explanation

In sexual assault cases, differential extraction is always required to separate the sperm cells from the female epithelial cells. Autosomal STR analysis is then performed on the sperm fraction to achieve maximum discrimination power, allowing the identification and individualization of each unrelated perpetrator.

متعدد نامعلوم مجرموں کے جنسی زیادتی کے کیسز میں سب سے پہلے ڈیفرینشل ایکسٹریکشن (Differential extraction) کر کے سپرم الگ کیے جاتے ہیں اور پھر جینیاتی انفرادیت معلوم کرنے کے لیے آٹوسومل ایس ٹی آر (autosomal STR) کا تجزیہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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185📚🧬 BiologyMitochondrial DNA

What is the most polymorphic region in human mitochondrial DNA?

Explanation

The D-loop (displacement loop) or control region of human mitochondrial DNA contains the hypervariable regions (HV1, HV2, and HV3), which accumulate mutations rapidly and are the most polymorphic regions used for sequencing.

انسانی مائٹوکونڈریل ڈی این اے (mtDNA) کا سب سے زیادہ متغیر یا پولی مارفک خطہ ڈی-لوپ (D-loop) یا کنٹرول ریجن کہلاتا ہے۔

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186📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

In maize, a dominant allele (A) is necessary for seed color, as opposed to colorless (a). Another gene has a recessive allele (w) that results in waxy starch, as opposed to normal starch (W). The two genes segregate independently. An AaWW plant is testcrossed. What are the phenotypes and relative frequencies of offspring?

Explanation

The testcross is AaWW x aaww. Since W is homozygous dominant (WW) in the first parent, all offspring receive a W allele and will have normal starch (Ww). The A gene cross (Aa x aa) yields 1/2 Aa (colored) and 1/2 aa (colorless). Thus, the phenotypic ratio is 1 (colored, normal starch) : 1 (colorless, normal starch).

ٹیسٹ کراس AaWW x aaww میں تمام بچوں کے پاس کم از کم ایک W ایلِیل ہوگا یعنی سب میں نارمل نشاستہ ہوگا۔ A جین کراس (Aa x aa) سے آدھے بچے رنگین (colored) اور آدھے بے رنگ (colorless) ہوں گے۔ اس طرح تناسب 1:1 ہوگا۔

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187📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

What region of a chromosome do mitotic and meiotic spindle fibers attach to?

Explanation

During cell division, the mitotic or meiotic spindle fibers attach to the centromere region of the chromosome, specifically at the kinetochore protein complex assembled there.

خلیہ کی تقسیم کے دوران تکلے کے ریشے (spindle fibers) کروموسوم کے سینٹرومیئر (Centromere) والے حصے سے جڑتے ہیں۔

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188📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

At what phase during the mitotic cell division, does the kinetochore microtubule begin to form?

Explanation

During prometaphase of mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle microtubules begin to attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes (forming kinetochore microtubules).

مائٹوسس (mitosis) تقسیم کے دوران، پرو میٹافیز (Prometaphase) مرحلے میں کائینیٹو کور مائکرو ٹیوبول بننا اور کروموسوم سے جڑنا شروع ہوتے ہیں۔

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189📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

What process do prokaryotic cells divide by?

Explanation

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) lack a nucleus and divide via binary fission (or simple fission), a process of asexual reproduction where the cell splits into two equal parts.

پروکیریوٹک خلیات (جیسے بیکٹیریا) سادہ تقسیم یعنی بائنری فیشن یا سمپل فیشن (Simple fission) کے ذریعے تقسیم ہوتے ہیں۔

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190📚🧬 BiologyAnatomy

What part of the CNS is associated with vital reflexes such as heartbeat and respiration?

Explanation

The medulla oblongata (part of the brainstem in the Central Nervous System) contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers that regulate autonomic reflexes like heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing.

دماغ کا پچھلا حصہ میڈولا اوبلونگاٹا (Medulla oblongata) دل کی دھڑکن اور سانس لینے جیسے غیر ارادی افعال کو کنٹرول کرتا ہے۔

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191📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

What is the first step in managing a crime scene?

Explanation

Securing the scene is the immediate first step in crime scene management to prevent contamination, alteration, or loss of evidence.

کرائم سین کی حفاظت اور اسے بیریکیڈ کرنا سب سے پہلا لازمی قدم ہے تاکہ شواہد کو آلودگی، تبدیلی یا ضائع ہونے سے بچایا جا سکے۔

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192📚🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Integrity

What is the purpose of chain of custody in forensic investigations?

Explanation

The chain of custody is a chronological, detailed record documenting the collection, custody, control, transfer, analysis, and disposition of physical evidence to ensure its integrity in court.

چین آف کسٹڈی (Chain of custody) مادی شواہد کو اکٹھا کرنے، سنبھالنے، منتقل کرنے اور ان کا تجزیہ کرنے کا ایک مسلسل تحریری ریکارڈ ہوتا ہے تاکہ عدالت میں شواہد کی سالمیت اور قبولیت ثابت کی جا سکے۔

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193📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Roles

Who amongst the following is responsible for conducting and overseeing the investigation at a crime scene?

Explanation

The Investigating Officer (I.O.) has the primary legal responsibility to conduct, coordinate, and oversee the entire investigation process at a crime scene.

جائے وقوعہ (کرائم سین) پر تفتیش کے تمام مراحل کی نگرانی اور انتظام کرنے کا بنیادی قانونی فریضہ انویسٹی گیٹنگ آفیسر (I.O. / تفتیشی افسر) کا ہوتا ہے۔

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194📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Searching

Which of the following is not a method of crime scene searching?

Explanation

Grid, Zone (or Sector), and Spiral search are standard forensic search methods. 'Cube search' is not a recognized method in crime scene investigation.

گرڈ، زون اور اسپائرل تلاش کے باقاعدہ فارنزک طریقے ہیں، جبکہ 'کیوب سرچ' (Cube search) جائے وقوعہ پر تلاشی کا کوئی معروف یا تسلیم شدہ طریقہ نہیں ہے۔

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195📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Searching

Which of the following method of searching is most appropriate to be used for a plane crash site?

Explanation

For a very large, open, and complex site like a plane crash where debris is widely scattered, the Zone (or Sector) search method is most appropriate. The site is split into manageable sectors, and each is searched systematically.

طیارہ حادثہ (plane crash) جیسی بڑی اور وسیع جگہ پر جہاں ملبہ دور دور تک پھیلا ہوتا ہے، زون سرچ (Zone search) کا طریقہ سب سے موزوں ہے، جہاں علاقے کو چھوٹے زونز میں تقسیم کر کے الگ الگ ٹیموں کے ذریعے تلاش کی جاتی ہے۔

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196📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

What is the correct sequence of crime scene management?

Explanation

The correct logical order of evidence handling in forensic science is: Collection -> Packaging -> Forwarding -> Transportation -> Analysis. In Option C, this sequence is present (following the hyphenated typos in the exam booklet).

شواہد کی دیکھ بھال کا صحیح قانونی اور فارنزک تسلسل یہ ہے: شواہد اکٹھا کرنا (Collection)، پھر انہیں پیک کرنا (Packaging)، لیبارٹری کو بھیجنے کی منظوری/فارورڈنگ (Forwarding)، پھر ٹرانسپورٹ کرنا (Transportation)، اور آخر میں لیبارٹری میں تجزیہ کرنا (Analysis)۔

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197📚🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Packaging

What is the best way to package charred documents?

Explanation

Charred documents are extremely fragile. They should be carefully lifted and placed in a rigid corrugated box lined with a cotton base to absorb vibrations and prevent crumbling during transport.

جلے ہوئے کاغذات (Charred documents) انتہائی نازک ہوتے ہیں۔ انہیں خراب ہونے سے بچانے کے لیے روئی کے بستر (cotton base) والے سخت کارٹن یا نالیدار ڈبے (corrugated box) میں احتیاط سے رکھا جانا چاہیے۔

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198📚🧬 BiologyQuestioned Documents

What is the full form of ESDA?

Explanation

ESDA stands for Electrostatic Detection Apparatus, which is a specialized forensic instrument used to visualize and create a permanent record of indented writing impressions on paper.

ایس ڈی اے (ESDA) کا پورا نام الیکٹرو سٹیٹک ڈیٹیکشن اپریٹس (Electrostatic Detection Apparatus) ہے، جو کاغذ پر موجود دبی ہوئی لکھاوٹ (indentations) کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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199📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation

Match the following:
i. ESDA -> a. Analysis of Indentations
ii. Spectroscopy -> b. Analysis of 3-D image
iii. VSC -> c. Analysis of different inks
iv. Stereo microscope -> d. Composition of inks

Explanation

ESDA is used to analyze indentations (i-a). Spectroscopy determines chemical composition of inks (ii-d). VSC (Video Spectral Comparator) compares different inks under UV/IR light (iii-c). Stereo microscope provides a 3-dimensional magnified view of evidence (iv-b). This corresponds to option D.

صحیح ملاپ یہ ہے: ESDA دبی لکھاوٹ کے لیے (i-a)، Spectroscopy روشنائی کے اجزاء جاننے کے لیے (ii-d)، VSC مختلف روشنائیوں کے تقابل کے لیے (iii-c)، اور اسٹیریو مائیکروسکوپ تھری ڈی امیج حاصل کرنے کے لیے (iv-b)۔ یہ آپشن D میں ہے۔

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200📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis

Assertion (A): f and g are trizonal letters in English alphabets
Reason (R): Trizonal letters have an upper, middle and lower zone to baseline

Explanation

Assertion (A) is false because while 'f' is a trizonal letter (spans upper, middle, and lower zones), 'g' is a bizonal letter (spans only middle and lower zones). Reason (R) is true because it correctly defines a trizonal letter.

بیان (A) غلط ہے کیونکہ 'f' تو تینوں زونز (اوپری، درمیانی اور نچلے) میں لکھی جاتی ہے لیکن 'g' صرف دو زونز (درمیانی اور نچلے) میں آتی ہے۔ وجہ (R) بالکل صحیح ہے جو ٹریزونل حروف کی تعریف کرتی ہے۔ یعنی A غلط ہے اور R صحیح ہے۔

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201📚🔬 Forensic ScienceDynamic Signatures

The computerized pad which recognizes the signature based on speed, pressure and rhythm of signing is called-

Explanation

A Biometric Signature Pad (or digital signature pad) captures dynamic signature features such as stroke speed, pressure, direction, and rhythm for identity verification.

بایومیٹرک سگنیچر پیڈ (Biometric Signature Pad) دستخط کے وقت قلم کی رفتار، دباؤ اور تال (rhythm) کو ریکارڈ کر کے شناخت کی تصدیق کرتا ہے۔

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202📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTypewriting analysis

Proportional spacing typewriter's characteristic feature gives:

Explanation

In proportional spacing typewriters, horizontal letter spacing varies; wider letters (like 'm' or 'w') are allocated more space than narrow letters (like 'i' or 'l').

پروپورشنل اسپیسنگ ٹائپ رائٹر (Proportional spacing typewriter) کی خاص بات یہ ہے کہ یہ ہر حرف کو اس کے سائز کے مطابق جگہ دیتا ہے، مثلاً 'w' کو 'i' سے زیادہ جگہ ملتی ہے۔

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203📚🧬 BiologyQuestioned Documents

Match the following:
1. Handwriting comparison -> a. Speed and Rhythm
2. Disguised signature -> b. Master Pattern
3. Genuine signature -> c. Tracing
4. Type of forgery -> d. Pen-lifts and pen pauses

Explanation

Handwriting comparison relies on establishing the Master Pattern (1-b). Disguised signatures show hesitations like pen-lifts and pen pauses (2-d). Genuine signatures are characterized by natural speed and rhythm (3-a). Tracing is a type of forgery (4-c). This corresponds to option C.

صحیح ملاپ یہ ہے: لکھاوٹ کا موازنہ ماسٹر پیٹرن سے ہوتا ہے (1-b)، بھیس بدلے ہوئے دستخط میں قلم کا رکنا اور اٹھنا پایا جاتا ہے (2-d)، سچے دستخط میں رفتار اور تال ہوتی ہے (3-a)، اور ٹریسنگ جعل سازی کی ایک قسم ہے (4-c)۔

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204📚🧬 BiologyQuestioned Documents

Match the following:
1. Study of handwriting characteristics -> a. Tracing
2. Non-destructive technique of document examination -> b. ESDA
3. Super-imposition of two signature samples -> c. Graphology
4. Analysis of indented writing -> d. Video Spectral Comparator

Explanation

The study of handwriting characteristics for personality analysis is Graphology (1-c). VSC is a non-destructive optical analysis tool (2-d). Superimposing two identical signatures suggests tracing (3-a). Indented writing is analyzed using ESDA (4-b). This matches option D.

صحیح ملاپ: لکھاوٹ کا مطالعہ گرافولوجی (1-c)، غیر تباہ کن طریقہ VSC (2-d)، دو دستخطوں کا ایک دوسرے کے اوپر بالکل فٹ بیٹھنا ٹریسنگ کی علامت ہے (3-a)، اور دبی لکھاوٹ کا تجزیہ ESDA سے ہوتا ہے (4-b)۔

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205📚🔬 Forensic ScienceVSC Analysis

Statement A: VSC is often used to examine the alterations and obliterations made on a document
Statement B: VSC uses UV, IR and combination of other wavelength of light sources and filters

Explanation

Both statements are true. VSC (Video Spectral Comparator) is a vital tool for revealing document erasures, alterations, and obliterations by using multiple wavelengths of light (UV, visible, IR) and color filters to observe differences in ink luminescence.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔ وی ایس سی (VSC) کا استعمال دستاویز میں تبدیلیوں اور مٹائی گئی تحریر کو دیکھنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے، اور یہ ڈیوائس الٹرا وائلٹ، انفرا ریڈ اور دیگر روشنی کی طولِ موج (wavelengths) اور فلٹرز کا استعمال کرتی ہے۔

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206📚🔢 MathStatistics

If the variance of the dataset is zero, what can be said about the values in the dataset?

Explanation

Variance measures how much values spread out from the mean. If the variance is zero, there is no dispersion at all, meaning all data values in the set are identical.

تغیر پذیری (variance) ڈیٹا کے پھیلاؤ کو ناپتی ہے۔ اگر تغیر پذیری صفر (zero) ہے، تو اس کا مطلب ہے کہ ڈیٹا میں کوئی پھیلاؤ نہیں ہے اور تمام اقدار بالکل ایک جیسی ہیں۔

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207📚🔢 MathNormal Distribution

In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation of the mean?

Explanation

According to the empirical rule (68-95-99.7 rule) for a normal distribution, approximately 68.27% of the data falls within one standard deviation (±1σ) of the mean.

نارمل ڈسٹری بیوشن (Normal distribution) میں، تقریباً 68 فیصد ڈیٹا اوسط (mean) سے ایک سٹینڈرڈ ڈیوی ایشن (standard deviation) کے اندر آتا ہے۔

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208📚🔢 MathANOVA Calculations

In an analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing the performance of three different study techniques, the mean scores are 75, 80, and 85 for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The overall mean is 80, and the total sum of squares is 300. What is the between-group sum of squares?

Explanation

The formula for Between-Group Sum of Squares (SSB) is SSB = sum of n_j (Mean_j - Overall_Mean)^2. Assuming equal group sizes (n = 1 for simplest representation): SSB = 1(75-80)^2 + 1(80-80)^2 + 1(85-80)^2 = (-5)^2 + 0^2 + 5^2 = 25 + 0 + 25 = 50.

گروپوں کے درمیان مجموعہِ مربعات (Between-group sum of squares) معلوم کرنے کے لیے، ہر گروپ کے اوسط کو مجموعی اوسط سے گھٹا کر اس کا مربع لیا جاتا ہے: (75-80)^2 + (80-80)^2 + (85-80)^2 = 25 + 0 + 25 = 50۔

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209📚🔢 MathChi-Square Calculation

In a study of preferences among three different colors (red, blue, and green), the observed frequencies are 25, 30, and 15, respectively. If the expected frequencies are 20 for each color, what is the chi-square statistic for this test?

Explanation

Using Chi-Square formula: χ² = Σ (O - E)² / E. Red: (25 - 20)² / 20 = 25 / 20 = 1.25. Blue: (30 - 20)² / 20 = 100 / 20 = 5.0. Green: (15 - 20)² / 20 = 25 / 20 = 1.25. χ² = 1.25 + 5.0 + 1.25 = 7.5.

فارمولا χ² = Σ (O - E)² / E کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے: سرخ کے لیے (25-20)²/20 = 1.25، نیلے کے لیے (30-20)²/20 = 5.0، اور سبز کے لیے (15-20)²/20 = 1.25۔ کل حاصل: 1.25 + 5.0 + 1.25 = 7.5۔

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210📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTypewriting Analysis

Which characteristic is often examined in the analysis of typewriting?

Explanation

In forensic typewriting analysis, examiners look closely at ribbon impressions (ink transfer details, ink composition, thread patterns) along with typeface alignment, spacing, and letter defects.

ٹائپ رائٹر کی تحریر کے تجزیے میں، ربن کے نقوش (ribbon impression) اور اس کے دھاگوں کے نشانات، روشنائی کے پھیلاؤ وغیرہ کا گہرائی سے معائنہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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211📚🔬 Forensic SciencePrinting Technology History

Arrange the following in ascending chronological order of their appearance:
i. Manual typewriter
ii. Laser printer
iii. Dot-Matrix printer
iv. Inkjet printer

Explanation

The chronological order is: i. Manual Typewriter (1860s/1870s) -> iii. Dot-Matrix Printer (1970) -> iv. Inkjet Printer (late 1970s/1980s) -> ii. Laser Printer (office commercialization in 1984, following mid-1970s inventions). This corresponds to option D.

صحیح تاریخی ترتیب یہ ہے: سب سے پہلے دستی ٹائپ رائٹر (Manual typewriter - i)، پھر ڈاٹ میٹرکس پرنٹر (Dot-Matrix - iii)، پھر انک جیٹ پرنٹر (Inkjet - iv)، اور آخر میں لیزر پرنٹر (Laser - ii)۔ یعنی i, iii, iv, ii۔

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212📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis

What is the design of letters which are fundamental to a writing system called?

Explanation

The copybook form represents the basic, standardized style of letters taught to beginners in a specific school system, serving as the starting point for individual writing habits.

حروف کا وہ بنیادی خاکہ یا ڈیزائن جو اسکولوں میں ابتدائی لکھاوٹ سکھانے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے، اسے کاپی بک فارم (Copybook form) کہتے ہیں۔

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213📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis

What is a blind loop in handwriting defined as?

Explanation

A blind loop in handwriting occurs when a curved loop letter (like 'e', 'g', or 'o') is completely filled with ink, rendering the inner white space of the loop invisible.

لکھاوٹ میں بلائنڈ لوپ (blind loop) سے مراد وہ گولائی دار حرف ہے جو روشنائی سے پوری طرح بھر جائے اور اس کا اندرونی خالی حصہ نظر نہ آئے۔

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214📚⚗️ ChemistryChemical Erasures

Which of the following technique can be utilised to decipher the ink writing erased with chemical erasure?

Explanation

A Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) is utilized to decipher chemical erasures by observing the document under UV or IR light, which triggers differential fluorescence in the chemical residue or altered paper fibers.

کیمیائی طریقے سے مٹائی گئی تحریر (chemical erasure) کو دوبارہ پڑھنے کے لیے وی ایس سی (VSC) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، کیونکہ کیمیکل کے اثرات مختلف روشنیوں کے تحت فلوروسینس دکھاتے ہیں۔

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215📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTypewriting Analysis

Which of the following is most likely to develop the individual characteristics when used a lot?

Explanation

Manual typewriters develop highly specific individual characteristics with use due to mechanical wear and tear, bending of serifs, misalignment of type bars, and clog damage.

دستی ٹائپ رائٹر (Typewriting) کے مستقل استعمال سے اس کے کل پرزوں اور حروف میں مکینیکل گھساؤ پیدا ہوتا ہے، جس سے اس کی لکھائی میں منفرد اور انفرادی علامات پیدا ہو جاتی ہیں۔

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216📚🔬 Forensic SciencePrinter Analysis

The sequence of pages in the multipage laser-printed document could be determined from the position of which type of defect marks?

Explanation

Defects on the organic photoconductor (OPC) drum of a laser printer leave repetitive spots or marks on pages. Examining changes in these drum defect marks across pages can help determine printing sequence.

لیزر پرنٹر کے ڈرم پر پیدا ہونے والے باریک نقائص (Drum defect marks) ہر صفحے پر مخصوص فاصلے پر بار بار چھپتے ہیں، جن سے صفحات کی ترتیب کا اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے۔

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217📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis

A writer leaves 1.5 inches to the left margin. From the following, which are the spatial characteristics that margin belongs to?

Explanation

Marginal formatting and layout are classified under the spatial characteristics of page Arrangement (how writing is positioned relative to margins, edges, and paragraphs).

کاغذ پر حاشیہ (margin) چھوڑنا، اس کی جگہ اور چوڑائی لکھاوٹ کی ترتیب اور ہئیت یعنی ارینجمنٹ (Arrangement) کی خصوصیات میں شمار ہوتا ہے۔

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218📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

Following are the duties of the First officer arriving at the scene of crime, EXCEPT-
i. Taking notes of any vehicles leaving the scene
ii. Obtaining medical assistance if needed
iii. Check for hazardous or violent circumstances
iv. Leaves the crime scene to do a preliminary examination

Explanation

The first responding officer must secure the scene and must NOT leave the crime scene to conduct a preliminary examination elsewhere. Securing, checking for hazards, helping victims, and noting suspicious vehicles are correct duties, making 'iv' the exception.

جائے وقوعہ پر پہنچنے والے پہلے پولیس اہلکار کے فرائض میں یہ شامل نہیں ہے کہ وہ جائے وقوعہ کو چھوڑ کر کہیں اور ابتدائی معائنے کے لیے چلا جائے (صرف iv غلط ہے)۔

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219📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

Which of the following is NOT a key element of crime scene management?
i. Documentation
ii. Preservation of evidence
iii. Identifying and interviewing suspects
iv. Crowd control

Explanation

Crime scene management focuses on securing the scene, documenting it (i), and preserving evidence (ii). Identifying and interviewing suspects (iii) and overall crowd control (iv) are broader police investigation/security duties, making (iii) and (iv) the correct options that are NOT part of scene management.

کرائم سین مینجمنٹ کے بنیادی عناصر میں دستاویز سازی (documentation) اور شواہد کی حفاظت شامل ہے۔ مشتبہ افراد کی شناخت اور پوچھ گچھ (iii) اور ہجوم پر قابو پانا (iv) وسیع تر تفتیشی کام ہیں، کرائم سین مینجمنٹ کے نہیں (صرف iii اور iv درست ہیں)۔

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220📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTypewriting Analysis

Match the following:
a. Escapement -> i. Cylinder that serves as baking for paper and absorbs blow from typeface
b. Type-Ball -> ii. Typewriters that print 10 characters to the inch
c. Platen -> iii. Device containing all typefaces and which by tilting, prints type characters
d. PCA machines -> iv. Spacing along the line of typewriting (basic letter spacing)
[Unlabeled] -> v. Machine that prints 12 characters to the inch

Explanation

Escapement refers to carriage spacing movement (a-iv). Type-Ball is IBM Selectric's element containing characters (b-iii). Platen is the rubber backing cylinder (c-i). 'PCA' represents Pica typewriters printing 10 characters per inch (d-ii). This matches option B.

صحیح جوڑ: ایسکیپمنٹ کا مطلب افقی کیریج اسپیسنگ ہے (a-iv)، ٹائپ بال حروف والا گولا ہے (b-iii)، پلیٹن رولر سلنڈر ہے (c-i)، اور پیکا (Pica) مشین 10 حروف فی انچ چھاپتی ہے (d-ii)۔ یہ آپشن B میں ہے۔

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221📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation

What is the full form of ICP-MS?

Explanation

ICP-MS stands for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, a highly sensitive analytical technique used for elemental determination in forensic samples (such as glass and inks).

آئی سی پی-ایم ایس (ICP-MS) کا پورا نام انڈکٹولی کپلڈ پلازما ماس سپیکٹرمیٹری (Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) ہے، جو عناصر کی باریک ترین مقدار ناپنے کا جدید ترین سائنسی طریقہ ہے۔

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222📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics Basics

Match the following:
i. Laws of Motion -> a. Velocity
ii. Scalar quantity -> b. Mass
iii. Linear Motion -> c. Displacement
iv. Vector quantity -> d. Moment of Inertia
v. Rotational Motion -> e. A body at rest remains at rest unless an external force is applied

Explanation

Laws of motion correspond to Newton's first law (i-e). Mass is a scalar quantity (ii-b). Moment of inertia is related to rotational motion (v-d). Displacement is a vector quantity (iv-a / iii-c). In option D, this is structured as: i-e, ii-b, iii-d (linear motion linked to inertia/mass concept in paper), iv-a (vector is velocity/displacement), v-c.

صحیح ملاپ: قوانین حرکت نیوٹن کا پہلا قانون ہے (i-e)، ماس اسکیلر مقدار ہے (ii-b)، مومنٹ آف انرشیا گھومنے والی حرکت سے وابستہ ہے (v-d)، اور سمتی مقدار میں ولاسٹی/ڈسپلیسمنٹ شامل ہیں (iv-a/iii-c)۔ یہ آپشن D میں فٹ بیٹھتا ہے۔

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223📚⚛️ PhysicsMechanics

What is the maximum velocity of a car of mass 100 kg can go round a level curve without skidding? (g=10m/s² µ between road and tyre = 0.6, Radius of curvature = 20m).

Explanation

The maximum velocity without skidding on a level road is v_max = sqrt(μ g R). Substituting the values: v_max = sqrt(0.6 10 20) = sqrt(120) ≈ 10.95 m/s. The closest safe integer speed is 10 m/s (12 m/s exceeds the limit).

کیر کے پھسلنے کے بغیر زیادہ سے زیادہ رفتار کا فارمولا v = sqrt(μ g R) ہے۔ قیمتیں رکھنے پر: v = sqrt(0.6 10 20) = sqrt(120) ≈ 10.95 میٹر فی سیکنڈ۔ سب سے قریبی اور محفوظ آپشن '10 m/s' ہے۔

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224📚⚛️ PhysicsLasers

(A): Laser light is monochromatic
(B): Coherence in laser light refers to wavelength consistency

Explanation

Both statements are correct. Laser light is monochromatic (consists of a single color/wavelength) and coherent (the light waves are in phase, maintaining spatial and temporal consistency).

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔ لیزر لائٹ یک رنگی (monochromatic) ہوتی ہے اور اس میں ربط یا کوہیرنس (coherence) پائی جاتی ہے، جس کا مطلب طولِ موج کی یکسانیت اور ہم آہنگی ہے۔

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225📚⚛️ PhysicsLaser Types

Match the following:
1. CO₂ lasers composed of -> a. Rare-earth ions
2. N₂ lasers operate in of EMR spectrum -> b. Visible region
3. Ar-ion laser emits light in of EMR spectrum -> c. Molecular gas
4. Glass lasers composed of -> d. Infra-Red region

Explanation

CO2 is a molecular gas laser (1-c). N2 laser operates in ultraviolet but is matched to infrared in paper options (2-d). Ar-ion laser emits visible blue-green light (3-b). Glass lasers are doped with rare-earth ions (4-a). This matches option A.

صحیح ملاپ: کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ لیزر مالیکیولر گیس سے بنتا ہے (1-c)، نائٹروجن لیزر EMR سپیکٹرم کے انفراریڈ (یا UV) زون میں چلتا ہے (2-d)، آرگن آئن لیزر نظر آنے والی روشنی پیدا کرتا ہے (3-b)، اور گلاس لیزر نایاب زمینی آئنوں پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے (4-a)۔

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226📚⚛️ PhysicsLaser Types

The HCl and HF lasers operate in the-

Explanation

Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) and Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) chemical lasers operate and emit light in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ایچ سی ایل (HCl) اور ایچ ایف (HF) کیمیائی لیزرز برقی مقناطیسی سپیکٹرم کے انفرا ریڈ (IR) زون میں کام کرتے ہیں۔

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227📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation

What does AAS stand for in context of spectroscopy?

Explanation

AAS stands for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, which is an analytical technique used to measure the concentration of metallic elements in a sample by measuring the light absorbed by free atoms.

اے اے ایس (AAS) کا پورا نام اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرم شناسی (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) ہے، جو نمونے میں دھاتی عناصر کی مقدار معلوم کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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228📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation

What is the full form of FTIR spectroscopy?

Explanation

FTIR stands for Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, a technique used to obtain an infrared absorption or emission spectrum of a solid, liquid, or gas for chemical identification.

ایف ٹی آئی آر (FTIR) کا پورا نام فورئیر ٹرانسفارم انفرا ریڈ سپیکٹرمیٹری (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy) ہے، جو کیمیکلز کے مالیکیولر ڈھانچے کی شناخت کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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229📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation

What are micro-spectrophotometers used for?

Explanation

Micro-spectrophotometers combine a microscope with a spectrophotometer, allowing forensic examiners to analyze the optical and spectral absorption features of microscopic samples (such as single ink lines or fibers).

مائیکرو سپیکٹرو فوٹو میٹرز کا استعمال خوردبینی یا انتہائی چھوٹے سائز کے نمونوں (جیسے دھاگے یا روشنائی کی باریک لکیر) کے سپیکٹرل خصوصیات کے تجزیے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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230📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation

GC-MS spectroscopy combines gas chromatography with-

Explanation

GC-MS combines Gas Chromatography (for separating mixture components) with Mass Spectrometry (for identifying the chemical structure of each separated component).

جی سی-ایم ایس (GC-MS) ٹیکنالوجی گیس کرومیٹوگرافی (علیحدگی کے لیے) اور ماس سپیکٹرمیٹری (شناخت اور ساخت معلوم کرنے کے لیے) کا مجموعہ ہے۔

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231📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForgery Types

Match the following:
i. Superimposition -> a. Simulated forgery
ii. Freehand forgery -> b. Copy-paste
iii. Practiced hand forgery -> c. By memory
iv. Lifted forgery -> d. Traced forgery

Explanation

Simulated forgery is practiced hand forgery (a-iii). Copy-paste forgery corresponds to lifted forgery (b-iv). Freehand forgery from memory without a model is c-ii. Traced forgery shows exact superimposition (d-i). This matches option D.

صحیح ملاپ: نقلی جعل سازی مشق شدہ ہاتھ سے کی جاتی ہے (a-iii)، کاپی پیسٹ لفٹڈ جعل سازی ہے (b-iv)، یادداشت سے کی جانے والی جعل سازی فری ہینڈ ہے (c-ii)، اور ٹریس کی گئی جعل سازی میں دونوں دستخط ایک دوسرے کے اوپر فٹ بیٹھتے ہیں (d-i)۔

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232📚🔬 Forensic ScienceSignature Examination

Which of the following are characteristics of a genuine signature?

Explanation

Genuine signatures are written with natural speed, flow, and consistent rhythm. Forged signatures tend to show hesitation, tremors, pen pauses, and unnatural pen lifts.

اصلی اور سچے دستخطوں کی اہم خصوصیات یہ ہیں کہ وہ قدرتی بہاؤ (flow)، تیز رفتاری (speed) اور ہموار تال (rhythm) کے ساتھ کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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233📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis

In forensic document examination, the presence of consistent letter formation and spacing is considered as:

Explanation

Consistent, unique habits of letter formation, slant, connection, and spacing are individual characteristics that distinguish one person's handwriting from another.

حروف کی مخصوص ساخت اور ان کے درمیان مسلسل یکساں فاصلہ رکھنا لکھاوٹ کی انفرادی خصوصیت (individual characteristic) مانی جاتی ہے جو ہر مصنف کی الگ ہوتی ہے۔

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234📚🔬 Forensic SciencePassport Security

What security feature is commonly used in passports to prevent tampering and forgery?

Explanation

Holograms (or holographic laminates) are placed over the biographical data page in passports to prevent alteration and copying of photo or details, making counterfeiting extremely difficult.

پاسپورٹ کے بائیو ڈیٹا پیج پر ہولوگرام (hologram) لگایا جاتا ہے تاکہ تصویر یا تفصیلات میں کوئی تبدیلی یا ٹیمپرنگ نہ کی جا سکے اور نہ ہی اس کی فوٹو کاپی بن سکے۔

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235📚🔬 Forensic SciencePrinter Analysis

What characteristic is commonly analyzed to differentiate between various printers in computer-printed documents?

Explanation

Computer printers use specific technologies (like inkjet nozzle arrays or laser raster patterns) that leave unique dot patterns and configurations, helping examiners identify the printer technology and model.

کمپیوٹر پرنٹرز سے چھپے ہوئے کاغذات کے تقابل کے لیے ڈاٹ پیٹرن (dot pattern) کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے، کیونکہ ہر پرنٹر کی پکسل یا نقطے لگانے کی تکنیک الگ ہوتی ہے۔

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236📚🔬 Forensic SciencePassport Security

What is the purpose of using UV printing in passports and travel documents?

Explanation

UV-activated fluorescent inks are invisible under normal light and do not show up when photocopied with standard color copiers, helping to prevent unauthorized photocopying and reproduction.

پاسپورٹس میں بالائے بنفشی (UV) پرنٹنگ کا مقصد فوٹو کاپی کو روکنا (prevent photocopying) ہے، کیونکہ یہ روشنائی عام روشنی میں پوشیدہ ہوتی ہے اور نقل کرنے پر ظاہر نہیں ہوتی۔

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237📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFinancial Fraud

In credit cards forgery investigations, what is often examined to determine the authenticity of a card, especially when comparing a genuine card with a suspected counterfeit?
1. Magnetic stripe data
2. Embossed characters
3. Signature panel

Explanation

To determine credit card authenticity, investigators analyze the magnetic stripe data, the size/alignment of embossed characters, and the security features of the signature panel. Thus, all 1, 2, and 3 are examined.

کریڈٹ کارڈ کی صداقت کی جانچ کے لیے کارڈ کے ابھرے ہوئے حروف (embossed characters)، دستخط کا پینل، اور مقناطیسی پٹی کا ڈیٹا (magnetic stripe) سب چیک کیے جاتے ہیں۔ یعنی 1، 2 اور 3 سب درست ہیں۔

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238📚⚗️ ChemistryLocard Principle

Locard's exchange principle can be applied to all of the following except

Explanation

Locard's Exchange Principle states that 'every contact leaves a trace' (transfer of physical material like fibers, tool marks, and soil). Blood spatter analysis is based on physics and geometry to reconstruct directionality of forces, not on the transfer of trace material.

لوکارڈ کے اصول کے مطابق 'ہر رابطہ ایک نشان چھوڑتا ہے' (جیسے فائبر، مٹی، یا ٹول مارکس کا منتقل ہونا)۔ خون کے چھینٹوں کے نمونے کا تجزیہ (blood spatter) طبیعیات اور ہندسیہ پر مبنی ہے، جو لوکارڈ کے تبادلے کے اصول کے دائرے میں نہیں آتا۔

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239📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law

Which of the following may result in inadmissibility of evidence in court?

Explanation

If an expert witness fails to prove their competence and specialized knowledge in the relevant field under Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, their opinion and evidence will be ruled inadmissible in court.

انڈین ایویڈینس ایکٹ کی دفعہ 45 کے تحت، اگر کوئی ماہر گواہ متعلقہ شعبے میں اپنی مہارت اور قابلیت ثابت کرنے میں ناکام ہو جائے، تو اس کی رائے اور پیش کردہ شواہد عدالت میں ناقابل قبول (inadmissible) قرار دیے جائیں گے۔

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240📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Psychiatry

Which of the following rules/law is not associated with Criminal responsibility of mentally ill person:

Explanation

The Durham Rule and Curren's Rule are legal tests used to determine criminal insanity and responsibility. 'Black's Law' refers to Black's Law Dictionary, a reference book, not a rule of criminal responsibility.

ڈرہم رول اور کیرنز رول دماغی طور پر بیمار شخص کی مجرمانہ ذمہ داری (insanity tests) کے تعین سے متعلق ہیں۔ جبکہ 'بلیکس لا' (Black's Law) ایک مشہور قانونی لغت (dictionary) کا نام ہے، کوئی مجرمانہ قانون یا رول نہیں ہے۔

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241📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHistory of Forensics

In response to the rising demands of providing high technology to the crime investigation process, BPR&D established the first Forensic DNA Typing facility at CFSL, Calcutta, during

Explanation

The Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) established India's first Central DNA Typing Unit at the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL), Calcutta in 1998.

ہندوستان میں پہلی سنٹرل فارنزک ڈی این اے ٹائپنگ کی سہولت 1998 میں سنٹرل فارنزک سائنس لیبارٹری (CFSL) کلکتہ میں قائم کی گئی تھی۔

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242📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Documentation

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of Video recording of a crime scene?

Explanation

The primary function of videography is to provide a continuous, detailed, and comprehensive overview of the entire crime scene layout, showing spatial relationships between objects.

کرائم سین کی ویڈیو ریکارڈنگ (videography) کا بنیادی فائدہ یہ ہے کہ اس سے جائے وقوعہ اور وہاں موجود تمام شواہد کا ایک مربوط اور تفصیلی منظر (detailed view) حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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243📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

All of the following are the Basic Principles of Light Microscopy EXCEPT:

Explanation

The objective lens in a microscope magnifies (enlarges) the image of the specimen; it does not minimize it.

مائیکروسکوپ میں آبجیکٹو لینس (Objective lens) نمونے کی تصویر کو بڑا (magnify) کر کے دکھاتا ہے، اسے چھوٹا (minimize) نہیں کرتا۔ اس لیے بیانیہ B غلط ہے۔

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244📚⚗️ ChemistryExplosives Analysis

________ is universally accepted broad-spectrum solvent for majority of organic explosives such as RDX, HMX, TNT, PETN etc.

Explanation

Acetone is the universally preferred solvent in forensic laboratories for extracting organic explosives (like RDX, HMX, TNT, and PETN) from post-blast debris.

ایسیٹون (Acetone) آرگینک دھماکہ خیز مواد (جیسے RDX، TNT، PETN) کو دھماکے کے ذرات سے نکالنے یا تحلیل کرنے کے لیے کثرت سے استعمال ہونے والا سالونٹ ہے۔

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245📚🔢 MathProbability

A table with all possible value of a random variable and its corresponding probabilities is called

Explanation

A probability distribution lists all possible outcomes of a random variable along with their respective mathematical probabilities of occurrence.

وہ جدول (table) جو کسی رینڈم متغیر (random variable) کے تمام ممکنہ نتائج اور ان کے حاصل ہونے کے امکانات (probabilities) کو دکھاتا ہے، اسے احتمال کی تقسیم (Probability Distribution) کہتے ہیں۔

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246📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Law

In what section of Indian Evidence Act is the definition of experts specified.

Explanation

Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, specifies that when the Court has to form an opinion upon a point of foreign law, science, art, or identity of handwriting or finger impressions, the opinions of persons specially skilled (experts) are relevant facts.

انڈین ایویڈینس ایکٹ (IEA) کی دفعہ 45 کے تحت عدالت میں سائنسی ماہرین (experts) کی رائے اور ان کی قانونی حیثیت کی تعریف واضح کی گئی ہے۔

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247📚⚖️ LawNDPS Act

Punishment for consumption of any narcotic drug and psychotropic substance is specified under.

Explanation

Section 27 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985, specifies the punishment for the illegal consumption of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.

این ڈی پی ایس ایکٹ (NDPS Act) کی دفعہ 27 کے تحت کسی بھی نشہ آور یا نفسیاتی مادے (narcotic drug) کے ذاتی استعمال یا پینے کی سزا مقرر کی گئی ہے۔

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248📚⚗️ ChemistryScreening Tests

Duquenois-Levine test is the screening test for

Explanation

The Duquenois-Levine test is a classic, highly specific presumptive color test used to screen for cannabinoids in suspected cannabis plant materials.

ڈوکوینوئس-لیوائن ٹیسٹ (Duquenois-Levine test) بھنگ یا چرس (Cannabis) کے نمونوں کی تصدیق کے لیے کیا جانے والا بنیادی رنگین اسکریننگ ٹیسٹ ہے۔

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249📚⚗️ ChemistryClandestine Labs

What is not part of the glassware encountered in a raid for clandestine narcotic lab?

Explanation

Round bottom flasks, separating funnels, and beakers are standard laboratory glassware. A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of liquids, not a piece of laboratory glassware.

گول پیندے والے فلاسک، سیپریٹنگ فنل اور بیکر کیمیائی عمل کے شیشے کے برتن (glassware) ہیں، جبکہ ہائیڈرو میٹر مائع کی کثافت (specific gravity) ناپنے کا آلہ ہے، شیشے کا برتن نہیں۔

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250📚⚗️ ChemistryColor Tests

Formaldehyde and Sulphuric acid form a part of what reagent for spot examination of narcotics.

Explanation

Marquis reagent is prepared by mixing concentrated sulfuric acid with formaldehyde. It is widely used to screen for opiates (purple color) and amphetamines (orange/brown color).

مارکوئس ری ایجنٹ (Marquis Reagent) فارملڈیہائڈ اور مرتکز سلفیورک ایسڈ کے مرکب سے بنتا ہے، جو نشہ آور مواد کی موقع پر فوری شناخت کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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251📚🧬 BiologyAnalytical Instrumentation

What technique is most preferred for the characterization of illicit drugs.

Explanation

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is the preferred analytical technique for the definitive characterization and confirmation of illicit drugs due to its high separation power and structural mass spectral identification.

کیمیائی لیبارٹری میں غیر قانونی منشیات کے حتمی تجزیے اور تصدیق کے لیے سب سے بہترین اور مستند طریقہ کار جی سی-ایم ایس (GC-MS) مانا جاتا ہے۔

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252📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology

Identify the alkaloid used as antidote against insecticides and nerve gases

Explanation

Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that is used clinically as an antidote to counteract the effects of poisoning by organophosphate insecticides and nerve agents.

ایٹروپین (Atropine) وہ الکلائڈ ہے جو آرگنو فاسفیٹ کیڑے مار دواؤں اور اعصابی گیسوں (nerve gases) کے اثرات کو زائل کرنے کے لیے اینٹی ڈوٹ (تریاق) کے طور پر کام کرتا ہے۔

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253📚⚗️ ChemistryBiomolecules

How many polypeptide chains are present in Haemoglobin and creatine phosphokinase

Explanation

Hemoglobin is a tetramer consisting of four polypeptide chains (two alpha and two beta). Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is a dimer consisting of two polypeptide subunit chains (M and B). Therefore, the correct counts are four and two.

ہیموگلوبن میں چار (4) پولی پیپٹائڈ زنجیریں ہوتی ہیں جبکہ کریٹین فاسفوکائنیز (CPK) میں دو (2) زنجیریں ہوتی ہیں (جو مل کر ڈائمر بناتی ہیں)۔ اس لیے جواب چار اور دو ہے۔

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254📚🧬 BiologySecurity Instrumentation

What technique is most preferred for trace analysis of narcotics during security check.

Explanation

Handheld Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) is the preferred technology at security checkpoints (airports, border control) due to its high speed (seconds) and extreme sensitivity for trace vapors and residues of narcotics and explosives.

ہوائی اڈوں اور حفاظتی چوکیوں پر منشیات کے باریک ذرات کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے ہینڈ ہیلڈ آئی ایم ایس (IMS - Ion Mobility Spectrometry) آلے کو سب سے زیادہ ترجیح دی جاتی ہے۔

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255📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry

The chemical reagent from which solution of required concentration can be prepared is

Explanation

A primary standard is a highly pure, stable, and non-hygroscopic chemical reagent. A standard solution of exact concentration can be prepared directly by dissolving a known mass of it in a specific volume.

وہ انتہائی خالص اور مستحکم کیمیکل جس کی مدد سے معلوم حتمی ارتکاز کا محلول براہ راست تول کر بنایا جا سکے، اسے پرائمری اسٹینڈرڈ (Primary standard) کہتے ہیں۔

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256📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry

Dimethyl glyoxime is a reagent specific for the metal ion

Explanation

Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) reacts with Nickel(II) ions in basic medium to form a bright strawberry-red coordination complex, making it highly specific for nickel determination.

ڈائی میتھائل گلائی آکسائیم (DMG) نکل (Ni) کے آئنوں کے ساتھ ردعمل کر کے سرخ رنگ کا رسوب بناتا ہے، یہ نکل کی شناخت کے لیے مخصوص کیمیکل ہے۔

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257📚⚗️ ChemistrySolvent Extraction

What is the optimum pressure range at which accelerated solvent extraction works

Explanation

Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) operates at high temperatures (50-200°C) under elevated pressure, typically between 10 to 15 MPa (100-150 bar), to keep the extraction solvent liquid above its atmospheric boiling point.

ایکسلیرٹیڈ سالونٹ ایکسٹریکشن (ASE) کے لیے دباؤ کی موزوں حد 10 سے 15 میگا پاسکل (10-15 MPa) ہوتی ہے تاکہ محلول مائع حالت میں برقرار رہے۔

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258📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation

What is the benefit of using salting out method during Headspace Extraction.

Explanation

Adding inorganic salts (salting out) increases the ionic strength of the aqueous phase, decreasing the solubility of polar organic analytes and driving them out of water into the headspace gas phase.

پانی والے نمونوں میں نمک ملانے (salting out) سے پانی میں موجود پولر مرکبات کی حل پذیری کم ہو جاتی ہے اور وہ گیس بن کر ہیڈ اسپیس (headspace) میں چلے جاتے ہیں، جس سے ان کا اخراج آسان ہو جاتا ہے۔

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259📚⚗️ ChemistrySolid Phase Extraction

Select which is not a type of Solid Phase Extraction.

Explanation

Normal Phase, Reverse Phase, and Ion Exchange are standard modes of Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). 'Gel Affinity Phase' is not a recognized SPE type.

آئن ایکسچینج، نارمل فیز اور ریورس فیز ایس پی ای (SPE) کے باقاعدہ فیز ہیں، جبکہ 'جیل افینیٹی فیز' ایس پی ای کی کوئی باقاعدہ قسم نہیں ہے۔

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260📚⚛️ PhysicsGas Chromatography

Headspace analysis is carried out in order to

Explanation

Headspace gas chromatography is a specialized technique used to analyze volatile organic compounds that partition from solid or liquid samples into the gas phase inside a sealed vial.

ہیڈ اسپیس تجزیہ (Headspace analysis) کا استعمال ٹھوس یا مائع نمونوں سے خارج ہونے والے اڑنے والے کیمیکلز (volatile compounds) کے بخارات کا گیس کرومیٹوگرافی سے معائنہ کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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261📚⚛️ PhysicsHPLC

Which of the following(s) is/are the advantage of HPLC over traditional LPLC (low-pressure liquid chromatography)?

Explanation

HPLC offers significant advantages over low-pressure chromatography, including high speed, reusable high-pressure columns, greater sensitivity (PMT/diode array detectors), capability to analyze macromolecules/ionic species, and non-destructive sample recovery. Thus, all are advantages.

ایچ پی ایل سی (HPLC) کے پرانی کالم کرومیٹوگرافی پر تمام فوائد ہیں: زیادہ حساسیت، دوبارہ استعمال کے قابل کالم، میکرو مالیکیولر تجزیہ، اور نمونوں کو دوبارہ حاصل کرنے کی سہولت۔

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262📚⚗️ ChemistryThin Layer Chromatography

Thin-layer chromatography can be used to analyse samples that are believed to contain explosives. In this technique, the parameter known as the retardation factor (RF) can be determined. Which of the following equates to the Rf value of a given component of the material analysed?

Explanation

The Retardation Factor (Rf) in TLC is calculated by dividing the distance traveled by the compound (spot) by the distance traveled by the solvent front from the starting origin line.

ٹی ایل سی (TLC) میں آر ایف قیمت (Rf value) کا فارمولا یہ ہے: اسپاٹ کا طے کردہ فاصلہ تقسیم سالونٹ فرنٹ کا طے کردہ فاصلہ۔ یعنی آپشن A صحیح جواب ہے۔

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263📚⚛️ PhysicsHPLC Detectors

Following detector in HPLC generates structural and molecular weight information about the eluted solute:

Explanation

A mass detector (mass spectrometer in LC-MS) ionizes the molecules eluted from the HPLC column, generating mass-to-charge ratios that provide molecular weight and structural fragmentation details.

ایچ پی ایل سی کالم سے نکلنے والے مادوں کا ماس ڈیٹیکٹر (Mass detector / MS) کے ذریعے معائنہ کرنے پر مالیکیولر وزن اور ان کی اندرونی ساخت کا تفصیلی ڈیٹا حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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264📚⚗️ ChemistryAAS

Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) is used in the following

Explanation

A Hollow Cathode Lamp is the specific light source used in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) to emit narrow-line radiation matching the electronic absorption band of the metal element being analyzed.

ہولو کیتھوڈ لیمپ (HCL) کا استعمال اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرمیٹری (AAS) میں مخصوص طولِ موج کی روشنی خارج کرنے کے لیے بطور لائٹ سورس کیا جاتا ہے۔

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265📚⚗️ ChemistryGC Detectors

Hydrocarbons can be analysed on Gas chromatography using

Explanation

The Flame Ionization Detector (FID) is the standard and most widely used GC detector for organic compounds and hydrocarbons, as it responds to almost all carbon-containing molecules by burning them to produce ions.

ہائیڈرو کاربن یا آرگینک مرکبات کی گیس کرومیٹوگرافی کے لیے فلیم آئیونائزیشن ڈیٹیکٹر (FID) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، کیونکہ یہ کاربن کو جلا کر کرنٹ ناپتا ہے۔

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266📚⚛️ PhysicsRaman Spectroscopy

The transition zone of Raman spectra is

Explanation

Raman spectroscopy relies on inelastic scattering of light, which induces transitions within the rotational and vibrational energy levels of a molecule's ground electronic state.

رمن سپیکٹرم (Raman spectra) میں سالمات (molecules) کے اندر برقی مقناطیسی لہروں کے تصادم کی وجہ سے لرزش اور گھومنے کے توانائی کے مداروں (vibrational and rotational levels) میں تبدیلی ہوتی ہے۔

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267📚⚛️ PhysicsIR Spectroscopy

Which of the region of IR spectra appears between 1400-600 cm⁻¹?

Explanation

The region from 1400 cm⁻¹ to 600 cm⁻¹ in an infrared spectrum is called the fingerprint region. It contains complex, unique bending and rotational absorption bands specific to individual molecules.

انفرا ریڈ (IR) سپیکٹرم میں 1400 سے 600 سینٹی میٹر انورس (cm⁻¹) کا حصہ فنگر پرنٹ ریجن (Fingerprint region) کہلاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ ہر مالیکیول کے لیے منفرد ہوتا ہے۔

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268📚🔢 MathSpectroscopy Theory

In which of the following ways, absorption is related to transmittance?

Explanation

Absorbance (A) is defined mathematically as the negative logarithm (base 10) of transmittance (T): A = -log₁₀(T), or log₁₀(1/T).

نوری جذبیت (Absorbance) اور روشنی گزرنے کی شرح (Transmittance) کے درمیان تعلق یہ ہے کہ جذبیت ٹرانسمیٹینس کا منفی لاگرتھم (negative logarithm) ہوتی ہے (A = -log₁₀T)۔

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269📚⚗️ ChemistryAAS

Atomizer is used in

Explanation

An atomizer (such as a nebulizer/burner flame or a graphite furnace) is used in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to convert the liquid sample into a cloud of ground-state free atoms.

ایٹمائزر (Atomizer) کا استعمال اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹری (AAS) میں نمونے کے محلول کو آزاد ایٹموں کی دھند یا گیس میں بدلنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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270📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectrophotometry

A detector that can be used in visible Spectrophotometry is

Explanation

A photovoltaic cell (or photodiode/photomultiplier tube) converts visible photons into an electrical current, making it a common optical detector in visible spectrophotometers.

نظر آنے والی روشنی (visible spectrum) کی پیمائش کرنے والے سپیکٹرو فوٹو میٹر میں فوٹو وولٹک سیل (Photovoltaic cell) یا فوٹو ڈائیوڈ کو بطور ڈیٹیکٹر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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271📚⚛️ PhysicsIR Spectroscopy

Bolometer is used as detector in

Explanation

A bolometer is a highly sensitive thermal detector that measures the temperature rise caused by incident radiation. It is widely used in Infrared (IR) spectrophotometers.

بولو میٹر (Bolometer) ایک تھرمل ڈیٹیکٹر ہے جو حرارت کی لہروں کو محسوس کرتا ہے اور اس کا استعمال انفرا ریڈ (I.R.) سپیکٹرو فوٹو میٹر میں کیا جاتا ہے۔

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272📚⚗️ ChemistryAAS

The pair of light source and atomizer resulting highest sensitivity to atomic absorption spectroscopic measurement is:

Explanation

Using a Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) provides the ideal narrow emission line matching the analyte. A graphite furnace (electrothermal) atomizer provides much higher atomization efficiency and sensitivity compared to flame atomization.

اے اے ایس (AAS) میں سب سے زیادہ حساسیت (sensitivity) حاصل کرنے کے لیے ہولو کیتھوڈ لیمپ اور گریفائٹ فرنس (graphite furnace) ایٹمائزر کا ملاپ بہترین ہے۔

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273📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectroscopy Theory

Which of the following is not a limitation of Beer Lambert's law, which gives the relation between absorption, thickness, and concentration?

Explanation

Beer-Lambert's law requires low concentration, monochromatic light, and neglects chemical associations/refractive shifts. Requiring a 'higher bandwidth' is not a limitation of the law; rather, using high-bandwidth (polychromatic) light causes deviations from the law.

بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کی شرائط کے مطابق، لائٹ سورس یک رنگی (monochromatic) ہونا چاہیے اور ارتکاز کم ہونا چاہیے۔ 'ہائی بینڈوڈتھ والی تابکاری' اس قانون کی کوئی حد یا ضرورت نہیں ہے۔

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274📚⚛️ PhysicsMass Spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry requires the sample to be in:

Explanation

Mass spectrometry requires the analytes to be converted into gas-phase ions (vapor state) so they can be separated and filtered by electric and magnetic fields inside the mass analyzer.

ماس سپیکٹرمیٹری (Mass Spectrometry) میں گیس کے برقی چارج شدہ آئن بنائے جاتے ہیں، اس لیے ضروری ہے کہ نمونہ گیس یا بخارات کی شکل (Vapour state) میں لایا جائے۔

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275📚🔢 MathMass Spectrometry Theory

The relationship between m/e and magnetic field H in a sector mass spectrometer is:

Explanation

In a magnetic sector mass spectrometer, the equation relating mass-to-charge ratio to the magnetic field is m/e = (r² * B²) / (2V). Thus, at constant accelerating voltage (V) and trajectory radius (r), m/e is directly proportional to B² (square of magnetic field).

کالمی ماس سپیکٹرمیٹر کی مساوات کے مطابق، چارج کے مقابلے میں ماس (m/e) مقناطیسی فیلڈ (B) کے مربع کے راست متناسب ہوتا ہے (m/e ∝ B²)۔

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276📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectrophotometry

At what Amax does nitrate ion show absorbance with brucine sulphate

Explanation

Nitrate ions react with brucine sulfate in a strong sulfuric acid medium to form a yellow-colored complex which exhibits a maximum light absorption (λmax) at 410 nm.

نائٹریٹ آئن جب بروسین سلفیٹ سے سلفیورک ایسڈ کی موجودگی میں ملتے ہیں تو پیلے رنگ کا مرکب بنتا ہے، جس کا زیادہ سے زیادہ جذباتی طولِ موج (λmax) 410 nm ہوتا ہے۔

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277📚⚛️ PhysicsIR Spectroscopy

An FTIR instrument record a signal in the

Explanation

An FTIR spectrophotometer uses a Michelson interferometer to record an interferogram, which is a signal measured in the time (or optical path retardation) domain. This is subsequently converted to the frequency domain (spectrum) via Fourier transform.

ایف ٹی آئی آر (FTIR) سپیکٹرو میٹر بنیادی طور پر سگنل کو ٹائم ڈومین (Time domain / وقت کی بنیاد پر) میں ریکارڈ کرتا ہے، جسے بعد میں فریکوئنسی ڈومین میں تبدیل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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278📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectroscopy Instrumentation

Basic requirements of a monochromator are

Explanation

A monochromator, which isolates specific wavelengths of light, requires high resolution (separating close wavelengths), appropriate spectral range, and high dispersion (spreading wavelengths). Therefore, all are basic requirements.

مونوکرومیٹر (Monochromator) کے لیے یہ تمام چیزیں لازمی ہیں: ریزولوشن (باریکی سے الگ کرنا)، اسپیکٹرل رینج، اور ڈسپرشن (روشنی کا پھیلاؤ)۔ اس لیے جواب 'اوپر کے تمام' (All of the above) ہے۔

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279📚⚛️ PhysicsIR Spectroscopy

Which of the following is not a source used in Mid Infrared Spectrophotometer?

Explanation

Nernst glowers, Globars, and Nichrome wires are standard light sources for the Mid-Infrared (mid-IR) region. High-pressure mercury arc lamps are used as light sources in the Far-Infrared (far-IR) region.

مڈ-انفراریڈ (Mid IR) سپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹر میں گلوبار اور نچھروم وائر استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔ ہائی پریشر مرکری آرک لیمپ (B) کا استعمال فار-انفراریڈ (Far-IR) زون میں ہوتا ہے، مڈ-انفراریڈ میں نہیں سن۔

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280📚⚗️ ChemistryAAS

Which of the following is the function of the chopper in Atomic Absorption spectroscopy?

Explanation

The rotating chopper in AAS periodically blocks and passes the light from the hollow cathode lamp, converting the steady (DC) light into a pulsating (AC) light. This allows the detector/amplifier to filter out the steady thermal emission of the flame.

اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹری (AAS) میں چوپر (chopper) کا کام لیمپ کی مستقل روشنی کو وقفے دار یا نبض دار روشنی (pulsating light) میں بدلنا ہے تاکہ شعلے کی اپنی گرمی کی چمک خارج ہو سکے۔

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281📚🔬 Forensic ScienceVehicle Accident Reconstruction

In the forensic examination of a vehicle, which amalgamation of characteristics among the following elements serves as critical evidence for determining both the speed and size attributes?

Explanation

Skid marks left on the road surface serve as critical evidence. The length of the skid marks allows investigators to estimate the vehicle's pre-braking speed (using friction coefficients), while the width, tread patterns, and track spacing within those skid marks provide crucial information about the vehicle's size and tire dimensions.

سڑک پر گاڑی کے گھسیٹنے کے نشانات (Skid marks) رفتار اور سائز دونوں کا تعین کرنے میں مدد کرتے ہیں۔ نشانات کی لمبائی سے گاڑی کی رفتار معلوم ہوتی ہے، جبکہ نشانات کی چوڑائی اور پیٹرن سے ٹائر اور گاڑی کے سائز کا پتا چلتا ہے۔

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282📚⚛️ PhysicsNanotechnology

What is the primary characteristic of nanoparticles and nanotubes in the context of forensic science?

Explanation

Nanoparticles and nanotubes are characterized by their nanoscale dimensions. In general classification, they are categorized under microscopic size (sub-microscopic or nanoscale), making them invisible to the naked eye and requiring specialized microscopic techniques like SEM/TEM for analysis.

فارنزک سائنس میں نینو پارٹیکلز اور نینو ٹیوبز کی بنیادی خصوصیت ان کا انتہائی باریک یعنی خوردبینی سائز (microscopic size / nanoscale) ہونا ہے، جس کے تجزیے کے لیے اسکیننگ الیکٹران مائیکروسکوپ کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔

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283📚⚛️ PhysicsLaser Physics

In laser physics, what term describes the phenomenon where the electric field vectors of the emitted photons have a constant phase relationship over time and space?

Explanation

Coherence describes the constant phase relationship of light waves. A constant phase relationship over time is specifically called temporal coherence, whereas over space it is spatial coherence. Since lasers display both, temporal coherence is often referenced for the phase stability over time.

لیزر طبیعیات میں، خارج ہونے والے فوٹونز کے درمیان وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ ایک مستقل فیز کا تعلق رکھنا وقتی ہم آہنگی (Temporal coherence) کہلاتا ہے۔

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284📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis

What type of glass is commonly found in car windshields due to its ability to shatter into small, relatively harmless pieces?

Explanation

Tempered glass (safety glass) is designed to shatter into small, rounded, relatively harmless fragments (dicing) upon impact. Windshields are historically laminated (to prevent penetration), but the specific property of shattering into small harmless pieces belongs to tempered glass, which is used in side and rear windows.

ٹیمپرد شیشہ (Tempered glass) اثر پڑنے پر چھوٹے، نسبتاً بے ضرر ٹکڑوں میں ٹوٹ جاتا ہے۔ اگرچہ کار کے سامنے والے شیشے عام طور پر لیمینیٹڈ ہوتے ہیں، لیکن بے ضرر ٹکڑوں میں ٹوٹنے کی یہ خاصیت ٹیمپرد شیشے کی ہے۔

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285📚🔬 Forensic ScienceToolmark Analysis

What is the term for the distinctive marks or characteristics produced by the irregularities, nicks, or wear on a tool?

Explanation

Irregularities, accidental nicks, and unique wear on a tool create specific marks that are unique to that particular tool. These are known as individual characteristics, which allow for positive identification.

کسی اوزار پر موجود منفرد خراشیں، ٹوٹ پھوٹ یا گھسنے کے نشانات جو صرف اسی ایک اوزار پر ہوں، انفرادی خصوصیات (Individual characteristics) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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286📚🔢 MathPhysics Principles

Which principle underlies the forensic technique of density comparison for glass fragments?

Explanation

Density comparison methods (such as the sink-float method) rely on Archimedes' Principle, where the buoyant force on a submerged glass fragment is related to its displacement and density relative to the liquid.

شیشے کے ذرات کی کثافت (density) ناپنے اور موازنہ کرنے کا فارنزک طریقہ ارشمدس کے اصول (Archimedes' Principle) پر مبنی ہے۔

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287📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis

What phenomenon is primarily responsible for the formation of hackle marks on glass when it is subjected to an impact?

Explanation

Hackle marks are formed during the process of fracture propagation when the crack front branches or twists under high tensile stress.

ہیکل مارکس کا بننا بنیادی طور پر دراڑ کے آگے بڑھنے (Fracture propagation) کے دوران تناؤ کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔

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288📚🔬 Forensic ScienceSoil Analysis

The colour of soil is mainly determined by its:

Explanation

The color of soil is primarily determined by its mineral composition (especially iron and manganese oxides) and organic matter content, but mineralogy is the fundamental component in soil classification (Munsell system).

مٹی کا رنگ بنیادی طور پر اس میں موجود معدنیات کی ترکیب (Mineral composition) جیسے لوہے اور مینگنیز کے آکسائیڈز سے طے ہوتا ہے۔

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289📚🔬 Forensic ScienceSoil Analysis

In forensic investigations, what can be observed through microscopic examination of soil particles?

Explanation

Microscopic analysis of soil allows forensic scientists to identify specific mineral grains, biological remnants (pollen, diatoms), plant debris, and other organic/inorganic materials that are highly characteristic of a location.

خوردبین کے ذریعے مٹی کے ذرات کا معائنہ کرنے سے اس میں موجود مخصوص معدنیات اور نامیاتی مادوں (Presence of minerals and organic matter) کا پتا چلتا ہے۔

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290📚🔬 Forensic ScienceSoil Analysis

A crime scene investigation involves a suspicious package found buried in beach soil. Forensic experts are called to analyse the soil for potential evidence. Upon initial analysis, the forensic team identifies the presence of shell fragments in the beach

Explanation

The presence of shell fragments and beach sand characteristics in the soil indicates a coastal environment, linking the package to a shoreline or beach location.

مٹی میں صدف یا سیپیوں کے ٹکڑوں (shell fragments) کی موجودگی براہِ راست ساحلی ماحول (Coastal environment) کی نشاندہی کرتی ہے۔

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291📚⚗️ ChemistryPaint Analysis

In forensic analysis, what component of paint is typically responsible for providing colour and is crucial in determining its composition?

Explanation

The pigment in paint provides color and opacity. In forensic comparison, identifying the specific inorganic and organic pigments chemically is crucial for determining composition and sourcing.

پینٹ (رنگ) میں رنگ فراہم کرنے والا بنیادی جزو پگمنٹ (Pigment) کہلاتا ہے، جو اس کی کیمیائی ترکیب جاننے کے لیے بہت اہم ہے۔

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292📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Principles

In a hit and run case, which principle, related to the transfer and deformation of paint during a collision, helps forensic experts identify characteristics such as make and model of the suspect's vehicle?

Explanation

Locard's Exchange Principle states that 'every contact leaves a trace.' During a vehicular collision, paint is transferred between the vehicles or vehicle and victim, allowing investigators to link them.

ہٹ اینڈ رن کیسز میں گاڑیوں کے باہمی تصادم کے دوران پینٹ کا تبادلہ لوکارڈ کے تبادلے کے اصول (Lockard's Exchange Principle) کے تحت ہوتا ہے، جو مجرم گاڑی کا پتا لگانے میں مدد کرتا ہے۔

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293📚⚗️ ChemistryPaint Analysis

What does pyrolysis chromatography primarily aim to achieve in the analysis of paint samples?

Explanation

Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography (Py-GC) thermalizes the paint sample to break down the polymeric binders. The resulting chromatogram reflects the specific chemical composition of the paint's binder/polymer matrix.

پائرولیسس کرومیٹوگرافی (Pyrolysis chromatography) کا بنیادی مقصد پینٹ میں موجود بائنڈر (binder composition - چپکانے والے مادے) کے کیمیائی ڈھانچے کی شناخت کرنا ہے۔

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294📚⚗️ ChemistryPaint Analysis

How does infrared absorption spectroscopy contribute to the analysis of paint samples in forensic physics?

Explanation

FTIR spectroscopy detects the infrared absorption bands corresponding to molecular vibrations, which yields a characteristic spectrum used for identifying the chemical structure of binders and pigments in paint layers.

انفراریڈ جذب کرنے والی سپیکٹروسکوپی (FTIR) پینٹ کے مالیکیولر ارتعاش (molecular vibrations) کو ریکارڈ کر کے اس کی کیمیائی شناخت کرتی ہے۔

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295📚🧬 BiologyHair Analysis

Eumelanin gives which colour to the hair

Explanation

Eumelanin is the dark pigment responsible for black and brown colors in human hair. Pheomelanin is responsible for red and blonde colors.

یو میلینن (Eumelanin) بالوں کو سیاہ (Black) یا گہرا بھورا رنگ دیتا ہے، جبکہ فیومیلینن سرخ رنگ کے لیے ذمہ دار ہے۔

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296📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFiber Analysis

In forensic fiber examination, what specific information does the analysis of fiber cross-sections using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provide?

Explanation

Using SEM to inspect fiber cross-sections and longitudinal views yields highly detailed images of the fiber's surface texture, cross-sectional shape (e.g., trilobal, round), and manufacturing marks.

الیکٹران مائیکروسکوپ (SEM) کے ذریعے ریشوں کے کراس سیکشن کی جانچ سے ان کی سطح کی ساخت اور بناوٹ (Fiber surface texture) کا تفصیلی پتا چلتا ہے۔

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297📚⚛️ PhysicsCordage Examination

In the forensic examination of cordage, why is the knowledge of the specific lay and twist of fibers within the cord essential for investigators?

Explanation

Identifying physical characteristics of cordage (ropes, strings), including the number of strands, direction of twist (S-twist or Z-twist), and lay angle, is critical to establish a forensic link between cordage found on a victim and suspect.

رسی یا رسی کے ٹکڑوں میں ریشوں کے بل کھانے کی سمت (lay and twist) کا علم ملزم اور شکار (link between suspects and victims) کے درمیان تعلق قائم کرنے میں مددگار ثابت ہوتا ہے۔

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298📚⚛️ PhysicsFiber Burning Test

In a forensic examination of fibers, what does the observation of a sputtering flame with black smoke during a burning test indicate about the fiber being tested?

Explanation

Synthetic polymer fibers (like polyester or acrylic) typically melt and burn with a sputtering flame, releasing dense black smoke due to incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.

جلانے کے ٹیسٹ کے دوران چنگاریوں والی آگ (sputtering flame) اور سیاہ دھواں (black smoke) مصنوعی ریشوں (synthetic fibers) کی موجودگی کی نشاندہی کرتا ہے۔

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299📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFiber Analysis

Which is the strongest natural fiber

Explanation

Spider dragline silk is widely recognized as the strongest natural fiber due to its high tensile strength and elasticity, exceeding that of high-grade steel by weight.

قدرتی ریشوں میں مکڑی کا جالا یعنی اسپائیڈر سلک (Spider silk) کھینچنے کی طاقت کے لحاظ سے سب سے مضبوط قدرتی ریشہ مانا جاتا ہے۔

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300📚🔬 Forensic ScienceAudio Forensics

In forensic audio analysis, what property of sound is primarily associated with the term "frequency"?

Explanation

Frequency represents the rate of vibration of sound waves. In human perception, frequency is directly perceived as the pitch of the sound (high frequency corresponds to high pitch).

آواز کی فریکوئنسی (frequency) انسانی کانوں کو پچ (Pitch - آواز کا باریک یا بھاری ہونا) کے طور پر محسوس ہوتی ہے۔

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301📚⚛️ PhysicsHuman Anatomy

Which part of the human ear is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals for transmission to the brain?

Explanation

The inner ear (specifically the cochlea) contains specialized hair cells that translate mechanical vibrations from fluid movement into electrical nerve impulses sent to the brain.

انسانی کان کا اندرونی حصہ (Inner ear / cochlea) آواز کی مکینیکل تھرکن کو برقی سگنلز میں تبدیل کر کے دماغ کو بھیجتا ہے۔

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302📚🔬 Forensic ScienceAudio Forensics

In forensic investigations involving sound, what type of recording format is known for capturing a continuous variation in sound waves, making it suitable for high-quality audio recordings?

Explanation

WAV is an uncompressed, lossless digital audio format that represents continuous analog sound waves with high fidelity using pulse-code modulation (PCM), making it standard for forensic audio analysis.

ڈبلیو اے وی (WAV) فارمیٹ آواز کی لہروں کو بنا کسی کمپریشن کے ریکارڈ کرتا ہے، جو فارنزک آڈیو تجزیے کے لیے بہترین اور معیاری مانا جاتا ہے۔

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303📚🔬 Forensic ScienceVoice Identification

What aspect of an individual's voice is often used in forensic applications for voice authentication and identification?

Explanation

Formant frequencies (the acoustic resonances of the vocal tract) are highly specific to an individual's vocal tract anatomy and articulation, serving as stable markers for voice verification.

آواز کے فارمنٹس (Formant frequency) ووکل ٹریکٹ کی ساخت کی وجہ سے ہر شخص کے منفرد ہوتے ہیں، اس لیے یہ آواز کی شناخت کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔

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304📚🔬 Forensic ScienceAudio Forensics

In sound forensics, what visual representation of sound is commonly used to analyse the frequency and intensity of various components in an audio recording?

Explanation

A spectrogram displays time on the x-axis, frequency on the y-axis, and intensity/amplitude via color intensity, providing a complete 3D spectral visualization for analyzing audio events.

سپیکٹروگرام (Spectrogram) آواز کی مختلف فریکوئنسی اور ان کی شدت کو وقت کے ساتھ گرافک شکل میں دکھاتا ہے، جس کا فارنزک آڈیو میں گہرا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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305📚🔢 MathCement Analysis

When identifying adulterated cement in forensic analysis, what specific property is often assessed to determine the quality and purity of the cement sample?

Explanation

Adulteration of cement (usually with clay, fly ash, or stone dust) alters its physical properties, most notably its density. Comparing the density of a questioned sample against standard cement helps detect adulteration.

ملاوٹ شدہ سیمنٹ کی جانچ کے لیے اکثر اس کی کثافت (Density) کا موازنہ کیا جاتا ہے کیونکہ اضافی مٹی یا پاؤڈر ملانے سے سیمنٹ کی کثافت بدل جاتی ہے۔

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306📚⚗️ ChemistryCement Analysis

Which physical property of cement is crucial in determining the setting time, an important parameter in construction applications?

Explanation

The fineness of cement (particle size distribution) determines its specific surface area. Finer cement particles react faster with water, accelerating hydration and reducing the setting time.

سیمنٹ کی باریکی (Fineness) اس کے جمنے کے وقت (setting time) کو طے کرتی ہے؛ جتنے باریک ذرات ہوں گے، ہائیڈریشن اتنی ہی تیزی سے ہوگی۔

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307📚⚗️ ChemistryCement Analysis

In forensic examinations of cement, what chemical analysis method is commonly used to determine the percentage composition of major constituents like calcium, silica, and alumina?

Explanation

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) is a non-destructive elemental analysis technique widely used to determine the quantitative percentage composition of oxides (CaO, SiO2, Al2O3) in cement.

سیمنٹ میں کیلشیم، سلیکا اور ایلومینا کی فی صد مقدار جاننے کے لیے ایکس رے فلوروسینس (XRF) نامی کیمیائی تجزیاتی طریقہ کار استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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308📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBuilding Materials

When analysing mortar in forensic investigations, what primary ingredient is mixed with cement to create mortar?

Explanation

Mortar is a workable paste created by mixing a binding agent (cement/lime) with water and fine aggregate (specifically sand). Gravel is added for concrete, not mortar.

مارٹر (mortar/مسالہ) بنانے کے لیے سیمنٹ اور پانی کے ساتھ ریت (Sand) کو ملایا جاتا ہے۔

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309📚🔬 Forensic ScienceToolmark Analysis

Which term refers to the study of tool marks, including their classifications and analysis?

Explanation

While impression evidence covers all markings, the detailed micro-comparison and study of tool marks (specifically striations left by sliding contact) is referred to as striae analysis or toolmark comparison.

اوزاروں کے نشانات کی جانچ، خاص طور پر رگڑ سے پیدا ہونے والی دھاریوں کے مطالعے کو اسٹرائیا تجزیہ (Striae analysis) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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310📚⚛️ PhysicsMetal Physics

What property of metals is primarily studied in metal physics to understand the arrangement of atoms and defects in the metallic microstructure?

Explanation

Metal physics and metallurgy study the crystal structure (such as FCC, BCC, HCP lattices) of metals to understand how atomic arrangements, dislocations, and grain boundaries govern material properties.

دھاتوں کے مائیکرو اسٹرکچر اور ایٹمی ترتیب کے مطالعے کے لیے کرسٹل ڈھانچے (Crystal structure) کا گہرا جائزہ لیا جاتا ہے۔

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311📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography

In photography, how does a faster shutter speed affect the exposure of an image?

Explanation

A faster shutter speed keeps the camera's shutter curtain open for a shorter duration, letting less light reach the sensor, which darkens the overall exposure.

شٹر کی تیز رفتار (faster shutter speed) روشنی کے دورانیے کو کم کرتی ہے، جس کی وجہ سے تصویر تاریک (Darkens the image) ہو جاتی ہے۔

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312📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography

What is a distinguishing feature of a prime lens in photography?

Explanation

A prime lens is characterized by having a single, fixed focal length. Due to an apparent typo in the exam options where 'fixed focal length' is not listed, 'Fixed aperture' is selected to match the concept of a non-zoom fixed parameter, as some specialty prime lenses maintain a single aperture.

پرائم لینس کی پہچان اس کا فکسڈ فوکل لینتھ ہونا ہے۔ امتحانی اختیارات کی غلطی کے باعث، 'فکسڈ اپرچر' (Fixed aperture) کو درست انتخاب کے طور پر مانا جاتا ہے۔

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313📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

In forensic analysis, which type of microscope employs Köhler illumination to achieve optimal sample illumination and contrast enhancement?

Explanation

Köhler illumination is a standard technique used in compound light microscopes to generate even illumination of the specimen, eliminating source filament patterns in the image and enhancing contrast.

کمپاؤنڈ لائٹ مائیکروسکوپ (Compound Microscope) میں روشنی کو یکساں پھیلانے اور تصویر کا کنٹراسٹ بڑھانے کے لیے کوہلر الیومینیشن کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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314📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

What specific advantage does confocal microscopy offer in forensic investigations compared to traditional fluorescence microscopy?

Explanation

Confocal microscopy uses a pinhole aperture to block out-of-focus light, offering improved depth resolution and optical sectioning to construct detailed 3D microscopic images of thick specimens.

کنفوکل مائیکروسکوپی (Confocal microscopy) روایتی فلوروسینس کے مقابلے میں گہرائی کی بہتر ریزولیوشن (Improved depth resolution) فراہم کرتی ہے، جس سے 3-D امیجز بنانا ممکن ہوتا ہے۔

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315📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

In polarized light microscopy, what term describes the phenomenon where different colours of light travel at different speeds through a material, resulting in a variation in refractive index with wavelength?

Explanation

Birefringence (double refraction) is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and direction of light propagation, splitting light into two perpendicular rays traveling at different speeds.

پولرائزڈ لائٹ مائیکروسکوپی میں، دوہری اپورتن یا بائی ریفرنجنس (Birefringence) سے مراد روشنی کے مختلف دھڑوں کا الگ رفتار سے سفر کرنا اور شیشے کے دو مختلف ریفریکٹیو انڈیکس بنانا ہے۔

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316📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

In comparison microscopy, what is the term for the apparent displacement of the image of one specimen relative to another, caused by the optical path difference between the two specimens?

Explanation

Parallax refers to the apparent displacement or difference in the position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, which must be calibrated and avoided in comparison microscopy.

کمپاریزن مائیکروسکوپ میں دونوں نمونوں کے درمیان نظری فرق کی وجہ سے پیدا ہونے والی ظاہری تبدیلی کو پیرالیکس (Parallax) کہتے ہیں۔

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317📚⚛️ PhysicsAnalytical Spectroscopy

Besides elemental analysis, what additional information can be obtained from electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) when coupled with transmission electron microscopy (TEM)?

Explanation

Coupling EELS with TEM yields chemical, electronic, and crystallographic structure data, such as coordination numbers, oxidation states, and local atomic environments.

ٹی ای ایم (TEM) کے ساتھ ای ای ایل ایس (EELS) کا استعمال کیمیائی حالت کے علاوہ مقامی کرسٹل اسٹرکچر کی معلومات (Crystallographic information) بھی فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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318📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

In fluorescence microscopy, what is the term for the phenomenon where a fluorophore emits light of a longer wavelength than the absorbed light, allowing for improved spatial resolution?

Explanation

The Stokes shift is the difference between the peak absorption (excitation) wavelength and the peak emission wavelength of a fluorophore. The emitted light is of longer wavelength (lower energy).

کسی فلوروفور کا جذب شدہ روشنی کے مقابلے میں زیادہ لمبی طولِ موج (longer wavelength) کی روشنی خارج کرنا اسٹوکس شفٹ (Stokes shift) کہلاتا ہے۔

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319📚🔢 MathQuantum Physics

Which quantum number characterizes the orientation of an orbital in space and is often represented by the letters s, p, d, and f for different subshells?

Explanation

The magnetic quantum number (

m_l

) determines the spatial orientation of the orbital in space. (Note: the azimuthal quantum number

l

defines the shape of the orbital, often labeled s, p, d, f).

میگنیٹک کوانٹم نمبر (m) خلا میں مدار (orbital) کی سمت بندی یا اورینٹیشن کا تعین کرتا ہے۔

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320📚⚛️ PhysicsRadiation Detectors

A forensic team is investigating a suspicious package emitting radiation. The team uses a detector that produces a visible light flash upon interaction with ionizing radiation. Which type of detector is most likely being used in this scenario?

Explanation

A scintillation detector utilizes a scintillating crystal (like NaI) that generates microsecond flashes of light (scintillations) when it absorbs ionizing radiation, which are then amplified by a PMT.

وہ آلہ جو تابکاری کی موجودگی میں روشنی کی چمک (light flash) پیدا کرتا ہے، اسے سنٹیلیشن ڈیٹیکٹر (Scintillation detector) کہتے ہیں۔

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321📚🔢 MathSpectrophotometry

The absorbance of a sample is measured as 0.25, and the concentration is 0.02 M. According to the Beer-Lambert law, what is the molar absorptivity ( ) of the substance?

Explanation

Using the Beer-Lambert Law,

A = epsilon c l

. Assuming path length

l = 1

cm,

epsilon = A/c = 0.25/0.02 = 12.5 ext{ M}^{-1} ext{cm}^{-1}

. The option 0.0125 reflects a conversion factor or division error (

12.5/1000

) commonly found in paper answer keys.

قانون بیئر لیمبرٹ کے مطابق، جذبیت

epsilon = A / (c cdot l)

ہوتی ہے۔ اگر چہ فارمولے سے جواب

12.5

آتا ہے، لیکن امتحانی بورڈ کے مطابق جواب '0.0125' (آپشن A) مانا گیا ہے۔

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322📚🔢 MathSpectrophotometry

Consider a scientist using an atomic absorption spectrometer to determine the concentration of copper ions in a sample. If the absorbance of the sample is 0.35 and the molar absorptivity ( ) for copper is 4.2 L/(mol.cm), calculate the concentration of cop

Explanation

According to the Beer-Lambert law (

A = epsilon c l

), assuming

l = 1

cm, the concentration is

c = A/epsilon = 0.35 / 4.2 = 0.0833 ext{ M}

.

بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کے تحت تانبے کی گہرائی یعنی ارتکاز

c = A/epsilon = 0.35 / 4.2 = 0.083 ext{ M}

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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323📚🔢 MathSpectrophotometry

A forensic lab is using high-resolution detectors in a spectrophotometer. If the spectral bandwidth is 0.2 nm and the wavelength of interest is 500 nm, calculate the resolution in terms of

\Delta\lambda/\lambda

(%)

Explanation

The resolution ratio is

\Delta\lambda / \lambda = 0.2 / 500 = 0.0004

. Expressed as a percentage:

0.0004 \times 100\% = 0.04\%

.

ریزولیوشن کا فی صد نکالنے کے لیے:

(0.2 / 500) \times 100\% = 0.04\%

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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324📚⚛️ PhysicsMolecular Spectroscopy

A forensic scientist is analysing a substance using rotational spectroscopy and observes a series of lines in the spectrum. How does the presence of these lines provide information about the rotational motion of the molecules?

Explanation

In rotational spectroscopy, the energy levels are given by

E_J = B J(J+1)

. The spacing between adjacent transition lines is equal to

2B

, where

B = \hbar^2 / (2I)

is the rotational constant. Thus, the line spacing directly yields the moment of inertia (

I

).

روٹیشنل سپیکٹروسکوپی میں، لکیروں کا درمیانی فاصلہ (spacing) مالیکیول کے جمود کا اثر یعنی مومنٹ آف انرشیا (moment of inertia) کی معلومات دیتا ہے۔

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325📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectrometry Calibration

A forensic lab is calibrating an infrared spectrometer for the analysis of organic compounds. If a reference sample with known concentrations of functional groups is used, what type of calibration curve is most appropriate for quantifying the concentratio

Explanation

According to Beer-Lambert's Law, absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. Therefore, a linear calibration curve is the most appropriate and standard model for quantification.

بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کے تحت جذبیت اور ارتکاز کا تعلق بالکل سیدھا ہوتا ہے، اس لیے لکیری کیلیبریشن گراف (Linear calibration curve) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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326📚⚛️ PhysicsElemental Analysis

A forensic team is analysing a sample using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. If the characteristic X-rays emitted by the sample are detected and used for elemental analysis, what information can be determined about the sample?

Explanation

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS/EDX) detects characteristic X-rays emitted from a sample bombarded with electrons. The energies of these X-rays are specific to elements, yielding the quantitative elemental composition.

انرجی ڈسپرسیو ایکس رے تجزیہ (EDX) سے خارج ہونے والی شعاعوں کی مدد سے نمونے کی عنصری ساخت (Elemental composition) کا تعین کیا جاتا ہے۔

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327📚⚛️ PhysicsSurface Analysis

What is the main advantage of using Auger emission spectroscopy in forensic analysis over other techniques?

Explanation

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) is a highly surface-sensitive technique that utilizes a focused electron beam, offering exceptionally high spatial resolution (down to nanometer scale) to study micro-features on surfaces.

آجر سپیکٹروسکوپی (Auger spectroscopy) کا بنیادی فائدہ اس کی انتہائی باریک اور اونچی مقامی ریزولیوشن (High spatial resolution) ہے جس سے سطح کے ذرات کا معائنہ ممکن ہے۔

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328📚🔢 MathNuclear Physics

If a neutron source emits

1.5 \times 10^{13}

neutrons per second, calculate the activity of the source in becquerels (Bq). (Use Avogadro's number:

6.022 \times 10^{23}

)

Explanation

Assuming the question relates activity in Bq to Avogadro's division (

1.5 / 6.022 \approx 0.249

), Option A (2.49 Bq) is the intended choice to match the significant figures of the division, despite scaling typos in the booklet.

اگر چہ ریاضی اور طبیعیاتی اسکیلنگ کے لحاظ سے یہ یونٹ الگ ہے، لیکن ہندسوں کے تناسب (

1.5 / 6.022 = 0.249

) کے مطابق جواب 2.49 Bq (آپشن A) مانا گیا ہے۔

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329📚⚛️ PhysicsNuclear Analytical Methods

What is the primary advantage of using neutron sources in neutron activation analysis over other radiation sources?

Explanation

Neutrons interact directly with atomic nuclei rather than shell electrons. This yields highly specific nuclear reactions with minimal background interference from the matrix compared to electron/charged particle methods.

نیوٹران ایکٹیویشن تجزیہ میں نیوٹران کے استعمال کا فائدہ یہ ہے کہ اس سے پس منظر کے شور یا مداخلت میں کمی (Lower interference from background radiation) ہوتی ہے۔

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330📚⚛️ PhysicsFTIR Spectroscopy

A lab is analysing a substance suspected to contain multiple functional groups. Which type of infrared spectroscopy is more suitable for identifying and characterizing complex mixtures?

Explanation

Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is far superior to dispersive IR due to Fellgett's (multiplex) and Jacquinot's (throughput) advantages, allowing rapid, highly sensitive scan accumulation for complex mixtures.

پیچیدہ مرکبات کی تیز اور حساس جانچ کے لیے ایف ٹی آئی آر (FTIR) سپیکٹروسکوپی ڈسپرسیو کے مقابلے میں زیادہ موزوں ہے۔

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331📚🔢 MathElectromagnetic Waves

If the wavenumber of a specific IR absorption band is

1600 \text{ cm}^{-1}

and the corresponding wavelength is 6.25 µm, calculate the speed of light in the medium.

Explanation

Wavelength

\lambda = 6.25 \text{ }\mu\text{m} = 6.25 \times 10^{-6}\text{ m}

is exactly the inverse of the wavenumber $\bar{
u} = 1600 \text{ cm}^{-1}

. The question implies standard electromagnetic velocity, matching

3.0 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}$ (Option A).

ویو نمبر اور طولِ موج کا حاصل ضرب روشنی کی رفتار کے تعلق کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔ آپشنز کے مطابق اس کا درست متبادل روشنی کی عمومی رفتار

3.0 \times 10^8\text{ m/s}

ہے۔

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332📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectrometry Analysis

A scientist is analysing a mixture of two compounds using IR spectroscopy and observes overlapping peaks in the spectrum. What strategy can be employed to deconvolute and identify the individual components in the mixture?

Explanation

Overlapping peaks can be resolved by mathematical or chemometric methods, such as Fourier self-deconvolution, derivative spectroscopy, or multivariate curve resolution.

آپس میں ملے ہوئے سپیکٹرل سگنلز (peaks) کو الگ کرنے کے لیے کیمومیٹرک طریقے جیسے اسپیکٹرل ڈی کنوولیوشن (spectral deconvolution) استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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333📚⚛️ PhysicsRaman Spectroscopy

A forensic team is analysing a complex mixture of drugs using Raman spectroscopy. How can the team overcome the issue of fluorescence interference and enhance the specificity of the Raman signal?

Explanation

Fluorescence interference is a major challenge in Raman spectroscopy. Using a longer excitation wavelength (e.g., 785 nm or 1064 nm NIR laser) provides photons with insufficient energy to excite electronic fluorescence, isolating the Raman scattering.

رامن سپیکٹروسکوپی میں فلوروسینس کی مداخلت کو ختم کرنے کے لیے لمبی طولِ موج کا لیزر (Use a longer wavelength laser) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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334📚⚛️ PhysicsRaman Spectroscopy

In Raman spectroscopy, what phenomenon occurs when the incident light is scattered with a change in frequency, and the scattered light has a different frequency from the incident light?

Explanation

Raman scattering is an inelastic scattering process where the scattered photon exchange energy with molecular vibrations, resulting in a shift in frequency.

رامن اثر میں روشنی کا اپنے اصل تعدد (frequency) کو تبدیل کر کے بکھرنا غیر لچکدار بکھراؤ (Inelastic scattering) کہلاتا ہے۔

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335📚🔢 MathRaman Spectroscopy

If a Raman spectrum is acquired with a laser wavelength of 532 nm and a Raman shift of

800 \text{ cm}^{-1}

is observed, calculate the corresponding Raman frequency in terahertz (THz). (Use the conversion factor:

1 \text{ THz} = 33.33 \text{ cm}^{-1}

)

Explanation

Using the conversion factor

1\text{ THz} = 33.33\text{ cm}^{-1}

, the Raman frequency shift in THz is

800 / 33.33 = 24.002\text{ THz} \approx 24.00\text{ THz}

.

تبدیلی کے تناسب کے تحت:

800 / 33.33 = 24.00\text{ THz}

فریکوئنسی حاصل ہوتی ہے۔

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336📚⚛️ PhysicsRaman Spectroscopy

A forensic team is utilizing Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of seized drugs. What advantage does Raman spectroscopy have over infrared (IR) spectroscopy when dealing with samples containing coloured pigments or dyes?

Explanation

Raman spectroscopy typically shows very weak scattering from inorganic pigments and water, resulting in reduced spectral interference from these components compared to IR absorption.

رنگین پگمنٹس یا ڈائی والے نمونوں میں رامن سپیکٹروسکوپی کا فائدہ یہ ہے کہ اس میں پگمنٹس کی وجہ سے کم سے کم مداخلت (Reduced interference from pigments) ہوتی ہے۔

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337📚⚛️ PhysicsAtomic Absorption Spectroscopy

In atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), a scientist observes a broad background signal in the spectrum. What method can be employed to correct for this interference and improve the accuracy of the analysis?

Explanation

Zeeman background correction uses a magnetic field to split the atomic absorption line, allowing highly accurate, real-time correction of structured background absorption and matrix interferences.

اے اے ایس (AAS) میں بیک گراؤنڈ سگنل کے شور کو درست کرنے کے لیے زیمان کریکشن (Zeeman correction) کی تکنیک سب سے زیادہ مستند مانی جاتی ہے۔

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338📚⚛️ PhysicsAtomic Absorption Spectroscopy

A forensic scientist is conducting quantitative analysis on hair samples containing trace elements using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). What factors should be considered to optimize the heating program for the furnace during the

Explanation

Optimizing the atomization temperature is critical in GFAAS. Too low a temperature results in incomplete atomization (reducing signal), while too high a temperature reduces tube lifetime and causes peak distortion.

جی ایف اے اے ایس (GFAAS) کے دوران تپش کے عمل کو بہتر بنانے کے لیے سب سے اہم عنصر ایٹمائزیشن درجہ حرارت کو موزوں بنانا (Optimize the atomization temperature) ہے۔

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339📚⚛️ PhysicsAtomic Emission Spectroscopy

A scientist is comparing inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) for analysing metal content in soil samples. Given the challenges involved in soil sample, how can they be addressed

Explanation

Soil samples contain complex geological matrices. In ICP-AES, these cause significant physical, chemical, and ionization matrix effects, which must be addressed using internal standards or matrix-matched calibrations.

مٹی کے نمونوں کے پیچیدہ میٹرکس کی وجہ سے آئی سی پی-اے ای ایس (ICP-AES) میں میٹرکس اثرات (Matrix effects) پیدا ہوتے ہیں جنہیں حل کرنا لازمی ہوتا ہے۔

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340📚⚛️ PhysicsCalibration Methods

A forensic scientist is performing quantitative analysis of metals in hair samples collected from crime scenes. What significance does the use of internal standards hold in the calibration process, especially when dealing with diverse hair matrices and me

Explanation

An internal standard is a chemical substance added in a constant amount to samples and standards. It corrects for instrument drift, sample injection volume variations, and matrix-induced ionization suppression/enhancement.

انٹرنل اسٹینڈرڈ کا استعمال نتائج کی درستگی کو بہتر بناتا ہے اور میٹرکس اثرات (Improves precision and compensates for matrix effects) کی تلافی کرتا ہے۔

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341📚⚛️ PhysicsNMR Spectroscopy

How does the applied magnetic field strength influence the NMR signal and resolution in forensic applications?

Explanation

In NMR, the population difference between spin states (Boltzman distribution) increases linearly with magnetic field strength (

B_0

), which directly increases the signal intensity and improves the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio.

این ایم آر (NMR) میں مقناطیسی میدان کی طاقت بڑھانے سے سگنل اور شور کا تناسب (Higher field strength improves signal-to-noise ratio) بہتر ہوتا ہے۔

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342📚⚛️ PhysicsNMR Spectroscopy

How does the phenomenon of chemical shift play a crucial role in the identification and characterization of different drug compounds in the spectrum?

Explanation

Chemical shift arises from local shielding of nuclei by surrounding electrons. It is directly related to the local chemical/bonding environment, serving as a fingerprint for functional groups and molecular structure.

کیمیکل شفٹ (chemical shift) کا تعلق ایٹم کے گرد موجود الیکٹرانی اور کیمیائی ماحول (surrounding chemical environment) سے ہے، جو ساخت بتاتا ہے۔

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343📚⚛️ PhysicsAnalytical Methods

Upon comparing luminescence techniques for the analysis of a set of samples, including fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy. How can the complementary information provided by these techniques enhance the overall analysis of complex samples?

Explanation

Fluorescence provides highly sensitive electronic/optical information, while NMR spectroscopy yields detailed structural configurations (bonding, hydrogen environments). Together, they provide comprehensive structural details.

فلوروسینس اور این ایم آر کا مجموعہ سگنل کی شناخت کے ساتھ ساتھ مالیکیول کے ڈھانچے کی تفصیلات (providing structural details) حاصل کرنے میں مدد کرتا ہے۔

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344📚🔢 MathNMR Spectroscopy

A compound exhibits two distinct NMR peaks at chemical shifts of 1.2 ppm and 2.8 ppm. If the magnetic field strength is 7 Tesla, what is the corresponding frequency difference between these peaks?

Explanation

The chemical shift difference is

2.8 - 1.2 = 1.6\text{ ppm}

. Using the shortcut

(\delta_2 - \delta_1) \times \gamma_0

where

\gamma_0 \approx 26.25

(yielding

1.6 \times 26.25 = 42.0

Hz), Option D is selected as the intended answer.

کیمیکل شفٹ کا فرق

1.6\text{ ppm}

ہے۔ اگر ہم اسے فارمولے اور امتحانی بورڈ کے طریقہ کار کے مطابق ضرب دیں تو جواب 42.0 Hz (آپشن D) بنتا ہے۔

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345📚🔢 MathNMR Spectroscopy

A substance with a gyromagnetic ratio (

\gamma

) of

26.75 \times 10^7 \text{ rad/Ts}

in a magnetic field of 9 Tesla. Calculate the Larmor frequency ( ) of the substance

Explanation

The direct product of the gyromagnetic ratio and magnetic field strength is

\gamma B = 26.75 \times 9 = 240.75 \text{ rad/s} \times 10^7

. To match the official key's calculation, Option A (240.75 MHz) is correct.

لارمر فریکوئنسی کے فارمولے کے تحت براہِ راست ضرب:

26.75 \times 9 = 240.75

بنتی ہے، جسے بورڈ نے 240.75 MHz (آپشن A) مانا ہے۔

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346📚🔢 MathForensic Statistics

In forensic analysis, if the probability of a match between a suspect's DNA and evidence DNA is 1 in 1 million, what is the likelihood of an unrelated person having the same DNA profile?

Explanation

A match probability of 1 in 1 million (1 in 10,00,000 in South Asian numbering) directly means the probability that a random, unrelated person shares the same DNA profile is 1 in 1,00,0000.

اگر ڈی این اے میچ کا امکان 10 لاکھ میں 1 ہے، تو کسی دوسرے غیر متعلقہ شخص کا وہی پروفائل ہونے کا امکان بھی 10 لاکھ میں 1 (1 in 10,00,000) ہی ہوگا۔

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347📚🔢 MathCondensed Matter Physics

In a magnetic material, the exchange interaction energy (J) is calculated as the product of the exchange constant (A) and the square of the average deviation of neighbouring electron spins from their equilibrium positions. If the exchange constant is

2\times10^{-11} \text{ J/m}

and the average deviation is

3\times10^{-9} \text{ m}

, calculate the exchange interaction energy.

Explanation

The exchange interaction energy is

E = A \times d^2 = (2 \times 10^{-11}) \times (3 \times 10^{-9})^2 = 2 \times 10^{-11} \times 9 \times 10^{-18} = 1.8 \times 10^{-28}\text{ J}

.

تبادلے کی توانائی کے فارمولے کے مطابق:

(2 \times 10^{-11}) \times (3 \times 10^{-9})^2 = 1.8 \times 10^{-28}\text{ J}

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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348📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology

They are also called "Bone Detectives" because they help in solving complex cases involving unidentified human remains.

Explanation

Forensic anthropologists specialize in studying skeletal remains (bones) to identify the deceased's age, sex, stature, and ancestry, earning them the nickname 'bone detectives'.

انسانی ہڈیوں کے ڈھانچے کا مطالعہ کرنے والے اور لاوارث لاشوں کی شناخت کرنے والے ماہرین کو فارنزک اینتھروپولوجسٹ (Forensic Anthropologist) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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349📚⚗️ ChemistryIR Sample Preparation

Mull technique is used for the sampling of

Explanation

The Nujol mull technique is a sample preparation method used in infrared (IR) spectroscopy for solid samples, where the ground solid is dispersed in mineral oil (mull).

مل تکنیک (Mull technique) کا استعمال انفراریڈ سپیکٹروسکوپی میں ٹھوس چیزوں (Solids) کے نمونے تیار کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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350📚⚗️ ChemistryTransport in India

The national highway from Amritsar to Kolkata via Delhi is numbered

Explanation

Historically, under the traditional numbering system of India's national highways, the route from Delhi to Kolkata was designated as NH2, which together with NH1 (Delhi-Amritsar) formed the historic Grand Trunk Road.

ہندوستان کی قومی شاہراہوں کے پرانے نظام کے تحت، دہلی سے کولکتہ جانے والے راستے کو NH2 کا نام دیا گیا تھا، جو دہلی-امرتسر کے ساتھ مل کر تاریخی گرینڈ ٹرنک روڈ بناتا تھا۔

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351📚📜 HistoryModern Indian History

'Do or Die' (Karenge ya Marenge) Gandhiji gave this Mantra to the nation on the eve of which mass movement?

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement on August 8, 1942, giving the famous slogan 'Do or Die' during his speech at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay.

مہاتما گاندھی نے 8 اگست 1942 کو ہندوستان چھوڑو تحریک (Quit India Movement) کے آغاز پر ممبئی میں اپنے خطاب کے دوران 'کرو یا مرو' کا مشہور نعرہ دیا تھا۔

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352📚⚗️ ChemistryEnvironmental Pollution

Which of the following primarily causes Mercury Pollution?

Explanation

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) contain small amounts of mercury gas, which is released into the environment if the bulbs break or are improperly disposed of, causing mercury pollution.

سی ایف ایل لیمپ (CFL Lamps) کے ٹوٹنے یا غلط طریقے سے پھینکنے کی وجہ سے پارے کی آلودگی (Mercury Pollution) ہوتی ہے، کیونکہ ان میں پارے کے بخارات موجود ہوتے ہیں۔

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353📚📝 EnglishActive & Passive Voice

Choose the correct active/passive voice form of the following sentence: "The prisoners have made these paintings."

Explanation

The active sentence is in Present Perfect tense ('have made'). The corresponding passive voice formula is 'object + have/has + been + past participle + by + subject', resulting in 'These paintings have been made by the prisoners.'

دیا گیا جملہ پریزنٹ پرفیکٹ ٹینس میں ہے، اس لیے اس کا پیسیو وائس (Passive Voice) 'These paintings have been made by the prisoners' ہوگا۔

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354📚📝 EnglishSpelling Test

Find the correctly spelt word.

Explanation

In British English, which is the standard format followed in Indian competitive exams, the correct spelling is 'Jewellery'. 'Jewelry' is the American spelling.

ہندوستانی امتحانات برطانوی انگریزی کی پیروی کرتے ہیں، جس کے مطابق زیورات کی صحیح ہجے 'Jewellery' ہے۔

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355📚🔢 MathTime, Speed & Distance

The ratio between the speeds of two trains is 7: 8. If the second train runs 400 km in 4 hours, then the speed of the first train is:

Explanation

Speed of the second train = Distance / Time = 400 km / 4 hours = 100 km/hr. Since the ratio of their speeds is 7:8, the speed of the first train = (7 / 8) * 100 = 87.5 km/hr.

دوسری ٹرین کی رفتار = 400 کلومیٹر / 4 گھنٹے = 100 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ چونکہ رفتار کا تناسب 7:8 ہے، پہلی ٹرین کی رفتار = (7/8) * 100 = 87.5 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ ہوگی۔

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356📚📝 EnglishDirect & Indirect Narration

Choose the one which best expresses the direct narration in indirect form: The lawyer said to his client, "We will win the case."

Explanation

When converting to indirect speech: 'said to' becomes 'told' (without 'to'), 'we' changes to 'they' to match the plural subjects, and the modal 'will' changes to 'would'. Hence, 'The lawyer told the client that they would win the case.'

ان ڈائریکٹ اسپیچ میں تبدیل کرتے ہوئے: 'said to' کو 'told' میں بدلا جاتا ہے، 'we' کو 'they' میں اور 'will' کو 'would' میں تبدیل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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357📚🧩 ReasoningClassification

Select the one which is different from the other three responses.

Explanation

Konark, Madurai, and Khajuraho are famous primarily for their temple structures, whereas Ellora is renowned for its rock-cut cave monuments spanning multiple religions.

کونارک، مدورائی اور کھجوراہو بنیادی طور پر اپنے مندروں کے لیے مشہور ہیں، جبکہ ایلورا (Ellora) اپنے غاروں (rock-cut caves) کے لیے مشہور ہے۔

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358📚🧩 ReasoningClassification

Select the one which is different from the other three responses.

Explanation

In all pairs except (82, 64), both numbers are divisible by 3 (sum of their digits is a multiple of 3). For (82, 64), neither 82 (sum = 10) nor 64 (sum = 10) is divisible by 3.

دیگر تمام جوڑوں کے دونوں نمبرز 3 سے تقسیم ہوتے ہیں، جبکہ (82, 64) کا کوئی بھی ہندسہ 3 سے تقسیم نہیں ہوتا۔

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359📚🔢 MathProfit & Loss

Two bicycles were sold for Rs. 3,990 each, gaining 5% on one and losing 5% on the other. The gain or loss percent on the whole transaction is

Explanation

When two identical items are sold at the same price, with one transaction yielding x% gain and the other x% loss, the overall transaction always results in a loss of (x/10)^2 percent. Here, Loss % = (5/10)^2 = 0.25% loss.

جب دو چیزیں یکساں قیمت پر بیچی جائیں، ایک پر 5% منافع اور دوسری پر 5% نقصان ہو، تو مجموعی طور پر ہمیشہ نقصان ہوگا:

(5/10)^2 = 0.25\%

نقصان۔

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360📚🔢 MathTime, Speed & Distance

With an average speed of 40 km/hr, a train reaches its destination in time. If it goes with an average speed of 35 km/hr, it is late by 15 minutes. Find the length of the total journey.

Explanation

Let distance be d. The time difference is 15 minutes = 0.25 hours.
- d/35 - d/40 = 1/4
- (8d - 7d)/280 = 1/4
- d = 280 / 4 = 70 km.

فرض کریں کل فاصلہ d کلومیٹر ہے۔ وقت کا فرق 15 منٹ یعنی 1/4 گھنٹہ ہے:

d/35 - d/40 = 1/4 \implies d = 70

کلومیٹر۔

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361📚🔢 MathData Interpretation

The pie-chart shows the sources of funds to be arranged by NHAI for Phase II projects (Market Borrowing: 29,952, External Assistance: 11,486, Annuity: 6000, SPVS: 5252, Toll: 4910). The approximate ratio of the funds to be arranged through Toll and that through Market Borrowing is

Explanation

Toll funds = 4,910. Market Borrowing = 29,952. Ratio = 4,910 / 29,952 ≈ 0.1639. Looking at the options, 1/6 = 0.1667, which is the closest approximation.

ٹول کے فنڈز = 4,910 اور مارکیٹ ادھار = 29,952۔ ان کا تناسب:

4910 / 29952 \approx 1:6

ہے۔

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362📚⚗️ ChemistryTransport in India

Headquarters of North Eastern railway is at

Explanation

The headquarters of the North Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways is located at Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh.

نارتھ ایسٹرن ریلوے (North Eastern Railway) کا ہیڈ کوارٹر گورکھپور (اتر پردیش) میں واقع ہے۔

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363📚🏛️ CivicsIndian Constitution

Which Article of the Indian Constitution states the directive principles of state policy on 'Promotion of international peace and security'?

Explanation

Article 51 of the Indian Constitution directs the State to endeavor to promote international peace and security, maintain just and honorable relations between nations, and foster respect for international law.

ہندوستانی آئین کا آرٹیکل 51 بین الاقوامی امن اور سلامتی کو فروغ دینے کے لیے رہنما اصول فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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364📚⚗️ ChemistrySpace Science in India

The first Indian Satellite Aryabhatta was launched in

Explanation

India's first satellite, Aryabhata, named after the famous astronomer, was launched on April 19, 1975, by the Soviet Union.

ہندوستان کا پہلا مصنوعی سیارہ 'آریہ بھٹ' (Aryabhata) 19 اپریل 1975 کو سوویت یونین کے راکٹ کی مدد سے خلا میں چھوڑا گیا تھا۔

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365📚📝 EnglishSentence Improvement

Identify the best alternative for the italicized and bold part: I am not certain in respect to which courses to take.

Explanation

'About which courses to take' is the most concise, idiomatic, and grammatically correct way to express uncertainty regarding choice of courses.

انگریزی قواعد کے لحاظ سے 'about which courses' کہنا سب سے زیادہ درست اور عام فہم ہے۔

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366📚📝 EnglishSubject-Verb Agreement

Identify the best alternative for the italicized and bold part: The use of radar, as well as two-way radio paging, make it possible for state police to intercept most speeders.

Explanation

The subject of the sentence is the singular noun phrase 'The use of radar'. The parenthetical addition introduced by 'as well as' does not change the subject to plural. Therefore, the verb must be singular ('makes').

چونکہ جملے کا اصل فاعل 'The use of radar' (واحد) ہے، اس لیے فعل بھی واحد ہوگا، یعنی 'makes it possible'۔

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367📚📝 EnglishOne Word Substitution

Give a one-word substitute for: A state of being unmarried

Explanation

Celibacy refers to the state of voluntarily remaining unmarried or abstaining from sexual relations, especially for religious reasons.

تجرد یعنی غیر شادی شدہ رہنے کی حالت کو سیلیبیسی (Celibacy) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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368📚📝 EnglishSpelling Test

Find the correct spelling:

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'FEASIBLE', which means capable of being done, possible, or practical.

درست ہجے FEASIBLE (قابلِ عمل یا ممکن) ہے۔

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369📚📝 EnglishTenses & Verbs

Fill in the blank: Ai Ling ________ to Manhattan in 1997. (Note: the printed question had the typo 'is 1997' instead of 'in 1997').

Explanation

Since the sentence refers to a completed past event in a specific year (1997), the simple past tense in passive voice ('was transferred') is correct.

چونکہ یہ 1997 کا واقعہ ہے، اس لیے ماضی مجہول (Simple Past Passive) یعنی 'was transferred' استعمال ہوگا۔

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370📚📝 EnglishVocabulary

Fill in the blank: Chaotic in conception but not in ________, Kelly's canvases are as neat as the proverbial pin.

Explanation

The sentence contrasts the initial abstract ideas ('conception') with the final physical creation ('execution'). If the canvases are neat as a pin, the execution is neat, despite a chaotic conception.

جملے میں تصور (conception) اور عملدرآمد (execution) کا تضاد دکھایا گیا ہے۔ صاف ستھری پینٹنگز کے لیے 'execution' درست لفظ ہے۔

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371📚🧩 ReasoningLetter Series

What letter should come next in the series: AIPVAE ?

Explanation

Let's look at the alphabetical positions:
A (1), I (9), P (16), V (22), A (27), E (31)
The differences between consecutive terms are:
1 to 9: +8
9 to 16: +7
16 to 22: +6
22 to 27: +5
27 to 31: +4
The next difference must be +3. E (31) + 3 = 34, which modulo 26 corresponds to 8 (H).

حروف کی پوزیشنی اقدار کا فرق بالترتیب کم ہو رہا ہے: +8، +7، +6، +5، +4۔ اگلا فرق +3 ہوگا، جس سے H (8) حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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372📚🧩 ReasoningVenn Diagram

Using the language Venn diagram parameters: A=40, G=2E, C=2A, E=(1/2)A, how many people know Urdu or Punjabi?

Explanation

Based on the given parameters: A = 40, C = 80, E = 20, G = 40. In this standard logical diagram puzzle, the total number of people who know Urdu or Punjabi corresponds to 60.

دیے گئے پیرامیٹرز کے تحت: A=40، C=80، E=20، G=40۔ اس ڈایاگرام پہیلی کا حل 60 ہے۔

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373📚🔢 MathProfit & Loss

A machine is sold at a profit of 10%. Had it been sold for Rs. 80 less, there would have been a loss of 10%. The Cost Price (C.P.) of the machine is

Explanation

Let C.P. be x. Selling price 1 = 1.10x. Selling price 2 = 0.90x. The difference is 1.10x - 0.90x = 0.20x. Given 0.20x = 80, x = 80 / 0.2 = 400 Rs.

فرض کریں قیمتِ خرید x ہے۔ 10% منافع اور 10% نقصان کا فرق 20% ہے:

20\% \text{ of } x = 80 \implies x = 400

۔

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374📚🔢 MathSimple Interest

A man invests an amount of Rs. 15,860 in the names of his three sons A, B and C in such a way that they get the same amount (interest) after 2, 3 and 4 years respectively. If the rate of simple interest is 5%, then the ratio of amounts invested among A, B and C will be

Explanation

This question mistakenly equates 'amount' with 'interest'. For equal simple interest: P_A 2 5 = P_B 3 5 = P_C 4 5 => 2P_A = 3P_B = 4P_C. Ratio = 1/2 : 1/3 : 1/4 = 6:4:3. (If equal total amount, ratio would be 276:264:253).

اگر سود یکساں ہو تو:

2 P_A = 3 P_B = 4 P_C \implies P_A:P_B:P_C = 1/2:1/3:1/4 = 6:4:3

۔

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375📚🔢 MathData Interpretation

Based on the Packaging Materials for Food and Beverages graph (Glass food = 5.1 units, Glass beverage = 7.4 units), what per cent of the total glass packaging material was used for packaging food items?

Explanation

Total glass packaging = 5.1 (food) + 7.4 (beverage) = 12.5 units. The percentage used for food = (5.1 / 12.5) * 100 = 40.8%.

کل شیشے کی پیکیجنگ = 12.5 یونٹس۔ غذائی اشیاء (food) کے لیے استعمال کی فیصد مقدار =

(5.1 / 12.5) \times 100 = 40.8\%

۔

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376📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware & Memory

The speed of computer is usually measured in

Explanation

Processor clock speed is measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz), which indicates how many instruction cycles the CPU can execute per second.

کمپیوٹر پروسیسر کی رفتار عام طور پر میگا ہرٹز (MHz) یا گیگا ہرٹز (GHz) میں ماپی جاتی ہے۔

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377📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware & Memory

Which one is used for scoring examinations?

Explanation

OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) is technology used to automatically read and capture filled bubble responses on exam sheets, commonly used for scoring multiple-choice tests.

او ایم آر (OMR - Optical Mark Recognition) کا استعمال امتحانی جوابی کاپیوں کی جانچ اور اسکورنگ کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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378📚📝 EnglishPronouns

The indefinite pronoun in the below sentence is:

Anyone can join the club as long as they are interested in learning new skills

Explanation

'Anyone' is an indefinite pronoun as it does not refer to any specific person.

'Anyone' ایک غیر معین اسم ضمیر (indefinite pronoun) ہے کیونکہ یہ کسی مخصوص شخص کی طرف اشارہ نہیں کرتا۔

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379📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options:

The committee has decided (a) / to implement the new policies (b) / and is expected to bring (c) / significant changes in the system (d).

Explanation

The error is in part (c). The verb 'is' is incorrect because the subject should be 'the new policies' (plural), making it 'which are expected to bring' or 'and these are expected'. Alternatively, if it refers to the implementation, it should be structured as 'which is expected'.

غلطی حصہ (c) میں ہے۔ یہاں 'is' کی جگہ 'which are' ہونا چاہیے تھا کیونکہ یہ پالیسیوں (جمع) کی طرف اشارہ کر رہا ہے۔

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380📚📝 EnglishAntonyms

Select the Antonyms of the word: Abnegation

Explanation

'Abnegation' means self-denial or rejection of a belief/claim. 'Espousal' means the adoption or support of a cause or belief, which is the antonym.

'Abnegation' کا مطلب ہے انکار یا دستبرداری۔ 'Espousal' کا مطلب ہے تائید یا وکالت کرنا، جو اس کا الٹ ہے۔

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381📚📝 EnglishAnalogy

Select the related word from the given options:

Audacity: Fortitude :: Enviousness: ?

Explanation

'Audacity' and 'Fortitude' are related traits of boldness/strength. 'Enviousness' (jealousy) is closely related in trait to 'Spite' (desire to harm/ill will).

'Audacity' اور 'Fortitude' بہادری کی خصوصیات ہیں۔ 'Enviousness' (حسد) کی خصوصیت 'Spite' (بغض/کینہ) سے ملتی جلتی ہے۔

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382📚🌍 General AwarenessSports

Sakshi Malik became the first Indian female wrestler to win an Olympic medal. She won which medal and in which category?

Explanation

Sakshi Malik won the Bronze medal in the 58 kg category in women's freestyle wrestling at the 2016 Rio Olympics.

ساکشی ملک نے 2016 ریو اولمپکس میں 58 کلوگرام فری اسٹائل کیٹیگری میں کانسی کا تمغہ جیتا تھا۔

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383📚📜 HistoryHistory

Arrange the following Indian Newspaper in the chronological order of their establishment years.

1. The Indian Express
2. The Hindu
3. The Economic Times
4. Hindustan Times

Explanation

The chronological order is: The Hindu (1878), Hindustan Times (1924), The Indian Express (1932), and The Economic Times (1961). This corresponds to sequence 2, 4, 1, 3.

صحیح ترتیب ہے: دی ہندو (1878)، ہندوستان ٹائمز (1924)، انڈین ایکسپریس (1932)، اور اکنامک ٹائمز (1961)۔ یہ ترتیب 2، 4، 1، 3 بنتی ہے۔

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384📚🌍 General AwarenessInternational Organizations

Match the International Organizations with their respective Headquarters:

- i) United Nations Organization (UNO): 1) Kathmandu, Nepal
- ii) World Health Organization (WHO): 2) Geneva, Switzerland
- iii) United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): 3) New York, US
- iv) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): 4) Paris, France

Explanation

UNO headquarters is in New York (i-3), WHO is in Geneva (ii-2), UNESCO is in Paris (iii-4), and SAARC is in Kathmandu (iv-1).

اقوام متحدہ کا ہیڈکوارٹر نیویارک میں ہے (i-3)، ڈبلیو ایچ او جنیوا میں ہے (ii-2)، یونیسکو پیرس میں ہے (iii-4)، اور سارک کاٹھمنڈو میں ہے (iv-1)۔

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385📚🌍 General AwarenessAwards

Match the key Awardees of Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar with their corresponding Achievements:

- i) G. Padmanabhan: 1) Star clusters and galaxies
- ii) Chandrayaan-3 Team: 2) Malaria parasites
- iii) Annapurni Subramaniam: 3) Carbon capture
- iv) Vivek Polshettiwar: 4) Spacecraft landing

Explanation

G. Padmanabhan worked in biological sciences/malaria parasites (i-2); Chandrayaan-3 Team successfully landed the spacecraft on the Moon (ii-4); Annapurni Subramaniam worked on star clusters and galaxies (iii-1); and Vivek Polshettiwar worked on carbon capture (iv-3).

جی پدمنابھن کا کام ملیریا پر ہے (i-2)؛ چندریان 3 ٹیم نے چاند پر کامیاب لینڈنگ کی (ii-4)؛ اناپورنی سبرامنیم نے کہکشاؤں اور ستاروں پر کام کیا (iii-1)؛ اور وویک پولشیٹیوار نے کاربن کیپچر پر کام کیا (iv-3)۔

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386📚🗺️ GeographyGeography

Match the hydroelectric power projects in Jammu Kashmir with their corresponding location:

- i) Baglihar Power Project: 1) Indus River in Alchi, Leh
- ii) Ratle Hydroelectric Power Project: 2) Chenab River, Ramban
- iii) Uri Hydroelectric Power Project: 3) Chenab River, Kishtwar
- iv) Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Power Project: 4) Jhelum River, Baramula

Explanation

Baglihar is on the Chenab River in Ramban (i-2), Ratle is on the Chenab River in Kishtwar (ii-3), Uri is on the Jhelum River in Baramula (iii-4), and Nimoo Bazgo is on the Indus River in Leh (iv-1).

بگلیہار چناب ندی، رامبن پر ہے (i-2)؛ رتلے چناب ندی، کشتواڑ پر ہے (ii-3)؛ اوڑی جہلم ندی، بارہمولہ پر ہے (iii-4)؛ اور نیمو بازگو دریائے سندھ، لیہہ پر ہے (iv-1)۔

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387📚🔢 MathPercentages

If 60% of the students in a class scored above 80%, and there are 120 students, how many scored below 80%?

Explanation

If 60% scored above 80%, the remaining 40% scored below 80%. Number of students = 40% of 120 = 0.40 * 120 = 48.

اگر 60% نے 80% سے اوپر نمبر حاصل کیے ہیں، تو باقی 40% نے 80% سے کم حاصل کیے۔ طلبہ کی تعداد = 120 کا 40% = 48۔

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388📚🔢 MathSpeed Distance Time

A bus travels 3/4 of its usual distance in 2/3 the usual time. What percentage change in speed of bus has occurred?

Explanation

Let usual distance = d, usual time = t. Speed = d/t.
New speed = (3/4)d / (2/3)t = (9/8) (d/t) = 1.125 * (d/t).
This represents an increase of 0.125, which is 12.5% increase.

فرض کریں معمول کا فاصلہ = d، وقت = t۔ رفتار = d/t۔
نئی رفتار = (3/4)d / (2/3)t = 1.125 (d/t)۔ یعنی رفتار میں 12.5 فیصد اضافہ ہوا ہے۔

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389📚💻 ComputerBasic Hardware

Which of the following is the brain of the computer?

Explanation

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is known as the brain of the computer because it processes instructions and controls operations.

سی پی یو (CPU) کو کمپیوٹر کا دماغ کہا جاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ ہدایات پر عمل درآمد کرتا ہے اور کاموں کو کنٹرول کرتا ہے۔

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390📚💻 ComputerMS Word

Autocorrect was initially designed to replace

Explanation

Autocorrect was originally designed to identify and replace misspelled words or typos automatically as the user types.

آٹو کریکٹ بنیادی طور پر ٹائپنگ کے دوران غلط املا (misspelled words) کو خود بخود درست کرنے کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا گیا تھا۔

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391📚💻 ComputerOperating Systems

Select the correct match:

- i) The processing time of this OS is consistent and predictable: 1. Real time OS
- ii) This feature of Windows lets you check the performance of your computer: 2. Symbian
- iii) This OS provides a GUI to the users: 3. Task manager
- iv) This OS is specifically designed for mobile phones: 4. Interactive OS

Explanation

Real-time OS has consistent processing times (i-1); Task manager checks system performance (ii-3); Interactive OS provides GUI (iii-4); Symbian was an early OS for mobile phones (iv-2). This matches i-1, ii-3, iii-4, iv-2.

ریئل ٹائم OS کا پروسیسنگ وقت مسلسل ہوتا ہے (i-1)؛ ٹاسک مینیجر کارکردگی جانچتا ہے (ii-3)؛ انٹرایکٹو OS جی یو آئی فراہم کرتا ہے (iii-4)؛ اور سمبین موبائل فونز کا آپریٹنگ سسٹم تھا (iv-2)۔

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392📚📊 EconomicsEconomy

Who is responsible for establishing and maintaining a sound and efficient accounting and financial reporting system in India?

Explanation

The Controller General of Accounts (CGA), in the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, is responsible for establishing and maintaining a sound accounting system in the Union Government.

کنٹرولر جنرل آف اکاؤنٹس (CGA)، وزارت خزانہ، بھارت میں ایک مضبوط اور موثر اکاؤنٹنگ سسٹم قائم کرنے اور اسے برقرار رکھنے کا ذمہ دار ہے۔

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393📚🧩 ReasoningSyllogism

Given below are two premises (1 and 2). Four conclusions are drawn from them. Select the code that states validly drawn conclusion(s).

Premises:
1. Most of the dancers are physically fit.
2. Most of the singers are dancers.
Conclusions:
(I) Most of the singers are physically fit.
(II) Most of the dancers are singers.
(III) Most of the physically fit persons are dancers.
(IV) Most of the physically fit persons are singers.

Explanation

In syllogistic logic with non-universal premises ('Most' which behaves like 'Some'), the only conclusions that are conversationally direct are conversions (II) and (III), corresponding to Option B.

کیونکہ 'Most' غیر عالمگیر دعویٰ (some) کی طرح کام کرتا ہے، اس لیے براہ راست اور متبادل نتیجہ (II) اور (III) ہی درست بیٹھتا ہے۔

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394📚🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing

The two main colour image processing categories are?

Explanation

The two main categories in color image processing are Full-color processing (where colors are processed in complete RGB spaces) and Pseudo-color processing (where colors are assigned to gray-scale values).

رنگین امیج پروسیسنگ کے دو بڑے زمرے ہیں: فل کلر پروسیسنگ (Full-color) اور سیوڈو کلر پروسیسنگ (Pseudo-color)۔

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395📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics

The laws of reflection hold good for

Explanation

The laws of reflection (angle of incidence equals angle of reflection) apply to all reflecting surfaces, including plane and curved/spherical mirrors.

انعکاس کے قوانین (laws of reflection) تمام آئینے کی سطحوں پر لاگو ہوتے ہیں، خواہ وہ سیدھے (plane) ہوں یا گول (curved)۔

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396📚🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing

Which colour mode is used for digital Image?

Explanation

Digital screens and cameras display and capture images in the RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color mode, whereas CMYK is used for printing.

ڈیجیٹل اسکرینوں اور کیمروں کے لیے آر جی بی (RGB - Red, Green, Blue) کلر موڈ استعمال ہوتا ہے، جبکہ پرنٹنگ کے لیے CMYK لگتا ہے۔

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397📚🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing

Digitizing the coordinate values is called

Explanation

Digitizing the spatial coordinates (x, y) is called sampling, whereas digitizing the amplitude/gray levels is called quantization.

تصویر کے نقاط/کوارڈینیٹس کو ڈیجیٹل کرنے کو سیمپلنگ (sampling) اور روشنی کی شدت کو ڈیجیٹل کرنے کو کوانٹائزیشن کہتے ہیں۔

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398📚🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing

What is Histogram Matching also called as?

Explanation

Histogram matching is also referred to as Histogram Specification. It is the transformation of an image so that its histogram matches a specified histogram.

ہسٹوگرام میچنگ (Histogram Matching) کو ہسٹوگرام سپیسیفیکیشن (Histogram Specification) بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔

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399📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Which type of the following projections is used in aerial photographs?

Explanation

Aerial photographs are captured using a camera lens, which creates a central (or perspective) projection where all light rays pass through a single point (the optical center of the lens).

فضائی تصاویر (aerial photographs) میں سینٹرل پروجیکشن (Central/Perspective Projection) کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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400📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

What is dodging in photography?

Explanation

Dodging reduces the amount of light in a specific area during printing or editing, making that local area lighter. (Burning makes it darker).

فوٹو گرافی میں 'Dodging' سے مراد تصویر کے کسی مخصوص حصے کو ایڈٹ یا پرنٹ کے وقت ہلکا (lighter) کرنا ہے۔

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401📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Infrared photography is based on which of the following principles?

Explanation

Infrared photography utilizes radiation emitted/reflected in the IR spectrum. Wien's displacement law explains how the peak emission shifts with temperature.

انفراریڈ فوٹو گرافی اس اصول پر مبنی ہے کہ خارج ہونے والی شعاعوں کی شدت درجہ حرارت کے ساتھ بدلتی ہے۔

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402📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Which shutter speed lets in more light?

Explanation

1/30 of a second is a slower shutter speed than the others, keeping the shutter open longer and letting in more light.

1/30 سیکنڈ دیگر کے مقابلے میں دھیمی شٹر سپیڈ ہے، یعنی شٹر زیادہ دیر کھلا رہے گا اور زیادہ روشنی اندر آئے گی۔

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403📚📝 EnglishArticles

Fill in the blank using suitable articles. When no article is required, select no article among the given options. I work at _____ company in New York. _____ company is called Global Tech Solutions.

Explanation

'a' is used for the first mention of a non-specific singular countable noun ('a company'). 'the' is used for the second mention because the company has now been specified.

پہلی بار کسی غیر مخصوص کمپنی کا ذکر کرنے کے لیے 'a company' استعمال ہوگا، اور جب دوسری بار اسی مخصوص کمپنی کا ذکر ہو تو 'the company' استعمال ہوگا۔

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404📚📝 EnglishHomophones

Choose the correct homophone to complete the sentence: The blacksmith shaped the malleable _____ with precision, while the apprentice demonstrated his _____ by tirelessly working late into the night.

Explanation

'Metal' refers to the chemical element or alloy. 'Mettle' refers to a person's ability to cope with difficulties or face challenges with spirit and resilience.

'Metal' کا مطلب دھات ہے، جبکہ 'Mettle' کا مطلب ہمت، جرات یا حوصلہ ہے۔ لہذا صحیح ترتیب 'metal, mettle' ہے۔

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405📚📝 EnglishHomonyms

Match the following pairs regarding homonyms and their meaning:

i. Stalk | 1. A site for mining stone
ii. Ream | 2. A tree's outer layer is composed of dead cells
iii. Quarry | 3. A kitchen utensil used to extract juice from citrus fruits.
iv. Bark | 4. Vertical stem or connecting part of a plant

Explanation

Stalk matches 4 (plant stem). Ream matches 3 (kitchen tool / juicer). Quarry matches 1 (stone mine). Bark matches 2 (tree outer layer). This corresponds to i-4, ii-3, iii-1, iv-2.

درست جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: Stalk کا مطلب پودے کا تنا (4)، Ream کا مطلب لیموں وغیرہ نچوڑنے کا آلہ (3)، Quarry کا مطلب پتھر کی کان (1)، اور Bark کا مطلب درخت کی چھال (2)۔ یہ ترتیب i-4, ii-3, iii-1, iv-2 بنتی ہے۔

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406📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options and mark your answer.

Yesterday, the wild animal destroyed (a)/ crops at a nascent stage (b)/ and cause huge losses (c)/ to the farmers (d).

Explanation

The error is in part (c). Since the event occurred in the past ('Yesterday' and 'destroyed'), the verb 'cause' should be in the past tense ('caused').

غلطی حصہ (c) میں ہے۔ چونکہ جملہ ماضی کا ہے ('Yesterday' اور 'destroyed')، اس لیے 'cause' کی جگہ ماضی کا صیغہ 'caused' ہونا چاہیے تھا۔

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407📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options and mark your answer.

The government granted (a)/financial assistance to small businesses (b)/that get affected(c)/ by the recent natural disaster (d).

Explanation

The error is in part (c). The main verb is in the past tense ('granted'), so the subordinate clause must also refer to the past event ('that got affected' or 'that were affected') instead of present tense 'get'.

غلطی حصہ (c) میں ہے۔ مرکزی فعل ماضی کا ہے ('granted')، اس لیے 'get' کی جگہ ماضی کا صیغہ 'got' یا 'were' ہونا چاہیے تھا۔

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408📚📝 EnglishPunctuation

Identify the sentence with correct punctuation marks.

Explanation

Option A is correct. The spoken dialogue is in double quotes, with the exclamation point inside the quotes. There is a comma after the dialogue tag before the descriptive clause, and correct formatting for the rest of the text.

آپشن A درست ہے: مکالمہ کوٹیشن مارکس کے اندر ہے، استعجابیہ نشان (!) کوٹیشن مارکس کے اندر ہے، اور باقی حصوں میں رموزِ اوقاف کا صحیح استعمال کیا گیا ہے۔

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409📚📝 EnglishPunctuation

Identify the sentence with correct punctuation marks.

Explanation

Option B is correct. Direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks with the question mark inside, followed by a lowercase 'he asked' and a comma before the participial phrase.

آپشن B درست ہے: سوالیہ مکالمہ کوٹیشن مارکس کے اندر ہے، سوالیہ نشان کوٹیشن کے اندر ہے، اور اس کے بعد کوما اور وضاحتی جملہ ہے۔

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410📚📝 EnglishSynonyms

Select the Synonyms of the word: Quibble

Explanation

'Quibble' means to argue or raise objections about a trivial matter, or to evade the truth. 'Prevaricate' means to speak or act in an evasive way, which is a synonym.

'Quibble' کا مطلب ہے چھوٹی یا غیر اہم باتوں پر جھگڑنا یا حیلہ و حجت کرنا۔ 'Prevaricate' کا مطلب ٹال مٹول کرنا یا سچائی سے انحراف کرنا ہے، جو اس کا مترادف ہے۔

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411📚📝 EnglishIdioms

Which sentence expresses the correct meaning of the given idiom: Will O' the Wisp

Explanation

A 'will-o'-the-wisp' refers to something that is impossible to catch or achieve, or an elusive/misleading goal.

'Will O' the Wisp' کا مطلب ہے ایک ایسی خیالی یا سرابی کوشش جو پرکشش تو ہو لیکن اس کا حصول ناممکن ہو اور وہ انسان کو گمراہ کر دے۔

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412📚📝 EnglishPhrasal Verbs

Fill in the blanks with suitable phrasal verbs in the below sentence. He has been in the hospital for several days, but the doctors are hopeful that he will _____

Explanation

'Pull through' is a phrasal verb that means to get through an illness or other dangerous/difficult situation safely.

'Pull through' کا مطلب کسی بیماری یا خطرناک صورتحال سے بحفاظت باہر نکل آنا یا صحت یاب ہو جانا ہے۔

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413📚📝 EnglishPrepositions

Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions from the alternatives given below. She walked _____ the bustling market, taking in the vibrant colors and enticing scents of fresh produce and spices.

Explanation

To walk 'through' a location means to enter it and move to the other side or move around inside it, which fits a market context.

بازار کے ایک سرے سے دوسرے سرے تک گزرنے یا اس کے اندر چلنے کے لیے 'through' (کے درمیان سے / کے ذریعے) کا استعمال بالکل درست ہے۔

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414📚🌍 General AwarenessSports

Which country won first Football World Cup?

Explanation

Uruguay won the first FIFA World Cup in 1930, defeating Argentina in the final match held in Montevideo.

یوراگوئے (Uruguay) نے 1930 میں منعقد ہونے والا پہلا فٹ بال ورلڈ کپ جیتا تھا، جس کے فائنل میں اس نے ارجنٹائن کو شکست دی تھی۔

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415📚📜 HistoryModern Indian History

The first newspaper published in India was

Explanation

Hicky's Bengal Gazette (also known as the Original Calcutta General Advertiser) was the first weekly newspaper published in India, started in 1780 by James Augustus Hicky.

ہندوستان میں شائع ہونے والا پہلا اخبار 'دی بنگال گزٹ' (The Bengal Gazette) تھا، جسے 1780 میں جیمز آگسٹس ہکی نے شروع کیا تھا۔

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416📚🌍 General AwarenessLanguages of India

Bodo language is spoken mainly in which state of India?

Explanation

Bodo is an official language spoken mainly by the Bodo people in the state of Assam in Northeast India. It is also listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

بوڈو (Bodo) زبان بنیادی طور پر ہندوستان کی شمال مشرقی ریاست آسام میں بولی جاتی ہے۔ یہ آئین ہند کے آٹھویں شیڈول میں شامل ہے۔

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417📚🌍 General AwarenessInternational Organizations

What is the name of the UN body that settles legal disputes between member states?

Explanation

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, Netherlands, is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations that settles legal disputes between states.

بین الاقوامی عدالتِ انصاف (ICJ)، جو ہالینڈ کے شہر ہیگ میں واقع ہے، اقوام متحدہ کا بنیادی عدالتی ادارہ ہے جو رکن ممالک کے درمیان تنازعات کو حل کرتا ہے۔

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418📚🌍 General AwarenessSports

What is the title of the autography of Major Dhyanchand?

Explanation

The autobiography of the Indian hockey wizard Major Dhyan Chand is titled 'Goal', published in 1952.

ہندوستان کے مشہور ہاکی کھلاڑی میجر دھیان چند کی سوانح عمری (Autobiography) کا عنوان 'گول' (Goal) ہے۔

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419📚🏛️ CivicsPolitical Terms

What is a Junta?

Explanation

A 'junta' (specifically a military junta) refers to a committee or group of military leaders who run a country, usually after taking power by force.

جنتا (Junta) سے مراد فوجی افسروں کا وہ گروپ ہے جو بغاوت کے بعد بزور طاقت حکومت کا کنٹرول سنبھال لیتا ہے۔

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420📚🌍 General AwarenessJ&K Power Projects

Ratle Hydroelectric Power Corporation is a joint venture between which two entities?

Explanation

Ratle Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (RHPCL) is a joint venture company incorporated in 2021 between NHPC (51%) and JKSPDC (49%) to implement the 850 MW Ratle Hydroelectric Project on Chenab River.

رتلے ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک پاور کارپوریشن لمیٹڈ (RHPCL) چناب ندی پر واقع ہے اور یہ نیشنل ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک پاور کارپوریشن (NHPC) اور جموں و کشمیر اسٹیٹ پاور ڈیولپمنٹ کارپوریشن (JKSPDC) کا مشترکہ منصوبہ ہے۔

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421📚📜 HistoryJ&K History

Arrange the following events in chronological order:

i. Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019.
ii. Sadar-i-Riyasat re-designated as Governor.
iii. Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir adopted.
iv. Article 370 grants special status to Jammu and Kashmir.
Choose the correct option.

Explanation

The chronological order is: iv) Article 370 drafted/enacted (1949), iii) J&K Constitution adopted (November 17, 1956), ii) Sadar-i-Riyasat re-designated as Governor (1965), and i) J&K Reorganisation Act (2019). This corresponds to: iv, iii, ii, i.

واقعات کی تاریخی ترتیب مندرجہ ذیل ہے: (iv) آرٹیکل 370 کا نفاذ (1949)، (iii) جموں و کشمیر کا آئین اپنانا (1956)، (ii) صدرِ ریاست کا عہدہ تبدیل کر کے گورنر بنانا (1965)، اور (i) جموں و کشمیر تنظیمِ نو ایکٹ (2019)۔ یہ ترتیب iv, iii, ii, i بنتی ہے۔

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422📚🌍 General AwarenessJ&K Infrastructure

Consider the following statements.
I) The Banihal Qazigund Tunnel renamed as Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Tunnel.
II) It is India's longest transportation railway tunnel measuring 11.2 km long.
Choose the correct option.

Explanation

Both statements are incorrect. The Chenani-Nashri Road Tunnel (9.28 km) was renamed as Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel (not Banihal-Qazigund Road Tunnel, which is 8.45 km). The Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel (11.2 km) is a railway tunnel, whereas the Banihal-Qazigund road tunnel is for road transport.

دونوں بیانات غلط ہیں۔ چنانی ناشری ٹنل کو ڈاکٹر شیاما پرساد مکھرجی ٹنل کا نام دیا گیا ہے (نہ کہ بانہال قاضی گنڈ کو)۔ اور 11.2 کلومیٹر لمبی ٹنل پیر پنچال ریلوے ٹنل ہے، بانہال قاضی گنڈ روڈ ٹنل 8.45 کلومیٹر لمبی روڈ ٹنل ہے۔

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423📚🔢 MathHCF and LCM

The H.C.F. and L.C.M. of two numbers are 84 and 21 respectively. If the ratio of the two numbers is 1: 4, then the larger of the two numbers is

Explanation

Note: The question has a typo, swapping HCF and LCM values. HCF is 21 and LCM is 84. Let the numbers be x and 4x. Their HCF is x, so x = 21. The numbers are 21 and 4 * 21 = 84. The larger number is 84.

سوال میں کمپوزنگ کی غلطی ہے، HCF اور LCM کی قیمتیں الٹ لکھی گئی ہیں۔ HCF = 21 اور LCM = 84 ہے۔ اگر اعداد کا تناسب 1:4 ہے تو وہ x اور 4x ہوں گے۔ HCF یعنی x = 21 ہوگا۔ دوسرا عدد 4 * 21 = 84 ہوگا۔ ان میں بڑا عدد 84 ہے۔

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424📚🔢 MathPercentages

The monthly income of a person was Rs. 13500/- and his monthly expenditure was Rs. 9000/-. Next year, his income increased by 14% and his expenditure by 7%. Find the percentage increase in his savings.

Explanation

Initial savings = 13500 - 9000 = Rs. 4500. New income = 13500 1.14 = Rs. 15390. New expenditure = 9000 1.07 = Rs. 9630. New savings = 15390 - 9630 = Rs. 5760. Increase in savings = 5760 - 4500 = Rs. 1260. % Increase = (1260 / 4500) * 100 = 28%.

بنیادی بچت = 13500 - 9000 = 4500 روپے۔ نئی آمدنی = 13500 کا 114% = 15390 روپے۔ نئے اخراجات = 9000 کا 107% = 9630 روپے۔ نئی بچت = 15390 - 9630 = 5760 روپے۔ بچت میں اضافہ = 1260 روپے۔ بچت میں فیصد اضافہ = (1260 / 4500) * 100 = 28%۔

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425📚🔢 MathPercentages

In an election between two candidates, 75% of the voters cast their votes, out of which 2% of the votes were declared invalid. A candidate got 9261 votes which were 75% of the total valid votes. Find the total number of voters enrolled in that election.

Explanation

Let total enrolled voters be V. Votes cast = 0.75 V. Valid votes = 0.98 0.75 V. Candidate's votes = 0.75 (0.98 0.75 V) = 9261 => 0.55125 * V = 9261 => V = 9261 / 0.55125 = 16800.

فرض کریں کل ووٹرز V ہیں۔ ڈالے گئے ووٹ = 0.75V۔ درست ووٹ = 0.98 0.75V۔ امیدوار کو ملے ووٹ = 75% یعنی 0.75 0.98 * 0.75V = 9261۔ اس مساوات کو حل کرنے پر V = 16,800 ووٹرز حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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426📚🔢 MathPercentages

A man's wage was reduced by 50%. Again the reduced wage was increased by 50%. Find his loss in terms of percentage.

Explanation

Let the initial wage be 100. Reduced wage = 100 0.5 = 50. New increased wage = 50 1.5 = 75. Loss = 100 - 75 = 25%.

فرض کریں ابتدائی تنخواہ 100 ہے۔ تنخواہ میں 50% کمی کے بعد یہ 50 ہو گئی۔ اب اس 50 میں 50% کا اضافہ کرنے پر یہ 75 ہو گئی۔ کل نقصان = 100 - 75 = 25%۔

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427📚🔢 MathProfit and Loss

A television manufacturer earns 20% profit by selling each T.V. set for Rs. 14400. If the production cost is increased by 15%, what should be the new selling price of a set so as to gain 15%?

Explanation

CP of TV = 14400 / 1.20 = Rs. 12000. New CP = 12000 1.15 = Rs. 13800. New SP for 15% profit = 13800 1.15 = Rs. 15870.

ٹی وی کی لاگت قیمت = 14400 / 1.20 = 12000 روپے۔ لاگت میں 15% اضافہ ہونے پر نئی قیمت = 13800 روپے۔ 15% منافع حاصل کرنے کے لیے نئی فروخت قیمت = 13800 * 1.15 = 15870 روپے۔

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428📚🔢 MathPartnership

Gautam started a business with a sum of Rs. 60,000/- .Jatin joined him 8 months later with a sum of Rs. 35,000/-. At what respective ratio will the two share the profit after two years?

Explanation

Gautam invested for 24 months. Jatin invested for 24 - 8 = 16 months. Ratio of profit share = (60000 24) : (35000 16) = (60 24) : (35 16) = 1440 : 560 = 144 : 56 = 18:7.

گوتم نے 24 مہینوں کے لیے سرمایہ کاری کی۔ جتن نے 24 - 8 = 16 مہینوں کے لیے سرمایہ کاری کی۔ منافع کی تقسیم کا تناسب = (60000 24) : (35000 16) = 18:7۔

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429📚🧩 ReasoningOdd One Out

In the following question, select the odd letter/letters from the given alternatives.

Explanation

In options B, C, D, the differences are +1, -3, +4. For RSPT: R(+1)->S(-3)->P(+4)->T. In option A (KLIO), the differences are +1, -3, +6, making it the odd one out.

آپشنز B, C, D میں حروف کا درمیانی فرق +1, -3, +4 ہے۔ جبکہ آپشن A (KLIO) میں یہ فرق +1, -3, +6 ہے، لہذا یہ سب سے الگ ہے۔

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430📚💻 ComputerSearch Engines

An example of an 'Internet search engine' is:

Explanation

Yahoo is a web search engine, whereas Linux and Windows are Operating Systems, and MS Excel is an application spreadsheet software.

یاہو (Yahoo) ایک ویب سرچ انجن ہے، جبکہ ونڈوز اور لینکس آپریٹنگ سسٹم ہیں اور ایکسل ایک ایپلیکیشن سافٹ ویئر ہے۔

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431📚💻 ComputerCompilers

The compiler converts a program into

Explanation

A compiler converts high-level programming code into machine language (binary language: 0s and 1s) that the CPU can execute directly.

کمپائلر (Compiler) ہائی لیول پروگرامنگ کوڈ کو بائنری زبان (مشینی کوڈ - 0 اور 1) میں تبدیل کرتا ہے تاکہ سی پی یو اس پر براہ راست عمل کر سکے۔

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432📚💻 ComputerCybersecurity

Select the correct match:

i. A type of program that is created with the purpose of causing damage, stealing data or abusing computer system resources is known as | 1. Privacy
ii. means any email or communication that is intended to trick the recipient to disclose secret or sensitive information, such as password or account details | 2. Malware
iii. Protecting an original invention from being sold or used by others for a specific period of time is known as | 3. Phishing
iv. means your right to control your personal information and decide who can use the same | 4. Patents

Explanation

Damaging software is Malware (i-2). Trick communication is Phishing (ii-3). Invention protection is Patents (iii-4). Control over personal information is Privacy (iv-1). This corresponds to i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1.

درست مماثلت یہ ہے: نقصان پہنچانے والا سافٹ ویئر مالویئر ہے (i-2)، معلومات چرانے والا فریب فیشنگ ہے (ii-3)، ایجاد کا تحفظ پیٹنٹ ہے (iii-4) اور ذاتی معلومات کا کنٹرول پرائیویسی ہے (iv-1)۔ یہ ترتیب i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1 بنتی ہے۔

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433📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

Find out which part of a sentence has an error.

After knowing truth, (a)/ they took the right decision (b)/ in the matter. (c)/ No error (d)

Explanation

The error is in part (a). The definite article 'the' is missing before 'truth'. It should be 'After knowing the truth'.

غلطی حصہ (a) میں ہے۔ لفظ 'truth' سے پہلے آرٹیکل 'the' کا استعمال ضروری ہے، یعنی 'After knowing the truth' ہونا چاہیے۔

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434📚📝 EnglishAntonyms

In the following questions choose the word opposite in meaning to the given word.

Perspicuity

Explanation

'Perspicuity' means clearness or lucidity of expression. The opposite in meaning is 'Vagueness' (lack of clarity).

'Perspicuity' کا مطلب وضاحت یا صفائیِ بیان ہے۔ اس کا متضاد 'Vagueness' (مبہم پن یا غیر واضح ہونا) ہے۔

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435📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

Find out which part of a sentence has an error.

If you turn the corner, (a) / you will found a house (b) / built of stone. (c) / No Error (d)

Explanation

The error is in part (b). The modal verb 'will' must be followed by the base form of the verb ('find'), not the past tense ('found').

غلطی حصہ (b) میں ہے۔ معاون فعل 'will' کے بعد فعل کی پہلی حالت (find) آنی چاہیے، نہ کہ دوسری حالت (found)۔

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436📚📝 EnglishPrepositions

Fill in the blank.

Everyone in this world is accountable to God _____ his actions.

Explanation

The preposition 'for' is used after 'accountable' to indicate the thing/actions a person is responsible for. Thus, 'accountable to God for his actions'.

کسی چیز یا عمل کے لیے جوابدہ ہونے کے واسطے 'accountable' کے بعد 'for' استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ یعنی اپنے اعمال کے لیے خدا کے حضور جوابدہ ہونا۔

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437📚📝 EnglishOne Word Substitution

Out of the four alternatives, choose the one which can be substituted for the given words/ sentence.

A person who shows off his learning

Explanation

A 'pedant' is a person who is excessively concerned with minor details and rules or who makes a showy display of academic learning.

وہ شخص جو اپنی علمی قابلیت اور معلومات کی نمائش یا دکھاوا کرنے کا عادی ہو، اسے 'pedant' (خود بین یا عالم نما) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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438📚📝 EnglishSpelling

Out of four words, one word is correctly spelt. Find the correctly spelt word.

Explanation

'dysentery' is correctly spelled. The correct spellings for the others are: 'momentary', 'cemetery', and 'commentary'.

صحیح ہجے والا لفظ 'dysentery' (پیچش) ہے۔ دیگر الفاظ کے صحیح ہجے 'momentary'، 'cemetery' اور 'commentary' ہیں۔

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439📚📝 EnglishIdioms

Choose the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the Idiom/Phrase.

to smell a rat

Explanation

The idiom 'to smell a rat' means to suspect that something is wrong, dishonest, or a trick; to be suspicious.

محاورہ 'to smell a rat' کا مطلب ہے کسی سازش، بے ایمانی یا خطرے کا شک ہو جانا (مشکوک ہونا)۔

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440📚📝 EnglishSentence Improvement

Identify the best way to improve the underlined part of the given sentence. She is a very good sprinter. I can't run as fast as she does.

Explanation

The phrase 'as fast as she does' is grammatically correct and requires no improvement. 'does' correctly substitutes for the verb 'runs'.

جملہ 'as fast as she does' بالکل درست ہے اور اس میں کسی تبدیلی کی ضرورت نہیں ہے۔ 'does' یہاں فعل 'runs' کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے۔

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441📚📝 EnglishIdioms

Select the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom.

The trouble makers took to their heels when they saw the police coming.

Explanation

The idiom 'took to their heels' means to run away rapidly, especially to escape from danger or trouble.

محاورہ 'take to one's heels' کا مطلب ہے بھاگ کھڑے ہونا یا فرار ہو جانا، خاص طور پر پولیس یا خطرے کو دیکھ کر۔

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442📚🌍 General AwarenessSports

Match the following Gold winning Paralympic athletes (Paris 2024) to the sports they were associated with:

1. Avani Lekhara - i. High Jump
2. Praveen Kumar - ii. Archery
3. Nitesh Kumar - iii. Shooting
4. Harvinder Singh - iv. Badminton

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

At the Paris 2024 Paralympics: Avani Lekhara won gold in Shooting (1-iii), Praveen Kumar in High Jump (2-i), Nitesh Kumar in Badminton (3-iv), and Harvinder Singh in Archery (4-ii). This matches option A.

پیرس 2024 پیرالمپکس کے گولڈ میڈلسٹ: اونی لیکھارا - شوٹنگ (1-iii)، پروین کمار - ہائی جمپ (2-i)، نتیش کمار - بیڈمنٹن (3-iv)، اور ہرویندر سنگھ - تیر اندازی (2-ii)۔ یہ ترتیب آپشن A سے میل کھاتی ہے۔

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443📚🌍 General AwarenessInternational Organizations

Match the following International organization to its Headquarters.

1. INTERPOL - i. Lyon, France
2. WWF - ii. Montreal, Canada
3. EU - iii. Vaud, Switzerland
4. ICAO - iv. Brussels, Belgium

Match the above pairs appropriately.

Explanation

The correct matching is: INTERPOL - Lyon, France (1-i), WWF - Vaud, Switzerland (specifically Gland) (2-iii), EU - Brussels, Belgium (3-iv), and ICAO - Montreal, Canada (4-ii). This matches option B.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: انٹرپول - لیون، فرانس (1-i)، ورلڈ وائلڈ لائف فنڈ (WWF) - ووڈ، سوئٹزرلینڈ (2-iii)، یورپی یونین (EU) - برسلز، بیلجیم (3-iv) اور آئی سی اے او (ICAO) - مونٹریال، کینیڈا (4-ii)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

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444📚📡 Electronics & TelecomFamous Media

Match the International newspaper to its base country:

1. The Guardian - i. China
2. The People's Daily - ii. Russia
3. El Pais - iii. United Kingdom
4. Kommersant - iv. Spain

Choose the correct option.

Explanation

The correct matching is: The Guardian - United Kingdom (1-iii), The People's Daily - China (2-i), El Pais - Spain (3-iv), Kommersant - Russia (4-ii). This matches option A.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: دی گارڈین - برطانیہ (1-iii)، پیپلز ڈیلی - چین (2-i)، ایل پائس - اسپین (3-iv) اور کومرسانٹ - روس (4-ii)۔ یہ ترتیب آپشن A ہے۔

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445📚🌍 General AwarenessSports

What was the mascot for the Khelo India Winter Games, 2024?

Explanation

The mascot for the Khelo India Winter Games 2024 was 'Sheen-e-She' (or 'Shan'), a snow leopard representing the beauty and biodiversity of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.

کھیلو انڈیا ونٹر گیمز 2024 کا شوبنکر (Mascot) ایک برفانی چیتا (Snow Leopard) تھا جس کا نام 'شینِ شی' (یا شان) رکھا گیا تھا۔

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446📚🔢 MathPercentages

If the price of the commodity is increased by 50% by what fraction must its consumption be reduced so as to keep the same expenditure on its consumption?

Explanation

Let original price be 100 and consumption be 100. Expenditure = 10000. New price = 150. To keep expenditure at 10000, new consumption = 10000 / 150 = 200 / 3. Reduction in consumption = 100 - 200/3 = 100/3. Fraction = (100/3)/100 = 1/3.

اگر قیمت 100 سے بڑھ کر 150 ہو جائے، تو خرچ کو برابر رکھنے کے لیے کھپت کو 150 سے گھٹا کر 100 کرنا ہوگا۔ کھپت میں کمی = 50۔ فریکشن = 50/150 = 1/3۔

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447📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance

A man riding a bicycle covers a distance of 60 km in the direction of the wind and returns back in 8 hours. If speed of the wind is 10 km/hour, find the speed of the bicycle.

Explanation

Let bicycle speed be v. Time downstream + Time upstream = 8 hours. 60/(v+10) + 60/(v-10) = 8 => 15(v-10 + v+10) = 2(v^2 - 100) => 30v = 2v^2 - 200 => v^2 - 15v - 100 = 0 => (v-20)(v+5) = 0 => v = 20 km/h.

فرض کریں سائیکل کی رفتار v ہے۔ ہوا کی سمت میں وقت = 60/(v+10)، واپسی پر وقت = 60/(v-10)۔ دونوں کا مجموعہ 8 گھنٹے ہے۔ مساوات حل کرنے پر: v = 20 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔

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448📚📡 Electronics & TelecomTelevision Engineering

In television, 4: 3 represents the

Explanation

The ratio of the width of a television screen to its height is called the aspect ratio. The traditional SDTV standard aspect ratio is 4:3.

ٹیلی ویژن اسکرین کی چوڑائی اور اونچائی کے تناسب کو اسپیکٹ ریشو (Aspect Ratio) کہا کہتے ہیں۔ روایتی ٹی وی کا اسپیکٹ ریشو 4:3 ہوتا ہے۔

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449📚📡 Electronics & TelecomDemodulation

In FM to AM conversion, the input of the frequency-modulated signal converted into amplitude modulated signal by

Explanation

An FM signal can be converted to an AM signal by passing it through a differentiator (or slope detector) whose frequency response changes frequency variations into amplitude variations.

فریکوئنسی ماڈیولیشن (FM) کو ایمپلی ٹیوڈ ماڈیولیشن (AM) میں تبدیل کرنے کے لیے سگنل کو ایک ڈفرنشیٹر (Differentiator) یا سلوپ ڈیٹیکٹر سے گزارا جاتا ہے، جو فریکوئنسی کی تبدیلیوں کو وولٹیج (ایمپلی ٹیوڈ) کی تبدیلیوں میں بدل دیتا ہے۔

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450📚📡 Electronics & TelecomElectrical Machines

The magnetic field produced in the stator of a three phase induction motor travels at

Explanation

In a three-phase induction motor, the rotating magnetic field (RMF) generated in the stator travels at synchronous speed (

N_s = 120f/P

).

تھری فیز انڈکشن موٹر کے اسٹیٹر (stator) میں پیدا ہونے والا گھومنے والا مقناطیسی میدان (RMF) سنکرونس اسپیڈ (Synchronous speed) پر سفر کرتا ہے۔

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451📚📡 Electronics & TelecomFilters

What is a common use of a Band Pass Filter in Radio Wave Propagation?

Explanation

A Band Pass Filter is designed to allow signals within a specific range of frequencies (passband) to pass while attenuating/blocking frequencies outside this range.

ایک بینڈ پاس فلٹر (Band Pass Filter) فریکوئنسیوں کی صرف ایک مخصوص حد کو گزرنے کی اجازت دیتا ہے اور اس حد سے باہر کی تمام فریکوئنسیوں کو روک دیتا ہے۔

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452📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the list:

List - I:
i. Monitor
ii. CPU
iii. Information

List - II:
1. Displays the information in the visual form
2. Processor for controlling and executing instructions
3. Processed data useful for the user

Explanation

The correct matching is: Monitor displays visual info (i-1), CPU executes instructions (ii-2), and Information is processed data useful to the user (iii-3). This matches option A.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: مانیٹر - بصری شکل میں معلومات دکھاتا ہے (i-1)، سی پی یو - ہدایات کو کنٹرول اور رن کرتا ہے (ii-2)، معلومات - صارف کے لیے کارآمد پروسیس شدہ ڈیٹا ہے (iii-3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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453📚💻 ComputerOffice Applications

Which of the following is a spreadsheet application program?

Explanation

MS Excel is a spreadsheet application program. MS Access is a database management program, MS Word is a word processor, and MS-DOS is an operating system.

ایم ایس ایکسل (MS Excel) ایک اسپریڈ شیٹ پروگرام ہے۔ ایم ایس ورڈ ورڈ پروسیسر ہے اور ایم ایس ایکسس ڈیٹا بیس پروگرام ہے۔

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454📚📡 Electronics & TelecomElectrical Machines

At start, the following information is correct for an induction motor:

I. Speed = 0
II. Slip = 0.5
III. Slip = 1
IV. Slip = 0

Choose the correct answer:

Explanation

At start, the motor is stationary, so speed N = 0 (I). The slip s is defined as

(N_s - N)/N_s

. Since N = 0, slip s = 1 (III). Thus, I and III are correct.

اسٹارٹ کے وقت موٹر رکی ہوتی ہے اس لیے اسپیڈ (N) صفر ہوتی ہے (I)۔ اور سلپ (s) کا فارمولا (Ns-N)/Ns ہے، چونکہ N=0 ہے، اس لیے سلپ کا مان 1 ہوتا ہے (III)۔

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455📚⚛️ PhysicsWave Propagation

The ionosphere acts as the reflecting surface for the waves in which of the following modes of propagation?

Explanation

Sky wave propagation involves the reflection of radio waves from the ionosphere back to the earth, allowing long-distance shortwave communications.

اسکائی ویو پروپیگیشن (Sky wave) کے عمل میں ریڈیو لہریں فضا کی آئنوسفیئر (Ionosphere) تہہ سے ٹکرا کر زمین پر واپس آتی ہیں، جس سے طویل فاصلے کا رابطہ ممکن ہوتا ہے۔

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456📚⚛️ PhysicsSignal Processing

Which of the following statements about the matched filter in a communication receiver are correct?

I. It produces ISI.
II. It maximizes the SNR at the detection instant.
III. Its impulse response depends on the signal shape.
IV. It may produce signal dispersion.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Explanation

A matched filter maximizes the SNR at the sampling instant (II), its impulse response is a time-reversed and delayed version of the signal shape (III), and it disperses the signal in time (IV). It does not produce ISI (I is incorrect). Thus, option D is correct.

میچڈ فلٹر وولٹیج کے سگنل ٹو نوائز ریشو (SNR) کو زیادہ کرتا ہے (II)، اس کا امپلس ریسپانس سگنل کی شکل پر منحصر ہوتا ہے (III) اور یہ سگنل کو پھیلا سکتا ہے (IV)۔ اس لیے جواب II, III اور IV ہے۔

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457📚📡 Electronics & TelecomTelevision Engineering

The colour TV picture signal is a

Explanation

A color TV picture signal has three channels (such as R, G, B or Y, I, Q) representing three separate components, and it is three-dimensional (spatial coordinates x, y and time t).

کلر ٹی وی کا سگنل تھری چینل (R, G, B) اور تین جہتی (x, y اور وقت t) سگنل ہوتا ہے۔

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458📚🏛️ CivicsIndian Constitution

'Equal pay for equal work' has been ensured in the Indian Constitution as which of the following?

Explanation

Article 39(d) under the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) of the Indian Constitution ensures equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

آئین ہند کے رہنما اصول (DPSP) کے تحت آرٹیکل 39(d) مردوں اور عورتوں دونوں کے لیے یکساں کام کے لیے یکساں اجرت کو یقینی بناتا ہے۔

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459📚📝 EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Given below are four jumbled sentences. Out of the given options pick the one that gives their correct order.

P: Creating a relaxing bedroom environment is very important too, and this can be done using a calming, subtle fragrance.
Q: It is possible to retrain your brain to have a sound sleep.
R: This is possible if you make sure your room is undisturbed, quiet and dark.
S: Start by regulating the times you go to bed and get up.

Explanation

The correct sequence is QSRP. Q introduces the main topic of retraining the brain for sleep. S gives the first step. R explains how the environment supports this, and P adds another aspect of the environment ('too').

درست ترتیب QSRP ہے۔ Q دماغ کو پرسکون نیند کے لیے دوبارہ تربیت دینے کا تعارف کرواتا ہے۔ S پہلا قدم بتاتا ہے۔ R ماحول کی وضاحت کرتا ہے، اور P ماحول کا ایک اور رخ شامل کرتا ہے۔

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460📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

Identify the portion of the sentence which has an error: "We are going to launch this three crores project within the next few months."

Explanation

The error lies in 'this three crores project'. Hyphenated compound nouns or nouns used as adjectives before another noun must be singular. It should be 'this three-crore project'.

غلطی 'this three crores project' میں ہے۔ جب کوئی عدد کسی اسم سے پہلے صفت کے طور پر استعمال ہو تو وہ واحد ہونا چاہیے، یعنی 'three-crore project'۔

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461📚📝 EnglishDirect & Indirect Speech

In the following question, choose the one which best expresses the direct/indirect speech: "Moti asked Gangu whether the latter was in his senses."

Explanation

The indirect statement 'asked Gangu whether the latter was in his senses' converts to the direct speech question: 'Gangu, are you in your senses?' asked Moti.

بالواسطہ بیان (Indirect) 'asked Gangu whether...' بلاواسطہ (Direct) سوالیہ جملے 'Gangu, are you in your senses?' میں تبدیل ہوتا ہے۔

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462📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance

The ratio between the speeds of two trains is 7: 8. If the second train runs 400 km in 4 hours, then the speed of the first train is:

Explanation

Speed of the second train = 400 km / 4 hrs = 100 km/hr. Since ratio is 7:8, speed of the first train = (7/8) * 100 = 87.5 km/hr.

دوسری ٹرین کی رفتار = 400 کلومیٹر / 4 گھنٹے = 100 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ چونکہ تناسب 7:8 ہے، اس لیے پہلی ٹرین کی رفتار = (7/8) × 100 = 87.5 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ ہوگی۔

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463📚🧩 ReasoningSyllogism

Choose the correct response from the options:

Statement: Irregularity is a cause for failure in exams. Some regular students fail in the examinations.
Conclusion I: All failed students are regular.
Conclusion II: All successful students are not regular.

Explanation

Since irregularity is a cause of failure and only some regular students fail, we cannot conclude that all failed students are regular, nor can we say that all successful students are not regular. Thus, neither follows.

چونکہ بے قاعدگی ناکامی کی ایک وجہ ہے اور کچھ باقاعدہ طلبہ بھی فیل ہوتے ہیں، اس لیے ہم یہ نتیجہ نہیں نکال سکتے کہ تمام فیل ہونے والے باقاعدہ ہیں، اور نہ ہی یہ کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ تمام کامیاب طلبہ باقاعدہ نہیں ہیں۔ لہذا دونوں غلط ہیں۔

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464📚🔢 MathPartnership

A, B and C enter into a partnership with a capital in which A's contribution is Rs. 10,000. If out of a total profit of Rs. 1000, A gets Rs. 500 and B gets Rs. 300, then C's capital is:

Explanation

Total profit = 1000. A's profit = 500, B's profit = 300. C's profit = 1000 - (500 + 300) = 200. Profit ratio is A:B:C = 500:300:200 = 5:3:2. Since capital ratio equals profit ratio, A's capital (5 parts) = 10,000 => 1 part = 2,000. C's capital (2 parts) = 2 * 2,000 = Rs. 4,000.

کل منافع = 1000۔ A کا منافع = 500، B کا = 300۔ C کا منافع = 200۔ تناسب = 5:3:2۔ چونکہ منافع کا تناسب سرمایہ کاری کے برابر ہے، اس لیے A کا سرمایہ (5 حصے) = 10,000 یعنی 1 حصہ = 2,000۔ C کا سرمایہ (2 حصے) = 2 × 2000 = 4,000 روپے ہوگاُ۔

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465📚🌍 General AwarenessEnvironment & Ecology

Which of the following regions is regarded as an ecological hotspot of India?

Explanation

The Western Ghats is one of India's prominent ecological hotspots, hosting a massive diversity of flora and fauna.

مغربی گھاٹ (Western Ghats) ہندوستان کے اہم ترین ماحولیاتی حساس علاقوں (Ecological Hotspots) میں شمار ہوتا ہے۔

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466📚🗺️ GeographyRivers

Which River is known as "Veetesta" (Vitasta) in Sanskrit?

Explanation

The Jhelum River is referred to as 'Vitasta' (Veetesta) in Sanskrit scriptures and 'Hydaspes' in ancient Greek.

دریائے جہلم کو سنسکرت زبان میں 'وتستا' (Vitasta) اور قدیم یونانی زبان میں 'ہائیڈاسپس' کہا جاتا ہے۔

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467📚📝 EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Directions: Arrange the parts P, Q, R, S to make a correct sentence with (1) and (6) as fixed points:

(1) I explained to him
P: was like a family's
Q: always exuded warmth
R: elder and how she has
S: how for me she
(6) and consideration for me.

Explanation

The correct rearrangement is SPRQ: 'I explained to him how for me she (S) was like a family's (P) elder and how she has (R) always exuded warmth (Q) and consideration for me.'

درست ترتیب SPRQ ہے: 'میں نے اسے سمجھایا کہ وہ میرے لیے ایک خاندانی بزرگ کی طرح تھی اور اس نے ہمیشہ میرے لیے گرمجوشی اور خیال کا مظاہرہ کیا۔'

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468📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

Find the error in the parts of the sentence: "Everyone misses a class from time to time (A) / but no one (B) / skip an examination (C) / No error (D)"

Explanation

The error is in Part C. The pronoun 'no one' is singular and must be followed by a singular verb 'skips', not the plural 'skip'.

غلطی حصہ C میں ہے۔ چونکہ 'no one' واحد ضمیر ہے، اس کے بعد فعل کی واحد حالت 'skips' آنی چاہیے، نہ کہ 'skip'۔

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469📚🔢 MathPercentages

A man spends 35% of his income on house rent, and 75% of the remaining on other items. What percentage of his income does he save?

Explanation

Let income be 100. Rent = 35. Remaining = 65. Spent on other items = 75% of 65 = 48.75. Total spending = 35 + 48.75 = 83.75. Savings = 100 - 83.75 = 16.25%.

کل آمدنی 100 فرض کریں۔ مکان کا کرایہ = 35، باقی بچا = 65۔ دیگر اخراجات = 65 کا 75 فیصد یعنی 48.75۔ کل خرچ = 83.75۔ بچت = 16.25 فیصد۔

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470📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance

A man goes uphill with an average speed of 24 kmph and comes down with an average speed of 36 kmph. The distance travelled in both the cases being the same, the average speed for the entire journey is:

Explanation

Average speed = 2 v1 v2 / (v1 + v2) = 2 24 36 / (24 + 36) = 1728 / 60 = 28.8 km/hr.

اوسط رفتار = 2 × v1 × v2 / (v1 + v2) = 2 × 24 × 36 / (24 + 36) = 28.8 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔

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471📚🧬 BiologyPlaces & Administration

Match the following tourist/cultural titles of J&K with their correct districts:

P. Chhota Kashi - Samba
Q. Land of Devika - Udhampur
R. District of Lakes - Ganderbal
S. Land of Springs - Anantnag

Explanation

Chhota Kashi refers to Purmandal (Samba - iii), Land of Devika is Udhampur (i), District of Lakes is Ganderbal (ii), and Land of Springs is Anantnag (iv). This matches option A.

درست جوڑ درج ذیل ہیں: چھوٹا کاشی - سانبہ (iii)، دیویکا کی سرزمیں - ادھم پور (i)، جھیلوں کا ضلع - گاندربل (ii)، چشموں کی سرزمیں - اننت ناگ (iv)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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472📚🧩 ReasoningStatement & Conclusion

Statements:
I. People who live in big cities crowd into jammed trains or buses.
II. They cross the street in competition with high powered motor cars.

Conclusions:
I. Traffic jam is inevitable in big cities.
II. Travelling is very difficult for big city people.

Explanation

The statements describe crowded public transport and competing with cars, which directly supports the conclusion that travelling/commuting is very difficult (II). It does not declare traffic jams as absolutely inevitable (I). Only II follows.

بیانات میں ہجوم والی بسوں اور گاڑیوں کے مقابلے کا ذکر ہے، جو یہ ظاہر کرتا ہے کہ بڑے شہروں کے لوگوں کے لیے سفر کرنا مشکل (II) ہے۔ یہ ٹریفک جام کو ناگزیر قرار نہیں دیتا۔

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473📚🔢 MathPartnership

If A and B invest in a business in the ratio 7: 6. If 9% of the total profit goes to a flood relief fund and A's share is Rs. 1421, then the total profit is:

Explanation

Let total profit be P. Profit after relief fund = 0.91P. A's share = (7 / 13) * 0.91P = 0.49P. Given A's share = 1421 => 0.49P = 1421 => P = 1421 / 0.49 = Rs. 2900.

فرض کریں کل منافع P ہے۔ فنڈ کے بعد بچا = 0.91P۔ A کا حصہ = 7/13 × 0.91P = 0.49P۔ دیا گیا ہے 0.49P = 1421 یعنی P = 2900 روپے۔

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474📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance

A man travels from his home to office at the speed of 4.5 km/hr and reaches his office 10 min early. If the speed had been 2.5 km/hr he would have reached 30 min late. Find the distance from his home to office.

Explanation

Let distance be d. Difference in time = 10 min early - (-30 min late) = 40 min = 2/3 hours. d/2.5 - d/4.5 = 2/3 => d(1/2.5 - 1/4.5) = 2/3 => d(2/5 - 2/9) = 2/3 => d(8/45) = 2/3 => d = 3.75 km.

دوری d فرض کریں۔ وقت کا فرق = 40 منٹ = 2/3 گھنٹے۔ d/2.5 - d/4.5 = 2/3۔ اسے حل کرنے پر d = 3.75 کلومیٹر۔

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475📚🔢 MathData Interpretation

The data shows the registered bikes in lakhs: Yamaha (0.5), Hero Splendor (0.9), Honda Shine (0.7), Pulsar (0.6), Royal Enfield (0.1), Apache (0.2). What are the angles corresponding to Pulsar and Apache bikes when represented in a pie chart?

Explanation

Total bikes = 0.5 + 0.9 + 0.7 + 0.6 + 0.1 + 0.2 = 3.0 lakhs. Total pie chart angle = 360°. Pulsar angle = (0.6 / 3.0) 360 = 72°. Apache angle = (0.2 / 3.0) 360 = 24°.

کل بائیکس = 3.0 لاکھ۔ کل زاویہ = 360°۔ پلسر کا زاویہ = (0.6 / 3.0) × 360 = 72°۔ اپاچی کا زاویہ = (0.2 / 3.0) × 360 = 24°۔

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476📚💻 ComputerComputer Maintenance

If a computer system is malfunctioning, which of the following can be used to detect it?

Explanation

System diagnostics programs or tools are specifically designed to detect and diagnose hardware or software malfunctions in a computer system.

سسٹم ڈائیگناسٹکس (System Diagnostics) وہ ٹولز ہیں جو کمپیوٹر سسٹم میں ہارڈ ویئر یا سافٹ ویئر کی خرابیوں کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے بنائے جاتے ہیں۔

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477📚🗺️ GeographyJ&K Geography

The soils of the hills of Jammu and Kashmir are characterized by which of the following?

Explanation

The hill soils of Jammu and Kashmir are generally rich in potash and lime but show a deficiency in nitrogen and phosphorus.

جموں و کشمیر کے پہاڑی علاقوں کی مٹیاں عام طور پر پوٹاش اور چونے (Lime) سے بھرپور ہوتی ہیں لیکن ان میں نائٹروجن اور فاسفورس کی کمی پائی جاتی ہے۔

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478📚🌍 General AwarenessEnvironment & Ecology

Which of the following fauna can be observed in Dachigam National Park?

Explanation

Dachigam National Park is home to the Kashmiri Stag (Hangul), Himalayan Serow, Long-tailed Marmot, and several other native Himalayan species.

داچیگام نیشنل پارک میں کشمیری بارہ سنگھا (Hangul)، ہمالین سیرو اور طویل دم والے مارموٹ سمیت کئی ہمالیائی جانور پائے جاتے ہیں۔

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479📚📜 HistoryAncient Indian History

Find the correct chronological (increasing/historical timeline) order of the reigns of the following rulers:

P) Chandragupta I of the Guptas
Q) Kanishka of the Kushanas
R) Simuka of the Satavahanas
S) Rudradaman of the Shakas

Explanation

Simuka founded Satavahanas (c. 1st century BC - R), Kanishka ruled Kushanas (c. 127 AD - Q), Rudradaman of Shakas ruled (c. 130 AD - S), and Chandragupta I ruled Guptas (c. 319 AD - P). Hence, the chronological order is RQSP.

سیموکا (R) قبل مسیح میں تھے، کینشکا (Q) تقریباً 127 عیسوی، ردرا دمن (S) تقریباً 130 عیسوی، اور چندرگپت اول (P) 319 عیسوی میں تخت نشین ہوئے۔ اس لیے تاریخی ترتیب RQSP ہے۔

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480📚🗺️ GeographyIndian Geography

Match the following climatic regions with their corresponding locations:

P) Tropical Rain Forests - Western Ghats, West coastal Plains, Parts of Assam
Q) Tropical Savana Climate - Most of peninsular region except Western Ghats
R) Tropical Semi-Arid Steppe Climate - Rainshadow belt from Central Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu
S) Tropical and Sub-tropical Steppes - Punjab, Haryana and Kachchh Region

Explanation

Tropical Rain Forest matches Western Ghats/Assam (P-2), Savana matches peninsular region (Q-1), Semi-Arid matches rainshadow belt (R-4), and Steppes matches Punjab/Kachchh (S-3). This matches option C.

بارانی جنگلات کا زون مغربی گھاٹ (P-2) ہے، سوانا جزیرہ نما خطہ (Q-1) ہے، نیم خشک زون مہاراشٹر تا تامل ناڈو کا رین شیڈو بیلٹ (R-4) ہے، اور اسٹیپس پنجاب/کچھ (S-3) ہے۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

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481📚📝 EnglishDirect & Indirect Speech

When the following sentence in direct speech is changed to indirect speech, identify the correct option: The Colonel said, "Get ready for our departure."

Explanation

An imperative direct command 'Get ready...' becomes an infinitive clause 'ordered them to get ready' in indirect speech, and the pronoun 'our' changes to 'their'.

بلاواسطہ حکم نامہ 'Get ready...' بالواسطہ بیان میں تبدیل ہو کر 'ordered them to get ready' بن جاتا ہے اور ضمیر 'our' تبدیل ہو کر 'their' ہو جاتا ہے۔

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482📚🔢 MathPercentages

If the population is 84000 in 2023 and assumes an annual increase of 5%, how much will it be in 2025?

Explanation

Population in 2025 = Population (1 + R/100)^T = 84000 (1.05)^2 = 84000 * 1.1025 = 92,610.

2025 میں آبادی = 84000 × (1.05)^2 = 84000 × 1.1025 = 92610 ہوگی۔

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483📚🔢 MathProfit & Loss

The owner sold an item at a loss of 20%. If the selling price was raised by 100, he would get a 5% profit. Find the original cost price.

Explanation

Let CP be x. SP at 20% loss = 0.80x. If SP is raised by 100: 0.80x + 100 = 1.05x (CP with 5% profit) => 0.25x = 100 => x = 400. Thus, original cost is Rs. 400.

فرض کریں اصل قیمت x ہے۔ 20% نقصان پر فروخت = 0.80x۔ اگر قیمت میں 100 کا اضافہ کیا جائے تو منافع 5% ہوگا: 0.80x + 100 = 1.05x۔ اس کو حل کرنے پر x = 400 روپے حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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484📚📝 EnglishAnalogy

Select the pair that shows the exact relationship (analogy):

Explanation

A pediatrician is a medical specialist who specifically treats children. This is a direct specialist-to-patient relationship. A cardiologist treats heart diseases in general, not adults specifically.

پیڈیاٹریشن (Pediatrician) بچوں کا طبی معالج ہوتا ہے۔ کارڈیالوجسٹ دل کی بیماریوں کا علاج کرتا ہے، وہ صرف بالغوں (Adults) کا مخصوص معالج نہیں ہوتا۔ اس لیے آپشن A درست ہے۔

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485📚🧩 ReasoningClocks

Find the angle between the Hour hand and the Minute hand when the time is quarter past three (3:15 PM).

Explanation

At 3:15, the minute hand is exactly at the 3 mark. The hour hand has moved forward for 15 minutes. Speed of hour hand = 0.5 degrees per minute. Angle moved = 15 * 0.5° = 7.5°. Thus, the angle between the hands is 7.5°.

3:15 پر منٹ کی سوئی بالکل 3 پر ہوتی ہے۔ گھنٹے کی سوئی 15 منٹ میں آگے بڑھ چکی ہوتی ہے۔ گھنٹے کی سوئی کی رفتار 0.5 ڈگری فی منٹ ہوتی ہے۔ 15 منٹ کا سفر = 15 × 0.5° = 7.5°۔

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486📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance

If 2 members start running at the same time and in the same direction at speeds of 10 km/hr and 12 km/hr, calculate the time after which they will be apart from each other by 8 km.

Explanation

Relative speed = 12 km/hr - 10 km/hr = 2 km/hr. Time required to separate by 8 km = Distance / Relative Speed = 8 km / 2 km/hr = 4 hours.

نسبتی رفتار (Relative Speed) = 12 - 10 = 2 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ 8 کلومیٹر کا فاصلہ پیدا کرنے کا وقت = 8 / 2 = 4 گھنٹے۔

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487📚💻 ComputerALU & CPU Architecture

Which of the following is NOT a CPU/Processor architecture classification based on the way operands are input to the ALU?

Explanation

ALU architectures based on input operands include Accumulator-based, Register-based, and Stack-based. Central/Control Processing Unit (CPU) is a hardware component containing the ALU, not an input classification.

اے ایل یو (ALU) کے آپرینڈ ان پٹ پر مبنی فن تعمیر میں ایکومولیٹر، رجسٹر اور اسٹیک پر مبنی فن تعمیر شامل ہیں۔ جبکہ سی پی یو (CPU) مائیکرو پروسیسر کا مجموعی ڈھانچہ ہے، نہ کہ ان پٹ کی کوئی درجہ بندی۔

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488📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringIrrigation Methods

Flood irrigation method of irrigating field, works best on

Explanation

Flood irrigation requires the water to flow under gravity and spread evenly across the field. Hence, it works best on level or gently rolling terrains. Steep terrains would cause rapid runoff, soil erosion, and uneven water distribution.

فلڈ اریگیشن (Flood irrigation) میں پانی کو کشش ثقل کے تحت پورے کھیت میں یکساں پھیلنا ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے یہ ہموار یا ہلکی ڈھلوان والی زمین (Level or gently rolling terrain) پر بہترین کام کرتا ہے۔ زیادہ ڈھلوان پر پانی تیزی سے بہہ جائے گا اور مٹی کا کٹاؤ ہوگا۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

489📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringDesign Codes

Design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures are calculated from

Explanation

The entire IS 875 code series is titled 'Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures'. Option A (Part 1 - Dead Loads) is marked correct as the designated key for this code series. Specifically: Part 1 handles Dead Loads, Part 2 Imposed (Live) Loads, Part 3 Wind Loads, and Part 4 Snow Loads.

پوری IS 875 کوڈ سیریز کا عنوان 'عمارتوں کے لیے ڈیزائن لوڈز (زلزلہ کے علاوہ) کے لیے ضابطہ عمل' ہے۔ اس کا پہلا حصہ (Part 1) ڈیڈ لوڈ (Dead Loads) کے حساب کتاب کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے، پارٹ 2 لائیو لوڈ، پارٹ 3 ونڈ لوڈ اور پارٹ 4 سنو لوڈ کے لیے ہے۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ آپشن A درست جواب ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

490📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringSpecial Mortars

Which of the below is added to make mortar fire proof?

Explanation

Aluminous cement (also known as high-alumina cement) is added to mortar along with firebrick aggregates to make refractory or fireproof mortar that can withstand high temperatures.

مارٹر (Mortar) کو فائر پروف (شعلہ مزاحم) بنانے کے لیے اس میں ایلومینس سیمنٹ (Aluminous cement) شامل کیا جاتا ہے، جس کی بدولت یہ زیادہ درجہ حرارت برداشت کر سکتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

491📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringEstimating & Costing

When the thickness of doors and windows is provided, the estimates of woodwork is prepared in following unit

Explanation

When the thickness of doors and windows panels/shutters is specified, the woodwork quantity is estimated in square meters (sqm) of surface area. For frames/chowkhats where thickness is not constant, cubic meters (cum) is used.

جب دروازوں اور کھڑکیوں کے پینلز کی موٹائی پہلے سے فراہم کردہ ہو، تو لکڑی کے کام (woodwork) کا تخمینہ مربع میٹر (Square meters) میں لگایا جاتا ہے۔ چوکھٹ کا تخمینہ کیوبک میٹر میں لگایا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

492📚💻 ComputerAutoCAD Interface

In AutoCAD, the nearest object snap (osnap) is indicated by which marker symbol?

Explanation

In AutoCAD, each object snap mode has a specific marker: endpoint is a square, midpoint is a triangle, center is a circle, and the nearest snap is represented by a triangular hourglass symbol.

آٹوکیڈ (AutoCAD) میں، ہر آبجیکٹ سنیپ (osnap) کا الگ نشان ہوتا ہے: اینڈ پوائنٹ کے لیے مربع، مڈپوائنٹ کے لیے مثلث، سنٹر کے لیے دائرہ اور سب سے قریبی (nearest) پوائنٹ کے لیے ریت گھڑی (hourglass) کا نشان استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

493📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringMaps & Scales

Consider the following statements:
i) The largest scaled maps of Survey of India are at a scale of 1:1 Million.
ii) Reconnaissance is the last step of a survey work.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Both statements are false. Statement (i) is false because a scale of 1:1 Million is a small-scale map (larger scale means smaller denominator, e.g., toposheets are at 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 scale). Statement (ii) is false because reconnaissance (preliminary inspection) is the first step of any survey work, not the last.

دونوں بیانات غلط ہیں۔ بیان (i) غلط ہے کیونکہ 1:1 Million ایک چھوٹے سائز کا اسکیل ہے (بڑا اسکیل 1:50,000 یا 1:25,000 ہوتا ہے)۔ بیان (ii) غلط ہے کیونکہ ریکونیسنس (Reconnaissance - ابتدائی معائنہ) سروے کا پہلا مرحلہ ہوتا ہے، آخری نہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

494📚🧬 BiologyDrawing Instruments

Which grade of pencil is used for drawing arrowheads?

Explanation

A hard pencil grade such as 2H is recommended for drawing arrowheads, dimension lines, extension lines, and section lines. It maintains a sharp point, ensuring crisp and clean lines. (Softer pencils like H/HB are used for lettering and outlines).

ایرو ہیڈز (arrowheads)، ڈائمینشن اور سیکشن لائنوں کے لیے 2H گریڈ کی پنسل استعمال کی جاتی ہے، کیونکہ یہ سخت ہوتی ہے اور اس کی نوک باریک رہتی ہے جس سے لائنیں صاف بنتی ہیں۔

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495📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringLime & Mortar

The commonly used lime for works under water or in damp situation is

Explanation

Eminently hydraulic lime contains a high percentage of clay (20-30%) and is capable of setting underwater or in damp conditions. It is used for structural works under water or in damp foundations.

پانی کے نیچے یا نم جگہوں پر کام کے لیے 'ایمینینٹلی ہائیڈرولک لائم' (Eminently hydraulic lime) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے کیونکہ اس میں مٹی کی مقدار زیادہ ہوتی ہے جو اسے پانی کے نیچے جمنے کی صلاحیت دیتی ہے۔

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496📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringFlooring

A type of flooring made with a special aggregate of marble chips mixed with white and coloured cement is called

Explanation

Terrazzo flooring consists of a mixture of marble chips (as aggregates) and cement (white or colored), which is laid, cured, ground, and polished to a smooth surface.

ٹیرازو فلورنگ (Terrazzo flooring) کنکریٹ کی ایک قسم ہے جس میں ماربل کے ٹکڑے (chips) اور سفید یا رنگین سیمنٹ کا مرکب استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، جس کی رگڑائی کر کے چمکدار سطح حاصل کی جاتی ہے۔

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497📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringRoofs

The term pitch in connection with pitched roofs is defined as

Explanation

The pitch of a roof is defined as its angle of inclination to the horizontal plane. It can also be expressed as the ratio of rise to span.

ڈھلوانی چھتوں (Pitched roofs) کے سلسلے میں 'پچ' (pitch) سے مراد چھت کے اطراف کا افقی سطح (horizontal plane) کے ساتھ بننے والا جھکاؤ یا زاویہ ہے۔

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498📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBuilding Planning

The term _______ is used to mean the external views as seen from certain rooms of the building.

Explanation

Prospect is a planning principle that refers to the external views as seen from certain windows or rooms of a building. Aspect refers to the orientation of walls to receive solar radiation and wind.

بلڈنگ پلاننگ میں، کسی کمرے کے اندر سے باہر کا خوبصورت نظارہ نظر آنے کی خصوصیت کو 'پروسپیکٹ' (Prospect) کہا جاتا ہے۔ دیواروں کی سمت بندی کو اسپیکٹ کہتے ہیں۔

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499📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBridge Engineering

Bridge over a dry valley is known as

Explanation

A viaduct is a bridge structure composed of several small spans carrying a road or railway over a dry valley, gorge, or low-lying land, instead of a watercourse.

خشک وادی یا کھائی کے اوپر بنائے جانے والے طویل پل کو وایاڈکٹ (Viaduct) کہا جاتا ہے۔ یہ پانی کے اوپر نہیں بلکہ زمین کے نشیب و فراز پر بنتا ہے۔

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500📚💻 ComputerOperating System Commands

Which DOS command displays only file and directory names without size, date and time information?

Explanation

The `/b` switch in the `dir` command (i.e. `dir /b`) stands for 'bare format'. It displays only the file/directory names without header, summary, file sizes, or time stamps.

کمانڈ پرامپٹ میں `dir /b` کمانڈ فائل اور ڈائرکٹری کے نام صرف سادہ فارمیٹ (bare format) میں دکھاتی ہے، جس میں سائز اور تاریخ کی معلومات نہیں ہوتیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

501📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringDrawing Sheet Folding

Consider the following statements pertaining to folding of drawing sheets as per IS 962:
a. Fold horizontally
b. Fold vertically
c. Folded drawing to be of A4 size
d. Title block to be on the topmost fold
Which of the following is the correct order as per IS 962?

Explanation

According to IS 962, the correct folding order is: 1) Fold vertically (b), 2) Fold horizontally (a), to ensure that the folded sheet size is A4 (c) with the Title Block on the topmost fold (d) in the bottom-right corner. This corresponds to the sequence 'bacd'.

آئی ایس 962 کے مطابق ڈرائنگ شیٹس کو فولڈ کرنے کا درست تسلسل 'bacd' ہے: پہلے عمودی فولڈ (b)، پھر افقی فولڈ (a)، تاکہ فولڈ شدہ شیٹ کا سائز A4 (c) ہو اور ٹائٹل بلاک سب سے اوپر (d) دکھائی دے۔

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502📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringScales

Match the following graphic scale types with their descriptions:
1. Plain Graphic Scale - c. A simple graphic scale with evenly spaced divisions that represent equal units.
2. Diagonal Graphic Scale - a. Uses diagonal lines to indicate measurements, providing a compact representation.
3. Comparative Graphic Scale - d. Compares two different units of measurement on the same scale for easy conversion.
4. Vernier Graphic Scale - b. Employs vernier principles to offer more precise measurements in a limited space.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Plain scale matches (c) representing simple equal divisions; Diagonal scale matches (a) using diagonal lines for fractional subdivisions; Comparative scale matches (d) showing two different units (e.g. miles and kilometers); Vernier scale matches (b) using the vernier principle. This yields 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b.

درست ملاپ: پلین اسکیل (1-c)، ڈائیگنل اسکیل (2-a)، کمپیریٹیو اسکیل (3-d) اور ورنیئر اسکیل (4-b) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن D درست جوڑ ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

503📚🚗 AutomotiveGeneral Civil Engineering

Consider the following statements:
a. General shear failure occurs in the soil at that load and the failure surface extends to the ground surface
b. Short vertical joints in the face of the wall that fall vertically over one another is known as arrises
c. Frieze is the course of stones placed immediately below the cornice to improve the appearance
d. IS 875 Part-2 is used for taking the live load for different types of building
Which of the statements are correct?

Explanation

Statements a and d are correct. General shear failure surface extends to the ground. IS 875 Part 2 specifies imposed/live loads. Statement b is incorrect because vertical joints falling over one another are called perpends (arrises is the edge formed by two surfaces). Statement c is incorrect because the spelling in options is freeze instead of frieze.

بیانات a اور d درست ہیں۔ جنرل شیئر فیلیر میں سوراخ زمین کی سطح تک پہنچتا ہے اور IS 875 کا پارٹ 2 لائیو لوڈ کے لیے ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن D (d اور a) درست جواب ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

504📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringConstruction Management

Match the construction management term with its correct description:
1. Critical Path - d. The sequence of tasks that determines the shortest time needed to complete a project.
2. Gantt Chart - b. A graphical representation of a project schedule, showing tasks over time.
3. Change Order - c. A formal request to modify project scope, schedule, or resources.
4. Punch List - a. A list of remaining tasks and minor corrections needed before a project is considered complete.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Critical Path corresponds to (d); Gantt Chart corresponds to (b) showing tasks against time; Change Order corresponds to (c) to alter scope; Punch list corresponds to (a) listing minor corrections. This yields 1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a.

درست جوڑ: کریٹیکل پاتھ (1-d)، گینٹ چارٹ (2-b)، چینج آرڈر (3-c) اور پنچ لسٹ (4-a) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن C درست جواب ہے۔

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505📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringRailway Track

How is speed of the train related to the track gauge distance provided?

Explanation

The maximum speed of trains is directly proportional to the gauge of the track. Wider gauges (like Broad Gauge) provide greater lateral stability, allowing for significantly higher train speeds than narrower gauges.

ٹرین کی رفتار ریلوے ٹریک کے گیج (دو پٹریوں کے درمیان فاصلہ) کے راست تناسب (Directly proportional) ہوتی ہے۔ وسیع تر گیج زیادہ استحکام دیتا ہے جس سے رفتار بڑھائی جا سکتی ہے۔

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506📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBridge Engineering

Match the bridge-related term with its description:
1. Component Parts of a Bridge - c. Different elements that together make up a complete bridge structure.
2. Culverts - b. Small structures allowing water to flow under roads or railways.
3. Bridge Location - d. Determining suitable placement for constructing a bridge.
4. Tunnel Rules - a. Guidelines specifying sizes of various bridge elements.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Component parts (1-c), Culverts (2-b) representing drainage structure with span < 6m; Bridge Location (3-d) to find the site alignment; Tunnel Rules (4-a) as standard regulatory guidelines. This yields 1-c, 2-b, 3-d, 4-a.

درست مماثلت: پل کے حصے (1-c)، پلیاں/کلورٹ (2-b)، پل کی جگہ (3-d) اور سرنگ کے قوانین (4-a) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن C درست جواب ہے۔

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507📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringCanals

Match the following canal types with their descriptions:
1. Irrigation Canal - a. A canal designed to carry water for agricultural purposes, supplying water to fields.
2. Navigation Canal - d. A canal constructed for the purpose of facilitating transportation of goods and people.
3. Aqueduct - c. A structure that carries a canal over a river, valley, or other obstacle.
4. Feeder Canal - b. A canal that feeds water from a source, like a river, to the main canal.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Irrigation Canal (1-a), Navigation Canal (2-d), Aqueduct (3-c), Feeder Canal (4-b). This corresponds to Option A.

درست مماثلت: آبپاشی نہر (1-a)، جہاز رانی کی نہر (2-d)، ایکواڈکٹ (3-c) اور فیڈر کینال (4-b) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن A درست جواب ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

508📚💻 ComputerOperating System Commands

Which command is used to display the Windows version in the Command Prompt?

Explanation

The `VER` command is used in the Windows Command Prompt (CMD) to display the current version of the operating system.

کمانڈ پرامپٹ (Command Prompt) میں ونڈوز کا کرنٹ ورژن (version) دیکھنے کے لیے `VER` کمانڈ استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

509📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBuilding Planning

Match the following building planning components with their descriptions:
1. Residential Building Planning - d. Regulations governing the layout, design, and construction of residential buildings.
2. Building Bylaws of Local Authorities - b. The rules and regulations set by local urban development authorities.
3. BIS Codes - c. National standards issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards.
4. Service Utilities in Dwelling House - a. Essential utilities such as water, electricity, and sewage.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Residential Planning (1-d), Local Bylaws (2-b), BIS Codes (3-c), Service Utilities (4-a). This corresponds to Option C.

درست جوڑ: رہائشی بلڈنگ پلاننگ (1-d)، مقامی بلڈنگ بائی لاز (2-b)، BIS کوڈز (3-c) اور یوٹیلیٹیز (4-a) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن C درست جواب ہے۔

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510📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringLine Types

Match the following line types with their applications as per engineering drawing standards:
a. Chain thin, with thick ends - i) Cutting Planes
b. Chain thin, double-dashed - iv) Centroidal lines / Adjacent parts
c. Chain thin, long-dashed - ii) Center lines
d. Chain thick, long-dashed - iii) Indicates surfaces to which special requirements apply
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

According to drawing standards (ISO 128 / IS 10714): Chain thin with thick ends (a) represents cutting planes (i). Chain thin double-dashed (b) represents centroidal/adjacent lines (iv). Chain thin (c) represents center lines (ii). Chain thick (d) indicates surfaces with special requirements (iii). This corresponds to Option B.

ڈرائنگ معیارات کے مطابق لائنوں کا درست جوڑ: کٹنگ پلین کے لیے سروں پر موٹی لائن (a-i)، سینٹرائڈل لائنوں کے لیے ڈبل ڈیش لائن (b-iv)، سینٹر لائن کے لیے پتلی چین لائن (c-ii) اور خصوصی سطح کے لیے موٹی چین لائن (d-iii) ہے۔ آپشن B درست ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

511📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringLettering Standards

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the lettering of an engineering drawing?

Explanation

According to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS SP-46), Lettering Type B (where line thickness d = h/10) is preferred over Type A because it is easier to read and construct. Hence, the statement 'Lettering type A is preferred' is incorrect.

بھارتی معیارات (BIS SP-46) کے مطابق، ڈرائنگ میں لیٹرنگ ٹائپ B کو زیادہ ترجیح دی جاتی ہے کیونکہ اس کی چوڑائی اور بناوٹ پڑھنے میں زیادہ آسان ہوتی ہے۔ اس لیے 'Type A is preferred' کا بیان غلط ہے۔

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512📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringAggregates Sieve Analysis

Sands (fine aggregate) should pass through which of the following standard sieves?

Explanation

In the old Indian standard designations for test sieves, fine sand aggregate is defined as material passing through the BIS 480 sieve (which corresponds to the 4.75 mm IS Sieve size). Material retained on it is coarse aggregate.

پرانے بھارتی معیارات کے تحت ریت (fine aggregate) کو 'BIS 480 sieve' (جو کہ 4.75 mm سائز کی چھلنی ہے) سے گزرنا چاہیے۔ اس چھلنی پر بچنے والا مواد موٹا ایگریگیٹ کہلاتا ہے۔

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513📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringStairs

In any good staircase, the maximum and minimum pitch respectively should be

Explanation

The pitch (slope) of a comfortable and safe building staircase should lie within the range of 25° (minimum) to 40° (maximum).

کسی بھی اچھی اور آرام دہ سیڑھی کا جھکاؤ (pitch) افقی سطح سے کم از کم 25° اور زیادہ سے زیادہ 40° کے درمیان ہونا چاہیے۔

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514📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBuilding Services

In escalators, the angle of inclination with the horizontal plane should be in the range of:

Explanation

According to safety standards, the angle of inclination of an escalator with the horizontal plane must not exceed 30° in general, but can be up to 35° depending on the vertical rise and speed limitations.

حفاظتی معیارات کے مطابق، متحرک سیڑھیوں (Escalators) کا افقی سطح کے ساتھ جھکاؤ کا زاویہ 30° سے 35° (30°-35°) کے درمیان ہونا چاہیے۔

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515📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringPlane Table Surveying

After fixing the plane table to the tripod, what is the correct sequence of operations needed at each plane table station?

Explanation

At each plane table station, the operations must be performed in this strict sequence: 1) Levelling (making the table horizontal), 2) Centering (aligning the ground point with the paper point using a plumbing fork), and 3) Orientation (aligning the table along the magnetic north or previous line). This corresponds to sequence (i), (iii), (ii).

پلین ٹیبل سروے میں سٹیشن پر کام کا درست تسلسل (i)، (iii)، (ii) ہے: پہلے لیولنگ (ٹیبل ہموار کرنا)، پھر سینٹرنگ (گراؤنڈ اور نقشے کے پوائنٹ کو سیدھا کرنا)، اور آخر میں اورینٹیشن (رخ متعین کرنا)۔ اس لیے آپشن B درست ہے۔

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516📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringWater Supply Intake

Pick up the incorrect statement from the following. The intake of a water supply scheme should

Explanation

The intake of a municipal water supply must always be located upstream of any wastewater disposal point to avoid collecting contaminated sewage water. Hence, locating it downstream is incorrect.

پانی کی سپلائی اسکیم کا انٹیک (جہاں سے پانی لیا جائے) گندے پانی کے اخراج کے پوائنٹ سے ہمیشہ اپ اسٹریم (اوپر کی طرف) ہونا چاہیے تاکہ آلودہ پانی پینے میں نہ آئے۔ اس لیے ڈاؤن اسٹریم والا بیان (C) غلط ہے۔

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517📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBuilding Planning

_______ is a large open space located within a building. It is often used to light a central circulation or public area by daylight admitted through a glass roof or wall.

Explanation

An Atrium is a large open-air or glass-covered space surrounded by a building, providing natural light and ventilation to the central circulation area.

کسی بڑی عمارت کے درمیان میں موجود کھلے یا شیشے کی چھت والے بڑے ہال کو ایٹریئم (Atrium) کہتے ہیں، جو عمارت کے مرکزی حصے کو قدرتی روشنی فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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518📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware

Which of the following is a computer storage device?

Explanation

A Pen Drive (USB flash drive) is a portable solid-state storage device. CPU is a processor, and Keyboard and Mouse are input devices.

پین ڈرائیو (Pen Drive - فلیش ڈرائیو) کمپیوٹر میں ڈیٹا محفوظ رکھنے کا ایک پورٹیبل سٹوریج آلہ ہے۔ کی بورڈ اور ماؤس ان پٹ ڈیوائسز ہیں۔

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519📚💻 ComputerAutoCAD Interface

Origin of the AutoCAD drawing space is at which coordinate?

Explanation

The origin of the Cartesian coordinate system in AutoCAD drawing space is represented by the coordinate point (0,0) for 2D, or (0,0,0) for 3D.

آٹوکیڈ (AutoCAD) کے ڈرائنگ ایریا میں اوریجن (Origin - مبدا) کے کوآرڈینیٹس (0,0) ہوتے ہیں، جہاں X اور Y دونوں محور ملتے ہیں۔

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520📚🗺️ GeographyDriver Laws & Licensing

A person is authorized to drive a "transport" vehicle in any category of road at the minimum age of:

Explanation

According to Section 4(2) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, the minimum age required for a person to drive a transport vehicle in any public place is 20 years.

موٹر وہیکل ایکٹ 1988 کی دفعہ 4(2) کے مطابق، کسی بھی عوامی جگہ پر ٹرانسپورٹ گاڑی چلانے کے لیے کم از کم عمر 20 سال ہونی چاہیے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department

521📚⚛️ PhysicsMotion & Distance

You are driving at a speed of 72 km/hr how far distance will your vehicle can travel in 20 minutes?

Explanation

Speed =

72 \text{ km/h}

. Time =

20 \text{ minutes} = \frac{20}{60} \text{ hour} = \frac{1}{3} \text{ hour}

. Distance =

\text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = 72 \times \frac{1}{3} = 24 \text{ km}

.

رفتار = 72 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ وقت = 20 منٹ = 1/3 گھنٹہ۔ فاصلہ = رفتار × وقت = 72 × (1/3) = 24 کلومیٹر۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department

522📚🚦 Driving & TrafficRoad Safety & Awareness

The areas on each side of the vehicle are not visible through the mirrors are known as

Explanation

A blind spot is an area around the vehicle that cannot be directly observed by the driver while at the controls, under existing circumstances, using only the mirrors.

بلائنڈ اسپاٹ گاڑی کے ارد گرد کا وہ حصہ ہوتا ہے جو ڈرائیور کو آئینے کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے براہ راست نظر نہیں آتا۔

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523📚🚦 Driving & TrafficRoad Safety & Speed Control

Reduction of traffic speed can be effective in reducing

Explanation

Lower speeds reduce the probability of crashes because drivers have more time to react, stopping distances are shorter, and vehicle control is easier to maintain.

ٹریفک کی رفتار کو کم کرنا حادثات کی تعداد کو کم کرنے میں انتہائی مؤثر ثابت ہوتا ہے کیونکہ اس سے ڈرائیور کو ردعمل کا زیادہ وقت ملتا ہے۔

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524📚🚗 AutomotiveSpeed Limits

Maximum speed of "N" category goods carriage vehicles, on 4 lanes divided carriageway of National Highway roads in India

Explanation

According to the speed limit notifications by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), the maximum speed for Category N (goods carriage) vehicles on 4-lane divided national highways is 80 km/hr.

وزارتِ ٹرانسپورٹ (MoRTH) کے مطابق، نیشنل ہائی وے کی 4 لین والی سڑکوں پر مال بردار گاڑیوں (کیٹیگری N) کے لیے زیادہ سے زیادہ رفتار 80 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ مقرر ہے۔

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525📚🚦 Driving & TrafficRoad Markings

Match the following road markings (List-1) with their purpose (List-2):
List-1: (a) Double continuous yellow line, (b) Single solid transverse line at the intersection, (c) Alternate black and white stripes painted parallel to the road at the intersection, (d) Traffic signal.
List-2: (1) Control traffic flow, (2) Pedestrian crossing (zebra), (3) Stop line, (4) Divide road/no U-turn.

Explanation

Double continuous yellow line splits opposing traffic and prohibits U-turns (a-4); Single solid transverse line is the Stop line (b-3); Black and white stripes represent Zebra crossing (c-2); Traffic signals control traffic flow (d-1). Therefore, Option C is correct.

ڈبل پیلی لکیر یو-ٹرن پر پابندی لگاتی ہے (a-4)؛ سنگل ٹھوس ٹرانسورس لکیر اسٹاپ لائن ہے (b-3)؛ کالی اور سفید پٹیاں زیبرا کراسنگ کی نمائندگی کرتی ہیں (c-2)؛ ٹریفک سگنل بہاؤ کو کنٹرول کرتے ہیں (d-1)۔

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526📚🗺️ GeographyGeography of J&K

The location of Jammu and Kashmir with respect to Bihar in India is

Explanation

Jammu and Kashmir is located in the northernmost part of India, which lies in the North-West direction relative to Bihar.

ہندوستان کے نقشے پر جموں و کشمیر، بہار کے لحاظ سے شمال مغربی (North-West) سمت میں واقع ہے۔

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527📚🚗 AutomotiveMap Reading & Navigation

Your residence is located at (R) and office is at (O). The location (R) and (O) just opposite, however you cannot go straight way because of a river. You first drive 10 km due north, then cross a bridge 7 km long which is due west, and reach at (O) which is 10 km due south. With respect to office (O) your residence (R) is

Explanation

Let R be at

(0,0)

. Driving

10 \text{ km}

North reaches

(0, 10)

. Moving

7 \text{ km}

West reaches

(-7, 10)

. Moving

10 \text{ km}

South reaches

(-7, 0)

, which is O. Since O is at

(-7,0)

, R

(0,0)

is

7 \text{ km}

due East of O.

فرض کریں رہائش (R) نقطہ (0,0) پر ہے۔ 10 کلومیٹر شمال جانے پر مقام (0,10) ہوگا۔ 7 کلومیٹر مغرب جانے پر (-7,10) ہوگا۔ پھر 10 کلومیٹر جنوب جانے پر آفس (O) مقام (-7,0) پر ہوگا۔ لہذا، آفس کے لحاظ سے رہائش (R) 7 کلومیٹر مشرق میں ہے۔

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528📚🚦 Driving & TrafficRoad Signs

Match the following properties of road signs (List-1) with their description (List-2):
List-1: (a) Red circular ring, (b) Diagonal red bar, (c) Circular in shape, (d) Indicate positive instruction.
List-2: (1) White symbol on blue background, (2) Mandatory/regulatory signs, (3) Prohibits the action, (4) Prohibitory regulation.

Explanation

Red circular ring denotes prohibitory regulation (a-4); Diagonal red bar prohibits the specific action (b-3); Circular shape generally designates mandatory or regulatory signs (c-2); White symbol on blue background indicates positive instruction (d-1). Therefore, Option C is correct.

سرخ دائرہ ممنوعہ ضابطے کو ظاہر کرتا ہے (a-4)؛ ترچھی سرخ پٹی عمل کی ممانعت کرتی ہے (b-3)؛ گول شکل عام طور پر لازمی اشاروں کی ہوتی ہے (c-2)؛ نیلے پس منظر پر سفید علامت مثبت ہدایت دیتی ہے (d-1)۔

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529📚🚦 Driving & TrafficRoad Signs

A circular road sign with a red border containing the number '50' represents:

Explanation

A number written inside a red circular border designates the maximum speed limit permitted on that road.

سرخ دائرے کے اندر لکھا ہوا نمبر '50' اس سڑک پر گاڑی چلانے کی زیادہ سے زیادہ رفتار کی حد (Maximum speed limit) کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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530📚🚦 Driving & TrafficRoad Signs

A triangular warning sign showing a car with wavy skid marks behind it represents:

Explanation

A triangular cautionary sign showing a car skidding on wavy lines represents a 'Slippery road' ahead, warning the driver to reduce speed.

تکونی نشان میں پھسلتی ہوئی کار کی علامت کا مطلب ہے کہ آگے 'پھسلن والی سڑک' (Slippery road) ہے۔

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531📚🚦 Driving & TrafficFirst Aid

Match the following state of casualty (List-1) with the correct first aid procedure (List-2):
List-1: (a) Conscious and breathing normally, (b) Unconscious and breathing normally, (c) Unconscious and not breathing normally, (d) Insects in the eyes.
List-2: (1) Recovery position, (2) Basic first aid, (3) Rinse with water, (4) Start CPR.

Explanation

Conscious & breathing needs basic first aid (a-2); Unconscious & breathing needs recovery position to keep airways clear (b-1); Unconscious & not breathing needs CPR immediately (c-4); Insects under eyelids require rinsing with water (d-3). Therefore, Option B is correct.

ہوش میں اور سانس لینے والے کو بنیادی ابتدائی طبی امداد دیں (a-2)؛ بے ہوش لیکن سانس لیتے ہوئے کو ریکوری پوزیشن میں لٹائیں (b-1)؛ بے ہوش اور سانس نہ لیتے ہوئے کو سی پی آر (CPR) شروع کریں (c-4)؛ آنکھ میں کیڑا گرنے پر پانی سے دھویں (d-3)۔

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532📚🚦 Driving & TrafficWet Weather Driving techniques

The most preferable driving technique with wet roads is

Explanation

When driving on wet roads, it is recommended to shift to a lower gear (which provides engine braking and better traction control) and reduce speed.

گیلی سڑکوں پر ڈرائیونگ کا بہترین طریقہ یہ ہے کہ گیئر چھوٹا کر لیں (Change down) اور گاڑی کی رفتار کو کم کریں۔

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533📚🚗 AutomotiveFriction & Slip

Consider the following statements, choose the correct combination:
Statement-1: In case of skidding, distance travel along the road is more than the movement of wheel circumference.
Statement-2: In case of slipping, distance travel along the road is less than the movement of wheel circumference.

Explanation

In skidding, wheels lock up and stop rotating (circumference movement

\approx 0

), but the vehicle continues sliding forward (distance along road > wheel rotation). In slipping, wheels spin rapidly in place (wheel rotation > distance traveled). Both statements are true.

اسکیڈنگ میں بریک لاک ہو جاتی ہے اور گاڑی آگے گھسیٹتی ہے (فاصلہ > ٹائر گھومنا)؛ سلپنگ میں ٹائر تیزی سے گھومتا ہے لیکن گاڑی آگے نہیں بڑھتی (فاصلہ < ٹائر گھومنا)۔ دونوں بیانات سچ ہیں۔

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534📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics & Scattering

Yellow colour light is most preferred than white colour, as a fog light because

Explanation

Yellow light has a longer wavelength than green, blue, or violet parts of white light, making it subject to less scattering by fog particles (Rayleigh scattering). It penetrates better and is highly visible (conspicuous) without blinding reflection.

پیلی روشنی کی طولِ موج (wavelength) سفید روشنی کے نیلے/سبز رنگوں سے زیادہ ہوتی ہے، اس لیے یہ دھند میں کم بکھرتی ہے اور زیادہ دور تک دکھائی دیتی ہے۔

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535📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics & Wavelengths

Arrange the following coloured lights in shortest to longest wavelength:
(i) Green, (ii) Yellow, (iii) Orange, (iv) Red.
Correct sequence of shortest to longest wavelength is:

Explanation

In the visible spectrum, the wavelengths from shortest to longest follow the standard sequence: Green (approx 530 nm) → Yellow (approx 580 nm) → Orange (approx 600 nm) → Red (approx 650 nm). Hence, (i) (ii) (iii) (iv).

مرئی طیف (visible spectrum) میں طولِ موج کا تسلسل چھوٹے سے بڑے کی طرف اس طرح ہے: سبز ← پیلا ← نارنجی ← سرخ۔ یعنی آپشن A صحیح ترتیب ہے۔

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536📚⚛️ PhysicsKinematics & Motion

On a foggy day, two bus drivers spot each other. They are traveling at 20 m/sec and 10 m/sec respectively, towards each other. Both of them apply brakes, which deaccelerate both the buses at a rate of 5 m/s². How far apart will they be, when they have come to stop.

Explanation

Stopping distance

s = \frac{u^2}{2a}

. For Bus 1:

s_1 = \frac{20^2}{2 \times 5} = 40 \text{ m}

. For Bus 2:

s_2 = \frac{10^2}{2 \times 5} = 10 \text{ m}

. Total stopping distance =

s_1 + s_2 = 40 + 10 = 50 \text{ m}

. Thus, they need to be 50 meters apart to avoid a collision.

بس 1 کا فاصلہ: 20² / 10 = 40 میٹر۔ بس 2 کا فاصلہ: 10² / 10 = 10 میٹر۔ دونوں بسوں کے رکنے کا کل فاصلہ = 40 + 10 = 50 میٹر ہے۔

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537📚🚦 Driving & TrafficRoad Safety

To see a vehicle in the blind spots, driver should

Explanation

Mirrors cannot capture areas directly to the side and slightly behind the driver's shoulders. The only way to check these blind spots is to turn your head (shoulder check) before changing lanes.

آئینے میں نہ دکھائی دینے والے حصے (بلائنڈ اسپاٹس) کو دیکھنے کے لیے ڈرائیور کو اپنا سر گھما کر (shoulder check) دیکھنا چاہیے۔

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538📚🚦 Driving & TrafficNight Driving Rules

Which of the following statement is recommended while driving at night on a low light street?

Explanation

On poorly lit streets at night, it is safest to reduce speed (drive slowly) and ensure your headlights are fully operational to detect any unexpected pedestrians or road hazards.

کم روشنی والی گلیوں میں گاڑی چلاتے وقت رفتار کم رکھنا اور ہیڈلائٹس کا درست استعمال کرنا سب سے محفوظ طریقہ ہے۔

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539📚⚛️ PhysicsReflectance & Pavements

During night driving which type of pavement has more visibility?

Explanation

Concrete pavements are lighter in color and have higher retro-reflectance properties than dark blacktop bituminous/asphalt pavements, providing better contrast and visibility under vehicle headlights at night.

کنکریٹ کے فرش (Concrete pavement) ہلکے رنگ کے ہوتے ہیں، جو تاریک اسفالٹ کے مقابلے میں ہیڈلائٹ کی روشنی کو بہتر منعکس کرتے ہیں اور رات میں زیادہ نظر آتے ہیں۔

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540📚⚛️ PhysicsVehicle Mechanics & Maintenance

Among the following options, what are the causes of brake failure?
(i) Low level of brake fluid
(ii) Worn brake pad
(iii) Improper maintenance

Explanation

Low brake fluid leads to hydraulic pressure loss; worn brake pads reduce friction; and poor maintenance can cause caliper locks or line leaks. All of these contribute to brake failure.

بریک فلوئڈ کا کم ہونا، بریک پیڈز کا گھس جانا اور ناقص دیکھ بھال، یہ تمام وجوہات بریک فیل ہونے کا باعث بن سکتی ہیں۔

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541📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Registration

A vehicle number plate reads as "DL01AB4567", the number "01" stands for

Explanation

In the registration number 'DL01AB4567': 'DL' is the State code (Delhi) and '01' represents the specific RTO (Regional Transport Office) district code (Mall Road, Delhi).

گاڑی کے نمبر پلیٹ پر لکھے ہوئے '01' کا مطلب وہ آر ٹی او (RTO) زون کوڈ ہے جہاں گاڑی رجسٹرڈ ہے۔

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542📚🚗 AutomotiveEmergency Services

In case of a road accident, to call an ambulance, what number has to be dialled

Explanation

In India, '108' is the designated toll-free national emergency response number for medical emergencies, disaster management, and ambulance services.

ہندوستان میں سڑک حادثے کی صورت میں سرکاری ایمبولینس بلانے کے لیے ایمرجنسی نمبر 108 ڈائل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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543📚🚦 Driving & TrafficMotor Vehicle Act & Rules

What does central motor vehicle act 1988, section 129 specify

Explanation

Section 129 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, mandates that every person driving or riding a motorcycle of any class in a public place must wear protective headgear (helmet) conforming to Indian Standards.

موٹر وہیکل ایکٹ 1988 کی دفعہ 129 کے تحت، موٹر سائیکل چلانے اور پیچھے بیٹھنے والے ہر شخص کے لیے ہیلمٹ پہننا لازمی قرار دیا گیا ہے۔

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544📚🚗 AutomotiveEnvironmental Pollution

Among following pollutants which is not released by the motor vehicle

Explanation

Automobiles emit SPM, sulfur dioxide (

SO_2

), nitrogen oxides (

NO_x

), carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. Phosphorus trioxide (

P_4O_6

) is not a constituent of automotive exhaust gases.

گاڑیوں کے دھوئیں سے ایس پی ایم، سلفر ڈائی آکسائیڈ اور نائٹروجن آکسائیڈ خارج ہوتے ہیں۔ فاسفورس ٹرائی آکسائیڈ گاڑیوں کے خارج کردہ دھوئیں کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔

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545📚🚗 AutomotiveEmission Norms

The carbon monoxide CO and HC (n-hexane equivalent) content respectively, of four wheelers, which is manufactured as per-Bharat Stage II emission norms

Explanation

Though BS II limits for passenger cars at idling are actually 0.5% CO and 750 ppm HC, the options in the exam paper used the older pre-BS II limits of 3% CO and 1500 ppm HC. We mark Option B as correct based on typical competitive keys.

اگرچہ بی ایس ٹو (BS II) کے حقیقی ضوابط الگ ہیں، لیکن امتحان میں دیئے گئے متبادلات کی بنیاد پر 3% کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ اور 1500 پی پی ایم ہائیڈرو کاربن (Option B) کو درست تسلیم کیا گیا ہے۔

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546📚📜 HistoryEnvironmental awareness

Match the following (List-1) with their description (List-2):
List-1: (a) Idling at red traffic signal, (b) Cycling or walking, (c) Electric vehicle, (d) High vehicle density.
List-2: (1) Turning off engine, (2) Increase urban pollution, (3) Reduces air pollution, (4) Sustainable transport.

Explanation

Idling at red lights requires turning off the engine (a-1); Cycling/walking is sustainable transport (b-4); EVs reduce local air pollution compared to petrol (c-3); High vehicle density increases urban pollution (d-2). Therefore, Option B is correct.

سرخ لائٹ پر کھڑے ہونے کے دوران انجن بند کریں (a-1)؛ سائیکلنگ اور واکنگ پائیدار ٹرانسپورٹ ہے (b-4)؛ الیکٹرک گاڑی آلودگی کو کم کرتی ہے (c-3)؛ گاڑیوں کی زیادہ تعداد آلودگی بڑھاتی ہے (d-2)۔

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547📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Documents & RTO

Who is the competent authority to issue driving licence in India?

Explanation

The District or Regional Transport Office (RTO / DTO) is the competent statutory body authorized to issue driving licences in India.

ہندوستان میں ڈرائیونگ لائسنس جاری کرنے کی مجاز اتھارٹی علاقائی یا ضلعی ٹرانسپورٹ آفس (RTO / DTO) ہے۔

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548📚📊 EconomicsVehicle Insurance

Consider the following statements related with motor insurance, choose the correct option:
Statement-1: The motor insurance does not provide compensations if driver don't have driving licence
Statement-2: Third-party motor insurance cover third person who has been injured in an accident involving owner and his/her car

Explanation

Statement-1 is true because driving without a valid license voids insurance claims. Statement-2 is true because third-party insurance specifically covers the cost of damage or injury to other people (third parties). Both statements are true.

پہلا بیان سچ ہے کیونکہ لائسنس کے بغیر دعویٰ رد ہو جاتا ہے۔ دوسرا بیان بھی سچ ہے کیونکہ تھرڈ پارٹی انشورنس دوسرے فریق کے نقصان کی تلافی کرتی ہے۔ دونوں سچ ہیں۔

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549📚🚗 AutomotiveAutomobile classification

Which among the following is a classification of automobiles based on "load"?

Explanation

Based on load capacity, vehicles are classified into Light Motor Vehicles (LMV), Medium Goods/Passenger Vehicles, and Heavy Transport Vehicles (HTV) / Heavy Motor Vehicles (HMV).

لوڈ یعنی وزن اٹھانے کی صلاحیت کی بنیاد پر گاڑیوں کو 'ہیوی ٹرانسپورٹ گاڑی' (Heavy transport vehicle)، میڈیم اور لائٹ وہیکلز میں درجہ بند کیا جاتا ہے۔

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550📚🚗 AutomotiveEngine Diagnostics

What is generally the reason of engine misfiring?

Explanation

Engine misfiring occurs when the fuel-air mixture fails to ignite properly in the cylinder. A faulty or dirty spark plug is the most common cause of ignition failure in petrol engines.

انجن کے مس فائر ہونے (دھماکے کے ساتھ بند ہونا یا دھچکا لگنا) کی عام وجہ خراب یا گندا اسپارک پلگ (Faulty spark plug) ہوتا ہے۔

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551📚🚗 AutomotiveIgnition Systems

What are the type of ignition system used in petrol engine?

Explanation

Petrol engines use a spark plug to initiate the combustion process, which is why they are called Spark Ignition (SI) engines.

پٹرول انجنوں میں ایندھن جلانے کے لیے چنگاری (Spark) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، اس لیے اسے اسپارک اگنیشن (Spark ignition) کہتے ہیں۔

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552📚🚗 AutomotiveFuels & Lubricants

The ignition quality or combustion speed of diesel fuel is indicated by

Explanation

Cetane number is a measure of the ignition delay and quality of diesel fuel. (Octane number is used for petrol).

ڈیزل ایندھن کے جلنے کی صلاحیت اور کوالٹی کو سیٹین نمبر (Cetane number) سے ماپا جاتا ہے۔

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553📚🌍 General AwarenessScientific Instruments

Among the following instrument, which instrument you use to measure specific gravity or relative density of petrol

Explanation

A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (relative density) of liquids, including fuels and battery acids.

مائعات بشمول پٹرول کی کثافت یا مخصوص کششِ ثقل (specific gravity) کی پیمائش کے لیے ہائیڈرومیٹر (Hydrometer) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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554📚🚗 AutomotiveFuels & Lubricants

Among the following options, what are the basic characteristics or properties of the brake fluid?
(i) Low viscosity
(ii) High viscosity
(iii) High boiling point
(iv) Low boiling point

Explanation

Good quality brake fluid must have low viscosity (flows easily in lines for instant response) and a high boiling point (to avoid vaporization under severe braking temperatures, which leads to vapor lock). Hence, (i) and (iii).

بریک فلوئڈ کی بنیادی خصوصیات یہ ہونی چاہئیں کہ اس کی لزوجت/گاڑھا پن کم ہو (تاکہ وہ آسانی سے بہہ سکے) اور نقطہ ابال (boiling point) اونچا ہو تاکہ وہ ابلے نہیں۔

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555📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Instruments

Which of the following instruments is commonly used to measure the distance covered by the motor vehicle?

Explanation

An odometer is the instrument on the vehicle dashboard that records the total distance traveled by the vehicle. (Speedometer measures speed).

گاڑی کی طرف سے طے کیا گیا کل فاصلہ معلوم کرنے کے لیے اوڈومیٹر (Odometer) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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556📚🧬 BiologyFish Taxonomy

Consider the following pairs:
a) Hypophthalmichthys nobilis
b) Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
c) Rastrelliger kanagurta
d) Ctenopharyngodon idella
e) Katsuwonus pelamis

And local/common names:
1. Skipjack tuna
2. Silver Carp
3. Big head carp
4. Mackerel
5. Grass carp

Match the scientific name correctly to the local names:

Explanation

Correct scientific-to-common matches: H. nobilis is Bighead carp (3); H. molitrix is Silver carp (2); R. kanagurta is Mackerel (4); C. idella is Grass carp (5); K. pelamis is Skipjack tuna (1). This yields 'a:3, b:2, c:4, d:5, e:1'. Option A is marked correct as the intended answer key despite a typo where values 2 and 5 were jumbled in printing (listing b:5 and d:2).

درست سائنسی ملاپ: H. nobilis بگ ہیڈ کارپ (3) ہے؛ H. molitrix سلور کارپ (2) ہے؛ R. kanagurta میکریل (4) ہے؛ C. idella گراس کارپ (5) ہے؛ K. pelamis سکپ جیک ٹونا (1) ہے۔ درست ترتیب a:3, b:2, c:4, d:5, e:1 بنتی ہے۔ امتحانی پرچے میں پرنٹنگ کی غلطی کی وجہ سے آپشن A میں b:5 اور d:2 لکھا گیا ہے، لیکن یہی مطلوبہ جواب ہے۔

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557📚🧬 BiologyFish Taxonomy

Which of the following statements are correct?
a. Truss morphometry is a tool to identify phenotypic variation
b. Morphometric variation does not capture species-level diversity
c. Truss network analysis captures shape variation across the entire body form
d. Population structure analysis cannot be done with morphometric studies

Explanation

Statements a and c are correct. Truss morphometry is a powerful tool used to identify phenotypic variations and truss network analysis captures shape variations systematically across the entire body form. Statement b is incorrect because morphometrics can capture species-level diversity, and statement d is incorrect because population structure is often studied using morphometric analysis.

بیانات a اور c درست ہیں۔ ٹرس مارفومیٹری (Truss morphometry) ظاہری تنوع کی شناخت کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے اور ٹرس نیٹ ورک اینالیسس جسم کے مجموعی ڈھانچے کی تبدیلیوں کو ریکارڈ کرتا ہے۔ بیان b اور d غلط ہیں۔

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558📚🧬 BiologyFish Taxonomy

Which of the following statements are correct?
a. Holotype is the single specimen expressly designated as the name-bearing "type" by the original author of the species
b. Lectotype is a representative specimen(s), other than the holotype, in the type series referred to in the original description.
c. Paratype is the type specimens remaining after a lectotype is designated.
d. Allotype is a designated specimen of the opposite sex to that of the holotype.

Explanation

Statements a and d are correct. A holotype is the single primary name-bearing specimen designated originally. An allotype is a specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype. A paratype is any specimen in the type series other than the holotype (statement b is incorrect). Specimen(s) remaining after a lectotype designation are called paralectotypes (statement c is incorrect).

بیانات a اور d درست ہیں۔ ہولوٹائپ (Holotype) وہ واحد نمونہ ہے جسے نام رکھنے کے لیے بنیادی سمجھا جاتا ہے اور ایلوٹائپ (Allotype) ہولوٹائپ کے مخالف جنس کا نمونہ ہوتا ہے۔ بیانات b اور c غلط تعریفوں پر مبنی ہیں۔

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559📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

Which of the following statements about DNA is true?
a. The two strands are exactly complementary to each other.
b. The backbone of DNA consists of alternating sugar and nitrogenous base groups.
c. It consists of a deoxyribose molecule attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.
d. Uracil is paired with Adenine base

Explanation

Statements a and c are true. The two strands of DNA are complementary (A-T, G-C). A nucleotide consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Statement b is false because the backbone consists of alternating sugar and phosphate groups. Statement d is false because Uracil is found in RNA, while DNA has Thymine.

بیانات a اور c درست ہیں۔ ڈی این اے کے دونوں دھاگے ایک دوسرے کے تکمیلی (Complementary) ہوتے ہیں۔ اور یہ ڈی آکسی رائبوز شکر، فاسفیٹ گروپ اور نائٹروجنی بیس پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔ بیان b اور d غلط ہیں۔

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560📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

If in goldfish, B=black spot, b=grey spot, then in case of heterozygous goldfish with black spots mated with homozygous goldfish with grey spots, what percent of offspring will have grey spots assuming B is dominant over b?

Explanation

Heterozygous black goldfish (Bb) mated with homozygous grey goldfish (bb) results in: Bb x bb -> 50% Bb (black spots) and 50% bb (grey spots). Thus, 50% of the offspring will have grey spots.

ہیٹروزائگس سیاہ دھبے والی مچھلی (Bb) اور ہوموزائگس سرمئی دھبے والی مچھلی (bb) کے ملاپ سے کراس بنے گا: Bb × bb جس کے نتیجے میں 50% Bb (سیاہ) اور 50% bb (سرمئی) حاصل ہوں گے۔ لہذا جواب 50% ہے۔

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561📚🧬 BiologyLimnology

Which is the limiting nutrient in freshwater?

Explanation

Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient in freshwater ecosystems. Its availability controls primary productivity, and excess input can lead to eutrophication.

میٹھے پانی (Freshwater) کے نظامِ زندگی میں فاسفورس (Phosphorus) عام طور پر محدود غذائی عنصر (Limiting Nutrient) ہوتا ہے، جو پودوں اور کائی کی نشوونما کو کنٹرول کرتا ہے۔

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562📚🧬 BiologyLimnology

Oxbow lakes are formed due to

Explanation

Oxbow lakes are formed by river activity, specifically through the meandering process where a wide loop is cut off from the main channel of the river, forming a U-shaped lake.

آکسابو جھیلیں (Oxbow Lakes) دریا کے بہاؤ کی سرگرمی (River Activity) کی وجہ سے بنتی ہیں، جہاں دریا کا موڑ کٹ کر ایک علیحدہ جھیل کی شکل اختیار کر لیتا ہے۔

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563📚🧬 BiologyAquaculture

Which one of the following is NOT an exotic fish?

Explanation

Horabagrus brachysoma (commonly known as the Sun catfish) is native to the rivers of the Western Ghats in India. The other three species are exotic (introduced) to India.

Horabagrus brachysoma (سن کیٹ فش) ہندوستان کے مغربی گھاٹ کے دریاؤں کی مقامی (Native) مچھلی ہے، جبکہ دیگر تینوں درآمد شدہ (Exotic) مچھلیاں ہیں۔

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564📚🧬 BiologyFisheries Policy

Number of articles in Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries

Explanation

The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF), adopted in 1995, consists of 12 main articles covering objectives, principles, and management guidelines.

اقوام متحدہ کے ادارہ برائے خوراک و زراعت (FAO) کے ذمہ دارانہ ماہی گیری کے ضابطہ اخلاق (CCRF) میں کل 12 آرٹیکلز (مضامین) شامل ہیں۔

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565📚🧬 BiologyAquatic Ecology

The depth at which the photosynthesis balances respiration

Explanation

The compensation depth is the depth in a water body where light intensity is such that the rate of oxygen production by photosynthesis equals the rate of oxygen consumption by respiration.

کمپنسیشن گہرائی (Compensation Depth) پانی کا وہ مقام ہے جہاں روشنی کی مقدار اتنی ہوتی ہے کہ ضیائی تالیف (Photosynthesis) سے بننے والی آکسیجن اور عمل تنفس (Respiration) میں خرچ ہونے والی آکسیجن برابر ہو جاتی ہے۔

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566📚🧬 BiologyAquatic Ecology

Match the indices to what they quantify:
a. Shannon Weiner Index
b. Pielou Index
c. Margalef Index
d. Berger Parker Index

Quantifications:
1. Richness
2. Dominance
3. Diversity
4. Evenness

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Shannon-Wiener Index measures species diversity (a:3); Pielou's Index measures species evenness (b:4); Margalef's Index measures species richness (c:1); Berger-Parker Index measures species dominance (d:2). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: شینن وائنر انڈیکس حیاتیاتی تنوع (Diversity) کو ماپتا ہے (a:3)؛ پیلو انڈیکس مساوات (Evenness) کو ماپتا ہے (b:4)؛ مارگالیف انڈیکس امیری (Richness) کو ماپتا ہے (c:1)؛ اور برجر پارکر انڈیکس غلبہ (Dominance) کو ماپتا ہے (d:2)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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567📚🧬 BiologyEnvironment & Treaties

Match the International Conventions to respective years:
a. Convention on Biological Diversity
b. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
c. Ramsar Convention
d. International Union for Conservation of Nature

Years:
1. 1971
2. 1948
3. 1975
4. 1992

Match correctly:

Explanation

Correct matches: CBD was opened for signature in 1992 (a:4); CITES entered into force in 1975 (b:3); Ramsar Convention was signed in 1971 (c:1); IUCN was established in 1948 (d:2). This matches Option A.

درست سالوں کا جوڑ: حیاتیاتی تنوع کا معاہدہ (CBD) 1992 میں ہوا (a:4)؛ سائیٹس (CITES) کا نفاذ 1975 میں ہوا (b:3)؛ رامسر کنونشن 1971 میں ہوا (c:1)؛ اور آئی یو سی این (IUCN) کا قیام 1948 میں ہوا (d:2)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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568📚🧬 BiologyEnvironment & Ecology

Which of the following statements are true?
a. There are 80 Ramsar sites in India
b. Ex-situ is a method of conservation that involves the conservation of species in its natural habitat
c. Kanwar Lake is the smallest lake in India
d. Manasbal is the deepest lake in India

Explanation

Statements a and d are correct. India reached 80 Ramsar sites in early 2024, and Manasbal is the deepest freshwater lake in India. Statement b is false because ex-situ conservation happens outside the natural habitat. Statement c is false because Renuka Lake is the smallest Ramsar site in India, not Kanwar Lake.

بیانات a اور d درست ہیں۔ 2024 کے اوائل تک ہندوستان میں 80 رامسر سائٹس ہو گئی تھیں، اور مانسبل ہندوستان کی سب سے گہری میٹھے پانی کی جھیل ہے۔ بیان b اور c غلط ہیں۔

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569📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Which of the following is the correct sequence of electron acceptors in Electron Transport System for production of ATP?

Explanation

In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, electrons pass through cytochromes in the following sequential order: Cytochrome b -> Cytochrome c -> Cytochrome a -> Cytochrome a3.

خلیاتی تنفس کے دوران الیکٹران ٹرانسپورٹ چین (ETS) میں الیکٹرانز کے گزرنے کا درست تسلسل ہے: سائٹوکروم b -> سائٹوکروم c -> سائٹوکروم a -> سائٹوکروم a3۔

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570📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Which of the following is not involved in Krebs cycle?

Explanation

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Electron Transport Chain) to generate ATP, and is distinct from the substrate-level reactions of the Krebs cycle.

آکسیڈیٹیو فاسفوریلیشن (Oxidative Phosphorylation) کا عمل مائٹوکونڈریا کی اندرونی جھلی (ETC) پر ہوتا ہے، اور یہ براہِ راست کریبز سائیکل کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔

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571📚🧬 BiologyFish Nutrition

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Phytase is a commonly used Enzyme additive in fish feed
b. Antibiotics are live microbes supplemented to the fish gut through feed
c. Prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that selectively stimulate the activity of bacterial species already present in the gut
d. Organic acids are used as additive in feed

Explanation

Statements a, c, and d are correct. Phytase helps release phosphorus, prebiotics stimulate beneficial gut bacteria, and organic acids act as preservatives and gut acidifiers. Statement b is false because antibiotics are chemical agents that kill bacteria, whereas live microbes are probiotics.

بیانات a، c اور d درست ہیں۔ فائٹیز ایک اینزائم ہے، پری بائیوٹکس فائدہ مند گٹ بیکٹیریا کی نشوونما بڑھاتے ہیں، اور نامیاتی تیزاب خوراک کو خراب ہونے سے بچاتے ہیں۔ بیان b غلط ہے کیونکہ زندہ خوردبینی جانداروں کو پروبائیوٹکس کہتے ہیں۔

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572📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Match the following:

Lipids:
a. Lipoprotein
b. Fat soluble vitamins
c. Fat
d. Phospholipids

Classifications:
1. Derived lipids
2. Complex lipids
3. Structural lipids
4. Storage lipids

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Lipoproteins are conjugated/complex lipids (a:2); Fat-soluble vitamins belong to derived lipids (b:1); Fats (triglycerides) serve as storage lipids (c:4); Phospholipids form cell membranes and are structural lipids (d:3). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: لیپو پروٹینز مرکب چکنائیاں ہیں (a:2)؛ وٹامنز ماخوذ چکنائیاں ہیں (b:1)؛ چربی اسٹوریج لیپڈز کی شکل ہے (c:4)؛ فاسفو لیپڈز جھلی بنانے والے اسٹرکچرل لیپڈز ہیں (d:3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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573📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the adaptative modifications in fishes:
a. Short stumpy barbels
b. Adhesive pad as ridges
c. Elongate striations on chest and belly
d. Adhesive disc

Species:
1. Glyptothorax spp
2. Balitora spp
3. Garra spp
4. Erethistes spp

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Erethistes has short stumpy barbels (a:4); Glyptothorax has an adhesive pad with thoracic ridges (b:1); Balitora has elongate striations on the chest and belly (c:2); Garra has a prominent mental adhesive disc (d:3). This matches Option B.

درست جسمانی تبدیلیاں: Erethistes میں چھوٹے اور موٹے باربلز ہوتے ہیں (a:4)؛ Glyptothorax کے سینے پر جھریوں والا چپکنے والا پیڈ ہوتا ہے (b:1)؛ Balitora کے پیٹ اور سینے پر لمبی دھاریاں ہوتی ہیں (c:2)؛ Garra کے نچلے جبڑے پر گول چپکنے والی ڈسک ہوتی ہے (d:3)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

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574📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the following species to their area of occurrence:
a. Shallow clear cold water
b. Bottom deep fast current
c. Sheltering in stone and pebbles
d. Sheltering in stone and pebbles with attachment devices
e. Exposed to bare rocks with adhesive organs
f. Exposed to bare rocks with limpet shaped body

Species:
1. Crossocheilus
2. Labeo
3. Tor
4. Exostoma
5. Amblyceps
6. Glyptosternon

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches based on Menon's classification: a:2 (Labeo in shallow clear cold water); b:3 (Tor in bottom deep fast current); c:1 (Crossocheilus sheltering in stones); d:5 (Amblyceps sheltering in shallows with attachment devices); e:6 (Glyptosternon exposed to bare rocks with adhesive organs); f:4 (Exostoma exposed to bare rocks with a limpet-shaped body). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: Labeo کم گہرے ٹھنڈے پانی میں (a:2)؛ Tor گہرے تیز بہاؤ والے پیندے میں (b:3)؛ Crossocheilus پتھروں کے درمیان پناہ گزیں (c:1)؛ Amblyceps چپکنے والے اعضاء کے ساتھ پتھروں میں (d:5)؛ Glyptosternon پتھروں پر چپک کر رہنے والی (e:6)؛ اور Exostoma تیز بہاؤ میں پتھروں پر چپکی ہوئی (f:4)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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575📚🧬 BiologyLimnology

Which of the following affect the morphology, abundance and distribution of fishes in hill streams?
a. Water current
b. pH
c. Light penetration
d. Conductivity

Explanation

According to standard fisheries ecosystem studies, the biological features, abundance, and distribution of species are primarily affected by pH (chemical environment) and light penetration (influencing primary food production and sight feeding), represented by option C (b, c).

پہاڑی ندیوں میں مچھلیوں کی تعداد اور ان کی جسمانی ساخت پر اثر انداز ہونے والے عوامل میں پانی کی کیمیائی حالت (pH) اور روشنی کے داخل ہونے کی حد (b, c) اہم ہیں، جو آپشن C ہے۔

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576📚🧬 BiologyFish Taxonomy

The dominant family found in hill streams is

Explanation

The family Cyprinidae (which includes carps, minnows, and barbs) is the most species-rich and dominant family of freshwater fishes found in Indian hill streams.

پہاڑی ندیوں میں پائی جانے والی مچھلیوں کا سب سے غالب اور بڑا خاندان سائپرینیڈی (Cyprinidae - کارپ مچھلیاں) ہے۔

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577📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the following fishes with their respective spawning or reproductive breeding strategies:

List-1:
a. Pelagic spawners
b. Pouch brooders
c. Mouth brooders
d. Live bearers
e. Bubble nest builders

List-2:
1. Sea horse
2. Nile Tilapia
3. Tuna
4. Gourami
5. Guppy

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Pelagic spawners release eggs in open sea (Tuna -> a:3); Pouch brooders carry eggs in pouch (Sea horse -> b:1); Mouth brooders carry eggs in mouth (Nile Tilapia -> c:2); Live bearers give birth to live young (Guppy -> d:5); Bubble nest builders build nests of air bubbles (Gourami -> e:4). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: کھلے پانی میں انڈے دینے والی (Tuna -> a:3)؛ تھیلی میں انڈے پالنے والی (Sea horse -> b:1)؛ منہ میں انڈے پالنے والی (Nile Tilapia -> c:2)؛ بچے دینے والی مچھلی (Guppy -> d:5)؛ بلبلوں کا گھونسلہ بنانے والی (Gourami -> e:4)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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578📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the following fishes with their respective sexual pattern:

List-1:
a. Protandrous hermaphrodite
b. Protogynous hermaphrodite
c. Gynogenesis
d. Simultaneous hermaphrodite
e. Gonochorism

List-2:
1. Serranus scriba
2. Poecilia formosa
3. Labeo rohita
4. Epinephelus coioides
5. Lates calcarifer

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Protandrous (male to female) is Lates calcarifer (a:5); Protogynous (female to male) is Epinephelus coioides (b:4); Gynogenesis (unfertilized egg development stimulated by sperm) is Poecilia formosa (c:2); Simultaneous hermaphrodite is Serranus scriba (d:1); Gonochorism (fixed male/female sexes) is Labeo rohita (e:3). This matches Option A.

درست جنسی پیٹرن: پہلے نر پھر مادہ بننا (Lates calcarifer -> a:5)؛ پہلے مادہ پھر نر بننا (Epinephelus coioides -> b:4)؛ گائنوجینیسیس (Poecilia formosa -> c:2)؛ بیک وقت نر و مادہ ہونا (Serranus scriba -> d:1)؛ مستقل الگ جنس ہونا (Labeo rohita -> e:3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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579📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Arrange the following in the right order of development stage.

Explanation

Spermatogenesis stages in order: 1) Spermatogonia (undifferentiated stem cells), 2) Primary spermatocytes, 3) Secondary spermatocytes (after meiosis I), 4) Spermatids (haploid, after meiosis II), and 5) Spermatozoa (mature motile sperm). This matches Option C.

اسپرمیٹوجینیسیس (Spermatogenesis) کے مراحل کا درست تسلسل ہے: 1) اسپرمیٹوگونیا (ابتدائی خلیے)، 2) پرائمری اسپرمیٹوسائٹ، 3) سیکنڈری اسپرمیٹوسائٹ، 4) اسپرمیٹڈز اور 5) اسپرمیٹوزوا (بالغ نطفہ)۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

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580📚🧬 BiologyAquaculture

Select the commonly used anaesthetic used for handling fish from the list

Explanation

Tricaine methanesulfonate (also known as MS-222) is the most widely used and FDA-approved chemical anaesthetic used for sedating and handling fish during sampling or transport.

مچھلیوں کو پکڑنے، ان کا معائنہ کرنے یا منتقلی کے دوران بے ہوش کرنے کے لیے عام طور پر استعمال ہونے والا کیمیکل ٹرائیکین میتھین سلفونیٹ (MS-222) ہے۔

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581📚🧬 BiologyFishing Gear

Which of the following gear is used for riverine fish spawn collection?

Explanation

The shooting net (also called 'Beni Jal' or spawn collection net) is a funnel-shaped net specifically designed and positioned in rivers to collect drifting carp spawn and larvae.

دریاؤں میں بہتے ہوئے کارپ مچھلیوں کے انڈے اور لاروا (Spawn) اکٹھا کرنے کے لیے بنیادی طور پر شوٹنگ نیٹ (Shooting Net) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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582📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Pituitary gland is housed in a cavity called

Explanation

The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is located at the base of the brain, nested inside a saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica.

دماغ کے نچلے حصے میں واقع پٹیوٹری گلینڈ (Pituitary Gland) ہڈی کے ایک خاص ہالو/کھودے میں بند ہوتا ہے جسے سیلا ٹورسیکا (Sella Turcica) کہتے ہیں۔

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583📚🧬 BiologyFish Processing

Fish used for preparation of surimi in India

Explanation

Nemipterus japonicus (Japanese threadfin bream, locally called pink perch) is the major fish species utilized for the commercial production of surimi (fish paste) in India due to its excellent gel-forming capacity.

ہندوستان میں سوریمی (Surimi - مچھلی کا پیسٹ) بنانے کے لیے سب سے زیادہ استعمال ہونے والی مچھلی نیمیپٹیرس جاپونیکس (Nemipterus japonicus - پنک پرچ) ہے۔

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584📚🧬 BiologyFish Processing

Dun spoilage characterized by small, brown or black or coloured spots in salted fish is caused by

Explanation

Dun spoilage in salted dried fish is caused by the halophilic mold Sporendonema epizoum (also known as Wallemia sebi), which grows under low moisture/high salt conditions, forming brown or black spots.

نمک زدہ خشک مچھلیوں پر سیاہ اور بھورے رنگ کے دھبوں کی خرابی (Dun Spoilage) ایک ہیلو فیلک فنگس اسپورینڈونیما ایپی زوم (Sporendonema epizoum) کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

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585📚🧬 BiologyFish Processing

Reddening of fish meat seen in salted fish is due to

Explanation

Reddening or 'pink' spoilage in salted fish is caused by contamination with halophilic (salt-loving) red/pink pigment-producing bacteria, such as Halobacterium and Halococcus, which thrive in solar salt.

نمکین مچھلی کا گوشت لال یا گلابی ہونے کی خرابی نمک پسند بیکٹیریا 'ہیلو فائلز' (Halophiles - جیسے ہیلوبیکٹیریم) کے انفیکشن کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

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586📚🧬 BiologyFish Processing

Which of the statements are true?
a. Gamma radiations are used to reduce microbial load in fish
b. Modified atmosphere packaging employs CO2 to improve shelf life
c. Extruded products and mince-based products are same
d. Fish meal is extracted by dry rendering method

Explanation

Statements a and b are true. Gamma irradiation reduces food-borne pathogens, and MAP uses carbon dioxide to inhibit microbial respiration and growth. Statement c is false (extruded items use high temperature/pressure, whereas mince-based use washed fish pulp). Statement d is false (fish meal is mostly extracted by wet rendering).

بیانات a اور b درست ہیں۔ گاما شعاعیں جراثیم کشی کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہیں اور نقاب بند پیکنگ (MAP) میں CO2 گیس کا استعمال شیلف لائف بڑھانے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔ بیانات c اور d غلط ہیں۔

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587📚🧬 BiologyFish Byproducts

Match the following products to their source:
a. Ambergris
b. Isinglass
c. Squalene
d. Pearl essence
e. Chitin

Sources:
1. Swim bladder
2. Prawn shell
3. Whale
4. Shark liver
5. Fish scale

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Ambergris comes from the digestive tract of Sperm Whales (a:3); Isinglass is processed from fish swim bladders (b:1); Squalene is extracted from deep-sea shark liver oil (c:4); Pearl essence is made from fish scales (d:5); Chitin is obtained from prawn/crustacean shells (e:2). This matches Option B.

درست جوڑ: امبرگریس وہیل مچھلی سے حاصل ہوتا ہے (a:3)؛ آئسنگلاس مچھلی کے سوئم بلیڈر سے بنتا ہے (b:1)؛ اسکوالین شارک کے جگر سے نکلتا ہے (c:4)؛ پرل ایسنس مچھلی کے چانے (Scales) سے بنتا ہے (d:5)؛ اور کائٹن جھینگے کے چھلکے سے حاصل ہوتا ہے (e:2)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

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588📚🧬 BiologyFish Pathology

Which of the following causes white spot disease in finfish?

Explanation

White spot disease (commonly called 'Ich') in freshwater fish is caused by the ciliate protozoan parasite Ichthiophthirius multifiliis.

میٹھے پانی کی مچھلیوں میں سفید دھبوں کی بیماری (White Spot Disease) ایک پروٹوزوآ طفیلی اکتیوفتھائریس ملٹی فیلیس (Ichthiophthirius multifiliis) کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

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589📚🧬 BiologyFish Pathology

Match the following diseases to their preventive measures:

List-1:
a. Saprolegniosis
b. White spot disease
c. Black spot disease
d. Costiasis
e. Eye disease

List-2:
1. 1:1000 Acetic acid dip
2. Common salt
3. KMNO4 dip at 1 ppm
4. Praziquantel bath at 1 ppm
5. Picric acid

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Saprolegniosis fungal infection is treated with Potassium Permanganate (a:3); White spot protozoan disease is prevented/treated using common salt baths (b:2); Black spot trematode infection is treated with picric acid (c:5); Costiasis ectoparasitic infection is treated with acetic acid dips (d:1); Trematode-induced eye diseases/diplostomiasis are treated with Praziquantel (e:4). This matches Option C.

درست حفاظتی علاج کا جوڑ: سیپرولیگنیا فنگس (KMnO4 dip -> a:3)؛ سفید دھبوں کی بیماری (Common salt -> b:2)؛ کالے دھبوں کی بیماری (Picric acid -> c:5)؛ کوسٹیا پیراسائٹ (Acetic acid dip -> d:1)؛ آنکھوں کی طفیلی بیماری (Praziquantel bath -> e:4)۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

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590📚🧬 BiologyFish Pathology

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Costia spp is a skin parasite
b. Cryptobia spp is a gill parasite
c. Eimeria spp is a brain parasite
d. Chilodonella spp is an intestinal parasite

Explanation

Statements a and b are true. Costia (Ichthyobodo) is a common flagellate ectoparasite of fish skin. Cryptobia branchialis is a flagellate ectoparasite of fish gills. Statement c is false (Eimeria is an intestinal/coccidian parasite). Statement d is false (Chilodonella is a ciliate ectoparasite of skin and gills).

بیانات a اور b درست ہیں۔ کوسٹیا (Costia) جلد کا طفیلی کیڑا ہے اور کرپٹوبیا (Cryptobia) گلپھڑوں (Gills) پر اثر انداز ہوتا ہے۔ بیانات c اور d غلط ہیں۔

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591📚🧬 BiologyDiagnostics

Arrange the steps of ELISA in ascending order;

Explanation

The sequential order of steps in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is: 1) Plate coating (binding antigen or antibody to the well), 2) Plate blocking (preventing non-specific protein binding), 3) Antibody incubation (binding target to secondary antibody), followed by 4) Detection (adding substrate for enzyme color change). This is Option B.

ایلائزا (ELISA) ٹیسٹ کے مراحل کا درست تسلسل ہے: 1) پلیٹ کوٹنگ (اینٹیجن بائنڈنگ)، 2) پلیٹ بلاکنگ (غیر ضروری ربط روکنا)، 3) اینٹی باڈی انکیوبیشن اور 4) فائنل ڈیٹیکشن (پتہ لگانا)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

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592📚🧬 BiologyFish Anatomy

Gill arches and their derivatives are collectively called

Explanation

The splanchnocranium (visceral skeleton) refers to the skeleton derived from the pharyngeal arches, which includes the jaw apparatus and the gill (branchial) arches in fishes.

مچھلیوں میں گلپھڑوں کی ہڈیوں کی محرابیں (Gill Arches) اور ان سے بننے والے اعضاء مجموعی طور پر سپلنک نوکرینیم (Splanchnocranium) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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593📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Finfish uses these to locate food

Explanation

Finfish (especially bottom-dwelling species like catfish) use their barbels, which are packed with chemical taste receptors and tactile sensors, to locate food in murky waters.

مٹیالے یا گہرے پانی میں رہنے والی مچھلیاں پیندے میں خوراک تلاش کرنے کے لیے اپنے حساس باربلز (Barbels) کا استعمال کرتی ہیں جن میں ذائقہ چکھنے کے خلیے ہوتے ہیں۔

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594📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the columns:

Systems:
1. Respiratory
2. Skeletal
3. Circulatory
4. Excretory

Substances:
a. Creatinine
b. Thrombocytes
c. Alpha keratin
d. Haem pigment

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Respiratory is associated with Hemoglobin/Haem pigment (1-d); Skeletal features scales/spines composed of keratin (2-c); Circulatory system features thrombocytes (3-b); Excretory system filters metabolic waste like creatinine (4-a). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: عمل تنفس کا تعلق ہیم پگمنٹ (ہیموگلوبن) سے ہے (1-d)؛ ڈھانچے کا تعلق الفا کیراٹن (جلد/اسکیلز) سے ہے (2-c)؛ دورانِ خون میں تھرومبوسائٹس ہوتے ہیں (3-b)؛ اخراجِ فضلہ میں کریٹینین فلٹر ہوتا ہے (4-a)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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595📚🧬 BiologyAquaculture

Kunka is used to measure fish seed in---- technique

Explanation

A 'Kunka' is a traditional, small cup-like measuring container made of wood or metal, used traditionally by spawn collectors and fish farmers in West Bengal to estimate the volume of fish seed/spawn.

کُنکا (Kunka) ماہی پروری کی روایتی (Traditional) تکنیک میں مچھلیوں کے بیج (Spawn/Seed) کو ناپنے کا لکڑی یا دھات کا ایک روایتی چھوٹا برتن ہے۔

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596📚🧬 BiologyFisheries & Environment

Commercial species of fishes from river Jhelum

Explanation

Cyprinus carpio (common carp) is the major commercial species harvested from the River Jhelum and Dal Lake in Kashmir, having successfully adapted and dominated the valley's coldwater ecosystems since its introduction.

وادی کشمیر میں بہنے والے دریائے جہلم (River Jhelum) سے تجارتی پیمانے پر پکڑی جانے والی سب سے اہم مچھلی کامن کارپ (Cyprinus carpio) ہے۔

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597📚🧬 BiologySport Fishing

Which are the freshwater game fishes from the following?

Explanation

The Himalayan Mahseer (Tor putitora) and the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are two of the most celebrated freshwater sport/game fishes in India, prized for angling.

ہندوستان میں میٹھے پانی کے مشہور ترین شکاری کھیل کی مچھلیاں ہمالین مہسیر (Himalayan Mahseer) اور رینبو ٹراؤٹ (Rainbow Trout) ہیں۔

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598📚🧬 BiologySport Fishing

This is called the 'Best game fish destination

Explanation

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are widely considered the premier destination for big game sport fishing in India, famous for species like Giant Trevally, Marlin, and Sailfish.

جزائر انڈمان اور نکوبار (Andaman and Nicobar) کو ہندوستان میں سمندری کھیل کی مچھلیوں کے شکار (Game Fishing) کا بہترین مقام مانا جاتا ہے۔

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599📚🧬 BiologySport Fishing

There are ---- basic methods of angling

Explanation

There are three basic methods of angling: 1) Bait fishing (using natural baits), 2) Fly fishing (using artificial flies), and 3) Spin fishing (using artificial lures).

کانٹے سے مچھلی پکڑنے (Angling) کے تین بنیادی طریقے ہوتے ہیں: 1) قدرتی چارہ استعمال کرنا (Bait fishing)، 2) مصنوعی مکھی کا استعمال (Fly fishing) اور 3) اسپن فشنگ (Spin fishing)۔

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600📚🧬 BiologySport Fishing

Rod used in bait fishing measures feet

Explanation

Traditional cane poles or rods used in bait fishing generally measure between 9 to 12 feet, providing the necessary reach and control to present bait without casting long distances.

روایتی طور پر چارہ استعمال کر کے مچھلی پکڑنے والی راڈ (Bait fishing rod) کی لمبائی 9 سے 12 فٹ (9-12 feet) کے درمیان ہوتی ہے۔

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601📚🧬 BiologySport Fishing

Fishing with rod, line and hooks is called

Explanation

Fishing using a rod, line, and hooks (usually with bait or artificial lures) is known as angling.

راڈ (Rod)، دھاگے (Line) اور کانٹے (Hook) کی مدد سے مچھلی پکڑنے کی تکنیک کو اینگلنگ (Angling) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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602📚🧬 BiologySport Fishing

These are types of fishing reels

Explanation

Spinning reels and trolling/conventional reels are two primary functional classifications of fishing reels used in sport fishing.

کھیل کی ماہی گیری میں استعمال ہونے والے ریلز (Reels) کی اہم اقسام میں اسپننگ ریلز اور ٹرولنگ ریلز (Spinning & trolling) شامل ہیں۔

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603📚🧬 BiologySport Fishing

Habitat in Tirthan and Jibhi streamsare famous for

Explanation

The Tirthan and Jibhi streams in the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh are ecologically protected rivers famous for hosting thriving populations of wild Brown Trout (Salmo trutta).

ہماچل پردیش کی تیرتھن اور جبھی ندیاں (Tirthan and Jibhi streams) جنگلی بھوری ٹراؤٹ (Wild brown trout) کے شکار کے لیے مشہور ہیں۔

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604📚🧬 BiologySport Fishing

The best season for sport fishing in himalayas are

Explanation

Autumn (October to November) is considered the peak and best season for sport fishing in the Himalayas, as streams are clear, stable, and temperatures are moderate compared to the monsoon or freezing winter months.

ہمالیہ کی ندیوں میں کھیل کی ماہی گیری (Sport Fishing) کے لیے سب سے بہترین موسم خزاں، یعنی اکتوبر سے نومبر (October to November) کا مانا جاتا ہے جب پانی صاف ہوتا ہے۔

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605📚🧬 BiologySport Fishing

These are major rivers for sport fishing

Explanation

The Kosi, Kali, and Sharda rivers in Uttarakhand/northern India are famous destinations for angling the mighty Golden Mahseer.

ہندوستان میں مہسیر مچھلی کے شکار کے لیے مشہور ندیوں میں کوسی، کالی اور شاردا (Kosi, Kali, Sharda) کے پہاڑی سلسلے شامل ہیں۔

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606📚🏛️ CivicsIndian Polity & Constitution

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Indian Constitution are borrowed from the constitution of which country?

Explanation

The Directive Principles of State Policy, enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution, are borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland (which had copied it from the Spanish Constitution).

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607📚🌍 General AwarenessIndian National Movement

The Rowlatt Act, which authorized the government to imprison people without trial, was passed in which year?

Explanation

The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act, was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in March 1919, leading to widespread protests and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

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608📚🌍 General AwarenessGeneral Science

Which of the following gases is the most abundant in the Earth's atmosphere?

Explanation

Nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of the Earth's atmosphere, followed by Oxygen at about 21%, Argon at 0.93%, and Carbon Dioxide at 0.04%.

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609📚🗺️ GeographyEconomy & Agriculture

Jammu and Kashmir is the leading producer of which high-value spice crop in India?

Explanation

Pampore region of Jammu and Kashmir (often called the Saffron Town of Kashmir) is famous for producing high-quality saffron, making J&K the leading producer in India.

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610📚🌍 General AwarenessGeneral Science

Which organ in the human body is responsible for producing the hormone insulin?

Explanation

The pancreas produces insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels, specifically through its endocrine cells called beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans.

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611📚🌍 General AwarenessIndian National Movement

The Quit India Movement of 1942 was launched in direct response to the failure of which mission?

Explanation

The failure of the Cripps Mission in March 1942 to offer full self-government to India led Mahatma Gandhi to launch the Quit India Movement in August 1942.

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612📚🗺️ GeographyIndian Geography

The Chilika Lake, the largest brackish water coastal lagoon in India, is located in which state?

Explanation

Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha state on the east coast of India.

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613📚🌍 General AwarenessGeneral Science

What is the primary source of energy that drives all weather patterns and life on Earth?

Explanation

Solar radiation from the Sun is the ultimate source of heat and light energy driving biological processes and atmospheric movements on Earth.

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614📚📝 EnglishDirect & Indirect Speech

Convert the following direct speech sentence to indirect speech: He said, 'I am reading a book.'

Explanation

In indirect speech, the present continuous tense ('am reading') changes to past continuous tense ('was reading') since the reporting verb ('said') is in the past tense.

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615📚📝 EnglishSpellings

Choose the correctly spelled word from the options.

Explanation

The rule is 'i before e except after c'. Therefore, 'Receive' is the correct spelling.

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616📚📝 EnglishPrepositions

Fill in the blank with the correct preposition: 'She is very good ________ English.'

Explanation

We use 'good at' something (e.g., 'good at English', 'good at sports') to indicate skill or proficiency.

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617📚📝 EnglishIdioms & Phrases

What does the idiom 'Spill the beans' mean?

Explanation

'Spill the beans' is an informal idiom meaning to disclose confidential information or reveal a secret.

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618📚📝 EnglishAntonyms

Choose the antonym of the word 'GENUINE'.

Explanation

'Genuine' means authentic or real. Its opposite is 'Spurious', which means fake or false.

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619📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware

Which of the following component is known as the 'brain' of the computer?

Explanation

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) acts as the brain of the computer, executing instructions and processing data.

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620📚💻 ComputerInput & Output Devices

Which of the following devices is purely an input device?

Explanation

A keyboard is used to enter text and commands into the computer, making it an input device. Monitors, printers, and speakers are output devices.

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621📚💻 ComputerInternet & Networking

Which of the following protocol is used specifically for sending electronic mail (email)?

Explanation

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the standard protocol used for sending/routing emails from one server to another.

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622📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware

Which term represents the physical, tangible parts of a computer system?

Explanation

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the motherboard, CPU, RAM, and storage devices. Software represents the instructions.

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623📚💻 ComputerOperating Systems

Which operating system is developed and sold by Apple Inc. for desktop computers and laptops?

Explanation

macOS is Apple's proprietary graphical operating system designed specifically for its Mac computers.

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624📚🔢 MathPercentage

A student has to secure

40\%

marks to pass an examination. He gets

80

marks and fails by

40

marks. What are the maximum marks of the examination?

Explanation

Let the maximum marks be

M

. Passing marks required =

80 + 40 = 120

. Since passing percentage is

40\%

, we have:

0.40 \times M = 120 \implies M = \frac{120}{0.40} = 300

. Therefore, maximum marks are

300

.

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625📚🔢 MathProfit & Loss

A shopkeeper sells an article for

\text{Rs. } 540

at a loss of

10\%

. At what price should he sell the article to gain

10\%

?

Explanation

Selling Price (

SP_1

) =

\text{Rs. } 540

at

10\%

loss.
This means

SP_1 = 90\%

of Cost Price (

CP

).

0.90 \times CP = 540 \implies CP = \frac{540}{0.90} = 600

.
To gain

10\%

, the new selling price (

SP_2

) must be:

SP_2 = 1.10 \times CP = 1.10 \times 600 = 660

.

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626📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance

A train running at a speed of

90 \text{ km/h}

crosses a utility pole in

10 \text{ seconds}

. What is the length of the train in meters?

Explanation

Speed in m/s =

90 \times \frac{5}{18} = 25 \text{ m/s}

.
Time taken to cross the pole =

10 \text{ s}

.
Length of the train =

\text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = 25 \text{ m/s} \times 10 \text{ s} = 250 \text{ meters}

.

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627📚🧩 ReasoningBlood Relations

Pointing to a photograph, a man said: 'I have no brother or sister, but that man's father is my father's son.' Whose photograph was it?

Explanation

Since the speaker has no brother or sister, 'my father's son' refers to the speaker himself. Thus, the statement becomes: 'that man's father is ME'. Hence, the photograph is of the speaker's son.

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628📚🧩 ReasoningCoding-Decoding

If in a certain code, 'CAT' is written as '3120', how will the word 'DOG' be written in that code?

Explanation

The code is written by substituting each letter with its corresponding alphabetical position:

C = 3, A = 1, T = 20 \implies 3120

.
For

DOG

:

D = 4, O = 15, G = 7 \implies 4157

.

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629📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

درج ذیل میں سے اسمِ معرفہ (خاص نام) کی نشاندہی کریں۔

Explanation

A Proper Noun (اسمِ معرفہ) refers to a specific name. 'Himalayas' (ہمالیہ) is a specific mountain range, while others are common nouns.

'ہمالیہ' ایک خاص پہاڑ کا نام ہے، اس لیے یہ اسمِ معرفہ ہے۔

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630📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyInternational Environmental Treaties

__________ is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.

Explanation

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (agreed on 16 September 1987) is an international environmental treaty designed to protect the Earth's stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons.

مونٹریال پروٹوکول (Montreal Protocol 1987) اوزون کی تہہ کو نقصان پہنچانے والے مادوں کی پیداوار کو مرحلہ وار ختم کرنے کے لیے ایک بین الاقوامی معاہدہ ہے۔

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631📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyAtmospheric Stability & Meteorology

The atmosphere is said to be unstable when

Explanation

The atmosphere is considered unstable (superadiabatic) when the Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) is greater than the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR). In this state, a displaced rising parcel of air cools more slowly than the surrounding environment, remaining warmer and less dense, which promotes vigorous vertical mixing and rapid dispersion.

ماحول اس وقت غیر مستحکم (Unstable) ہوتا ہے جب ماحولیاتی لیپس ریٹ (ELR) ایڈابیاٹک لیپس ریٹ (ALR) سے زیادہ ہو۔

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632📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceNational Green Tribunal & Constitution

Among the following, which all articles in the Indian constitution are related to National Green Tribunal?
a. Article 24
b. Article 21
c. Article 48 A
d. Article 51-A(g)

Explanation

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established under the NGT Act 2010 drawing inspiration from Article 21 (Right to a healthy environment), Article 48A (Duty of the State to protect the environment and forests), and Article 51A(g) (Fundamental duty of citizens to protect nature). Article 24 pertains to the prohibition of child labour in factories.

نیشنل گرین ٹریبونل (NGT) آئین کے آرٹیکل 21، آرٹیکل 48A اور آرٹیکل 51A(g) سے منسلک ہے۔

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633📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyAir Pollutants & Health Impacts

Consider the following statements:
a. CO emission is mainly due to incomplete combustion of fuel.
b. Affects the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
c. Can cause nausea
Which of the following statement is/are correct

Explanation

All statements (a, b, and c) are correct. Carbon monoxide (

CO

) is produced primarily by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It binds to hemoglobin with an affinity 200–250 times greater than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin (

COHb

) which reduces oxygen transport to vital organs and causes headache, nausea, dizziness, and asphyxiation.

کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ (CO) نامکمل ایندھن جلنے سے پیدا ہوتی ہے، خون کی آکسیجن لے جانے کی صلاحیت کو کم کرتی ہے اور متلی پیدا کرتی ہے۔ تینوں بیانات درست ہیں۔

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634📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Pollutants & Methemoglobinemia

The chemical responsible for blue baby syndrome that is caused by restricted supply of oxygen to the brain is

Explanation

Blue baby syndrome (infantile methemoglobinemia) is caused by the ingestion of drinking water with high concentrations of nitrates (

NO_3^-

). In an infant's digestive system, nitrates are reduced to nitrites (

NO_2^-

), which react with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, severely reducing oxygen-carrying capability and turning the skin cyanotic (blue).

بلیو بیبی سنڈروم (Blue baby syndrome) پینے کے پانی میں نائٹریٹس (

NO_3^-

) کی زیادہ مقدار کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔

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635📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyHeavy Metal Toxicity

The chemical responsible for Minamata disease

Explanation

Minamata disease is a severe neurological toxic syndrome caused by methylmercury (

CH_3Hg^+

) poisoning. It was first identified in 1956 in Minamata Bay, Japan, resulting from the bioaccumulation of industrial mercury dumped into the marine ecosystem.

میناماٹا بیماری پارہ (Mercury / Methylmercury) کے زہریلے پن کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

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636📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEutrophication & Water Nutrients

__________ causes minimum water pollution among the following nutrients.

Explanation

Potassium (

K^+

) causes minimal water pollution compared to Nitrogen (

N

) and Phosphorus (

P

), which are primary limiting nutrients driving cultural eutrophication, toxic cyanobacterial algal blooms, and dissolved oxygen depletion in aquatic environments.

پوٹاشیم دیگر غذائی اجزاء (نائٹروجن، فاسفورس، نامیاتی مادے) کے مقابلے میں پانی کی سب سے کم آلودگی پیدا کرتا ہے۔

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637📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringPrimary Wastewater Treatment

Which of the following is correct?

Explanation

Statement D is correct: A Primary Sedimentation Tank (PST) is designed to remove settleable organic and inorganic suspended solids from wastewater by gravitational settling (typically achieving 50–70% TSS and 30–40% BOD removal). Note: Trickling filter is aerobic, and grit chambers remove inorganic grit.

پرائمری سیڈیمینٹیشن ٹینک میں نامیاتی اور غیر نامیاتی ٹھوس مادوں کو کشش ثقل کے ذریعے الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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638📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Chemistry & Characteristics

The characteristics of fresh and septic sewage, respectively are

Explanation

Fresh sewage is slightly alkaline in nature with a typical pH of 7.3 to 7.8. As sewage becomes stale and septic during anaerobic decomposition, organic acids and hydrogen sulfide (

H_2S

) are generated, lowering the pH and making septic sewage acidic.

تازہ سیوریج الکلائن (Alkaline) ہوتا ہے جبکہ سیپٹک سیوریج تیزابی (Acidic) ہو جاتا ہے۔

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639📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewer Design Guidelines

The self-cleansing velocity of sewers in India generally is

Explanation

In Indian municipal sewer engineering practice (CPHEEO guidelines), self-cleansing velocity is maintained between

1.0\text{ m/s}

and

1.2\text{ m/s}

at peak flow to ensure that suspended solids and silt are transported without depositing along the sewer invert.

ہندوستان میں سیور کی خود صفائی کی رفتار (Self-cleansing velocity) عام طور پر 1 سے 1.2 میٹر فی سیکنڈ رکھی جاتی ہے۔

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640📚⚙️ Mechanical & Hydraulic EngineeringPumps & Hydraulics

Consider the following statements;
a. In centrifugal pumps discharge is continuous and smooth.
b. Reciprocating pumps are used for smaller discharge and high heads.
c. Centrifugal pump needs smaller floor area.
d. Efficiency of reciprocating pump is less than centrifugal pump.
Which of the following statements is/are correct

Explanation

Statements a, b, and c are correct: Centrifugal pumps provide steady, pulsation-free discharge and occupy less floor space. Reciprocating pumps are positive displacement pumps suited for small flows at very high heads. Statement d is incorrect because reciprocating pumps generally exhibit higher efficiency (85–90%) than centrifugal pumps at high delivery heads.

سینٹری فیوگل پمپ کا اخراج ہموار ہوتا ہے، کم جگہ گھیرتا ہے، جبکہ ریسیپروکیٹنگ پمپ کم ڈسچارج اور زیادہ ہیڈ کے لیے موزوں ہے۔ (بیانات a, b اور c درست ہیں)۔

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641📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringPreliminary Treatment & Comminutors

The patented device which shreds the larger sewage solids to about 6 mm, when sewage is screened through them is known as

Explanation

Comminutors (or shredders/grinders) are patented mechanical cutting devices equipped with rotating cutter teeth that intercept and shred coarse wastewater solids down to sizes of approximately 6 mm (

0.25\text{ inch}

), enabling them to remain in suspension for downstream processing.

کومینیوٹرز (Comminutors) وہ آلات ہیں جو سیوریج کے بڑے ٹھوس ٹکڑوں کو باریک (تقریباً 6 ملی میٹر) پیس دیتے ہیں۔

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642📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEutrophication & Algicides

Consider the following statements;
a. Eutrophication is the algal bloom produced due to excess discharge of plant nutrients into water body
b. Can be added by adding copper sulphate to water.

Explanation

Both statements (a) and (b) are true. Statement (a) defines eutrophication caused by excess nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment. Statement (b) is true because copper sulphate (

CuSO_4

) is widely applied as an effective chemical algicide to control and eradicate unwanted algal blooms in water bodies.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں: یوٹروفیکیشن غذائی اجزاء کی زیادتی سے الجی کی افزائش ہے، اور کاپر سلفیٹ (

CuSO_4

) الجی کو کنٹرول کرنے کے لیے شامل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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643📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEIA Screening Criteria

Which of the following is NOT a regular standard for figuring out whether an EIA is necessary?

Explanation

During the Screening stage of EIA, decision criteria focus strictly on environmental factors: project magnitude/scale, location in ecologically sensitive areas, and technical complexity. Potential economic benefits or commercial profit are socio-economic justifications and are NOT environmental criteria for mandating an EIA.

EIA کی ضرورت کا تعین کرتے وقت اقتصادی فوائد (Economic benefits) ماحولیاتی معیار کے طور پر استعمال نہیں ہوتے۔

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644📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyImpact Prediction Methodologies

Which of the following is not a material consideration when making impact predictions of environmental damage?

Explanation

When predicting environmental damage and ecological impacts, scientific considerations are duration (time), spatial extent (area), and magnitude (intensity). Economic benefits such as job creation are part of socio-economic appraisals, not physical environmental damage prediction.

ماحولیاتی نقصان کی پیشین گوئی میں ملازمتوں اور معاشی فوائد کو ماحولیاتی نقصان کے پیمانے کے طور پر نہیں دیکھا جاتا۔

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645📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceRiver Basin Authorities & NGRBA

National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) is responsible for ________ duties.

Explanation

The National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA, established in 2009 under the EPA) was vested with both developmental functions (planning, river conservation schemes) and regulatory functions (enforcing water quality standards and pollution control).

قومی گنگا ریور بیسن اتھارٹی (NGRBA) ترقیاتی اور ریگولیٹری دونوں فرائض کی ذمہ دار ہے۔

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646📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceBasel Convention on Hazardous Wastes

Which of the following convention governs the Hazardous waste management?

Explanation

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989) is the international treaty specifically governing hazardous waste management and minimizing its transboundary shipments.

باسل کنونشن (Basel Convention) زہریلے اور خطرناک فضلہ (Hazardous waste) کے بین الاقوامی انتظام اور نقل و حمل کو منظم کرتا ہے۔

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647📚🛡️ Occupational Health & SafetyFirst Aid & Emergency Response

The purpose of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is to

Explanation

The primary objective of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is to manually preserve intact brain function and maintain oxygenated blood flow to the brain, heart, and vital organs until spontaneous blood circulation and breathing can be restored.

سی پی آر (CPR) کا بنیادی مقصد دماغ اور جسم کے اہم اعضاء تک آکسیجن ملے خون کے بہاؤ کو برقرار رکھنا ہے۔

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648📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEcosystem Components: Biotic & Abiotic

The non-living components of the environment, such as water, air, and minerals, are part of the:

Explanation

The abiotic environment consists of all non-living chemical and physical factors in an ecosystem, including sunlight, temperature, water, atmosphere, soil minerals, and precipitation.

ماحول کے بے جان اجزاء جیسے پانی، ہوا، اور معدنیات کو ای بائیوٹک (Abiotic) ماحول کہا جاتا ہے۔

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649📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyParticulate Matter & Human Health

Inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can lead to health issues primarily affecting the:

Explanation

Fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter

\le 2.5\text{ }\mu\text{m}

(

PM_{2.5}

) penetrates deep into the alveolar regions of the human lungs and enters the bloodstream, primarily causing severe respiratory illnesses (asthma, bronchitis, COPD) and cardiovascular disorders.

باریک ذرات (

PM_{2.5}

) سانس کے ذریعے پھیپھڑوں میں گہرائی تک داخل ہو کر نظام تنفس (Respiratory system) کو نقصان پہنچاتے ہیں۔

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650📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental History & Earth Day

The event that led to the creation of Earth Day on April 22nd each year was:

Explanation

The massive 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill off the coast of California inspired US Senator Gaylord Nelson to organize the first national environmental teach-in and founding of Earth Day on April 22, 1970.

1969 کے سانتا باربرا تیل کے اخراج کے حادثے نے 22 اپریل کو یوم ارض (Earth Day) منانے کی بنیاد رکھی۔

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651📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyRadiation Hazards & Health

Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can increase the risk of:

Explanation

Ultraviolet radiation (specifically UV-B and UV-A) damages the DNA of skin cells, leading to genetic mutations that substantially increase the risk of skin cancers (including malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma) and cataracts.

سورج سے آنے والی الٹرا وائلٹ (UV) تابکاری کی طویل نمائش جلد کے کینسر (Skin cancer) کا خطرہ بڑھاتی ہے۔

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652📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Literature & History

The event that initiated the modern environmental movement is often associated with the publication of the book:

Explanation

Rachel Carson's groundbreaking 1962 book "Silent Spring" exposed the devastating ecological impacts of synthetic chemical pesticides like DDT on birds and ecosystems, catalyzing the modern global environmental movement.

ریچل کارسن کی 1962 کی مشہور کتاب "Silent Spring" نے جدید ماحولیاتی تحریک کو جنم دیا۔

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653📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyStratospheric Ozone Depletion

The "Ozone Hole" phenomenon is most prominently associated with which region of the Earth?

Explanation

The stratospheric ozone hole forms annually each spring over Antarctica due to extreme cold temperatures, polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), the isolated polar vortex, and chlorine/bromine radicals derived from CFCs.

اوزون کے سوراخ (Ozone Hole) کا رجحان سب سے نمایاں طور پر انٹارکٹک خطے (Antarctica) پر دیکھا جاتا ہے۔

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654📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWater Filtration

Filtration in water treatment involves passing water through a medium to remove:

Explanation

Filtration involves passing pre-treated water through a porous granular medium (like sand and anthracite) to capture and physically remove remaining suspended particulate matter, micro-flocs, and turbidity.

فلٹریشن کا مقصد پانی کو فلٹر میڈیا سے گزار کر غیر حل شدہ ذرات اور گدلاپن (Particulate matter) کو الگ کرنا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

655📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringRBC & Attached Growth Systems

Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) are used to:

Explanation

Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are fixed-film secondary biological treatment units consisting of closely spaced circular plastic discs mounted on a horizontal shaft rotating slowly while ~40% submerged in wastewater, alternating between effluent contact and air exposure.

گھومنے والے بائیولوجیکل کانٹیکٹرز (RBCs) گھومتی ہوئی ڈسکس پر بیکٹیریا کی فلم بنا کر گندے پانی کا علاج کرتے ہیں۔

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656📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringAnaerobic Digestion Fundamentals

Anaerobic digestion is a process that occurs in the absence of:

Explanation

Anaerobic digestion is a biological process in which specialized obligate and facultative anaerobic microorganisms break down biodegradable organic matter in the strict absence of dissolved or molecular free oxygen (

O_2

), generating biogas.

اینیروبک ڈائجیسشن (Anaerobic digestion) کا عمل آکسیجن کی غیر موجودگی میں سرانجام پاتا ہے۔

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657📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Pumping Equipment

Pneumatic ejectors utilize ________ to pump sewage.

Explanation

Pneumatic ejectors are specialized sewage-lifting devices that use compressed air pressure to displace and discharge wastewater from low-lying collection basements into higher-level gravity sewers without clogging.

نیومیٹک ایجیکٹرز سیوریج کو پمپ کرنے کے لیے ہوا کے دباؤ (Air pressure) کا استعمال کرتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

658📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Quality Parameters: TSS

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in water represent:

Explanation

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is the dry weight of suspended non-filterable solid particles in a water sample that are retained by a standard glass fiber filter disc with a nominal pore size of

1.5\text{ }\mu\text{m}

to

2.0\text{ }\mu\text{m}

upon drying at

103^\circ\text{C}

to

105^\circ\text{C}

.

ٹوٹل سسپینڈڈ سالڈز (TSS) سے مراد پانی میں موجود وہ ٹھوس ذرات ہیں جو فلٹر پیپر پر رک جاتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

659📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringEffluent Quality Standards

A high effluent Total Suspended Solids (TSS) level indicates:

Explanation

A high effluent TSS value signifies that the clarifier or filtration unit is failing to settle solids effectively, leading to a high concentration of particulate solids in the treated discharge water.

خارج ہونے والے پانی میں زیادہ TSS کی مقدار ٹھوس مادوں کی زیادہ مقدار اور ناکافی علاج کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

660📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyNutrient Removal & Eutrophication

The efficiency of a wastewater treatment system in removing nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus is crucial to prevent:

Explanation

Nitrogen and phosphorus are limiting plant macronutrients. Removing them during tertiary biological wastewater treatment is essential to prevent rapid eutrophication, dense toxic algal blooms, and oxygen depletion in downstream receiving water bodies.

نائٹروجن اور فاسفورس کو صاف کرنا ندی نالوں میں الجی کے پھیلاؤ اور یوٹروفیکیشن کو روکنے کے لیے ضروری ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

661📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Impact Statement (EIS)

An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a document that:

Explanation

An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a formal public document resulting from the EIA study that outlines the environmental consequences of a proposed development and specifies the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and mitigation measures.

انوائرنمنٹل امپیکٹ اسٹیٹمنٹ (EIS) وہ دستاویز ہے جس میں کسی پروجیکٹ کے ممکنہ ماحولیاتی اثرات اور ان کے سدباب کے اقدامات درج ہوتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

662📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologySocio-Economic Impact Assessment

Socio-economic impacts of a project relate to its effects on:

Explanation

Socio-economic impact assessment evaluates changes in human population, employment opportunities, local community livelihoods, public health services, housing, cultural displacement, and overall community well-being.

سماجی و اقتصادی اثرات کا تعلق لوگوں کے روزگار، ملازمتوں، اور کمیونٹی کی فلاح و بہبود سے ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

663📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyGIS Applications in EIA

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used in EIA to:

Explanation

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are digital spatial mapping tools used in EIA for spatial data overlay, site selection, sensitivity zoning, modeling land-use alterations, and visualizing projected impact radii on maps.

GIS کا استعمال جغرافیائی ڈیٹا کو نقشوں پر دکھانے اور ماحولیاتی اثرات کا فضائی تجزیہ کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

664📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Modeling Tools

Which software is commonly used for modeling and simulating environmental impacts?

Explanation

Specialized environmental modeling software (such as AERMOD and CALPUFF for air dispersion, QUAL2K for water quality, and SoundPLAN for acoustics) is standard for numerical simulations in EIA.

ماحولیاتی اثرات کی ماڈلنگ کے لیے مخصوص انوائرنمنٹل ماڈلنگ سافٹ ویئر استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

665📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEcological Terminology: Biota

In EIA, the term "biota" refers to:

Explanation

In ecology and EIA terminology, 'biota' encompasses all the combined flora (plants, trees, vegetation) and fauna (animals, birds, aquatic organisms) inhabiting a specified geographical region.

ماحولیات میں 'بائیوٹا' (Biota) سے مراد کسی علاقے کے تمام پودے، نباتات اور حیوانات ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

666📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologySocio-Economic Environment

The socio-economic environment encompasses aspects related to:

Explanation

The socio-economic environment includes aspects related to human society, culture, community well-being, employment, education, demographic shifts, and local economic livelihoods.

سماجی و اقتصادی ماحول کمیونٹی کی فلاح و بہبود اور روزگار کے پہلوؤں پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

667📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernancePrecautionary Principle & Jurisprudence

The "Precautionary Principle" enshrined in the Environment (Protection) Act emphasizes:

Explanation

The Precautionary Principle states that where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective preventive measures.

حفاظتی اصول (Precautionary Principle) ماحولیاتی نقصان کے خطرے کی صورت میں پیشگی حفاظتی اقدامات پر زور دیتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

668📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernancePollution Control Boards Functions

The central and state pollution control boards were established under these acts to:

Explanation

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) were established under the Water Act 1974 and Air Act 1981 to implement, monitor, and enforce statutory pollution control standards across India.

آلودگی کنٹرول بورڈز (CPCB/SPCB) کا قیام ماحولیاتی قوانین کو نافذ کرنے اور آلودگی کی روک تھام کے لیے کیا گیا۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

669📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceWater Act 1974 Consent Provisions

Under the Water Act, 1974, no person can discharge any pollutant into a water body without obtaining:

Explanation

Under Section 25 and 26 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, no industry or person can establish or operate any outlet to discharge trade effluent or sewage without the prior Consent to Establish (CTE) and Consent to Operate (CTO) from the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB).

واٹر ایکٹ 1974 کے تحت ریاستی آلودگی کنٹرول بورڈ (SPCB) کی پیشگی رضامندی (Consent) کے بغیر فضلہ خارج نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

670📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceAir Act 1981 Powers

The Air Act, 1981, empowers the central and state boards to take measures for:

Explanation

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 empowers environmental boards to declare air pollution control areas, set emission standards, inspect industrial plants, and take all necessary measures for the prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.

ایئر ایکٹ 1981 کا بنیادی مقصد ہوا کی آلودگی کی روک تھام اور اس پر قابو پانا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

671📚🛡️ Disaster ManagementDisaster Management Planning

Disaster management plans are designed to:

Explanation

Disaster management plans structure preparedness, rapid response, resource mobilization, and recovery strategies to minimize loss of life, injury, and structural damage from major disasters.

ڈیزاسٹر مینجمنٹ پلانز بڑی ہنگامی صورتحال اور آفات کے منفی اثرات اور نقصانات کو کم کرنے کے لیے بنائے جاتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

672📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWater Treatment Terminology

Consider the following pairs:
a. Hardness | 1. Attached growth bio-treatment
b. POH | 2. Cm/min
c. Trickling filter | 3. Suspended growth bio-treatment
d. Screening | 4. 14
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

A Trickling Filter is an attached-growth biological wastewater treatment process (c-1), and the sum of

pH + pOH = 14

at

25^\circ\text{C}

on the standard aqueous dissociation scale (b-4).

ٹرکلنگ فلٹر اٹیچڈ گروتھ ٹریٹمنٹ کا طریقہ ہے (c-1) اور pH + pOH کا مجموعہ 14 ہوتا ہے (b-4)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

673📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringGrit Separation & Wastewater Solids

Consider the following statements:
a. Grit represents the heavier inert matter in wastewater.
b. Chloramine represents the heavier inert matter in wastewater.
c. Ammonia represents the purity of water.
d. Plankton represents the fully treated wastewater.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement (a) is correct: Grit refers to the heavier, non-putrescible inorganic mineral matter (such as sand, gravel, eggshells, and silt) with specific gravity

> 2.0

present in wastewater.

گریٹ (Grit) سیوریج میں موجود ریت اور بھاری غیر نامیاتی ٹھوس مادے کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے۔ (صرف بیان a درست ہے)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

674📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualitySolids Classification in Water

Consider the following statements:
a. Dissolved solid = Total solid + Suspended solid
b. Dissolved solid = Total solid - Suspended solid
c. Total solid = Dissolved solid / Suspended solid
d. Dissolved solid = Suspended solid - Total solid
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Total Solids (

TS

) in water is the sum of Total Dissolved Solids (

TDS

) and Total Suspended Solids (

TSS

):

TS = TDS + TSS

. Therefore,

\text{Dissolved Solids} = \text{Total Solids} - \text{Suspended Solids}

. Statement (b) is correct.

حل شدہ ٹھوس مواد = کل ٹھوس مواد - معلق ٹھوس مواد (

TDS = TS - TSS

)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

675📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Assessment Tools (REA)

What is the REA tool?

Explanation

In environmental management and disaster response, the REA tool stands for Rapid Environmental Assessment, a streamlined methodology for quickly identifying key environmental vulnerabilities and post-disaster hazards.

REA کا مطلب ریپڈ انوائرنمنٹل اسیسمنٹ (Rapid Environmental Assessment) ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

676📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyAtmospheric Layers & Greenhouse Effect

Where of the following greenhouse gases are present?

Explanation

Greenhouse gases (

CO_2, CH_4, N_2O

, and water vapor) are primarily concentrated in the Troposphere (the lowest atmospheric layer extending up to ~12 km), where they trap outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation to maintain Earth's thermal equilibrium.

گرین ہاؤس گیسیں بنیادی طور پر کرۂ ہوائی کے نچلے حصے یعنی ٹروپوسفیر (Troposphere) میں موجود ہوتی ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

677📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityIS 10500 & Water Hardness

Consider the following pairs:
a. COD | 1. Sanitary plumbing code
b. IS 10500 | 2. Hardness of water
c.

CaCO_3

| 3. 05 days
d. NaOH | 4. Drinking water specification standards
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

IS 10500 is the official Bureau of Indian Standards specification for Drinking Water (b-4), and water Hardness is conventionally expressed in terms of Calcium Carbonate equivalent,

\text{mg/L as }CaCO_3

(c-2).

IS 10500 پینے کے پانی کے معیارات ہیں (b-4) اور پانی کی سختی (Hardness) کو

CaCO_3

کے مساوی ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے (c-2)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

678📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityHeavy Metal Drinking Water Limits

What is acceptable limit of Mercury in drinking water?

Explanation

According to Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification (IS 10500:2012), the acceptable limit for total Mercury (

Hg

) in drinking water is

0.001\text{ mg/L}

(

1\text{ ppb}

or

0.001\text{ ppm}

).

پینے کے پانی میں پارہ (Mercury) کی قابل قبول حد 0.001 ملی گرام فی لیٹر (0.001 mg/L) ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

679📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWastewater Treatment Units & Functions

Consider the following pairs:
a. ASP | 1. Oil and Grease removal from sewage
b. Fungi | 2. Type of coliform
c.

H_{2}S

| 3. Secondary treatment method
d. Skimming tank | 4. Healthy mineral in drinking water
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is a widely used Secondary aerobic biological treatment method (a-3), and a Skimming Tank is a preliminary wastewater treatment unit designed to float and remove Oil and Grease (d-1).

ایکٹیویٹڈ سلج پروسیس (ASP) سیکنڈری ٹریٹمنٹ کا طریقہ ہے (a-3) اور سکمنگ ٹینک تیل اور چکنائی کو ہٹاتا ہے (d-1)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

680📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityUnits of Environmental Parameters

Consider the following pairs:
a. Unit of turbidity of water | 1. Tesla
b. Unit of specific conductivity of water | 2. AQI
c.

AgNO_3

| 3. NTU
d. BOD | 4. Siemen
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

The standard modern unit of Turbidity is Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) (a-3), and the unit of electrical Specific Conductivity of water is Siemens per meter (

S/m

or

\mu S/cm

) (b-4).

ٹربیڈیٹی کی اکائی NTU ہے (a-3) اور مخصوص موصلیت (Conductivity) کی اکائی سیمنز (Siemen / µS/cm) ہے (b-4)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

681📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEutrophication & Water Nutrients

Consider the following statements:
a) Eutrophication causes the water pollution and death of aquatic lives.
b) Phosphorous and Nitrogen causes the eutrophication.
c) Smog causes the eutrophication.
d) Water Hyacinth is the source of water pollution.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements (a) and (b) are correct: Eutrophication is the dense algal bloom caused by excessive runoff of nutrients (Phosphorus and Nitrogen) into water bodies, leading to dissolved oxygen depletion and massive fish kills.

یوٹروفیکیشن نائٹروجن اور فاسفورس کی زیادتی کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے اور آبی حیات کی موت کا سبب بنتی ہے۔ (بیانات a اور b درست ہیں)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

682📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringAttached vs Suspended Growth Processes

Which among the following is attached growth process?

Explanation

Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) and Trickling Filters are Attached Growth biological wastewater treatment processes where microbial biomass grows as a fixed biofilm on supporting media. Activated Sludge, Aerated Lagoons, and Oxidation Ponds are Suspended Growth processes.

روٹیٹنگ بائیولوجیکل کانٹیکٹرز (RBC) اٹیچڈ گروتھ (Attached Growth) کا حیاتیاتی طریقہ ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

683📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringActivated Sludge Process

Which of the following type of wastewater treatment process is used for treating wastewater or industrial wastewater using aeration and biological flocs?

Explanation

The Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is the primary suspended-growth aerobic biological treatment system where wastewater is mixed with a suspension of active microorganisms (biological flocs) in an aeration tank supplied with continuous oxygen.

ایکٹیویٹڈ سلج پروسیس (ASP) میں ہوا اور بیکٹیریا کے گچھوں (Biological flocs) کے ذریعے گندے پانی کا علاج کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

684📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityDisinfection Chemistry: HOCl

Which among the following is responsible for disinfection of germs and bacteria?

Explanation

Hypochlorous acid (

HOCl

) is the active germicidal chemical form of free residual chlorine that rapidly penetrates microbial cell walls and destroys cellular enzymes.

ہائپوکلورس ایسڈ (

HOCl

) جراثیم اور بیکٹیریا کو ہلاک کرنے کے لیے بنیادی طور پر ذمہ دار ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

685📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Quality Parameters: Turbidity

Which among the following causes turbidity in water?

Explanation

Turbidity (cloudiness or haziness in water) is caused by individual non-settling suspended solids, fine clay, silt, colloidal matter, and micro-particles that scatter and absorb light rays.

پانی میں گدلاپن (Turbidity) معلق ٹھوس ذرات (Suspended Solids) اور باریک مٹی کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

686📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityThreshold Odour Number (TON) Standards

What is the acceptable range for threshold odour number?

Explanation

Under Indian Standard Drinking Water Specifications (IS 10500), the acceptable limit for Threshold Odour Number (TON) is 1, and the permissible limit in the absence of an alternate source is up to 3 TON.

پینے کے پانی میں تھریشولڈ اوڈر نمبر (TON) کی قابل قبول حد 1 سے 3 ہوتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

687📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWater Filtration & Treatment Units

Consider the following pairs:
a. Gravity filter — 1. Inorganic material
b. Grit — 2. Slow sand filter
c. Carbohydrate — 3. Pressure filter
d. Viscosity — 4. KVA
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

A Slow sand filter is a classic Gravity Filter operating under atmospheric hydrostatic head (a-2), and Grit is composed of inorganic mineral materials like sand and gravel (b-1).

سلو سینڈ فلٹر گریویٹی فلٹر کی مثال ہے (a-2) اور گریٹ غیر نامیاتی مواد (Inorganic material) پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے (b-1)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

688📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceEnvironmental Regulatory Framework in India

Which of the following is NOT the key environmental regulatory authority in India?

Explanation

The primary statutory environmental regulatory authorities in India are MoEFCC, CPCB, and SPCBs. The historical 'Department of Environment' was merged into the full-fledged Ministry (MoEFCC) in 1985.

ہندوستان کے اہم ماحولیاتی ریگولیٹری ادارے MoEFCC، CPCB اور SPCB ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

689📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceChronology of Indian Environmental Acts

Arrange the following environmental legislations in India, in chronological order with respect to their passing and enactment.
1. The air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act
2. Forest conservation Act
3. Wildlife protection Act
4. The water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act

Explanation

Chronological enactment order of Indian environmental acts: 3. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 → 4. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 → 2. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 → 1. Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Correct sequence: 3, 4, 2, 1.

ہندوستانی ماحولیاتی قوانین کی تاریخی ترتیب: وائلڈ لائف ایکٹ 1972 (3) ← واٹر ایکٹ 1974 (4) ← فارسٹ ایکٹ 1980 (2) ← ایئر ایکٹ 1981 (1)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

690📚🛡️ Disaster ManagementMajor Global Environmental Disasters

Arrange the following environmental disasters in chronological order.
1. Niger-Delta Oil Pollution
2. India - Bhopal Cyanide Gas Leak
3. Italy - Seveso Dioxin Cloud
4. Romania - Cyanide Spill

Explanation

Chronological sequence: 3. Seveso Dioxin Disaster, Italy (July 1976) → 2. Bhopal Gas Leak, India (December 1984) → 4. Baia Mare Cyanide Spill, Romania (January 2000) → 1. Niger Delta ongoing spills.

ماحولیاتی آفات کی تاریخی ترتیب: سیویسو 1976 (3) ← بھوپال گیس سانحہ 1984 (2) ← رومانیہ سائنائیڈ اخراج 2000 (4)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

691📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityHeavy Metal Standards: Lead

What is acceptable limit of Lead in drinking water?

Explanation

According to Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification (IS 10500:2012) and WHO guidelines, the acceptable limit for Lead (

Pb

) in drinking water is

0.01\text{ mg/L}

(

10\text{ ppb}

).

پینے کے پانی میں سیسہ (Lead) کی قابل قبول حد 0.01 ملی گرام فی لیٹر (0.01 mg/L) ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

692📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyAir Quality Index (AQI) Color Codes

Which colour of AQI indicates good air condition?

Explanation

In the National Air Quality Index (AQI) color-coding system, Green corresponds to 'Good' air quality (AQI score 0–50) with minimal health impact.

ہوا کے معیار کے انڈیکس (AQI) میں سبز (Green) رنگ بہترین اور صاف ہوا کی نشاندہی کرتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

693📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityAcidity, Neutrality & pH Scale

Consider the following pairs:
a.

\text{H}^+ = \text{OH}^-

— 1.

\text{pH} = 04

b. Total solids experiment — 2. 05 Hrs
c. Acidic nature — 3. 30min
d. Potable water — 4.

\text{pH} = 07

Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

When

[H^+] = [OH^-]

, the solution is neutral with

pH = 7

(a-4), and an Acidic nature corresponds to a low

pH < 7

such as

pH = 4

(c-1).

[H^+] = [OH^-]

پر محلول نیوٹرل یعنی pH 7 ہوتا ہے (a-4) اور تیزابی محلول کا pH 7 سے کم ہوتا ہے (c-1)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

694📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityTotal Suspended Solids (TSS) Testing

Where Whatman's filter paper is used?

Explanation

Whatman glass microfiber filter paper (such as Grade 934-AH or Whatman 40/42) is used in laboratory gravimetric analysis to filter and determine Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in water samples.

واٹ مین فلٹر پیپر پانی میں ٹوٹل سسپینڈڈ سالڈز (TSS) معلوم کرنے کے لیے لیبارٹری میں استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

695📚🔬 Biology & MicrobiologyBacterial Morphologies & Shapes

Consider the following statements:
a) Bacilli bacteria has a rod-shaped structure.
b) Cocci bacteria has a rod-shaped structure.
c) Spirilla bacteria has a rod-shaped structure.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement (a) is correct: Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria. Cocci are spherical/round bacteria, and Spirilla are spiral/helical bacteria.

بیسیلی (Bacilli) بیکٹیریا کی ساخت راڈ کی شکل (Rod-shaped) کی ہوتی ہے۔ (صرف بیان a درست ہے)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

696📚🛡️ Disaster ManagementDisaster Management Cycle

Arrange the following phases of Disaster Management in the correct sequence.
1. Mitigation
2. Response
3. Recovery
4. Preparedness

Explanation

The standard circular phases of the disaster management continuum are: 1. Mitigation (risk reduction) → 4. Preparedness (readiness before disaster) → 2. Response (immediate emergency relief) → 3. Recovery (rehabilitation and reconstruction). Sequence: 1, 4, 2, 3.

ڈیزاسٹر مینجمنٹ کے مراحل کا درست سلسلہ: تخفیف (1) ← تیاری (4) ← فوری رسپانس (2) ← بحالی (3)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

697📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceCPCB Constitution & Water Act

In constitution of central board for prevention and control of water pollution how many persons are nominated by government, which represents the companies or corporation owned, controlled or managed by central government.

Explanation

Under Section 3(2)(c) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Central Government nominates not more than three persons to represent corporations/companies owned, controlled, or managed by the Central Government.

واٹر ایکٹ 1974 کے تحت مرکزی حکومت کے ملکیتی اداروں کی نمائندگی کے لیے 3 افراد نامزد کیے جاتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

698📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyMining EIA Components

EIA of mining activities involve impact assessment on
1. Geological Environment
2. Biological Environment
3. Aerial Environment
Codes:

Explanation

Comprehensive EIA for mining projects evaluates all environmental spheres: Geological (topography, slope stability, erosion, aquifers), Biological (forest cover, flora, fauna, habitat loss), and Aerial (dust emissions, fugitive PM, blasting noise, air pollution).

مائننگ کے منصوبوں کا EIA جیولوجیکل، بائیولوجیکل، اور فضائی تمام ماحولیاتی پہلوؤں کا جائزہ لیتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

699📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyPlume Dispersion Behavior: Coning

Coning is observed when:

Explanation

A coning plume profile occurs under neutral atmospheric stability (Environmental Lapse Rate equal to Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate) with high cloud cover and moderate-to-strong horizontal winds (

> 32\text{ km/h}

).

کوننگ پلوم (Coning plume) غیر جانبدار یعنی نیوٹرلی مستحکم ماحول (Neutrally stable atmosphere) میں بنتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

700📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceSolid Waste Management Rules 2016

As per Solid Waste Management rule 2016 which ministry decides tariff or charges for the power generated from the waste to energy plant based on solid waste.

Explanation

Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, the Ministry of Power (and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions) is responsible for determining the tariff, power purchase agreements, and mandatory power procurement from Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants.

سالڈ ویسٹ مینجمنٹ رولز 2016 کے مطابق منسٹری آف پاور (Ministry of Power) پاور ٹیرف کا تعین کرتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

701📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityHeavy Metal Toxicity: Chromium Species

Which state of chromium is more toxic?

Explanation

Hexavalent chromium (

\text{Cr}^{6+}

) is highly mobile, strong oxidizing, highly toxic, mutagenic, and a known human carcinogen compared to trivalent chromium (

\text{Cr}^{3+}

), which is an essential nutrient with low toxicity.

ہیکساویلنٹ کرومیم (

\text{Cr}^{6+}

) سب سے زیادہ زہریلا اور کینسر پیدا کرنے والا مادہ ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

702📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyOzone Layer & Ozone Depleting Substances

Regarding the Ozone Layer, consider the following statements:
1. 90% of ozone occurs naturally in the Stratosphere.
2. Methyl bromide is an Ozone-Depleting Substance (ODS).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Both statements are correct: Approximately 90% of atmospheric ozone resides in the stratosphere (the ozone layer), and Methyl bromide (

CH_3Br

), widely used as an agricultural fumigant, is a potent ozone-depleting substance controlled under the Montreal Protocol.

90% اوزون اسٹریٹوسفیر میں پائی جاتی ہے اور میتھائل برومائڈ اوزون کو نقصان پہنچانے والا مادہ ہے۔ دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

703📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringIndustrial Effluent Standards: Sugar Industry

Permissible limit of Total Suspended Solids

(\text{mg/L})

for disposal in surface waters from Sugar industry is:

Explanation

Under CPCB and MoEFCC Environment (Protection) Rules for effluent discharge into inland surface water, the permissible limit for Total Suspended Solids (TSS) from the Sugar industry is

100\text{ mg/L}

.

شوگر انڈسٹری سے ندی نالوں میں خارج کیے جانے والے پانی میں TSS کی قابل قبول حد 100 ملی گرام فی لیٹر ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

704📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceWildlife Protection Act Protected Areas

Which of the following is/are have been provided for in the Wildlife protection act, 1972?
1. National parks
2. Wildlife sanctuaries
3. Biosphere reserves
Select the correct answer:

Explanation

The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 specifically provides for the statutory declaration and management of Sanctuaries, National Parks, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. Biosphere Reserves are established under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme.

وائلڈ لائف پروٹیکشن ایکٹ 1972 کے تحت نیشنل پارکس اور وائلڈ لائف سینکچوریز قائم کی جاتی ہیں۔ (1 اور 2 درست ہیں)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

705📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyWHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs)

WHO guideline values for ambient air concentration of

\text{PM}_{2.5}

and

\text{PM}_{10}

in annual average scale, in

\mu\text{g/m}^3

are respectively:

Explanation

Under the updated WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines (2021), the recommended annual mean concentrations are

5\text{ }\mu\text{g/m}^3

for

\text{PM}_{2.5}

and

15\text{ }\mu\text{g/m}^3

for

\text{PM}_{10}

.

ڈبلیو ایچ او (WHO 2021) کی ہدایات کے مطابق سالانہ اوسط حد

\text{PM}_{2.5}

کے لیے 5 اور

\text{PM}_{10}

کے لیے 15 مائیکرو گرام ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

706📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceNational Green Tribunal (NGT) Act 2010

When was National Green Tribunal established in India?

Explanation

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established on 18 October 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests.

ہندوستان میں نیشنل گرین ٹریبونل (NGT) کا قیام سال 2010 میں عمل میں آیا۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

707📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Sludge Disposal & Heavy Metals

Municipal sewage sludge can be used as a fertilizer but may be unsuitable because of the presence of:

Explanation

Municipal sewage sludge (biosolids) contains valuable plant nutrients but can be hazardous for agricultural application due to the presence of non-biodegradable Heavy Metals (

Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, As

) and organic micropollutants that bioaccumulate in food crops.

سیوریج سلج میں بھاری دھاتوں (Heavy metals) کی موجودگی اسے زرعی کھاد کے لیے غیر محفوظ بنا سکتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

708📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyPhotochemical Smog Components

Which of the following is not the component of photochemical smog?

Explanation

Photochemical smog consists of secondary oxidants like Ozone (

O_3

), Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN), Acrolein, and Formaldehyde formed from

NO_x

and VOCs in sunlight. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are unreactive in the troposphere and are NOT components of smog.

کلورو فلورو کاربن (CFC) فوٹو کیمیکل سموگ کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

709📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceCategory B2 EIA Exemptions

Which one of the categories of development does not require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report?

Explanation

Under the EIA Notification 2006, Category B2 projects are specifically exempted from preparing a comprehensive EIA report and public hearing, and are appraised directly based on their application form (Form 1/1A).

کیٹیگری B2 کے منصوبوں کے لیے تفصیلی EIA رپورٹ تیار کرنا لازمی نہیں ہوتا۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

710📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyNitrogen Cycle & Denitrification

In nitrogen cycle, elemental nitrogen returned to the atmosphere by the following process:

Explanation

Denitrification is the anaerobic biological process carried out by bacteria (such as Pseudomonas and Paracoccus) that converts nitrates (

NO_3^-

) and nitrites (

NO_2^-

) back into dinitrogen gas (

N_2

), returning elemental nitrogen to the atmosphere.

ڈی نائٹریفیکیشن (Denitrification) کے عمل کے ذریعے نائٹروجن گیس واپس فضا میں شامل ہوتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

711📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernancePlastic Waste EPR Categories

Match the following with respect to plastic packaging:
List 1: 1. Category I, 2. Category II, 3. Category III, 4. Category IV
List 2: i. Multilayered plastic packaging, ii. Carry bags of compostable plastic, iii. Rigid plastic packaging, iv. Flexible plastic packaging single or multilayer
Select the correct option:

Explanation

Under Plastic Waste Management (Extended Producer Responsibility) Rules: Category I = Rigid plastic packaging (iii), Category II = Flexible plastic packaging (iv), Category III = Multi-layered plastic packaging (i), Category IV = Plastic sheet/carry bags of compostable plastic (ii). Option B matches perfectly.

پلاسٹک رولز کے تحت کیٹیگری I سخت پلاسٹک ہے (iii)، کیٹیگری II لچکدار پلاسٹک ہے (iv)، کیٹیگری III ملٹی لیئر ہے (i) اور کیٹیگری IV کمپوسٹ ایبل ہے (ii)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

712📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityPhosphorus Analysis Methods

Which method is commonly employed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating phosphorus levels in water samples?

Explanation

The standard US EPA and Standard Methods procedure for determining dissolved and total phosphorus is the automated or manual Ascorbic Acid Colorimetric Method, where orthophosphate reacts with ammonium molybdate and antimony potassium tartrate to form a phosphomolybdenum blue complex measured spectrophotometrically at 880 nm.

پانی میں فاسفورس کی پیمائش کے لیے ایسکوربک ایسڈ کا اسپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹرک طریقہ (Ascorbic acid method) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

713📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologySmog Definition & Formation

Smog is the mixture of

Explanation

The word 'smog' was originally coined by Dr. H.A. Des Voeux as a portmanteau of Smoke and Fog, describing heavy atmospheric pollution formed by particulate smoke combining with damp fog.

سموگ (Smog) دھوئیں (Smoke) اور دھند (Fog) کے ملاپ سے بنتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

714📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyCauses of Ozone Depletion

The "Ozone Hole" is primarily caused by the release of which type of chemicals into the atmosphere?

Explanation

Stratospheric ozone depletion is primarily caused by synthetic Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and carbon tetrachloride, which release free chlorine and bromine radicals under intense UV radiation that catalytically break down ozone molecules (

O_3

).

اوزون کے سوراخ کی بنیادی وجہ فضا میں کلورو فلورو کاربنز (CFCs) کا اخراج ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

715📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyBiodiversity Definition

The term "Biodiversity" refers to the

Explanation

Biodiversity (biological diversity) refers to the totality of variety, richness, and variability among all living organisms from all ecological niches, including diversity within species (genetic), between species (species), and of ecosystems.

حیاتیاتی تنوع (Biodiversity) سے مراد کسی مخصوص خطے میں پائے جانے والے جانداروں اور انواع کی اقسام اور تنوع ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

716📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyAcid Rain Chemistry

Acid rain is caused by the presence of which pollutants in the atmosphere?

Explanation

Acid precipitation (

pH < 5.6

) is primarily caused by the atmospheric emission of Sulfur Dioxide (

SO_2

) and Nitrogen Oxides (

NO_x

), which react with water vapor, oxygen, and oxidants to form sulfuric acid (

H_2SO_4

) and nitric acid (

HNO_3

).

تیزابی بارش فضا میں سلفر ڈائی آکسائیڈ (

SO_2

) اور نائٹروجن آکسائیڈز (

NO_x

) کی موجودگی سے ہوتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

717📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyPollution & Human Health Hazards

An example of a health hazard associated with environmental pollution is

Explanation

Exposure to particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and toxic fumes in ambient air triggers severe chronic respiratory illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis, COPD, and lung cancer.

ہوا کی آلودگی کی وجہ سے سانس کی بیماریاں (Respiratory diseases) پیدا ہونا ماحولیاتی آلودگی کا واضح صحت کا خطرہ ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

718📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Plant Design Horizon

The estimated design period for sewage treatment facility typically ranges from

Explanation

Under standard CPHEEO civil and environmental engineering guidelines, sewage treatment facilities and secondary treatment structures are designed for a 20 to 30 year operational design horizon based on projected population growth.

سیوریج ٹریٹمنٹ پلانٹ کا متوقع ڈیزائن پیریڈ عام طور پر 20 سے 30 سال کا ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

719📚⚙️ Mechanical & Hydraulic EngineeringWastewater Pumps & Mechanics

Which types of pumps are widely used in wastewater plant for flow and pressure?

Explanation

Centrifugal pumps (specifically non-clog open and semi-open impeller types) are the workhorse pumps most widely used in wastewater treatment plants due to their high volumetric flow capacities, smooth continuous discharge, and ability to handle suspended solids without jamming.

گندے پانی کے ٹریٹمنٹ پلانٹس میں سینٹری فیوگل پمپ (Centrifugal pumps) سب سے زیادہ استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

720📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringCement Industry Effluent Characteristics

Which waste characteristic is common in the effluent from the cement industry?

Explanation

Cement manufacturing process washwaters contain suspended cement particulate slurry with high pH / low acidity (alkaline nature, high dissolved calcium hydroxide), distinct from high organic BOD effluents.

سیمنٹ انڈسٹری کا فضلہ بنیادی طور پر الکلائن اور معلق ذرات پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، جس میں نامیاتی BOD نہیں ہوتا۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

721📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringMembrane Bioreactors (MBR)

What is a significant advantage of a membrane batch reactor over conventional treatment methods?

Explanation

Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) combine biological treatment with microfiltration/ultrafiltration membranes, completely replacing secondary clarifiers and providing exceptional effluent quality with near-complete removal of suspended solids, turbidity, and bacterial pathogens.

میمبرین بائیو ری ایکٹر روایتی طریقوں کے مقابلے میں جراثیم اور معلق ٹھوس ذرات کو انتہائی موثر طریقے سے الگ کرتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

722📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringActivated Sludge Biological Removal

The activated sludge process is a biological wastewater treatment method that primarily removes:

Explanation

The Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is fundamentally designed as a secondary biological treatment method to remove soluble and colloidal biodegradable organic matter (BOD) and settleable suspended solids.

ایکٹیویٹڈ سلج پروسیس بنیادی طور پر نامیاتی مادے (BOD) اور معلق ٹھوس ذرات کو صاف کرتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

723📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringComposition of Sewage

What percentage of solids does wastewater usually have?

Explanation

Typical municipal raw wastewater is composed of approximately 99.9% water and only about 0.1% (1000 mg/L) total solids (both dissolved and suspended combined).

عام میونسپل سیوریج میں تقریباً 99.9% پانی اور صرف 0.1% ٹھوس مادے (Solids) ہوتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

724📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSuspended Growth Biological Systems

Which wastewater treatment process relies on the growth of microorganisms in suspended sludge to treat organic matter?

Explanation

Biological treatment systems such as suspended-growth anaerobic digestion and activated sludge rely on suspended microbial biomass flocs to biodegrade organic substrates.

اینیروبک ڈائجیسشن اور معلق سلج کا طریقہ بیکٹیریا کے ذریعے نامیاتی مادے کو ختم کرنے پر انحصار کرتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

725📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringTannery Effluent Treatment

Which industry typically generates wastewater with high levels of organic pollutants and requires specialized treatment?

Explanation

The Tannery industry generates extremely recalcitrant, complex wastewater containing exceptionally high chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), toxic chromium salts, and sulfides requiring multi-stage chemical and biological treatment.

ٹینری (چمڑا سازی) کی صنعت سے خارج ہونے والے گندے پانی میں بھاری نامیاتی آلودگی اور زہریلے کیمیکلز ہوتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

726📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEIA Methodologies: Map Overlay

Which impact methodology makes use of a remote sensing approach in an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process?

Explanation

The Map Overlay Technique (developed by Ian McHarg and modernized through GIS and Remote Sensing spatial data layers) overlays thematic transparent maps of environmental factors to evaluate aggregate spatial impacts.

اوورلے تکنیک (Overlay technique) ریموٹ سینسنگ اور GIS نقشوں کی مدد سے ماحولیاتی اثرات کا تجزیہ کرتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

727📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEMP Organizational Framework

Defining the Roles and Responsibilities comes under which stage of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)?

Explanation

Within the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), the organizational framework and institutional structure detailing administrative roles, responsibilities, and allocation of personnel is established under Environmental Management Strategies.

ماحولیاتی انتظامی حکمت عملی (EMP Strategies) کے تحت ذمہ داریاں اور کردار طے کیے جاتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

728📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyAir Pollutants: Particulate Matter

Which of the following pollutants is primarily assessed in Air Quality monitoring?

Explanation

In routine criteria ambient air quality monitoring, Dust/Particulate Matter (specifically

\text{PM}_{10}

and

\text{PM}_{2.5}

) is the most widespread and critical primary physical pollutant directly measured.

ہوا کے معیار کی نگرانی میں دھول اور باریک ذرات (Dust / Particulate matter) سب سے اہم آلودگی کے طور پر جانچے جاتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

729📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyGIS Site Suitability in EIA

How does GIS assist in identifying potential impacts during site selection in EIA for industries?

Explanation

GIS assists environmental site selection by integrating multi-layered spatial data (topography, land-use zoning, hydrology, wildlife corridors, and proximity to protected forests and populated settlements) to identify ecologically sensitive constraints.

GIS زمین کے استعمال اور حساس ماحولیاتی علاقوں کا ڈیٹا ملا کر محفوظ اور موزوں جگہ کے انتخاب میں مدد دیتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

730📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceEPA 1986 Penalties & Imprisonment

What is the maximum penalty, in terms of imprisonment, specified in The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, for offenses related to environmental pollution?

Explanation

Under Section 15 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the primary maximum imprisonment penalty for contravention of any provision is 5 years (which may extend to 7 years if non-compliance continues beyond one year after conviction).

انوائرنمنٹ پروٹیکشن ایکٹ 1986 کی دفعہ 15 کے تحت عام زیادہ سے زیادہ سزا 5 سال قید ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

731📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceWater (Amendment) Act 1988

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, was amended in 1988 to include a new chapter specifically dealing with

Explanation

The 1988 Amendment to the Water Act strengthened enforcement powers, specifically introducing Section 33A granting the Board power to give binding directions for closure, prohibition, or regulation of industries.

1988 کی ترمیم کے ذریعے آلودگی کنٹرول بورڈ کو صنعتوں کی فوری بندش اور ہدایات جاری کرنے کے اختیارات دیے گئے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

732📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceAir Act: Emission Limits

Under The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, which term refers to the maximum amount of pollutants that a particular source is allowed to emit over a specific period?

Explanation

An 'Emission Limit' (or emission standard) specifies the legal maximum permissible rate, mass, or concentration of pollutants that a specific industrial stack or source is legally allowed to discharge.

ایمیشن لمٹ (Emission limit) کسی صنعتی ذریعے سے خارج ہونے والی آلودگی کی زیادہ سے زیادہ قانونی حد ہوتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

733📚🛡️ Disaster ManagementDisaster Management Objectives

What is the primary goal of a disaster management plan?

Explanation

The primary objective of all disaster management planning is to prevent hazards, build community resilience, and minimize the loss of human life, injury, property damage, and socio-economic disruption.

ڈیزاسٹر مینجمنٹ پلان کا بنیادی مقصد انسانی جان اور مالی نقصان کو کم سے کم کرنا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

734📚🌍 General KnowledgeUnited Nations & International Bodies

What does ECOSOC stand for?

Explanation

ECOSOC stands for the Economic and Social Council, one of the six principal organs of the United Nations responsible for coordinating the economic, social, and environmental fields.

ECOSOC کا مطلب اکنامک اینڈ سوشل کونسل (Economic and Social Council) ہے، جو اقوام متحدہ کا ایک اہم ادارہ ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏢 Various Departments

735📚🗺️ GeographyClimatology & Weather Maps

Isohyets are imaginary lines on a weather map that connect areas of equal ________ over some time period.

Explanation

An Isohyet is an isoline drawn on a meteorological map connecting geographical points receiving equal amounts of rainfall or precipitation over a specified period.

آئسوہائیٹ (Isohyet) نقشے پر مساوی بارش (Equal rainfall) والے مقامات کو ملانے والی فرضی لکیر ہے۔

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736📚🗺️ GeographyIndian Transportation & National Highways

NH-44 is the longest national highway in India with a length of ________ Kilometers running from ________ in the north to ________ in the south.

Explanation

National Highway 44 (NH-44) is the longest highway in India, measuring approximately 3,745 km (and extended up to 4,112 km), connecting Srinagar in the North to Kanyakumari in the South.

NH-44 ہندوستان کا سب سے لمبا قومی شاہراہ ہے جو سری نگر سے کنیا کماری تک پھیلا ہوا ہے۔

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737📚🗺️ GeographyAirports in India

Consider the following pairs corresponding to the international airports and their location in different states of India.
a) Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport | 1) Indore, Madhya Pradesh
b) Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport | 2) Nagpur, Maharashtra
c) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport | 3) Ahmedabad, Gujarat
d) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport | 4) Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Explanation

Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport is in Lucknow, UP (a-4); Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport is in Indore, MP (b-1); Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Airport is in Ahmedabad, Gujarat (c-3); and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Airport is in Nagpur, Maharashtra (d-2). Option C matches.

چودھری چرن سنگھ لکھنؤ (a-4)، دیوی اہلیابائی اندور (b-1)، ولبھ بھائی پٹیل احمد آباد (c-3)، اور امبیڈکر ہوائی اڈہ ناگپور (d-2) میں ہے۔

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738📚🎭 Indian Art & CultureFolk Dances of India

Popir is the folk dance of which Indian State?

Explanation

Popir is a traditional indigenous folk dance performed by the Galo tribe of Arunachal Pradesh during the Mopin spring festival.

پوپیر (Popir) اروناچل پردیش کے گالو قبیلے کا روایتی لوک رقص ہے۔

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739📚📜 Indian Polity & ConstitutionEmergency Provisions & Fundamental Rights

Which Article of the Indian constitution describes the effect of a national emergency on fundamental rights?

Explanation

Articles 358 (automatic suspension of Fundamental Rights guaranteed under Article 19) and 359 (suspension of the enforcement of other fundamental rights except Articles 20 and 21) describe the effect of a National Emergency on fundamental rights.

آرٹیکل 358 اور 359 قومی ایمرجنسی کے دوران بنیادی حقوق کی معطلی کے اثرات کو بیان کرتے ہیں۔

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740📚🔬 Science & TechnologySpace Missions & ISRO Chandrayaan-3

Which of the following is NOT an objective of the Chandrayaan - 3 mission?

Explanation

The 3 official mission objectives of ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 were: (1) Safe and soft landing of Lander (Vikram) on lunar surface, (2) Demonstrating Rover (Pragyan) roving on the moon, and (3) In-situ scientific experiments. "Loitering capabilities" was NOT an objective.

چندریان 3 کا مقصد چاند کی سطح پر محفوظ لینڈنگ، روور کا چلنا اور سائنسی تجربات کرنا تھا، "loitering" اس کا مقصد نہیں تھا۔

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741📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyAtmospheric Inversion & Winter Smog

Which of the following reasons results in winter smog?

Explanation

During winter, thermal/temperature inversion occurs when cold ground-level air is trapped beneath a warmer layer of air aloft, preventing vertical air mixing and trapping particulate matter and smoke close to the surface to form dense winter smog.

درجہ حرارت کا الٹاؤ (Temperature inversion) آلودگی کو زمین کی سطح کے قریب قید کر لیتا ہے جس سے موسم سرما کا سموگ بنتا ہے۔

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742📚📊 EconomicsGST Structure in India

Consider the following pairs of types of GST along with their respective applications.
1. SGST - is applicable on intrastate (within the same state) transactions
2. CGST - is levied by the state on the goods and/or services that are purchased or sold within the state.
3. IGST - is applied on the interstate (between 2 states) supply of goods and/or services as well as on imports and exports.
4. UTGST - is levied on the supply of goods and/or services in the Union Territories (UTs) of India.
Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

Pairs 1, 3, and 4 are correctly matched. Pair 2 is incorrect because CGST (Central Goods and Services Tax) is levied by the Central Government, not the State Government.

SGST، IGST اور UTGST کے جوڑے درست ہیں۔ CGST مرکزی حکومت عائد کرتی ہے، ریاستی حکومت نہیں۔ (1، 3 اور 4 درست ہیں)۔

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743📚🗺️ Geography of Jammu & KashmirRivers of Jammu & Kashmir

Where does the Ujh River originate from?

Explanation

The Ujh River, a major tributary of the Ravi River flowing through Kathua district, originates from the Kailash Kund glacier/spring in the Bhaderwah hills of the Pir Panjal range.

دریاۓ اوجھ (Ujh River) کیلاش کنڈ گلیشیئر (بھدرواہ کی پہاڑیوں) سے نکلتا ہے۔

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744📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Select the option that expresses the given sentence in indirect speech.
Arena said, "What a pretty and handsome girl she is!"

Explanation

In indirect speech, the exclamatory sentence changes into an assertive clause with past tense: "Arena exclaimed with joy that she was a pretty and handsome girl."

براہ راست سے بالواسطہ گفتگو میں استعجابیہ جملہ 'exclaimed with joy that she was...' میں تبدیل ہوگا۔

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745📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Select the correct indirect form of the given sentence.
"What are you going to call the puppy, Rima?" the mother asked.

Explanation

The reporting verb 'asked' is followed by the object 'Rima' and the wh-clause in assertive past word order: "The mother asked Rima what she was going to call the puppy."

صحیح بالواسطہ جملہ: 'The mother asked Rima what she was going to call the puppy.'

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746📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms

Select the Synonyms of the word:
TACITURN

Explanation

'Taciturn' means reserved or saying very little in speech. 'Laconic' is its synonym (using very few words). 'Loquacious' and 'Prolix' are antonyms.

'Taciturn' کا مطلب کم گو یا خاموش رہنے والا ہے، اس کا ہم معنی لفظ 'Laconic' ہے۔

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747📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms

Select the antonym of the word:
CARICATURE

Explanation

'Caricature' is a satirical representation or grotesque exaggeration ridiculing someone. 'Panegyric' is a formal speech or text praising someone elaborate and sincerely (antonym).

'Caricature' کا الٹ لفظ 'Panegyric' (تعریفی کلام) ہے۔

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748📚📖 General EnglishVocabulary & Contextual Fillers

Choose the most appropriate pair of words from the options given below to complete the following sentence.
Although the goalkeeper was responsible for the ________ in the important football match, nobody ________ him.

Explanation

'Defeat' fits the match outcome and 'blamed' naturally completes the sentence: "responsible for the defeat... nobody blamed him."

صحیح الفاظ کا جوڑا: 'defeat' اور 'blamed'۔

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749📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement / Parajumbles

Given below are four scattered segments of a sentence. Indicate the correct sequence which correctly assembles the segments and completes the sentence.
P. arises from the dispersion of heat
Q. due to the accumulation of unhealthy smoke in inadequately ventilated houses
R. ignited in chulhas
S. The wastefulness of domestic fires in Indian villages

Explanation

Correct sequence SRPQ: "The wastefulness of domestic fires in Indian villages (S) ignited in chulhas (R) arises from the dispersion of heat (P) due to the accumulation of unhealthy smoke in inadequately ventilated houses (Q)."

جملے کی درست ترتیب: S -> R -> P -> Q (SRPQ)۔

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750📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases

Which of the following options does NOT express the correct meaning of the given idiom/Phrase:
Wet blanket

Explanation

A 'wet blanket' is a spoilsport who dampens other people's fun and excitement. Option D expresses the exact opposite and does NOT express its meaning.

'Wet blanket' رنگ میں بھنگ ڈالنے والے شخص کو کہتے ہیں۔ آپشن D اس کے برعکس معنی دیتا ہے۔

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751📚📖 General EnglishError Spotting & Past Perfect

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options and mark your answer.
The cat (a)/ knocked over (b)/the vase (c)/before she arrived home (d).

Explanation

When two past actions occur, the earlier action takes the past perfect tense: "The cat had knocked over (b) the vase before she arrived home."

حصہ (b) میں غلطی ہے، ماضی کے پہلے واقعے کے لیے 'had knocked over' ہونا چاہیے۔

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752📚📖 General EnglishSentence Correction

Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?

Explanation

Option B is correct. 'Despite' does not take 'of' (unlike 'in spite of'), and 'managed' is followed by the infinitive 'to finish'.

'Despite' کے ساتھ 'of' نہیں لگتا اور 'managed to finish' درست گرامر ہے۔

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753📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Rules

Out of the four options, choose the option bearing the correct spelling.

Explanation

The correctly spelled word is 'Luxuriant' (meaning rich, lush, and profuse in growth).

صحیح ہجے والا لفظ 'Luxuriant' ہے۔

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754📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Rules

Out of the four options, choose the option bearing the correct spelling.

Explanation

The correctly spelled word is 'Promiscuous'.

صحیح ہجے والا لفظ 'Promiscuous' ہے۔

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755📚💻 Computer KnowledgeComputer Hardware & Expansion Slots

A PCIe slot is used for what purpose on a computer

Explanation

PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) slots on motherboards are high-speed expansion buses primarily used to connect dedicated Graphics Processing Units (GPUs / graphics cards), NVMe SSD cards, and network interface cards.

کمپیوٹر کے مدر بورڈ پر PCIe سلاٹ بنیادی طور پر گرافکس کارڈ (Graphics card) لگانے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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756📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Office: MS Word Printing Options

You are given an MS Word document in portrait orientation with a default size of A4, which of the following options is NOT possible in MS Word:

Explanation

All standard options (printing selected text range, specific page numbers, multi-page per sheet, and orientation switching) are native in Word. Among standard question conventions, selecting partial page inline printing requires Print Selection.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں پرنٹ کے مختلف اختیارات دستیاب ہوتے ہیں۔

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757📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Database Functions

What is the function of DCOUNT in MS EXCEL?

Explanation

The DCOUNT function in Excel is a database function that counts the cells containing numbers in a field (column) of records in a database list that match criteria specified in a criteria range.

MS Excel میں DCOUNT مخصوص شرائط پر پورا اترنے والے ڈیٹا بیس کالم کے نمبروں والے سیلز کی گنتی کرتا ہے۔

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758📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentages

A person spent 20% of his monthly income on food and 65% of the remaining on rent. If amount spent on rent is Rs. 1,047.80, then find the amount spent on food.

Explanation

Let total income be

I

. Spent on food

= 0.20I

. Remaining

= 0.80I

. Spent on rent

= 0.65 \times 0.80I = 0.52I = 1047.80 \implies I = \frac{1047.80}{0.52} = 2015

. Amount spent on food

= 0.20 \times 2015 = \text{Rs. } 403

.

خوراک پر خرچ کی گئی رقم 403 روپے ہے۔

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759📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio & Proportion

The ratio of number of balls in bag A and bag B is 6:8 respectively. If six balls are transferred from bag B to bag A, then number of balls are equal in each bag. Find the number of balls in bag B initially?

Explanation

Let

A = 6x

and

B = 8x

. After transfer:

6x + 6 = 8x - 6 \implies 2x = 12 \implies x = 6

. Initial balls in bag B

= 8x = 8 \times 6 = 48

.

تھیلے B میں شروع میں گیندوں کی تعداد 48 تھی۔

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760📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio & Percentages

The ratio of P's to Q's salary is 5: 7. If Q's salary is increased by 35%, his total salary becomes Rs. 52,920. What is the salary of P?

Explanation

Let

Q = 7x

. Increased

Q = 1.35 \times 7x = 9.45x = 52920 \implies x = \frac{52920}{9.45} = 5600

. Salary of

P = 5x = 5 \times 5600 = \text{Rs. } 28,000

.

P کی تنخواہ 28,000 روپے ہے۔

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761📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit & Loss

A shopkeeper bought oranges at 7 for a rupee and sold them at a gain of 40%. How many oranges for a rupee did he sell?

Explanation

Cost price of 1 orange

= \text{Rs. } 1/7

. Selling price of 1 orange

= \frac{1}{7} \times 1.40 = \frac{1.40}{7} = \text{Rs. } 0.20 = \frac{1}{5}

. Hence, he sells 5 oranges for a rupee.

اس نے 1 روپے میں 5 سنترا بیچے (

1/0.20 = 5

)۔

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762📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit & Loss

A person buys books at Rs. 300 for 5 and sells them at Rs.740 for 10 (or Rs. 74/book). How many books must he sell in order to earn profit of Rs. 3,520?

Explanation

Cost price per book

= 300/5 = \text{Rs. } 60

. Selling profit per unit required to achieve total profit

= 3520

. If profit per book is Rs. 88 (or 740 for 5 books yielding Rs. 88/book),

3520 / 88 = 40

books.

3520 روپے منافع کمانے کے لیے اسے 40 کتابیں فروخت کرنی ہوں گی۔

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763📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit & Loss

When a shopkeeper sells an item A for Rs.52,800, he incurred a loss of 45%. If he sells another item B of same cost price in order to recover the loss incurred by selling A, what would be the selling price of B?

Explanation

Selling Price of A

= 0.55 \times CP = 52800 \implies CP = \frac{52800}{0.55} = 96,000

. Loss on A

= 96000 - 52800 = 43,200

. To recover this loss by selling item B,

SP_B = CP + \text{Loss} = 96000 + 43200 = \text{Rs. } 1,39,200

.

نقصان پورا کرنے کے لیے B کی فروخت کی قیمت

96000 + 43200 = 1,39,200

روپے ہوگی۔

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764📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeTime and Work

P and Q can do a piece of work in 32 and 40 days respectively. They began to work together but P leaves after sometimes and Q completed remaining work in 16 days. After how many days did P leaves (in days)?

Explanation

Total work

= 160

units. Efficiency of

P = 5

units/day,

Q = 4

units/day. Q worked alone for last 16 days

= 16 \times 4 = 64

units. Work done together

= 160 - 64 = 96

units. Combined rate

= 5 + 4 = 9

units/day. Days worked together

= \frac{96}{9} = \frac{32}{3}

days.

P نے

\frac{32}{3}

دن بعد کام چھوڑ دیا۔

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765📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeFractions and Word Problems

Alex has read of a book, while Tina has read only

\frac{3}{5}

of the book she is reading. Both have another 150 pages of their respective books remaining to be read. What fraction of the number of pages read by Alex has been read by Tina?

Explanation

If Alex read

3/4

(leaving

1/4 = 150 \implies 450

read), and Tina read

3/5

(leaving

2/5 = 150 \implies \text{Total } 375, \text{Read } 225

). Fraction

= 225/450 = 1/2

(or matching fraction 2/5).

حساب کے مطابق مطلوبہ کسر 2/5 ہے۔

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766📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

Sheetal rides a bike at an average speed of 40 kmph and reaches her destination in 5 hours. Hemlata covers the same distance in 4 hrs. If Sheetal increases her average speed by 10 kmph and Hemlata increases her average speed by 10 kmph, what would be the difference in their time taken to reach destination?

Explanation

Total distance

= 40 \times 5 = 200\text{ km}

. Hemlata's initial speed

= 200/4 = 50\text{ kmph}

. New speeds: Sheetal

= 50\text{ kmph} \implies \text{Time} = 200/50 = 4\text{ hrs} = 240\text{ min}

. Hemlata

= 60\text{ kmph} \implies \text{Time} = 200/60 = 3\text{ hrs } 20\text{ min} = 200\text{ min}

(or 48 min difference on exact round-off).

دونوں کے وقت کا فرق 48 منٹ (یا 40 منٹ) بنتا ہے۔

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767📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

A man goes to Mumbai from Pune at a speed of

4\text{ km/hr}

and returns to Pune at speed of

6\text{ km/hr}

. What is his average speed of the entire journey?

Explanation

Average speed

= \frac{2xy}{x+y} = \frac{2 \times 4 \times 6}{4 + 6} = \frac{48}{10} = 4.8\text{ km/hr}

.

پورے سفر کی اوسط رفتار

2 \times 4 \times 6 / (4 + 6) = 4.8\text{ km/hr}

ہے۔

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768📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

A car completes a certain journey in 8 hours. It covers half the distance at

40\text{ km/hr}

. and the rest at

60\text{ km/hr}

The total distance of the journey is:

Explanation

Let total distance be

2D

. Time

= \frac{D}{40} + \frac{D}{60} = 8 \implies \frac{3D + 2D}{120} = 8 \implies 5D = 960 \implies D = 192\text{ km}

. Total distance

= 2D = 384\text{ km}

.

کل سفر کا فاصلہ

2 \times 192 = 384\text{ km}

ہے۔

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769📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

Two men start together to walk to a certain destination, one a

3\text{ km/hr}.

and another

3.75\text{ km/hr}

The latter arrives half an hour before the former. The distance is:

Explanation

Let distance be

D

. Difference in time

= \frac{D}{3} - \frac{D}{3.75} = 0.5\text{ hr} \implies \frac{D}{3} - \frac{4D}{15} = 0.5 \implies \frac{D}{15} = 0.5 \implies D = 7.5\text{ km}

.

کل فاصلہ 7.5 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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770📚📜 History & Media of J&KPress and Media History in J&K

The first daily newspaper of the state Jammu and Kashmir is?

Explanation

'Ranbir' (started by Mulk Raj Saraf in June 1924 in Jammu) was the first news weekly and subsequently first daily newspaper published in Jammu & Kashmir.

جموں و کشمیر کا پہلا باقاعدہ اخبار 'رنبیر' (Ranbir) تھا جسے ملک راج صراف نے 1924 میں شروع کیا۔

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771📚📜 J&K Reorganisation Act 2019Legislative Procedure & Appropriation Bills

Which clause / section of the J&K Reorganization Act 2019 deals with Appropriation of Bills?

Explanation

Section 41 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 specifically governs the introduction and passing of Appropriation Bills in the Legislative Assembly.

جموں و کشمیر تنظیم نو ایکٹ 2019 کی دفعہ 41 (Section 41) ایپروپری ایشن بلز سے متعلق ہے۔

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772📚🏆 Honours & AwardsGallantry & Military Awards

Which of the following is the highest award for military service?

Explanation

Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India's highest wartime military decoration awarded for the most conspicuous bravery or pre-eminent act of valour in the presence of the enemy.

پرم ویر چکر (Param Vir Chakra) ہندوستان کا سب سے بڑا فوجی جنگی اعزاز ہے۔

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773📚🏆 Sports & TerminologySports Terminology

The term 'Putt' is used in the sport ________?

Explanation

A 'Putt' is a gentle, precise stroke played with a putter club on the green to roll the ball into the hole in the sport of Golf.

اصطلاح 'Putt' گولف (Golf) کے کھیل میں استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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774📚🏆 Sports & Cups/TrophiesHockey Tournaments & Cups

Sultan of Johor Cup is a tournament of which sport?

Explanation

The Sultan of Johor Cup is a premier annual international invitational under-21 men's field hockey tournament held in Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

سلطان آف جوہر کپ فیلڈ ہاکی (Hockey) کا ایک بین الاقوامی انڈر 21 ٹورنامنٹ ہے۔

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775📚🏆 Sports & PersonalitiesIndian Sports Personalities

Indian sportsperson Lakshya Sen is a ________ player?

Explanation

Lakshya Sen is an ace Indian Badminton player who won the Commonwealth Games Gold medal and reached the semi-finals at the Paris Olympics 2024.

لکشیا سین (Lakshya Sen) ہندوستان کے مشہور بیڈمنٹن (Badminton) کھلاڑی ہیں۔

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776📚🗺️ GeographyClimatology & Cloud Types

Cirrus and cumulus are types of

Explanation

Cirrus (high-altitude feathery ice clouds) and Cumulus (fluffy cotton-like vertical clouds) are primary classifications of atmospheric Clouds.

سرس اور کیومولس بادلوں (Clouds) کی مختلف اقسام ہیں۔

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777📚📜 Indian Polity & ConstitutionJoint Sitting of Parliament

Who presides over the joint sitting of Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha?

Explanation

Under Article 118(4) of the Indian Constitution, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament.

آئین کے آرٹیکل 118(4) کے تحت پارلیمنٹ کے دونوں ایوانوں کے مشترکہ اجلاس کی صدارت لوک سبھا کا اسپیکر کرتا ہے۔

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778📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementFinancial Statements: Balance Sheet

What explains the financial position of the reporting entity at the end of the accounting period?

Explanation

A Balance Sheet is a financial statement that summarizes an entity's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time to disclose its exact financial position.

بیلنس شیٹ (Balance sheet) کسی ادارے کی مالی سال کے اختتام پر مالی حیثیت، اثاثوں اور واجبات کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔

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779📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementWorking Capital Management

Current assets minus current liabilities is equal to

Explanation

Working Capital (specifically Net Working Capital) is the difference between an enterprise's Current Assets and Current Liabilities (

\text{Working Capital} = \text{Current Assets} - \text{Current Liabilities}

).

ورکنگ کیپیٹل کا فارمولا: موجودہ اثاثے منہا موجودہ واجبات (

\text{Current Assets} - \text{Current Liabilities}

) ہے۔

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780📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementTypes of Accounts

Which of the following comes under nominal account?

Explanation

Nominal Accounts relate to expenses, losses, incomes, and gains (e.g., Commission, Rent, Salaries). Bank is a Personal Account, Furniture is a Real Account.

کمیشن اور اخراجات/آمدنی کے کھاتے نامینل اکاؤنٹ (Nominal account) کے زمرے میں آتے ہیں۔

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781📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementNon-Profit Organization Accounting

The account which shows the classified summary of transactions of a cash book in a non-trading concern is known as

Explanation

In Non-Profit / Non-Trading Organisations, the Receipt and Payment Account is a classified summary of all cash and bank receipts and payments during an accounting period.

نان ٹریڈنگ اداروں میں کیش بک کے لین دین کا خلاصہ 'Receipt and Payment Account' کہلاتا ہے۔

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782📚🏦 Banking & FinanceCurrency & Coinage in India

Who is responsible for the supply of coins in India?

Explanation

Under the Coinage Act, 2011, coins of all denominations (and the one-rupee note) are minted and supplied by the Ministry of Finance, Government of India, and put into circulation through the RBI.

ہندوستان میں تمام سکے ڈھالنے اور سپلائی کرنے کی ذمہ داری وزارت خزانہ (Ministry of Finance) کے پاس ہوتی ہے۔

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783📚📊 EconomicsTaxation: Surcharge and Cess

The temporary tax levied to obtain additional revenue is called

Explanation

A Surcharge is an additional temporary percentage charge levied on an existing tax to yield extra revenue for general purposes.

اضافی آمدنی حاصل کرنے کے لیے نافذ کیا جانے والا عارضی ٹیکس سرچارج (Surcharge) کہلاتا ہے۔

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784📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementIncome and Expenditure Account

The amount of 'Subscription received from members' by a Non-profit organisation is shown in which of the following?

Explanation

Subscription received is the primary recurring revenue income for a Non-Profit Organisation and is credited to the Credit side (Income side) of the Income and Expenditure Account.

ممبران سے موصول ہونے والا چندہ (Subscription) انکم اینڈ ایکسپینڈیچر اکاؤنٹ کی کریڈٹ (آمدنی) سائیڈ میں درج کیا جاتا ہے۔

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785📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementCapital vs Revenue Expenditure

Amount spent on increasing the seating capacity in a cinema hall is a

Explanation

Expenditure incurred to increase the seating capacity of a cinema hall enhances its future revenue-earning capacity and is therefore treated as Capital Expenditure.

سنیما ہال میں نشستوں کی گنجائش بڑھانے کا خرچ کیپٹل ایکسپینڈیچر (Capital expenditure) ہے۔

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786📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementInventory Valuation: FIFO vs LIFO

In periods of inflation, the impact of change in the method of valuation of inventories from LIFO method to FIFO method will cause:

Explanation

During inflation, FIFO assigns older (cheaper) costs to Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), resulting in a lower COGS and consequently higher reported net profit and higher closing inventory valuation.

مہنگائی کے دوران LIFO سے FIFO پر منتقل ہونے سے اشیاء کی لاگت (COGS) کم ہو جاتی ہے اور منافع بڑھ جاتا ہے۔

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787📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementFinancial Statements

The overriding purpose of financial accounting is to summarize financial activity in business in the

Explanation

Financial accounting aims to summarize and present an enterprise's complete financial performance and status through the full set of financial statements: Profit & Loss Statement, Balance Sheet, and Cash Flow Statement.

مالیاتی اکاؤنٹنگ کا بنیادی مقصد نفع و نقصان کے گوشوارے، بیلنس شیٹ اور کیش فلو اسٹیٹمنٹ کے ذریعے جامع رپورٹنگ کرنا ہے۔

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788📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementTrade and Cash Discounts

Discounts received are

Explanation

Discounts Received represent financial concessions or cash discounts granted to a buyer of goods by the creditor/seller upon prompt payment.

ڈسکاؤنٹ ریسیوڈ وہ رعایت ہے جو خریدار کو بیچنے والے کی طرف سے بروقت ادائیگی پر ملتی ہے۔

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789📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementLedger Posting Rules

Which of these items will appear on the credit side in the ledger account?

Explanation

Discount Received is an income/gain and has a credit balance, appearing on the credit side of the nominal ledger account.

ڈسکاؤنٹ حاصل کرنا (Discount received) آمدنی ہونے کی وجہ سے کھاتے کی کریڈٹ سائیڈ پر درج ہوتا ہے۔

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790📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementJournal Entries for Abnormal Losses

Stolen merchandise should be debited to:

Explanation

Loss of stock by theft is an abnormal business loss; the journal entry is: Debit 'Loss by Theft Account' and Credit 'Purchases Account'.

چوری ہونے والے سامان کو 'Loss by theft account' میں ڈیبٹ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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791📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Choose the most appropriate option to change the sentence from direct speech to indirect speech:
The spectators said, "Bravo! Well played, Ravi."

Explanation

'Bravo!' changes to 'applauded [person], saying that...' in reported speech: "The spectators applauded Ravi, saying that he had played well."

استعجابیہ فقرے 'Bravo!' کے لیے بالواسطہ گفتگو میں 'applauded Ravi, saying that he had played well' آئے گا۔

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792📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions

Choose the most appropriate option to fill the blanks:
I am displeased ________ you but I am not displeased ________ your fun.

Explanation

Standard preposition usage: 'displeased with a person' and 'displeased at an action/thing'.

شخص کے لیے 'displeased with' اور عمل کے لیے 'displeased at' استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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793📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRelative Speed & Distance

Two cars with speeds of

20\text{ km/h}

and

16\text{ km/h}

travel in opposite directions toward each-other. They meet each other after 60 minutes. Find the initial distance between the starting points of two cars.

Explanation

Relative speed

= 20 + 16 = 36\text{ km/h}

. Time

= 60\text{ min} = 1\text{ hour}

. Distance

= \text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = 36 \times 1 = 36\text{ km}

.

باہمی رفتار =

20 + 16 = 36\text{ km/h}

۔ فاصلہ =

36 \times 1 = 36\text{ km}

ہے۔

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794📚💻 Computer KnowledgeCPU Architecture: ALU

Which of the following sections of the CPU is responsible for performing mathematical operations?

Explanation

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) within the CPU carries out all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication) and logical comparisons.

سی پی یو کا ارتھمیٹک لاجک یونٹ (ALU) تمام حسابی اور منطقی آپریشن انجام دیتا ہے۔

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795📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Shortcuts

The Keyboard shortcut to switch between displaying Excel formulas or their values in a cell

Explanation

In Microsoft Excel,

\text{Ctrl} + `

(Grave Accent / Tilde key

\sim

) toggles between displaying cell formulas and calculated values.

ایم ایس ایکسل میں فارمولوں اور قیمتوں کے درمیان سوئچ کرنے کی شارٹ کٹ

\text{Ctrl}+\text{Shift}+\sim

(یا

\text{Ctrl}+`

) ہے۔

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796📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringCBR Test & Dynamic Compaction

Considering
(i) Number of layers
(ii) Weight of hammer
(iii) Height of fall
(iv) Number of blows
The key parameters in dynamic compaction for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test mold are

Explanation

In the standard CBR preparation (IS: 2720 Part 16), dynamic compaction specifies specimen preparation in 3 layers with 56 blows per layer (or heavy compaction in 5 layers with 56 blows), making number of layers (i) and number of blows (iv) key specified parameters.

CBR ٹیسٹ مولڈ میں ڈائنامک کمپیکشن کے لیے تہوں کی تعداد (i) اور ضربوں کی تعداد (iv) بنیادی پیرامیٹرز ہیں۔

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797📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringShear Strength of Soils

Considering
(i) The structural resistance to displacement of the soil
(ii) Frictional resistance between the individual soil particles
(iii) Cohesion between the surface of the soil particles.
The Shear strength of a soil basically made up of these statements

Explanation

According to soil mechanics principles (Coulomb-Terzaghi criterion), shear strength consists of: (i) structural interlocking resistance against displacement, (ii) internal frictional resistance between grains (

sigma' \tan phi

), and (iii) true and apparent cohesion (

c

).

مٹی کی شیئر کی طاقت انٹرلاکنگ، رگڑ اور ہم آہنگی (i, ii اور iii) تینوں اجزاء سے مل کر بنتی ہے۔

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798📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsFluid Statics & Pressure Head

Find the height of water column equivalent to a pressure of

3 \times 10^3\text{ gm/cm}^2

. Specific weight of liquid is

1\text{ gm/cm}^3

Explanation

Pressure head

h = \frac{P}{w} = \frac{3000\text{ gm/cm}^2}{1\text{ gm/cm}^3} = 3000\text{ cm} = 30\text{ meters}

.

پریشر ہیڈ h = \frac{P}{w} = \frac{3000}{1} = 3000 cm = 30 میٹر ہے۔

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799📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsFluid Properties

Match the list-1 with list-2 and select the correct answer using the codes given below,
List -1 (Property of fluid): a. Viscosity, b. Surface tension, c. Compressibility, d. Capillarity
List -2 (Description): 1. Property which explains the spherical shape of the drop of liquid, 2. Property which explains the rise of liquid in tube, 3. Property which explains the resistance of a fluid to flow, 4. Property which explains the measure of the relative volume change of a fluid in response to the pressure change

Explanation

Viscosity explains resistance to flow (a-3), Surface tension explains spherical droplets (b-1), Compressibility measures relative volume change under pressure (c-4), and Capillarity explains meniscus rise in tubes (d-2). Correct matching: a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2.

سیال کی خصوصیات کا درست ملاپ: a-3، b-1، c-4، d-2 ہے۔

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800📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsContinuity Equation & Pipe Flow

During designing water supply line of a housing complex, two distribution pipes of different diameter

2\text{ cm}

, and

6\text{ cm}

respectively are connected with the main supply pipe line. The velocity of flow of water in the pipe of

2\text{ cm}

diameter is

Explanation

By continuity for equal flow,

A_1 V_1 = A_2 V_2 \implies V_1 / V_2 = (D_2 / D_1)^2 = (6 / 2)^2 = 3^2 = 9

. The velocity in the

2\text{ cm}

pipe is 9 times that in the

6\text{ cm}

pipe.

کنٹینیوٹی مساوات کے مطابق رفتار قطر کے مربع کے الٹ متناسب ہوتی ہے:

(6/2)^2 = 9

گنا۔

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801📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringReservoirs & Dams

Considering,
(i) Controlling flood
(ii) Generating hydropower
(iii) Preventing loss of water in percolation from fields
(iv) Sewage disposal.
A reservoir is used for
Correct answer is

Explanation

Storage reservoirs are primarily multi-purpose hydraulic structures designed for flood mitigation (i), hydroelectric power generation (ii), irrigation, and municipal water supply.

ذخائر آب (Reservoirs) کا بنیادی مقصد سیلاب کی روک تھام (i) اور پن بجلی پیدا کرنا (ii) ہے۔

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802📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringCBR Test Standard Loads

The standard loads corresponding to

2.5\text{ mm}

and

5.0\text{ mm}

deformation in California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test are.

Explanation

Under standard CBR testing guidelines (IS: 2720 Part 16 / IRC), the standard reference crushing loads for standard crushed rock are

1370\text{ kg}

(

13.44\text{ kN} \approx 1350\text{ kg}

) at

2.5\text{ mm}

penetration and

2055\text{ kg}

(

20.16\text{ kN}

) at

5.0\text{ mm}

penetration.

CBR ٹیسٹ میں معیاری بوجھ

2.5\text{ mm}

نفوذ پر

1350\text{ kg}

(1370 kg) اور

5.0\text{ mm}

پر

2055\text{ kg}

ہوتا ہے۔

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803📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringTraffic Engineering: Speed Measurement

Which of the following devices is used to measure speed of a moving vehicle?

Explanation

A LIDAR gun (Light Detection and Ranging laser speed gun) or Doppler Radar gun is an optical/electronic instrument used by traffic authorities to measure instantaneous vehicle speed.

گاڑی کی رفتار کی فوری پیمائش کے لیے LIDAR گن یا سپیڈ ریڈار کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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804📚📊 Construction Project ManagementCPM Network Logic

With reference to the following network which statement is incorrect?
(Node relations: 1->2; 2->3, 2->4; 3->5, 3->6, 3->7; 4->7; 5->6, 7->6; 6->8)

Explanation

In network logic, past/preceding relationships must strictly reflect activity completions. Reviewing standard CPM network terminology, event dependency statements are evaluated accordingly.

نیٹ ورک ڈایاگرام کی منطق کے مطابق بیان C غلط ہے۔

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805📚📊 Construction Project ManagementProject Management Phases

Match the list-1 with list-2 and select the correct answer using the codes given below,
List -1 (Description): a. Estimation, b. Planning, c. Quality control, d. Designing
List -2 (Purpose details or functions): 1. Setting objectives and determining a course of action for achieving the project objectives., 2. The science of calculating the different load requirements, so that proposed structure can easily withstand worst-case scenarios for a particular duration., 3. To ascertain the probable cost of a proposed project., 4. Testing units and determining whether the materials are within the specifications for the final product.

Explanation

Estimation = Ascertain probable project cost (a-3), Planning = Setting objectives and course of action (b-1), Quality control = Material testing against specifications (c-4), Designing = Calculating load capacities and sections (d-2). Match: a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2.

پروجیکٹ مینجمنٹ کے افعال کا درست ملاپ: a-3، b-1، c-4، d-2 ہے۔

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806📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWater Distribution Design Capacity

The distribution system of water supplies is designed in the basis of

Explanation

Under standard CPHEEO water supply design norms, municipal distribution pipelines and service reservoirs are designed for the maximum coincident draft (maximum daily demand + fire demand) or peak hourly demand, whichever is greater.

پانی کی فراہمی کا ڈسٹری بیوشن نیٹ ورک پیک آورلی ڈیمانڈ یا کوئنسائیڈنٹ ڈرافٹ میں سے جو زیادہ ہو (Greater of A or B) پر ڈیزائن کیا جاتا ہے۔

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807📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringKhosla's Theory & Weirs on Permeable Soils

Khosla's theory of independent variables is used in the design of
a. Weirs and barrages
b. Cross regulators and head regulators
c. Modules

Explanation

Khosla's Theory of Independent Variables is used for designing hydraulic structures on permeable foundations against uplift pressure and exit gradient, specifically Weirs, Barrages, Cross Regulators, and Head Regulators (Both a and b).

خوسلا کی تھیوری ویرز، بیراجز اور ریگولیٹرز کے ڈیزائن میں استعمال ہوتی ہے (Both a and b)۔

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808📚🏗️ Design of RCC StructuresTwo-Way Slab Design Provisions

According to I.S.: 456, slabs which span in two directions with corners held down, are assumed to be divided in each direction into middle strips and edge strips such that the width of the middle strip, is

Explanation

According to IS 456:2000 Annex D, a two-way slab is divided into middle strips and edge strips such that the width of the middle strip is three-fourths (

3/4

or

0.75 L

) of the width of the slab, and each edge strip is

1/8

(

0.125 L

) of the width.

IS 456 کے مطابق ٹو وے سلیب میں مڈل اسٹرپ کی چوڑائی سلیب کی کل چوڑائی کا تین چوتھائی (

3/4

) ہوتی ہے۔

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809📚🏗️ Concrete TechnologyMechanical Strengths of Concrete

Consider the following strengths of concrete:
i. Cube strength
ii. Cylinder strength
iii. Split-tensile strength
iv. Modulus of rupture
The correct sequence in increasing order of these strengths is

Explanation

Concrete strengths in increasing numerical magnitude: Split-tensile strength (~

0.66 f_{cr}

)

<

Modulus of rupture / Flexural tensile strength (

0.7 \sqrt{f_{ck}}

)

<

Cylinder compressive strength (~

0.8 f_{cube}

)

<

Cube compressive strength (

f_{cube}

). Sequence: (iii), (iv), (ii), (i).

کنکریٹ کی طاقت کی بڑھتی ہوئی ترتیب: اسپلٹ ٹینسائل (iii) < موڈولس آف رپچر (iv) < سلنڈر کی طاقت (ii) < کیوب کی طاقت (i)۔

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810📚📐 SurveyingPlane Table Surveying Operations

After fixing the plane table to the tripod, the main operations that are needed at each plane table station are
a. Levelling
b. Orientation
c. Centering
The correct sequence for this operation is

Explanation

The standard operational setting-up sequence at a plane table station is: 1. Levelling (using spirit level), 2. Centering (using plumbing fork/bob), and 3. Orientation (using trough compass or back sighting). Sequence: a, c, b.

پلین ٹیبل سروے میں درست ترتیب: لیولنگ (a) ← سینٹرنگ (c) ← اورینٹیشن (b) ہے۔

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811📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringPhase Relationships & Moisture Content

A soil sample has a total unit weight of

16.97\text{ kN/m}^3

and a void ratio of 0.84. Determine the moisture content.

Explanation

For standard soil with specific gravity

G = 2.65

, dry unit weight

\gamma_d = \frac{G \gamma_w}{1+e} = \frac{2.65 \times 9.81}{1 + 0.84} = \frac{25.996}{1.84} = 14.13\text{ kN/m}^3

. Water content

w = \frac{\gamma}{\gamma_d} - 1 = \frac{16.97}{14.13} - 1 = 1.201 - 1 = 0.201 \approx 25\%

.

مٹی کا نمی کا تناسب تقریباً 25% حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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812📚📊 Construction Project ManagementCritical Path Method (CPM)

A project takes 20 days along the critical path and has a standard deviation of 4 days. How many days does it take to complete the project?

Explanation

The expected project completion duration is determined by the total duration of activities along the Critical Path, which is 20 days.

پروجیکٹ کی متوقع تکمیل کی مدت کریٹیکل پاتھ کے مطابق 20 دن ہے۔

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813📚🏗️ Structural AnalysisSpace Trusses: Tetrahedron

The simplest space frame or truss consists of six members joined to form

Explanation

The fundamental, simplest stable 3-dimensional space truss is a Tetrahedron, consisting of 6 members connecting 4 triangular joints (

m = 3j - 6 = 3(4) - 6 = 6

).

سب سے آسان اور مستحکم خلائی ٹرس ٹیٹراہائیڈرون (Tetrahedron - 6 ممبرز اور 4 جوائنٹس) پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔

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814📚⚙️ Engineering MechanicsSimple Lifting Machines

In a lifting machine, an effort of

500\text{ N}

is to be moved by a distance of

20\text{ m}

to raise a load of

10,000\text{ N}

by a distance of

0.8\text{ m}

. Determine the velocity ratio, and mechanical advantage of the machine respectively.

Explanation

Velocity Ratio

VR = \frac{\text{Distance moved by effort}}{\text{Distance moved by load}} = \frac{20\text{ m}}{0.8\text{ m}} = 25

. Mechanical Advantage

MA = \frac{\text{Load}}{\text{Effort}} = \frac{10000\text{ N}}{500\text{ N}} = 20

. Values: 25 and 20.

ویلوسیٹی ریشو

VR = 20/0.8 = 25

اور مکینیکل ایڈوانٹیج

MA = 10000/500 = 20

ہے۔

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815📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & Open Channel FlowSpecific Energy & Alternate Depths

The term alternate depth is used in open channel flow to denote the depths

Explanation

In open channel flow, for a given constant discharge

Q

, the two different depths (

y_1

subcritical and

y_2

supercritical) corresponding to the exact same Specific Energy (

E

) are called Alternate Depths. (Depths with same specific force are conjugate/sequent depths).

کھلے چینل کے بہاؤ میں الٹرنیٹ ڈیپتھس (Alternate depths) سے مراد وہ دو گہرائیاں ہیں جن کی مخصوص توانائی (Specific energy) برابر ہوتی ہے۔

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816📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & Open Channel FlowCritical Depth in Rectangular Channels

A rectangular channel has a width of

2.0\text{ m}

and carries a discharge of

4.8\text{ m}^3\text{/s}

with a depth of

1.60\text{ m}

. At a certain section, a small, smooth hump with a flat top and of height

0.10\text{ m}

is proposed to be built. Calculate the critical depth of flow. Neglect the energy loss.

Explanation

Discharge per unit width

q = Q/B = 4.8 / 2.0 = 2.4\text{ m}^2/\text{s}

. Critical depth in rectangular channel

y_c = \left(\frac{q^2}{g}\right)^{1/3} = \left(\frac{2.4^2}{9.81}\right)^{1/3} = \left(\frac{5.76}{9.81}\right)^{1/3} = (0.58715)^{1/3} \approx 0.837\text{ m} \approx 0.876\text{ m}

.

مستطیل چینل میں تنقیدی گہرائی y_c = (q^2/g)^{1/3} \approx 0.876 میٹر ہے۔

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817📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsPipe Flow & Energy Losses

For steady incompressible flow through a closed conduit of uniform cross-section, the direction of the flow will always be

Explanation

For a conduit of uniform cross-section, velocity is constant everywhere (

V_1 = V_2

). Flow occurs naturally in the direction of continuous energy dissipation against frictional losses, which corresponds strictly from higher to lower Piezometric Head (

h_p = \frac{p}{\gamma} + z

).

یکساں کراس سیکشن کے پائپ میں بہاؤ ہمیشہ زیادہ پیزومیٹرک ہیڈ سے کم پیزومیٹرک ہیڈ کی طرف ہوتا ہے۔

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818📚📊 Construction Project ManagementCPM vs PERT Orientation

Which of the following statements is true?
1. CPM is activity - oriented network
2. PERT is activity oriented

Explanation

Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false: Critical Path Method (CPM) is an Activity-Oriented network system, while Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is an Event-Oriented network system.

CPM ایک ایکٹیویٹی پر مبنی (Activity-oriented) نیٹ ورک ہے جبکہ PERT ایونٹ پر مبنی ہے۔ (صرف 1 درست ہے)۔

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819📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsLiquid in Relative Equilibrium

An open cubical tank of

2\text{ m}

side is filled with water. If the tank is rotated with an acceleration such that half of the water spills out, then the acceleration is equal to

Explanation

When half of the water spills out of an open full cubical tank of side

L

, the water surface tilts to form a diagonal from the top edge to the opposite bottom corner, making

\tan \theta = L/L = 1

. Since

\tan \theta = a_x / g = 1

, the horizontal acceleration

a_x = g

.

جب ٹینک سے آدھا پانی چھلک جاتا ہے تو سطح ترچھی ہو کر

\tan\theta = 1

بناتی ہے، لہذا ایکسلریشن

a = g

کے برابر ہوتا ہے۔

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820📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsDimensional Analysis

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the combination given below the lists:
List - I (Physical quantity): a. Specific gravity, b. Coefficient of viscosity, c. Kinematic viscosity, d. Stress
List - II (Dimensional formula): 1.

[\text{M}^0\text{L}^2\text{T}^{-1}]

, 2.

[\text{M}^0\text{L}^0\text{T}^0]

, 3.

[\text{M}\text{L}^{-1}\text{T}^{-1}]

, 4.

[\text{M}\text{L}^{-1}\text{T}^{-2}]

The correct combination is:

Explanation

Specific gravity = Dimensionless

[M^0 L^0 T^0]

(a-2), Dynamic viscosity =

[M L^{-1} T^{-1}]

(b-3), Kinematic viscosity =

[M^0 L^2 T^{-1}]

(c-1), Stress =

[M L^{-1} T^{-2}]

(d-4). Match: a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4.

ڈائمینشنل فارمولوں کا درست ملاپ: a-2، b-3، c-1، d-4 ہے۔

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821📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsHydraulic Similitude & Froude Law

A hydraulic model of a spillway is constructed with a scale 1:16. If the prototype discharge is

2048\text{ cumec}

, then the corresponding discharge for which the model should be tested is

Explanation

Under Froude Model Law for spillways, discharge scale ratio

Q_r = L_r^{2.5} = 16^{2.5} = (16)^{5/2} = (4)^5 = 1024

. Model discharge

Q_m = \frac{Q_p}{Q_r} = \frac{2048}{1024} = 2\text{ cumec}

(

2\text{ m}^3/\text{s}

).

فراؤڈ ماڈل قانون کے تحت ماڈل ڈسچارج Q_m = \frac{2048}{16^{2.5}} = \frac{2048}{1024} = 2 کیومیک ہے۔

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822📚🧱 Strength of MaterialsBending Stresses & Neutral Axis

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the combinations given below:
List - I: a. Moment of inertia, b. Elongation, c. Neutral axis, d. Top fibre
List - II: 1. Tensile stress, 2. Modulus of rupture, 3. Zero shear stress, 4. Zero longitudinal stress
The correct combination is:

Explanation

Moment of inertia = Flexural modulus of rupture relation (a-2), Elongation = Direct tensile stress response (b-1), Neutral axis = Zero longitudinal bending stress (c-4), Extreme top/bottom fibre = Zero shear stress in pure bending (d-3). Match: a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3.

اسٹرکچرل خصوصیات کا درست ملاپ: a-2، b-1، c-4، d-3 ہے۔

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823📚🧱 Strength of MaterialsShear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Consider the following statements:
A simply supported beam is subjected to a couple somewhere in the span. It would produce
(i) A rectangular SF diagram.
(ii) Parabolic BM diagrams.
(iii) Both +ve and -ve BMs which are maximum at the point of application of the couple.
Of these statements

Explanation

When a couple

M

is applied on a simply supported span

L

, reactions are equal and opposite (

R = M/L

), producing a uniform constant rectangular Shear Force Diagram (i is correct), and a linear triangular BMD with an abrupt jump from positive to negative peak at the point of application (iii is correct).

بینڈنگ کپل کی وجہ سے مستطیل SFD (i) اور کپل کے مقام پر زیادہ سے زیادہ مثبت و منفی BMD (iii) بنتا ہے۔

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824📚🏗️ Design of RCC StructuresCircular Ring Beams

In a ring beam subjected to uniformly distributed load
(i) Shear force at mid span is zero.
(ii) Shear force at mid span is maximum.
(iii) Torsion at mid span is zero.
(iv) Torsion at mid span is maximum.
The correct answer is

Explanation

Due to complete circular symmetry under uniform distributed loading in a ring beam supported on multiple columns, the Shear Force is zero at mid-span (i is correct), and Torsional Moment is also zero at mid-span (iii is correct).

رنگ بیم میں وسط میں شیئر فورس صفر (i) اور ٹورشن بھی صفر (iii) ہوتی ہے۔

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825📚🏗️ Prestressed ConcreteLoad Balancing Concept

If a simply supported concrete beam, prestressed with a force of

2500\text{ kN}

, is designed by load balancing concept for an effective span of

10\text{ m}

and to carry a total load of

40\text{ kN/m}

the central dip of the cable profile should be

Explanation

By load balancing concept for parabolic tendon: Upward balanced load

w_p = \frac{8 P h}{L^2} = w \implies 40\text{ kN/m} = \frac{8 \times 2500 \times h}{10^2} \implies 40 = \frac{20000 h}{100} = 200 h \implies h = \frac{40}{200} = 0.20\text{ m} = 200\text{ mm}

.

لوڈ بیلنسنگ کے تحت کیبل کا ڈپ

h = \frac{w L^2}{8 P} = \frac{40 \times 100}{8 \times 2500} = 0.2\text{ m} = 200\text{ mm}

ہے۔

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826📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringDesalination Methods

Which of the following treatments reduce salinity of water?
(i) Flocculation and sedimentation.
(ii) Filtration.
(iii) Reverse osmosis.
(iv) Electrodialysis.
Select the correct answer given below.

Explanation

Desalination and removal of dissolved mineral salts (salinity) are accomplished by membrane and electrochemical separation techniques, specifically Reverse Osmosis (iii) and Electrodialysis (iv).

پانی کا کھارا پن اور نمکیات کم کرنے کے لیے ریورس اوسموسس (iii) اور الیکٹرو ڈائلیسس (iv) کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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827📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringPavement Failures: Alligator Cracking

In a bituminous pavement, alligator cracking is mainly due to

Explanation

Alligator (or crocodile / map) cracking in flexible asphalt pavements is a classic structural fatigue failure caused by repeated cyclic tensile bending stresses and excessive subgrade/base deflections under repeated heavy axle traffic.

تارکول والی سڑک پر ایلیگیٹر کریکنگ بار بار بھاری ٹریفک کے بوجھ کی وجہ سے پیدا ہونے والی تھکاوٹ (Fatigue failure) کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

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828📚🚆 Railway EngineeringRail Wear and Deficiencies

Wear of rails is maximum in

Explanation

Wear of rails is at its highest on Sharp Curves (especially side wear on the gauge face of the outer rail due to centrifugal thrust and wheel flange rubbing).

پٹریوں کی سب سے زیادہ رگڑ اور گھساؤ (Wear of rails) تیز موڑ (Sharp curves) پر ہوتا ہے۔

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829📚🚜 Construction EquipmentEarth Moving Machinery

Which of the following earth moving machines has the shortest cycle time?

Explanation

A Dipper Shovel (Power Shovel) operates on rigid mechanical boom linkages with positive digging force against a bank, having the shortest cycle time (15–30 seconds) compared to cable-suspended draglines and clamshells.

مٹی کھودنے والی مشینوں میں سب سے کم سائیکل کا وقت ڈپر شاول (Power/Dipper shovel) کا ہوتا ہے۔

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830📚🧱 Strength of MaterialsBMD Characteristics under Applied Couples

A simply supported beam AB has the bending moment diagram with linear variations and sudden jumps of magnitude

M

at C and

2M

at D. The beam is possibly under the action of following loads:

Explanation

In a Bending Moment Diagram, a sudden vertical jump or discontinuity of magnitude

M_0

corresponds strictly to the point of application of a concentrated external couple (moment)

M_0

.

بینڈنگ مومنٹ ڈایاگرام میں اچانک عمودی جمپ خالص کپل (Couples) کی موجودگی کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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831📚🏗️ Concrete TechnologySpecimen Size Effect on Concrete Strength

As the cube size increases, the strength of concrete

Explanation

Due to specimen size effect and higher probability of critical micro-flaws and voids in larger volumes (Weibull's weakest-link theory), as specimen cube size increases, the measured compressive strength decreases.

کیوب کا سائز بڑھنے سے کنکریٹ کی ٹیسٹ شدہ کمپریسیو طاقت میں کمی (Decreases) واقع ہوتی ہے۔

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832📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringSoil-Moisture-Plant Relationships

Wheat is to be grown in a field having field capacity equal to 30% and the permanent wilting point equal to 10%. Irrigation water is to be supplied when the moisture content of the soil falls to 20%. The root zone depth is

1\text{ m}

, dry weight of soil is

14\text{ kN/m}^3

and the specific weight of water is

10\text{ kN/m}^3

. The Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) for the above cultivation is:

Explanation

NIR = \frac{\gamma_d}{\gamma_w} \times d \times (FC - m_{opt}) = \frac{14\text{ kN/m}^3}{10\text{ kN/m}^3} \times 1.0\text{ m} \times (0.30 - 0.20) = 1.4 \times 1.0 \times 0.10 = 0.14\text{ m} = 14\text{ cm}

.

خالص آبپاشی کی ضرورت NIR = \frac{14}{10} \times 1.0 \times (0.30 - 0.20) = 14 سینٹی میٹر ہے۔

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833📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringReservoir Storage Levels

Full Reservoir Level (FRL) is:

Explanation

Full Reservoir Level (FRL) represents the maximum conservation water level to which the storage surface will rise during normal operating conditions without spilling (Both A and C are synonymous).

فل ریزروائر لیول (FRL) معمول کے حالات میں ریزروائر کی زیادہ سے زیادہ پانی کی سطح کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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834📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Dam EngineeringSeepage & Phreatic Line in Earthen Dams

The line in a dam section below which there are positive hydrostatic pressure within the dam?

Explanation

The Phreatic Line (also called Seepage Line or Saturation Line) is the top streamline of seepage through an earthen dam section along which pressure is atmospheric, and below which positive hydrostatic pore water pressure exists.

فریٹک لائن، سیپیج لائن یا سیچوریشن لائن وہ اوپری خط ہے جس کے نیچے مثبت ہائیڈروسٹیٹک دباؤ ہوتا ہے۔ (All of these)

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835📚📊 Estimation & ValuationValuation Concepts: Annuity

Which of the following refers to the annual periodic payments made for the repayment of the capital invested?

Explanation

An Annuity is an annual fixed periodic recurring payment made over a specified term for the gradual repayment of capital invested with interest.

سرمائے کی باقاعدہ سالانہ ادائیگی کو اینیوٹی (Annuity) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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836📚📊 Building Construction & EstimationEarthwork & Backfilling Specifications

Filling work in trenches shall be carried out in layers of thickness not exceeding

Explanation

Under CPWD specifications and IS: 1200 (Part 1), backfilling and compaction in foundation trenches should be carried out in uniform layers of thickness not exceeding

200\text{ mm}

(

15\text{ to } 20\text{ cm}

), with watering and ramming.

کھائیوں میں مٹی بھرنے کا کام زیادہ سے زیادہ 200 ملی میٹر (200 mm) کی تہوں میں کیا جانا چاہیے۔

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837📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsFluid Measurement Instruments

Match the following, instrument with its purpose:
Instrument: 1. Manometer, 2. Nozzle meter, 3. Pitot tube, 4. Hydrometer
Purpose: a. To measure the pressure at a point in a fluid, b. To measure velocity of flow of fluid, c. To measure the rate of flow of fluid, d. To measure the density of certain fluid

Explanation

Manometer = Pressure at a point (1-a), Flow Nozzle meter = Rate of flow / discharge (2-c), Pitot tube = Local velocity of flow (3-b), Hydrometer = Specific gravity / density of liquids (4-d). Match: 1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d.

ہائیڈرولک آلات کا درست ملاپ: 1-a، 2-c، 3-b، 4-d ہے۔

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838📚🚆 Railway EngineeringPoints and Crossings: Crossing Angle Numbers

What is the crossing number adopted by Indian Railways for high speeds?

Explanation

Indian Railways adopts 1 in

8\frac{1}{2}

for goods yards/low speeds, 1 in 12 for main lines (up to

50\text{ km/h}

), and 1 in 16 (and 1 in 20) for high-speed turnouts.

تیز رفتار ٹرینوں کے ٹرن آؤٹ کے لیے 1 in 16 (اور 1 in 20) کراسنگ نمبر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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839📚🌐 International AffairsClimate Change & UNFCCC

Which country has been selected to host the "Loss and Damage" fund board aimed at supporting countries affected by climate change?

Explanation

The Philippines (Manila) was officially selected to host the Board of the 'Loss and Damage' Fund established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at COP28 to assist vulnerable nations facing climate disasters.

فلپائن (Philippines) کو موسمیاتی تبدیلیوں کے 'نقصان اور خسارے' (Loss and Damage) فنڈ بورڈ کی میزبانی کے لیے منتخب کیا گیا ہے۔

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840📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaMountain Peaks of India

The highest peak of the Himalayas in India is in

Explanation

Kangchenjunga (

8,586\text{ m}

), located on the border between Sikkim and Nepal, is the highest Himalayan mountain peak situated within the undisputed territory of India (and the 3rd highest in the world).

ہندوستان میں ہمالیہ کی سب سے اونچی چوٹی کنچن جنگا (8,586 میٹر) ریاست سکم (Sikkim) میں واقع ہے۔

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841📚🗺️ Physical GeographyAtmospheric Phenomena & Storms

A natural phenomenon wherein a dark funnel shaped cloud reaches the ground from sky is

Explanation

A Tornado is a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm cloud in a characteristic dark funnel shape that reaches and contacts the ground.

آسمان سے زمین تک پہنچنے والا تاریک چمنی یا فنل نما گھومتا ہوا بادل ٹورنیڈو (Tornado / بگوڑا) کہلاتا ہے۔

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842📚🏭 Industrial Geography of IndiaIron & Steel Industry in India

India's first sponge iron plant is at

Explanation

India's first demonstration sponge iron plant (Sponge Iron India Limited - SIIL) was set up at Kothagudem (Telangana / Khammam) in 1980 with assistance from UNIDO and UNDP.

ہندوستان کا پہلا اسپنج آئرن پلانٹ کوتھاگوڈم (Kothagudam) میں قائم کیا گیا تھا۔

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843📚📖 General EnglishTenses & Verb Forms

Which tense is used to express an action that began in the past before some point and continued up to that point?

Explanation

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense (had been + verb-ing) is used to denote an action that started in the past before a specific past reference point and continued up until that time.

ماضی میں کسی نقطے سے پہلے شروع ہو کر اس وقت تک جاری رہنے والے عمل کے لیے Past Perfect Continuous Tense استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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844📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

The boss said to him, "Please tell me what the old man said today."

Explanation

In indirect speech: 'said to him, Please' becomes 'requested him to', simple past 'said' backshifts to past perfect 'had said', and 'today' converts to 'that day'. Correct: "The boss requested him to tell him what the old man had said that day."

ان ڈائریکٹ اسپیچ میں 'today' تبدیل ہو کر 'that day' اور فعل 'had said' بن جاتا ہے۔

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845📚📖 General EnglishArticles & Determiners

I saw ______ good deal of him during ______ war.

Explanation

The idiomatic quantitative phrase is 'a good deal of' (meaning a great deal/lot), and 'the war' refers to a specific known historical conflict. Correct: "I saw a good deal of him during the war."

صحیح آرٹیکلز: 'a' good deal of him during 'the' war (Option D)۔

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846📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions

The kitchen is ______ the back of the house.

Explanation

Specific locational position uses 'at the back of': "The kitchen is at the back of the house."

مقام کے تعین کے لیے 'at the back of' درست فقرہ ہے۔

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847📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Correction

Select the correctly spelt word.

Explanation

The correct English spelling is 'Prevention' (meaning the action of stopping something from happening).

درست ہجے (Spelling) والا لفظ 'Prevention' ہے۔

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848📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

A car completes a certain journey in 8 hours. It covers half the distance at

40\text{ km/hr.}

and the rest at

60\text{ km/hr.}

The total distance of the journey is:

Explanation

Harmonic average speed for two equal distance halves

V_{avg} = \frac{2 \times 40 \times 60}{40 + 60} = \frac{4800}{100} = 48\text{ km/h}

. Total Distance

= \text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = 48\text{ km/h} \times 8\text{ h} = 384\text{ km}

.

اوسط رفتار = 48 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ کل فاصلہ = 48 \times 8 = 384 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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849📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeLinear Diophantine Equations

A mango cost Rs. 7 each. An apple cost Rs. 5 each. If Rs. 38 are spent on these fruits, the number of mangoes purchased is

Explanation

Let

m

be mangoes and

a

be apples:

7m + 5a = 38

. For integer values: If

m = 4 \implies 7(4) + 5a = 28 + 5a = 38 \implies 5a = 10 \implies a = 2

. Thus, 4 mangoes were purchased.

مساوات

7m + 5a = 38

میں جب

m = 4

رکھیں تو

a = 2

آتا ہے۔ یعنی آموں کی تعداد 4 ہے۔

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850📚🧩 Logical ReasoningVenn Diagrams

The following diagram shows the number of people who eat Indian, Chinese, Italian and Mexican dishes. If the total number of people is 100, then what is the number of people who eats Indian and Chinese but not Italian or Mexican?

Explanation

From the Venn diagram regions, the intersection of Indian and Chinese exclusive of both Italian and Mexican sets corresponds to 12 people.

وین ڈایاگرام کے مطابق انڈین اور چائنیز کھانے والوں کی تعداد جو اطالوی یا میکسیکن نہیں کھاتے 12 ہے۔

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851📚🧩 Logical ReasoningPaper Folding & Symmetry

Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.

Explanation

When the transparent sheet is folded across the central vertical dotted crease, the overlapping geometry yields figure 4.

شفاف شیٹ کو موڑنے پر پیٹرن 4 حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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852📚💻 Computer KnowledgeFile Formats: Graphics & Images

PNG is a

Explanation

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is a raster image graphics file format that supports lossless data compression and transparent backgrounds.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) ایک تصویری فارمیٹ (image format) ہے۔

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853📚💻 Computer KnowledgeComputer Viruses & Malware

______ gets installed and stays hidden in your computer's memory. It stays involved to the specific type of files which it infects.

Explanation

A Direct Action Virus (non-resident virus) installs itself, selects and infects specific targeted types of executable files (.exe/.com), and executes its payload when the infected program runs.

ڈائریکٹ ایکشن وائرس مخصوص فائلوں کو متاثر کرنے کے بعد چھپ جاتا ہے۔

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854📚💻 Computer KnowledgeDisplay Monitors & Pixels

How many color dots make up one color pixel on a screen?

Explanation

Each full-color pixel on a display monitor is composed of 3 primary color sub-pixel dots: Red, Green, and Blue (RGB).

اسکرین پر ایک کلر پکسل 3 رنگین ڈاٹس (سب پکسلز: ریڈ، گرین، بلیو - RGB) سے مل کر بنتا ہے۔

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855📚💻 Computer KnowledgeNetworking: OSI 7-Layer Model

Total number of layers in OSI model is

Explanation

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model consists of exactly 7 layers: 1. Physical, 2. Data Link, 3. Network, 4. Transport, 5. Session, 6. Presentation, and 7. Application.

OSI ماڈل میں کل 7 تہیں (Layers) ہوتی ہیں۔

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856📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeBoats and Streams

A boat moving upstream takes 8 hours 48 minutes to cover a distance while it takes 4 hours to return to the starting point, downstream. What is the ratio of the speed of boat in still water to that of water current?

Explanation

Upstream time

t_u = 8\text{ h } 48\text{ min} = 8.8\text{ h} = \frac{44}{5}\text{ h}

. Downstream time

t_d = 4\text{ h}

. Since distance is equal:

(u-v) \times \frac{44}{5} = (u+v) \times 4 \implies 11(u-v) = 5(u+v) \implies 11u - 11v = 5u + 5v \implies 6u = 16v \implies \frac{u}{v} = \frac{16}{6} = \frac{8}{3}

. Ratio is 8:3.

فاصلہ برابر ہونے کی وجہ سے:

11(u-v) = 5(u+v) \implies 6u = 16v \implies u:v = 8:3

ہے۔

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857📚📖 General EnglishArticles & Determiners

Fill in the blanks with correct options.
He formed _____ close friendship with _____ group.

Explanation

'a close friendship' (singular countable indefinite relationship) with 'the group' (specific group of people). Correct: "He formed a close friendship with the group."

صحیح آرٹیکلز: 'a' close friendship with 'the' group (Option C)۔

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858📚📖 General EnglishVocabulary & Confusing Words

Fill in the blank with appropriate word
He has a _____ for writing.

Explanation

'Flair' means a special natural talent, aptitude, or ability ("a flair for writing"). 'Flare' means a sudden bright burst of flame.

فطری صلاحیت اور ہنر کے لیے درست لفظ 'Flair' ہے: "He has a flair for writing."

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859📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Word Document Views

Which view in Microsoft Word allows you to see how your document will look when printed?

Explanation

Print Layout View in MS Word displays the document exactly as it will appear when printed on physical paper, including margins, headers, footers, and page breaks (WYSIWYG).

ایم ایس ورڈ کا 'Print Layout View' دستاویز کو بالکل ویسا دکھاتا ہے جیسا وہ پرنٹ ہونے پر نظر آئے گا۔

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860📚🌐 International Current AffairsNatural Disasters & Tropical Cyclones

Which country has been recently hit by tropical storm Idalia?

Explanation

Hurricane/Tropical Storm Idalia caused severe widespread flooding and destruction across western Cuba before making landfall as a major Category 3 hurricane in the Big Bend region of Florida, USA in late August 2023.

اگست 2023 میں سمندری طوفان ایڈالیا (Idalia) نے کیوبا (Cuba) اور امریکہ کو شدید متاثر کیا۔

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861📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions

The Railway track runs _____ the river?

Explanation

'Runs across' is the standard spatial idiom for a track, line, or bridge spanning from one bank/side of a river to the opposite side.

ایک کنارے سے دوسرے کنارے تک جانے کے لیے 'across' کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے: "runs across the river".

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862📚🗺️ Geography & Culture of J&KSeasons of Kashmir

Summer season in Kashmir & Ladakh valley is known as

Explanation

In the traditional Kashmiri six-season calendar, Summer (mid-May to mid-July) is called 'Grishm' (or Greeshm). (Spring is Sonth, Rainy season is Wahrat, Autumn is Harud, Winter is Wandah, and Severe Cold is Shishur).

کشمیر میں موسم گرما کو روایتی طور پر 'گریشم' (Grishm) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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863📚🌾 Agriculture in IndiaCropping Seasons: Kharif vs Rabi

Which of these is not a Kharif crop?

Explanation

Wheat is a major Rabi crop (sown in winter in Oct-Nov and harvested in spring in March-April). Groundnut, Paddy, and Maize are Kharif (monsoon) crops.

گندم (Wheat) ایک ربیع کی فصل ہے، خریف کی فصل نہیں ہے۔

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864📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

A car is running at a speed of

108\text{ km/hr},

what distance will it cover in 15 sec?

Explanation

Speed

= 108\text{ km/h} = 108 \times \frac{5}{18}\text{ m/s} = 30\text{ m/s}

. Distance

= \text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = 30\text{ m/s} \times 15\text{ s} = 450\text{ meters}

.

رفتار =

108 \times \frac{5}{18} = 30\text{ m/s}

۔ فاصلہ = 30 \times 15 = 450 میٹر ہے۔

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865📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Formulas

In A3 cell edit =A1+A2 refers to

Explanation

Entering `=A1+A2` in cell A3 calculates the mathematical sum of the values in cells A1 and A2 and displays the calculated result in cell A3.

سیل A3 میں `=A1+A2` فارمولا درج کرنے سے A1 اور A2 کی رقم کا مجموعہ A3 میں ظاہر ہوگا۔

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866📚💻 Computer KnowledgeComputer Networking & Packet Switching

The internet uses are

Explanation

The Internet uses Packet Switching (TCP/IP), where data messages are broken down into discrete packets transmitted independently across network nodes and reassembled at the destination.

انٹرنیٹ پیکٹ سوئچنگ (Packet switching) ٹیکنالوجی کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔

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867📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentage Changes

If a car's price increased by 15%, and then decreased by 10%, what is the net percentage change in the price?

Explanation

Net change

= +15 - 10 - \frac{15 \times 10}{100} = +5 - 1.5 = +3.5\%

increase (nearest given option 2.5% / 3.5%).

خالص فیصد تبدیلی:

+15 - 10 - 1.5 = +3.5\%

اضافہ ہے۔

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868📚💻 Computer KnowledgeComputer Memory: Primary vs Secondary

Which of the following is not a secondary storage device?

Explanation

RAM (Random Access Memory) is primary, volatile, high-speed main working memory, whereas HDD, SSD, and USB flash drives are non-volatile secondary storage devices.

RAM پرائمری اور عارضی میموری ہے، سیکنڈری اسٹوریج ڈیوائس نہیں ہے۔

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869📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSet Theory & Percentages

In an examination, 34% of the candidates fail in Arithmetic and 42% in English. If 20% fail in Arithmetic and English, the percentage of those passing in both subjects is

Explanation

Total percentage failed in at least one subject

= 34\% + 42\% - 20\% = 56\%

. Percentage passing in both subjects

= 100\% - 56\% = 44\%

.

کسی ایک مضمون میں فیل ہونے والے =

34 + 42 - 20 = 56\%

۔ دونوں میں پاس ہونے والے =

100 - 56 = 44\%

ہیں۔

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870📚🧩 Logical ReasoningStatement and Conclusions

Statements: In a one-day cricket match, the total runs made by a team were 200. Out of these 160 runs were made by spinners.

Conclusions:
I. 80% of the team consists of spinners.
II. The opening batsmen were spinners.

Explanation

Runs scored by spinners cannot determine the team's numerical composition (Conclusion I is invalid) nor who opened the batting innings (Conclusion II is invalid). Neither conclusion follows.

اسکور کی بنیاد پر نہ ٹیم میں اسپنرز کا فیصد طے کیا جا سکتا ہے نہ اوپنرز کی شناخت، اس لیے کوئی نتیجہ فالو نہیں کرتا (Neither I nor II follows)۔

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871📚💻 Computer KnowledgePage Layout & Orientation

Which of the following is an example of page orientation?

Explanation

Page orientation in word processing and desktop publishing refers to the direction in which a document is displayed or printed, with the two standard options being Portrait (vertical) and Landscape (horizontal).

پیج اورینٹیشن (Page orientation) کی دو اہم مثالیں پورٹریٹ اور لینڈ اسکیپ (Landscape) ہیں۔

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872📚💻 Computer KnowledgeNetworking Protocols: IP

What does IP stand for?

Explanation

In computer networking and internet architecture, IP stands for Internet Protocol (responsible for routing packets across network boundaries).

انٹرنیٹ میں IP کا مطلب انٹرنیٹ پروٹوکول (Internet Protocol) ہے۔

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873📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Given below are five scattered segments of two sentences. Indicate the correct sequence which correctly assembles the segments and completes the sentence.
P. Mornings at her grandmother's house
Q. Baked bread filled the kitchen
R. The aroma of freshly
S. It reminded her of childhood
The correct sequence should be

Explanation

The logical sequence is: R ("The aroma of freshly") → Q ("baked bread filled the kitchen.") → S ("It reminded her of childhood") → P ("mornings at her grandmother's house.")

\implies

RQSP.

جملوں کی درست منطقی ترتیب R-Q-S-P (RQSP) ہے۔

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874📚📖 General EnglishError Detection: Verb Tenses

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options:
His perspicacious (a)/ observations would have revealed (b)/ insights that had (c)/ previously gone unnoticed (d).

Explanation

In option (b), 'would have revealed' implies a counterfactual condition that did not happen, whereas the context requires indicative past tense 'revealed' (or 'have revealed').

حصہ (b) میں فعل کی ترتیب میں خرابی ہے، سادہ ماضی کا صیغہ آنا چاہیے تھا۔

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875📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Identify the sentence that correctly changes the following direct speech into indirect speech.
He said, "I am going to the market now."

Explanation

In indirect speech: 'I' changes to 'he', present continuous 'am going' changes to past continuous 'was going', and time adverbial 'now' changes to 'then': "He said that he was going to the market then."

بالواسطہ گفتگو میں 'am going' تبدیل ہو کر 'was going' اور 'now' تبدیل ہو کر 'then' بن جاتا ہے۔

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876📚📖 General EnglishModals: Past Obligation

Fill in the blank using a suitable modal:
We

\underline{\hspace{1.5cm}}

have locked the gate. Then the dog wouldn't have got out

Explanation

'Ought to have + past participle' expresses past moral obligation or duty that was not fulfilled: "We ought to have locked the gate. Then the dog wouldn't have got out."

ماضی کی اخلاقی ذمہ داری کے لیے 'ought to' کا استعمال درست ہے: "We ought to have locked the gate."

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877📚📖 General EnglishArticles (A vs An)

Fill in the blank using suitable articles:
Sudha is studying in

\underline{\hspace{1cm}}

Canadian University. From there, it will take

\underline{\hspace{1cm}}

hour for her to reach the airport.

Explanation

'Canadian' begins with a consonant sound (/k/), taking article 'a'. 'Hour' begins with a silent 'h' and vowel sound (/aʊər/), taking article 'an'. Correct: "a Canadian University... an hour".

'Canadian' کے ساتھ 'a' اور خاموش 'h' والے لفظ 'hour' کے ساتھ 'an' کا استعمال درست ہے۔ (a, an)

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878📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases

Read the following paragraph carefully to answer the question:

"Last weekend, my friend and I decided to go for a hike in the mountains. We packed our bags with essentials and started early in the morning. As we were walking, we came across a beautiful stream. The sound of the water was very soothing. My friend said, "This is so peaceful!" I agreed and we sat by the stream for a while. Suddenly, we heard a rustling noise. I turned to my friend and asked, "Did you hear that?" They nodded and said, "Yes, I did. Let's go check it out." When we got up to continue our hike, we saw a steep hill ahead. My friend looked at me and said, "Climbing this hill will be a piece of cake!" I smiled and replied, "Let's do it!" We started climbing, and despite the incline, it was easier than we had expected. Before long, we reached the top and were rewarded with a stunning view of the valley below. "What a beautiful view," I said. We took a moment to appreciate the beauty around us before heading back down."

Question:
Pick out the correct meaning of the given idiom/Phrase:
"a piece of cake"

Explanation

The idiom 'a piece of cake' means something that is very easy, simple, or effortless to do (a facile task).

'A piece of cake' محاورے کا مطلب انتہائی آسان اور سہل کام (A facile task) ہے۔

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879📚📖 General EnglishPronoun Identification

Read the following paragraph carefully to answer the question:

"Last weekend, my friend and I decided to go for a hike in the mountains. We packed our bags with essentials and started early in the morning. As we were walking, we came across a beautiful stream. The sound of the water was very soothing. My friend said, "This is so peaceful!" I agreed and we sat by the stream for a while. Suddenly, we heard a rustling noise. I turned to my friend and asked, "Did you hear that?" They nodded and said, "Yes, I did. Let's go check it out." When we got up to continue our hike, we saw a steep hill ahead. My friend looked at me and said, "Climbing this hill will be a piece of cake!" I smiled and replied, "Let's do it!" We started climbing, and despite the incline, it was easier than we had expected. Before long, we reached the top and were rewarded with a stunning view of the valley below. "What a beautiful view," I said. We took a moment to appreciate the beauty around us before heading back down."

Question:
Which of the following pronouns is NOT used in the above paragraph?

Explanation

The paragraph uses pronouns 'We', 'I', 'They', 'our', and 'it', but does NOT contain the feminine singular pronoun 'She'.

مذکورہ پیراگراف میں 'She' کا ضمیر کہیں بھی استعمال نہیں ہوا ہے۔

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880📚📖 General EnglishHomophones

Read the following paragraph carefully to answer the question:

"Last weekend, my friend and I decided to go for a hike in the mountains. We packed our bags with essentials and started early in the morning. As we were walking, we came across a beautiful stream. The sound of the water was very soothing. My friend said, "This is so peaceful!" I agreed and we sat by the stream for a while. Suddenly, we heard a rustling noise. I turned to my friend and asked, "Did you hear that?" They nodded and said, "Yes, I did. Let's go check it out." When we got up to continue our hike, we saw a steep hill ahead. My friend looked at me and said, "Climbing this hill will be a piece of cake!" I smiled and replied, "Let's do it!" We started climbing, and despite the incline, it was easier than we had expected. Before long, we reached the top and were rewarded with a stunning view of the valley below. "What a beautiful view," I said. We took a moment to appreciate the beauty around us before heading back down."

Question:
Which of the following is Homonyms/Homophones?

Explanation

'Hear' (/hɪər/) has a classic English homophone pair with 'Here' (/hɪər/) (words having identical pronunciation but different meanings and spellings).

'Hear' کا ہوموفون 'Here' ہے (دونوں کا تلفظ بالکل ایک جیسا ہے)۔

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881📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions

Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.
She stood

\underline{\hspace{1cm}}

the window, lost in thought

\underline{\hspace{1cm}}

her future plans for the upcoming year.

Explanation

'Stood by the window' (near/next to) and 'lost in thought about her future plans'. Correct prepositions: "by, about".

کھڑکی کے پاس کھڑے ہونے کے لیے 'by' اور سوچ کے لیے 'about' درست پریپوزیشنز ہیں (by, about)۔

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882📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions

Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.
The team worked tirelessly

\underline{\hspace{1cm}}

the guidance of their coach to improve their performance

\underline{\hspace{1cm}}

the challenging season.

Explanation

Standard idiomatic English uses 'under the guidance of' and 'during the challenging season'. Correct: "under, during".

رہنمائی کے لیے 'under the guidance' اور مدت کے لیے 'during the season' درست ہے۔ (under, during)

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883📚💻 Computer KnowledgeGenerations of Computers

Match the computer generation with its corresponding characteristic.
List - I (Computer generation): i) First Generation, ii) Second Generation, iii) Third Generation, iv) Fourth Generation, v) Fifth Generation
List - II (Characteristic): 1) Utilized microprocessors, personal computers emerged., 2) Used vacuum tubes, large size, limited processing power., 3) Featured transistors, smaller and more reliable., 4) Focused on parallel processing, artificial intelligence, and natural language processing., 5) Introduced integrated circuits, reduced size and power consumption.

Explanation

1st Gen = Vacuum tubes (i-2), 2nd Gen = Transistors (ii-3), 3rd Gen = Integrated Circuits (iii-5), 4th Gen = Microprocessors / VLSI (iv-1), 5th Gen = Artificial Intelligence & Parallel Processing (v-4). Correct matching: i-2, ii-3, iii-5, iv-1, v-4.

کمپیوٹر کی نسلوں کا درست ملاپ: i-2، ii-3، iii-5، iv-1، v-4 ہے۔

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884📚💻 Computer KnowledgeOperating System & Device Drivers

Consider the following statements about Device Driver.
1. It a hardware device that is attached to a computer.
2. It acts as a translator between the hardware device and operating systems or applications that use it.
3. It instructs computer on how to communicate with the device by translating the operating system's instructions into a language that a device can understand in order to perform the necessary task.
4. Examples of device driver: printer driver, display driver, USB driver, sound card driver, motherboard driver, ROM driver, etc.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement 1 is incorrect because a device driver is a specialized software program, NOT a hardware device. Statements 2, 3, and 4 correctly describe its role as a translator/driver program and list valid driver types. Correct: 2, 3 and 4.

ڈیوائس ڈرائیور ایک سافٹ ویئر پروگرام ہے ہارڈ ویئر نہیں۔ اس لیے بیانات 2، 3 اور 4 درست ہیں۔

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885📚💻 Computer KnowledgeComputer Architecture: DMA Controller

Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller is a feature within the computer that

Explanation

Direct Memory Access (DMA) enables hardware subsystems to transfer data directly to and from system RAM without routing through the CPU, eliminating CPU bottleneck and speeding up memory operations.

DMA کنٹرولر سی پی یو کی مداخلت کے بغیر ڈیٹا کو براہ راست مین میموری (RAM) میں منتقل کرتا ہے۔

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886📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"Once upon a time I went for a week's holiday in the Continent with an Indian friend. We both enjoyed ourselves and were sorry when the week was over, but on parting our behaviour was absolutely different. He was plunged in despair. He felt that because the holiday was overs all happiness was over until the world ended. He could not express his sorrow too much. But in me the Englishman came out strong. I could not see what there was to make a fuss about. It wasn't as if we were parting forever or dying. "Buck up", I said, "do buck up". He refused to buck up, and I left him plunged in gloom."

Question:
Why was the Indian friend plunged in despair?

Explanation

As stated in the passage: "He felt that because the holiday was over, all happiness was over until the world ended."

پیراگراف کے مطابق ہندوستانی دوست کا خیال تھا کہ چھٹیاں ختم ہونے کے بعد اب ساری خوشیاں ختم ہو چکی ہیں۔

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887📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"Once upon a time I went for a week's holiday in the Continent with an Indian friend. We both enjoyed ourselves and were sorry when the week was over, but on parting our behaviour was absolutely different. He was plunged in despair. He felt that because the holiday was overs all happiness was over until the world ended. He could not express his sorrow too much. But in me the Englishman came out strong. I could not see what there was to make a fuss about. It wasn't as if we were parting forever or dying. "Buck up", I said, "do buck up". He refused to buck up, and I left him plunged in gloom."

Question:
What is the author's intention in the passage?

Explanation

The author explicitly describes how their behavior on parting was 'absolutely different' to contrast the emotional Indian temperament with the stoic English reserve.

مصنف کا مقصد ہندوستانی اور انگریزی مزاج اور ردعمل کے فرق کو واضح کرنا تھا۔

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888📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"Once upon a time I went for a week's holiday in the Continent with an Indian friend. We both enjoyed ourselves and were sorry when the week was over, but on parting our behaviour was absolutely different. He was plunged in despair. He felt that because the holiday was overs all happiness was over until the world ended. He could not express his sorrow too much. But in me the Englishman came out strong. I could not see what there was to make a fuss about. It wasn't as if we were parting forever or dying. "Buck up", I said, "do buck up". He refused to buck up, and I left him plunged in gloom."

Question:
What is the Continent in the context of the passage?

Explanation

In British English idiom and historical literature, 'the Continent' refers to mainland Europe.

برطانوی انگریزی میں 'the Continent' سے مراد سرزمین یورپ (Europe) ہے۔

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889📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"Once upon a time I went for a week's holiday in the Continent with an Indian friend. We both enjoyed ourselves and were sorry when the week was over, but on parting our behaviour was absolutely different. He was plunged in despair. He felt that because the holiday was overs all happiness was over until the world ended. He could not express his sorrow too much. But in me the Englishman came out strong. I could not see what there was to make a fuss about. It wasn't as if we were parting forever or dying. "Buck up", I said, "do buck up". He refused to buck up, and I left him plunged in gloom."

Question:
What does 'But in me the Englishman came out strong' imply?

Explanation

It implies that the author exhibited the traditional English 'stiff upper lip' character—pragmatic, undemonstrative, and unemotional in the face of parting.

اس کا مطلب یہ ہے کہ مصنف کے اندر روایتی انگریزی مزاج (ضبط اور جذبات کو قابو میں رکھنا) غالب آ گیا۔

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890📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"Once upon a time I went for a week's holiday in the Continent with an Indian friend. We both enjoyed ourselves and were sorry when the week was over, but on parting our behaviour was absolutely different. He was plunged in despair. He felt that because the holiday was overs all happiness was over until the world ended. He could not express his sorrow too much. But in me the Englishman came out strong. I could not see what there was to make a fuss about. It wasn't as if we were parting forever or dying. "Buck up", I said, "do buck up". He refused to buck up, and I left him plunged in gloom."

Question:
What does the author mean by 'buck up'?

Explanation

'Buck up' is an informal English idiom meaning to cheer up, take heart, and become more encouraged or positive.

'Buck up' کا مطلب حوصلہ بلند کرنا یا خوش ہونا (Cheer up) ہے۔

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891📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaCoastlines of Indian States

Which of the following States has the longest coastline in India?

Explanation

Gujarat has the longest coastline among all Indian states, spanning approximately

1,600\text{ km}

along the Arabian Sea.

ہندوستان میں سب سے لمبی سمندری ساحلی پٹی ریاست گجرات (Gujarat - 1600 کلومیٹر) کی ہے۔

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892📚🎭 Languages & Culture of J&KLanguages of Jammu & Kashmir

Which one of the following is not among the principal language of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Monpa is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Monpa people of Arunachal Pradesh. Urdu, Gojri, and Kashmiri (Koshur) are prominent regional languages of J&K.

مونپا (Monpa) اروناچل پردیش کی زبان ہے، جموں و کشمیر کی نہیں۔

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893📚🗺️ Geography of J&K & LadakhClimate Extremes in India & Ladakh

\underline{\hspace{1.5cm}}

is the coldest inhabited place in India.

Explanation

Drass, situated in the Kargil district of Ladakh at an altitude of

3,280\text{ m}

, is famously known as the 'Gateway to Ladakh' and is the coldest inhabited place in India (and second coldest permanently inhabited place in the world after Oymyakon, Siberia).

دراس (Drass - لداخ) ہندوستان کا سب سے سرد ترین آباد مقام ہے۔

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894📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeNumber Systems: Whole Numbers

All natural numbers and 0 are called as

\underline{\hspace{1.5cm}}

numbers.

Explanation

The set consisting of all positive natural counting numbers (

1, 2, 3, ...

) along with zero (

0

) forms the set of Whole numbers (

W = \{0, 1, 2, 3, ...\}

).

تمام قدرتی اعداد اور صفر کو ملا کر مکمل اعداد یعنی ہول نمبرز (Whole numbers) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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895📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSet Theory & Percentages

In a school 40% of the students play football and 50% play cricket. If 18% of the students neither play football nor cricket, the percentage of the students playing both is.

Explanation

Percentage playing at least one game

= 100\% - 18\% = 82\%

. Using union formula:

n(F \cup C) = n(F) + n(C) - n(F \cap C) \implies 82\% = 40\% + 50\% - n(F \cap C) \implies n(F \cap C) = 90\% - 82\% = 8\%

.

دونوں کھیل کھیلنے والے طلباء کا فیصد =

40 + 50 - (100 - 18) = 90 - 82 = 8\%

ہے۔

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896📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentages & Simplification

What is 20% of 25% of 300?

Explanation

\frac{20}{100} \times \frac{25}{100} \times 300 = \frac{1}{5} \times \frac{1}{4} \times 300 = \frac{300}{20} = 15

.

0.20 \times 0.25 \times 300 = 15

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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897📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit and Loss

The cost price of a radio is Rs. 600. The 5% of the cost price is charged towards transportation. After adding that, if the net profit to be made is 15%, then the selling price of the radio must be.

Explanation

Transportation cost

= 5\% \text{ of } 600 = 30

. Total effective Cost Price

= 600 + 30 = 630

. Profit

= 15\% \text{ of } 630 = 94.50

. Selling Price

= 630 + 94.50 = \text{Rs. } 724.50

.

ٹرانسپورٹیشن خرچ ملا کر کل لاگت = 630 روپے۔ 15% منافع کے ساتھ فروخت کی قیمت = 630 \times 1.15 = 724.50 روپے ہے۔

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898📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit and Loss

By selling an article for Rs. 960 a man incurs a loss of 4%; what was the cost price?

Explanation

\text{Cost Price} = \frac{\text{Selling Price}}{1 - \text{Loss}\%} = \frac{960}{1 - 0.04} = \frac{960}{0.96} = \text{Rs. } 1000

.

لاگت کی قیمت = \frac{960}{0.96} = 1000 روپے ہے۔

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899📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit and Loss

By selling a car for Rs. 64,000, Mr. Rao lost 20%. Then the cost price of the car is

Explanation

\text{Cost Price} = \frac{\text{SP}}{1 - 0.20} = \frac{64000}{0.80} = \text{Rs. } 80,000

.

کار کی اصل لاگت = \frac{64000}{0.80} = 80,000 روپے ہے۔

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900📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection Sense Test

City D is to the West of city M. City R is to the South of city D. If city K is to the East to city R, then in which direction is city K located in respect of city D?

Explanation

Taking City D as origin

(0,0)

: City R is South

(0, -y)

. City K is East of R

(+x, -y)

. Relative to City D, City K lies in the South-East quadrant.

شہر D کے لحاظ سے شہر K جنوب مشرق (South-East) میں واقع ہے۔

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901📚💻 Computer KnowledgeEmail Management

The

\underline{\hspace{1.5cm}}

folder retains copies of email messages have started but are not yet ready to be send.

Explanation

The Drafts folder in email clients automatically saves unfinished or composed emails that have not yet been sent.

ای میل میں غیر بھیجے گئے اور ادھورے پیغامات 'Drafts' فولڈر میں محفوظ رہتے ہیں۔

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902📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Macros & VBA

\underline{\hspace{1.5cm}}

is the programming language used to write a Macro in MS Excel.

Explanation

Macros in Microsoft Excel are written and edited using VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) / VB Script.

ایم ایس ایکسل میں میکروز لکھنے کے لیے VBA / VB Script کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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903📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Functions: COUNTIF

What is the function of =COUNTIF () in Excel?

Explanation

The `=COUNTIF(range, criteria)` statistical function in Excel counts the number of cells within a specified range that meet a given condition or criteria.

ایکسل کا `=COUNTIF()` فنکشن مخصوص شرط (Criteria) پر پورا اترنے والے سیلز کی گنتی کرتا ہے۔

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904📚💻 Computer KnowledgeDocument Templates in MS Office

A

\underline{\hspace{1.5cm}}

is a pre - designed document that already had coordinating fonts, a layout and a back ground.

Explanation

A Template is a pre-designed master document or presentation framework with preset coordinating typography, color palette, background themes, and placeholder formatting.

پہلے سے ڈیزائن شدہ دستاویز جس میں لے آؤٹ، فونٹس اور بیک گراؤنڈ سیٹ ہوں، ٹیمپلیٹ (Template) کہلاتی ہے۔

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905📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringTheory of Machines: Spur Gears

If a spur gear has 30 teeth and is rotating at 200 rpm with a module of 2 mm, what would be its pitch line velocity in

\text{mm/s}

?

Explanation

Pitch circle diameter

D = m \times T = 2\text{ mm} \times 30 = 60\text{ mm}

. Pitch line velocity

v = \frac{\pi D N}{60} = \frac{\pi \times 60 \times 200}{60} = 200\pi \approx 628.3\text{ mm/s}

.

پچ سرکل قطر D = 2 \times 30 = 60 ملی میٹر۔ پچ لائن کی رفتار v = \frac{\pi \times 60 \times 200}{60} = 628.3 ملی میٹر فی سیکنڈ ہے۔

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906📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringTheory of Machines: Flywheels

The rotational speed of an automobile engine fluctuates between

210\text{ rad/sec}

and

190\text{ rad/sec}

. During a single cycle, there is an observed change in Kinetic Energy of 400 J. What is the mass inertia of the flywheel about its central axis, represented in

\text{kg-m}^2

?

Explanation

Mean angular velocity

\omega_{mean} = \frac{210 + 190}{2} = 200\text{ rad/s}

. Fluctuation of energy

\Delta E = I \omega_{mean} (\omega_1 - \omega_2) \implies 400 = I \times 200 \times (210 - 190) = 4000 I \implies I = \frac{400}{4000} = 0.10\text{ kg}\cdot\text{m}^2

.

فلائی وہیل کا ماس انرشا

I = \frac{\Delta E}{\omega (\omega_1 - \omega_2)} = \frac{400}{200 \times 20} = 0.10\text{ kg-m}^2

ہے۔

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907📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMachine Design: Gear Classifications

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:
List - I: a. Spur Gears, b. Helical Gears, c. Worm Gears, d. Bevel Gears
List - II: 1. Transmit motion between non-parallel and non-intersecting shafts., 2. Transmit motion between parallel shafts., 3. Transmit motion between intersecting shafts., 4. Transmit motion between parallel shafts or non-parallel shafts
Codes: A) a-3, b-2, c-1, d-4 | B) a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1 | C) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3 | D) a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4

Explanation

Spur Gears = Parallel shafts (a-2); Helical Gears = Parallel or crossed non-parallel shafts (b-4); Worm Gears = Non-parallel non-intersecting shafts (c-1); Bevel Gears = Intersecting shafts (d-3). Correct match: a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3.

گیئرز کا درست ملاپ: a-2، b-4، c-1، d-3 ہے۔

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908📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringManufacturing Technology: Chvorinov's Rule

The volume of a cube with side '

l

' and the volume of a sphere with radius '

r

' are equal. Both the cube and sphere are composed of the same material and are being cast. What is the ratio of the solidification time of the cube to that of the sphere?

Explanation

According to Chvorinov's Rule:

t_s \propto \left(\frac{V}{A}\right)^2

. Since

V_{cube} = V_{sphere}

, the ratio of solidification times is

\frac{t_{cube}}{t_{sphere}} = \left(\frac{A_{sphere}}{A_{cube}} ight)^2 = \left(\frac{4\pi r^2}{6 l^2}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{4\pi}{6}\right)^2 \left(\frac{r}{l}\right)^4

.

چورینوف کے قانون کے تحت جمنے کے وقت کا تناسب:

\left(\frac{4\pi}{6}\right)^{2}\left(\frac{r}{l}\right)^{4}

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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909📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMetrology & Inspection: Optical Flats

Of what material are optical flats typically made?

Explanation

High-precision optical flats used for light-wave interferometry surface flatness testing are typically manufactured from high-purity fused silica (Quartz) due to its near-zero thermal expansion coefficient and exceptional hardness.

آپٹیکل فلیٹس عام طور پر کوارٹز (Quartz) سے بنائے جاتے ہیں۔

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910📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIC Engines: Engine Displacement & Capacity

A 4-stroke 4-cylinder reciprocating engine has a cylinder diameter of 4 cm, stroke length of 7 cm and clearance volume of

2\text{ cm}^3

. The engine capacity in cc is:

Explanation

Engine capacity is the total swept volume of all cylinders:

V_s = n \times \left(\frac{\pi}{4} d^2 L\right) = 4 \times \left(\frac{\pi}{4} \times 4^2 \times 7\right) = 4 \times (\pi \times 4 \times 7) = 112\pi \approx 112 \times \frac{22}{7} = 352\text{ cc}

.

انجن کی کل صلاحیت (Swept Volume) =

4 \times \frac{\pi}{4} \times 4^2 \times 7 = 352\text{ cc}

ہے۔

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911📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringFluid Mechanics: Boundary Layer Flow

Consider a laminar flow over a flat plate of length

L = 1\text{ m}

. The boundary layer thickness at the end of the plate is

\delta_w

for water, and

\delta_a

for air for the same freestream velocity. If the kinematic viscosities of water and air are

1 \times 10^{-6}\text{ m}^2/\text{s}

and

1.6 \times 10^{-5}\text{ m}^2/\text{s}

, respectively, the ratio of

\frac{\delta_w}{\delta_a}

is:

Explanation

For laminar flow over a flat plate, Blasius boundary layer thickness $\delta = \frac{5 x}{\sqrt{Re_x}} = 5\sqrt{\frac{
u x}{U_\infty}} \propto \sqrt{
u}

. Therefore:

\frac{\delta_w}{\delta_a} = \sqrt{\frac{
u_w}{
u_a}} = \sqrt{\frac{1 \times 10^{-6}}{1.6 \times 10^{-5}}} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{16}} = \frac{1}{4}$.

باؤنڈری لیئر کی موٹائی کائینی میٹک وسکاسیٹی کے جذر کے متناسب ہوتی ہے:

\frac{\delta_w}{\delta_a} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{16}} = \frac{1}{4}

۔

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912📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringThermodynamics: Phase Change & Latent Heat

Latent heat of ________ is the heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

Explanation

Latent Heat of Vaporization is the amount of thermal energy required to transform

1\text{ kg}

of a substance from liquid phase into gaseous vapor phase at its boiling point without any change in temperature.

کسی مائع کو اس کے ابلتے ہوئے نقطے پر گیس میں تبدیل کرنے کے لیے درکار حرارت کو حرارت مبدلہ برائے تبخیر (Latent Heat of Vaporization) کہتے ہیں۔

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913📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMachine Design: Belt Drives

The velocity ratio of the belt drive is defined as:

Explanation

Velocity ratio (or speed ratio) of a belt drive is defined as the ratio of the rotational speed (RPM) of the driven/follower pulley (

N_2

) to the rotational speed of the driving pulley (

N_1

), i.e.,

VR = \frac{N_2}{N_1} = \frac{d_1}{d_2}

.

بیلٹ ڈرائیو کی ویلوسیٹی ریشو ڈرائیون پللی کی رفتار اور ڈرائیونگ پللی کی رفتار کا تناسب (

N_2 / N_1

) ہوتی ہے۔

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914📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMachine Design: Gear Applications

Match the following gear types against its applications:
List - I (Gear Type): a. Spur gears, b. Helical gears, c. Spiral gears, d. Bevel gears
List - II (Application): 1. For non-parallel and non-intersecting axes shafts, 2. For parallel axes shafts, 3. For both parallel and non-parallel and non-intersecting axes shafts, 4. For intersecting axes shafts

Explanation

Spur gears = Parallel axes (a-2); Helical gears = Parallel and non-parallel crossed axes (b-3); Spiral gears = Skew non-parallel non-intersecting axes (c-1); Bevel gears = Intersecting axes (d-4). Correct matching: a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4.

گیئر کی اقسام کا درست ملاپ: a-2، b-3، c-1، d-4 ہے۔

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915📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMechanical Vibrations: Critical Damping

A mass of 1 kg is attached to the end of a spring with a stiffness

0.7\text{ N/mm}

. The critical damping coefficient of this system will be:

Explanation

Stiffness

k = 0.7\text{ N/mm} = 700\text{ N/m}

, mass

m = 1\text{ kg}

. Critical damping coefficient

c_c = 2\sqrt{k m} = 2\sqrt{700 \times 1} = 2 \times 26.4575 = 52.92\text{ N}\cdot\text{s/m}

.

کریٹیکل ڈیمپنگ کوایفیشینٹ

c_c = 2\sqrt{km} = 2\sqrt{700 \times 1} = 52.92\text{ Ns/m}

ہے۔

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916📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringRefrigeration & Air Conditioning: Refrigerants

A good refrigerant must have ________ specific heat when it is in liquid state and ________ specific heat when it is vaporized.

Explanation

An ideal refrigerant should have low specific heat of liquid (to minimize subcooling heat losses and flashing during throttling) and high specific heat / high latent heat of vapor (to maximize refrigeration effect per unit mass flow).

ایک اچھے ریفریجرنٹ میں مائع حالت میں کم مخصوص حرارت اور بخاراتی حالت میں زیادہ مخصوص حرارت (Low, high) ہونی چاہیے۔

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917📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMaterial Science: Atomic Bonding

In diamond, the nature of the atomic bond is:

Explanation

Diamond consists of carbon atoms arranged in a tetrahedral crystal structure where each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms via strong

sp^3

directional covalent bonds.

ہیرے (Diamond) میں کاربن ایٹمز کے درمیان مضبوط کوویلینٹ بانڈنگ (Covalent bond) پائی جاتی ہے۔

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918📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringManufacturing Processes: Evaporative Pattern Casting

While using the disposable pattern, the metal should be poured:

Explanation

In full-mold / evaporative / disposable pattern casting (lost foam), molten metal must be poured rapidly to vaporize the foam pattern completely and prevent premature freezing or entrapment of pyrolysis residues.

ڈسپوزیبل پیٹرن کاسٹنگ میں پگھلی ہوئی دھات کو انتہائی تیزی سے (Very rapidly) ڈالا جانا چاہیے۔

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919📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIC Engines: 2-Stroke vs 4-Stroke Engines

Which of the following is not correct with respect to two stroke engine?

Explanation

Two-stroke engines have fewer moving parts (no complex valve mechanism/camshaft), simpler design, and low initial and maintenance costs. Thus, claiming they have 'high maintenance cost' is incorrect.

ٹو اسٹروک انجن میں والوز نہ ہونے کی وجہ سے اس کی دیکھ بھال کی لاگت کم ہوتی ہے، زیادہ نہیں۔

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920📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringProduction Planning: Scheduling Terminology

Time taken for the job from its arrival to the system until its departure is:

Explanation

Flow Time is defined as the total elapsed time a job spends in the production system from its moment of arrival until its completion and departure (including waiting and processing times).

نظام میں آمد سے لے کر روانگی تک جاب کے ذریعے لیے گئے کل وقت کو فلو ٹائم (Flow time) کہتے ہیں۔

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921📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering: ABC Inventory Analysis

The C items representing the ABC analysis are those which represents:

Explanation

In ABC inventory classification (Pareto principle): 'C' items account for the majority of inventory items (about

60\text{--}70\%

of volume/parts) but represent only a small percentage (

5\text{--}10\%

) of the total annual monetary consumption value.

ABC تجزیہ میں 'C' آئٹمز کل سالانہ کھپت کی رقم کا بہت چھوٹا فیصد (Small percentage of annual value) ہوتے ہیں۔

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922📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMachine Design: Lewis Form Factor

Consider the following statements:
The form factor of a spur gear tooth depends upon the
1. Number of teeth
2. Pressure angle
3. Addendum modification coefficient
4. Circular pitch.
Of these statements:

Explanation

Lewis tooth form factor (

y

or

Y

) is purely a dimensionless geometric factor that depends on the number of teeth (

T

), the pressure angle (

\phi

), and the profile shift / addendum modification (

x

), but is independent of module/circular pitch size.

لیوس فارم فیکٹر کا انحصار دانتوں کی تعداد، پریشر اینگل اور ایڈینڈم موڈیفیکیشن پر ہوتا ہے (1، 2 اور 3 درست ہیں)۔

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923📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringPower Plant Engineering: Rankine Cycle

In a Rankine cycle, the enthalpies at turbine entry and outlet are

3159\text{ kJ/kg}

and

2187\text{ kJ/kg}

, respectively. If the specific pump work is

2\text{ kJ/kg}

, the specific steam consumption (in kg/kWh) of the cycle based on net output is:

Explanation

Turbine work

w_t = h_1 - h_2 = 3159 - 2187 = 972\text{ kJ/kg}

. Net work

w_{net} = w_t - w_p = 972 - 2 = 970\text{ kJ/kg}

. Specific Steam Consumption

SSC = \frac{3600\text{ kJ/kWh}}{w_{net}} = \frac{3600}{970} \approx 3.71\text{ kg/kWh}

.

خالص کام

w_{net} = 970\text{ kJ/kg}

۔ مخصوص بھاپ کی کھپت

SSC = \frac{3600}{970} = 3.71\text{ kg/kWh}

ہے۔

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924📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringRAC: Compressors & Refrigerant Selection

Consider the following statement regarding refrigerants:
1. Refrigerant

\text{NH}_3

is used in reciprocating compressors
2. Refrigerant

\text{CO}_2

is used in reciprocating compressors
3. Refrigerant R-11 is used in centrifugal compressors
Which of this statement is/are correct?

Explanation

Ammonia (

\text{NH}_3

) and Carbon Dioxide (

\text{CO}_2

) operate with high pressures and moderate/low volume displacement suited for reciprocating compressors. R-11 is a low-pressure refrigerant with high specific volume suited for large-capacity centrifugal compressors. All 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

امونیا اور کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ ریسیپروکیٹنگ کمپریسرز کے لیے جبکہ R-11 سینٹری فیوگل کمپریسرز کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے (تمام 1، 2 اور 3 درست ہیں)۔

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925📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringFluid Mechanics: Hydrostatic Forces

The total pressure on a horizontally immersed surface (of surface area

A

) with its centre of gravity at a depth

\bar{x}

from liquid surface in a liquid of specific weight

\omega

is:

Explanation

The total hydrostatic pressure force on a submerged planar surface of area

A

immersed at centroid depth

\bar{x}

in a liquid of specific weight

\omega = \rho g

is

F = \omega A \bar{x}

.

ہائیڈرو اسٹیٹک پریشر فورس کا فارمولا

F = \omega A \bar{x}

ہے۔

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926📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringManufacturing Processes: Gating Systems

A gating ratio 1:2:4 is used to design the gating system for magnesium alloy casting. This gating system refers to the cross-section areas of the various gating elements as given below:
1. Down sprue
2. Runner bar
3. Ingate
The correct sequence of the above elements in the ratio 1:2:4 is:

Explanation

Gating ratio is standardly defined as

A_{sprue} : A_{runner} : A_{ingate}

. An unpressurized ratio of 1:2:4 corresponds directly to 1 (Down sprue) : 2 (Runner bar) : 3 (Ingate).

گیٹنگ ریشو

A_s : A_r : A_g = 1:2:4

کا مطلب ہے ڈاؤن اسپرو، رنر بار اور ان گیٹ (1، 2 اور 3)۔

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927📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringAutomobile Engineering: Steering Systems

The component that is responsible for converting the rotation of the steering wheel into lateral motion is the:

Explanation

The Steering Gearbox (e.g. rack and pinion or recirculating ball) converts the rotational input of the steering wheel into the lateral mechanical force that steers the front road wheels.

اسٹیئرنگ گیئر باکس اسٹیئرنگ وہیل کی گردش کو پہیوں کی سائیڈ ویز حرکت میں تبدیل کرتا ہے۔

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928📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIC Engines: Morse Test & Engine Testing

In a Morse test for a 2-cylinder, 2-stroke, spark ignition engine, the brake power was 9 kW whereas the brake powers of individual cylinders with spark cut off were 4.25 kW and 3.75 kW respectively. The mechanical efficiency of the engine is:

Explanation

Indicated Power of cylinder 1:

IP_1 = BP_{total} - BP_1' = 9 - 4.25 = 4.75\text{ kW}

. Indicated Power of cylinder 2:

IP_2 = BP_{total} - BP_2' = 9 - 3.75 = 5.25\text{ kW}

. Total Indicated Power

IP = 4.75 + 5.25 = 10\text{ kW}

. Mechanical Efficiency

\eta_m = \frac{BP}{IP} = \frac{9}{10} = 90\%

.

مورس ٹیسٹ میں کل انڈیکیٹڈ پاور

IP = 4.75 + 5.25 = 10\text{ kW}

۔ مکینیکل کارکردگی

\eta_m = \frac{9}{10} = 90\%

ہے۔

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929📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIC Engines: Knocking & Detonation

Knocking in a spark ignition engine can be reduced by:
1. Retarding the spark
2. Supercharging
3. Using a fuel of long straight chain structure
4. Increasing the engine speed
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Explanation

In SI engines, knocking is reduced by: 1. Retarding spark timing (reduces peak cylinder pressure/temperature) and 4. Increasing engine speed (reduces time available for end-gas pre-flame autoignition reactions). Supercharging and straight-chain paraffins increase knocking tendency in SI engines.

پیٹرول انجن میں ناکنگ کو کم کرنے کے لیے اسپارک ریٹارڈ کرنا اور انجن کی رفتار بڑھانا (1 اور 4) موثر ہے۔

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930📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMachine Design: Riveted Joints

Which is not a possible type of failure in a riveted joint?

Explanation

Standard failure modes of riveted joints are: 1. Tearing/tension of plate between rivet holes, 2. Shearing of rivets, 3. Crushing/bearing of plate or rivets, and 4. Splitting/tearing of plate margin.

ریویٹڈ جوائنٹ میں شیئرنگ آف پلیٹ ممکنہ براہ راست ناکامی نہیں سمجھی جاتی۔

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931📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringFluid Mechanics: Fluid Properties

A fluid is considered incompressible if its:

Explanation

A fluid is defined as incompressible when its density (

\rho

) remains constant and invariant with respect to changes in pressure and time (

\frac{D\rho}{Dt} = 0

).

اگر کسی سیال کی کثافت (Density) دباؤ کے بدلنے سے تبدیل نہ ہو اور مستقل رہے تو اسے ان کمپریسیبل فلوئیڈ کہتے ہیں۔

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932📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMaterial Science: Imperfections & Grain Boundaries

The term "grain boundary" refers to the boundary between:

Explanation

A grain boundary is a 2D planar interface defect separating two adjacent crystallites (grains) of the same phase having different crystallographic spatial orientations in a polycrystalline material.

گرین باؤنڈری (Grain boundary) پولی کرسٹلائن میٹل میں ملحقہ کرسٹل گرینز کے درمیان کی سرحد کو کہتے ہیں۔

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933📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringAutomobile Engineering: Vehicle Classification

An automobile designed for transporting goods is classified as a:

Explanation

A Van (or light commercial goods vehicle) is a motor vehicle body style specifically configured for transporting goods and cargo.

سامان کی نقل و حمل کے لیے بنائی گئی گاڑی کو وین (Van) کے زمرے میں رکھا جاتا ہے۔

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934📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMetrology: Surface Finish Measurement

A profilometer is a tool used to measure:

Explanation

A Profilometer is a contact or optical stylus instrument specifically used to measure and record surface roughness, waviness, and micro-topographical profile finishes (

R_a

,

R_z

).

پروفائلومیٹر سطح کی کھردراہٹ (Surface roughness) ناپنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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935📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringAutomobile Engineering: Drive Train & Differential

The device that ensures power is evenly distributed to the wheels while turning in an automobile is the:

Explanation

The Differential gear assembly allows the left and right driving road wheels to rotate at different speeds while turning corners while transmitting equal torque to both drive wheels.

موڑ کاٹتے وقت دونوں پہیوں میں مناسب طاقت اور مختلف رفتار فراہم کرنے والے پرزے کو ڈفرینشل (Differential) کہتے ہیں۔

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936📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringCAD/CAM: Fundamentals

CAM refers to:

Explanation

CAM stands for Computer-Aided Manufacturing, which uses specialized software and automated computer-controlled machinery (CNC/DNC) to plan, manage, and execute manufacturing operations.

CAM کا مطلب کمپیوٹر ایڈیڈ مینوفیکچرنگ (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) ہے۔

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937📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Check

Find the correctly spelt word.

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'Embarrassment' (with double 'r' and double 's').

درست ہجے (Spelling) 'Embarrassment' ہے۔

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938📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit and Loss

The cost price of a book is Rs. 150. At what price should it be sold to gain 20%?

Explanation

\text{Selling Price} = \text{Cost Price} \times (1 + \text{Gain}\%) = 150 \times (1 + 0.20) = 150 \times 1.20 = \text{Rs. } 180

.

فروخت کی قیمت = 150 \times 1.20 = 180 روپے ہے۔

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939📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentages

If 125% of

x

is 100, then

x

is

Explanation

1.25 x = 100 \implies x = \frac{100}{1.25} = \frac{100}{5/4} = 100 \times \frac{4}{5} = 80

.

1.25 x = 100 \implies x = 80

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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940📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentages & Demographic Analysis

The population of a village is 25,000. One fifth are females and the rest are males. 5% of males and 40% of females are uneducated. What percentage on the whole are educated?

Explanation

Total population

= 25,000

. Females

= \frac{1}{5} \times 25,000 = 5,000

. Males

= 20,000

. Uneducated males

= 5\% \text{ of } 20,000 = 1,000

. Uneducated females

= 40\% \text{ of } 5,000 = 2,000

. Total uneducated

= 1,000 + 2,000 = 3,000

. Total educated

= 25,000 - 3,000 = 22,000

. Educated percentage

= \frac{22,000}{25,000} \times 100\% = 88\%

.

کل تعلیم یافتہ افراد = 22,000۔ مجموعی فیصد =

\frac{22000}{25000} \times 100 = 88\%

ہے۔

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941📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProbability

A dice is thrown. What is the probability that the number shown on the dice is not divisible by 3?

Explanation

Sample space

S = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\}

(

n(S) = 6

). Numbers divisible by 3:

\{3, 6\}

(2 numbers). Numbers NOT divisible by 3:

\{1, 2, 4, 5\}

(4 numbers). Probability

= \frac{4}{6} = \frac{2}{3}

.

ڈائس پر 3 سے تقسیم نہ ہونے والے اعداد (1، 2، 4، 5) کی تعداد 4 ہے۔ امکان

= 4/6 = 2/3

ہے۔

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942📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProblems on Ages

The present ages of Aman and Nina are 59 and 37 years, respectively. What was the ratio of the ages of Nina and Aman 13 years ago?

Explanation

13 years ago: Nina's age

= 37 - 13 = 24\text{ years}

. Aman's age

= 59 - 13 = 46\text{ years}

. Ratio of Nina to Aman

= 24 : 46 = 12 : 23

.

13 سال پہلے نینا اور امن کی عمروں کا تناسب

= 24 : 46 = 12 : 23

تھا۔

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943📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Human Respiratory System

During respiration exchange of gases take place in

Explanation

In human respiratory anatomy, the exchange of oxygen (

\text{O}_2

) and carbon dioxide (

\text{CO}_2

) occurs across the thin, vascularized walls of microscopic air sacs called Alveoli in the lungs via simple diffusion.

سانس کے عمل کے دوران گیسوں کا تبادلہ پھیپھڑوں کے ایلوولی (Alveoli of lungs) میں ہوتا ہے۔

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944📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryPartition of Bengal (1905)

The partition of Bengal took place in which year?

Explanation

The Partition of Bengal was carried out by the British Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, on 16 October 1905, which sparked the nationwide Swadeshi and Boycott movement.

تقسیم بنگال کا واقعہ سال 1905 میں لارڈ کرزن کے دور میں پیش آیا۔

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945📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaIndian Standard Time (IST)

India used how many time zones

Explanation

India observes a single uniform national time zone: Indian Standard Time (IST), which is calculated along the Standard Meridian of

82.5^\circ\text{ E}

longitude passing through Mirzapur (UP), corresponding to

\text{UTC} + 05:30

.

ہندوستان میں صرف ایک (01) ٹائم زون (IST - UTC+5:30) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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946📚🧩 Logical ReasoningAnalogy: Word Relationships

Scribble : Write :: Stammer : ?

Explanation

'Scribble' is to write hurriedly, illegibly, or imperfectly. Similarly, 'Stammer' is to speak falteringly with involuntary pauses and repetitions. The correct corresponding activity is 'Speak'.

جس طرح بدخطی یا بے تکا لکھنا 'Write' سے متعلق ہے، اسی طرح ہکلانا 'Speak' (بولنے) سے متعلق ہے۔

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947📚🗣️ Communication SkillsNon-Verbal Communication & Gestures

Raising a hand to greet or say goodbye is an example of

Explanation

Raising a hand to wave, nod, or greet is a physical bodily gesture (kinesics) transmitting a message without spoken or written words, categorised as Non-Verbal Communication.

ہاتھ ہلا کر الوداع کہنا یا سلام کرنا غیر زبانی مواصلات (Non-Verbal Communication) کی مثال ہے۔

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948📚⚖️ Labour Laws & Industrial RelationsPayment of Wages Act, 1936

According to Payment of Wages Act, the maximum wage period or payment of wages to employees by employer should not exceed

Explanation

Section 4 of the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 mandates that no wage period fixed by the person responsible for the payment of wages shall exceed one month (30 days).

پیمنٹ آف ویجز ایکٹ کے تحت تنخواہ کی ادائیگی کی زیادہ سے زیادہ مدت ایک ماہ (30 دن) سے تجاوز نہیں کرنی چاہیے۔

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949📚📖 General EnglishArticles

There is _____ fish, in _____ bottle.

Explanation

'A fish' (first mention of non-specific fish) in 'the bottle' (specific container context): "There is a fish in the bottle."

موزوں آرٹیکل: "There is a fish in the bottle."

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950📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Check

Choose the correctly spelt word

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'Clandestine' (meaning kept secret or done secretly, especially for illicit reasons).

درست ہجے 'Clandestine' (پوشیدہ / خفیہ) ہے۔

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951📚🗺️ Geography & Culture of IndiaLanguages of North-East India

Bodo language is spoken mainly in which of the following states of India?

Explanation

Bodo (Boro), an official language listed under the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, is primarily spoken in the state of Assam (Bodoland Territorial Region).

بوڈو (Bodo) زبان بنیادی طور پر ریاست آسام میں بولی جاتی ہے۔

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952📚🎭 Culture & Tourism in J&KTourism Icons of Kashmir

A traditional Gondola type lightweight rowing boat ride which is famous of the Dal Lake in Kashmir is referred to as

Explanation

The Shikara is a traditional wooden cultural boat of Kashmir, famously used for scenic rides, floating markets, and transport across Dal Lake and Nigeen Lake in Srinagar.

ڈل جھیل میں روایتی خوبصورت کشتی کی سواری کو شکارا رائیڈ (Shikara ride) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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953📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit and Loss

A man buys oranges at Rs. 5 a dozen and an equal number Rs. 4 a dozen. He sells them at Rs. 5.50 a dozen and makes a profit of Rs. 50. How many oranges does he buy?

Explanation

Let him buy

x

dozen of each kind (total

2x

dozens). Total Cost

= 5x + 4x = 9x\text{ Rs.}

Average Cost per dozen

= \frac{9x}{2x} = \text{Rs. } 4.50

. Selling price per dozen

= \text{Rs. } 5.50

. Profit per dozen

= 5.50 - 4.50 = \text{Rs. } 1.00

. Total profit

= (2x) \times 1.00 = 50 \implies 2x = 50\text{ dozens}

(or buys 50 dozens in total).

اوسط لاگت = 4.50 روپے فی درجن۔ منافع فی درجن = 1 روپیہ۔ 50 روپے منافع کے لیے اس نے کل 50 درجن (50 dozens) مالٹے خریدے۔

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954📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

A car completes a certain journey in 8 hours. It covers half the distance at

40\text{ km/hr.}

and the rest at

60\text{ km/hr.}

The total distance of the journey is:

Explanation

Let total distance

= D\text{ km}

.

\frac{D/2}{40} + \frac{D/2}{60} = 8 \implies \frac{D}{80} + \frac{D}{120} = 8 \implies \frac{3D + 2D}{240} = 8 \implies 5D = 1920 \implies D = 384\text{ km}

.

کل طے شدہ فاصلہ D = \frac{8 \times 240}{5} = 384 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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955📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Human Eye and Defects of Vision

Which among the following lens is used to correct Presbyopia

Explanation

Presbyopia (age-related loss of accommodation of the eye's ciliary muscles) is standardly corrected using Bifocal lenses (where upper portion is concave for distant vision and lower portion is convex for near reading).

پریس بائیوپیا (عمر کے ساتھ بینائی کی کمزوری) کو ٹھیک کرنے کے لیے بائی فوکل لینز (Bifocal lens) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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956📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Human Diseases & Transmission

Which is communicable disease?

Explanation

Measles (Rubeola) is an infectious, highly communicable viral disease transmitted airborne through respiratory droplets. Asthma (allergy), Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency), and Diabetes (metabolic) are non-communicable.

خسرہ (Measles) ایک متعدی اور چھوت کی بیماری (Communicable disease) ہے۔

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957📚🗺️ Physical GeographyLongitudes & International Date Line

What name is given to 180° longitude due to the spherical shape of the earth?

Explanation

The

180^\circ

Meridian, situated antipodal to the Prime Meridian of Greenwich, is internationally designated as the International Date Line (IDL), where the calendar date changes by one day upon crossing.

180^\circ

طول البلد کو بین الاقوامی خط تاریخ (International Date Line) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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958📚🌿 Flora and Fauna of IndiaIndian Flora: Trees & Plants

Which among the following is known as Flame of the forest?

Explanation

Palash (Butea monosperma, also known as Dhak or Bastard Teak) is famously called the 'Flame of the Forest' because its canopy becomes completely covered with brilliant scarlet-orange flowers in spring.

پلاش (Palash / ڈھاک) کے درخت کو اس کے سرخ پھولوں کی وجہ سے 'فلیم آف دی فاریسٹ' کہا جاتا ہے۔

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959📚🧩 Logical ReasoningNon-Verbal Reasoning: Odd Figure Out

In the given four figures, three of them are similar in some respect, while one is different. Select the figure which is different.

Explanation

In non-verbal classification reasoning, Figure D exhibits a non-symmetric spatial arrangement or differing number of line intersections compared to the other three figures.

نان وربل ریزننگ میں تصویر D دیگر تصاویر سے مختلف اور غیر متناسب ہے۔

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960📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentages & Simplification

Evaluate 28% of 450 + 45% of 280?

Explanation

Using percentage symmetry (

a\% \text{ of } b = b\% \text{ of } a

):

28\% \text{ of } 450 = \frac{28 \times 450}{100} = 126

.

45\% \text{ of } 280 = \frac{45 \times 280}{100} = 126

. Total

= 126 + 126 = 252

.

126 + 126 = 252

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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961📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentage: Election Problems

In an election a candidate, who gets 84% of the votes is elected by a majority of 476 votes. What is the total no. of votes polled?

Explanation

Winning candidate got

84\%

. Losing candidate got

100\% - 84\% = 16\%

. Margin of victory

= 84\% - 16\% = 68\%

.

68\% \text{ of } T = 476 \implies T = \frac{476}{0.68} = 700\text{ votes}

.

جیت کا مارجن =

84\% - 16\% = 68\%

۔ کل ڈالے گئے ووٹ =

\frac{476}{0.68} = 700

ہیں۔

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962📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeArithmetic Progression & Distance

The speed of a car increases by 2 km after every hour. If the distance travelled in the first one hour was 35 km. What the total distance travelled in 12 hours?

Explanation

Arithmetic Progression with first term

a = 35\text{ km}

, common difference

d = 2\text{ km}

, number of terms

n = 12

. Total distance

S_{12} = \frac{n}{2} [2a + (n-1)d] = 6 [2(35) + 11(2)] = 6 [70 + 22] = 6 \times 92 = 552\text{ km}

.

حسابی سلسلہ (AP): کل فاصلہ S_{12} = 6 \times 92 = 552 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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963📚🌱 Renewable EnergyWind Energy Generation

The power generated in a windmill

Explanation

The theoretical aerodynamic power extractable by a wind turbine blade rotor is directly proportional to the cube of the wind velocity (

P = \frac{1}{2} \rho A v^3

), making wind speed the dominant determining factor.

پون چکی (Windmill) میں پیدا ہونے والی بجلی کا انحصار براہ راست ہوا کی رفتار (Wind velocity کی تیسری پاور) پر ہوتا ہے۔

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964📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Corrosion and Galvanization

Which of the following element is used in the process of galvanization?

Explanation

Galvanization is the metallurgical process of applying a protective sacrificial Zinc (Zn) coating to iron or steel to prevent atmospheric corrosion and rusting.

لوہے کو زنگ سے بچانے کے لیے گیلوانیزیشن کے عمل میں زنک (Zinc) کی تہہ چڑھائی جاتی ہے۔

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965📚🗣️ Communication SkillsLinguistics & Pragmatics

Studying the practical use of signs and their impact on everyday life is called

Explanation

Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics and semiotics that studies how context contributes to meaning and how signs/language are practically used by speakers in everyday social situations.

علامات اور زبان کے عملی استعمال اور روزمرہ زندگی میں اس کے اثرات کے مطالعہ کو پریگمیٹکس (Pragmatics) کہتے ہیں۔

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966📚🏥 Occupational Safety & Workshop PracticePersonal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Welding

In case of arc welding, one should protect his eyes using

Explanation

Electric arc welding emits intense ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) radiation that can cause photokeratitis ('arc eye'). Welders must use specialized Dark Glass filter screens / welding helmets (shade 10–14).

آرک ویلڈنگ کے دوران آنکھوں کو بالائے بنفشی شعاعوں سے بچانے کے لیے سیاہ شیشے والی اسکرین (Dark Glass screen) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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967📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: Area of Rectangle

If the length and breadth of a rectangle are 15 cm and 10 cm respectively, then its area is

Explanation

\text{Area of rectangle} = \text{length} \times \text{breadth} = 15\text{ cm} \times 10\text{ cm} = 150\text{ sq. cm}

.

مستطیل کا رقبہ = لمبائی

\times

چوڑائی = 15 \times 10 = 150 مربع سینٹی میٹر ہے۔

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968📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMetric Unit Conversions

800\text{ cm} + 80.8\text{ km} = \underline{\hspace{1cm}}\text{ metre?}

Explanation

Convert all units to metres:

800\text{ cm} = \frac{800}{100} = 8\text{ m}

.

80.8\text{ km} = 80.8 \times 1000 = 80,800\text{ m}

. Total

= 8\text{ m} + 80,800\text{ m} = 80,808\text{ metres}

.

800\text{ cm} = 8\text{ m}

اور

80.8\text{ km} = 80800\text{ m}

۔ کل مجموعہ = 8 + 80800 = 80808 میٹر ہے۔

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969📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance: Bridge Length

A man walking at the rate of

5\text{ km/hr}

crosses a bridge in 15 minutes. The length of the bridge (in metres) is?

Explanation

Speed

v = 5\text{ km/hr} = 5 \times \frac{5}{18} = \frac{25}{18}\text{ m/s}

. Time

t = 15\text{ min} = 15 \times 60 = 900\text{ seconds}

. Length of bridge

= \text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = \frac{25}{18} \times 900 = 25 \times 50 = 1250\text{ metres}

.

پل کی لمبائی = رفتار

\times

وقت = \frac{25}{18} \times 900 = 1250 میٹر ہے۔

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970📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance: Unit Conversion

A man riding his bicycle covers 150 metres in 25 seconds. What is his speed in km per hour?

Explanation

Speed in

\text{m/s} = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}} = \frac{150}{25} = 6\text{ m/s}

. Converting to

\text{km/hr}

:

6 \times \frac{18}{5} = \frac{108}{5} = 21.6\text{ km/hr}

.

سائیکل کی رفتار = \frac{150}{25} \times \frac{18}{5} = 21.6 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ ہے۔

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971📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio & Proportions: Train Speeds

The speed of two trains are in the ratio 6: 7. If the second train runs 364 km in 4 hours, then the speed of first train is ?

Explanation

Speed of second train

= \frac{364\text{ km}}{4\text{ hr}} = 91\text{ km/hr}

. Ratio

\frac{S_1}{S_2} = \frac{6}{7} \implies S_1 = 91 \times \frac{6}{7} = 13 \times 6 = 78\text{ km/hr}

.

دوسری ٹرین کی رفتار = 91 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ پہلی ٹرین کی رفتار = 91 \times \frac{6}{7} = 78 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ ہے۔

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972📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: Surface Area of Cube

If each edge of a cube is increased by 50%, find the percentage increase in Its surface area?

Explanation

Surface Area

A = 6s^2

. New edge

s' = 1.5s

. New Area

A' = 6(1.5s)^2 = 2.25 \times (6s^2) = 2.25 A

. Percentage increase

= (2.25 - 1) \times 100\% = 125\%

.

سطحی رقبے میں فیصد اضافہ

= 125\%

ہے۔

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973📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: 3D Diagonal of Cuboid

Find the length of the longest pole that can be placed in a room 12 m long 8 m broad and 9 m high?

Explanation

Length of space diagonal

= \sqrt{l^2 + b^2 + h^2} = \sqrt{12^2 + 8^2 + 9^2} = \sqrt{144 + 64 + 81} = \sqrt{289} = 17\text{ m}

.

کمرے کے وتر کی لمبائی = \sqrt{144 + 64 + 81} = 17 میٹر ہے۔

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974📚🧩 Logical ReasoningClassification: Word Odd One Out

Three of the following four terms are alike in a certain way and one is different. Find the odd one out?

Explanation

Carpenter, Blacksmith, and Painter are professional tradespeople/occupations (nouns), whereas Gardening is an activity/gerund.

بڑھئی، لوہار اور پینٹر پیشے ہیں جبکہ باغبانی (Gardening) ایک مشغلہ/سرگرمی ہے۔

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975📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaPhysical Geography: Latitudes & Hemispheres

The southernmost point of peninsular India, that is, Kanyakumari, is

Explanation

Kanyakumari is situated at latitude

8^\circ 4'\text{ N}

, which lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere, North of the Equator (

0^\circ

).

کنیا کماری (

8^\circ 4'\text{ N}

) خط استوا (Equator) کے شمال میں واقع ہے۔

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976📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Allotropes of Carbon

The hardest substance available on earth is

Explanation

Diamond, a crystalline allotrope of carbon with sp3 hybridized covalent tetrahedral network bonding, is the hardest known naturally occurring mineral on Earth, rating 10 on the Mohs hardness scale.

زمین پر پایا جانے والا سب سے سخت ترین مادہ ہیرا (Diamond) ہے۔

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977📚🎭 Folk Dances of J&KKashmiri Folk Dance: Rouf

On occasion of Eid, and during Ramzan, Kashmiri women performos

Explanation

Rouf is the quintessential traditional Kashmiri women's folk dance performed in facing rows with rhythmic footwork to celebrate festive occasions like Eid, spring festivals, and weddings.

عید اور رمضان کے پرمسرت مواقع پر کشمیری خواتین روایتی 'روف' (Rouf) رقص پیش کرتی ہیں۔

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978📚🚀 Science & Technology in IndiaPioneers of Indian Science

The father of Indian missile technology is

Explanation

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is widely known as the 'Missile Man of India' and Father of Indian Missile Technology for spearheading the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) yielding Agni and Prithvi missiles.

ڈاکٹر اے پی جے عبدالکلام کو ہندوستانی میزائل ٹیکنالوجی کا باپ اور میزائل مین آف انڈیا کہا جاتا ہے۔

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979📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms

Select the most appropriate synonym of the given word:
SPONTANEOUS

Explanation

'Spontaneous' means performed or occurring as a result of a sudden impulse without premeditation. Its closest synonym is 'Impulsive'.

'Spontaneous' (برملا / فی البدیہہ) کا ہم معنی لفظ 'Impulsive' ہے۔

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980📚📖 General EnglishPluralization of Compound Nouns

Spot an error in the given sentence:
Sister-in-laws (A) / are (B) / a nuisance. (C) / No error (D)

Explanation

The plural form of compound noun 'sister-in-law' is 'sisters-in-law' (the principal root noun 'sister' takes the plural suffix '-s', not the prepositional suffix). Error is in Part A.

مرکب اسم کی جمع 'sisters-in-law' ہوتی ہے، اس لیے حصہ A میں غلطی ہے۔

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981📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions: Fixed Idiomatic Collocations

Choose the appropriate prepositions for the given sentence:
Shital is always ________ a hurry, she drives ________ a tremendous speed.

Explanation

The standard idiomatic prepositional phrases are "in a hurry" and "at a tremendous speed": "Shital is always in a hurry, she drives at a tremendous speed."

درست پریپوزیشنز 'in a hurry' اور 'at a speed' ہیں۔

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982📚📖 General EnglishPhrasal Verbs & Idiomatic Usage

Select the correct sentence

Explanation

The phrasal verb 'to wait on someone' means to serve, attend to, or provide hospitality to a guest.

مہمان کی خدمت کرنے کے لیے فریز 'wait on the guest' درست ہے۔

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983📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Check

Select the misspelt word

Explanation

'Relinqush' is misspelt; the correct spelling is 'Relinquish' (meaning to voluntarily cease to keep or claim).

غلط ہجے 'Relinqush' ہے، درست لفظ 'Relinquish' ہے۔

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984📚📖 General EnglishArticles: Definite vs Indefinite

Choose the most appropriate article for the given sentence:
Singing is an art, and ________ art comes through practice

Explanation

When referring back to a previously introduced specific noun ('an art'), the definite article 'the' is used: "Singing is an art, and the art comes through practice."

پہلے سے متعارف کرائے گئے اسم کے لیے ڈیفینیٹ آرٹیکل 'the' کا استعمال ہوگا۔

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985📚📖 General EnglishThird Conditional Structures

Spot an error in the given sentence:
They would have been (A)/ here by now(B)/ if they caught(C)/ the early bus.(D)

Explanation

In third conditional sentences expressing unfulfilled past conditions ('would have been'), the if-clause must use past perfect tense 'if they had caught' instead of simple past 'if they caught'. Error is in Part C.

تھرڈ کنڈیشنل کے اصول کے تحت 'if they caught' کی جگہ 'if they had caught' آنا چاہیے۔

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986📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Check

Find the correctly spelled word

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'Adulation' (meaning excessive flattery or praise).

درست ہجے 'Adulation' (خوشامد / حد سے زیادہ تعریف) ہے۔

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987📚📖 General EnglishParts of Speech: Non-Finite Verbs

Choose the correct part of speech for the bold text in: "Reshma is wealthy enough to spend \USD 300 on her skin-care routine."

Explanation

'To spend' is a non-finite verb form consisting of 'to + base verb', known as the Infinitive verb.

'To spend' انفینیٹو فعل (Infinitive verb) کی مثال ہے۔

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988📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Find the correct sequence for the given fill-up:
There was once a queen who had no children, ________ of blood fell on the snow.

P. by the window sewing when she pricked her finger,
Q. and it grieved her sorely.
S. One winter's afternoon she was sitting
R. and three drops

Explanation

Syntactic story progression: "There was once a queen who had no children, and it grieved her sorely (Q). One winter's afternoon she was sitting (S) by the window sewing when she pricked her finger (P), and three drops (R) of blood fell on the snow."

\implies

QSPR.

درست کہانی کی ترتیب QSPR ہے۔

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989📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Check

Choose the word which is correctly spelt:

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'Conduit' (meaning a channel or pipe for conveying water or other fluid, or a tube protecting electrical wiring).

درست ہجے 'Conduit' (نالی / پائپ) ہے۔

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990📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension: Title Identification

Avinash, a computer science programmer, dedicated his days to a prominent game development company while nurturing a fervent passion for video creation. Amidst his professional commitments, his heart resided in crafting a game that would enrapture global players. Spending his spare hours engrossed in coding and conceptualization, Avinash meticulously developed a fusion of adventure and strategy for his dream project. Sharing his vision with colleagues who shared his enthusiasm, they embarked on a Kickstarter campaign, pooling resources to manifest their collective dream into reality.

Select best title for the above passage

Explanation

The entire passage focuses on Avinash's ambition, dedication, and journey in conceptualizing and developing his dream video game alongside supportive colleagues.

عبارت کا مرکزی خیال اویناش کے اپنے خوابیدہ ویڈیو گیم کو حقیقت بنانے پر مبنی ہے۔

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991📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension: Direct Facts

Avinash, a computer science programmer, dedicated his days to a prominent game development company while nurturing a fervent passion for video creation. Amidst his professional commitments, his heart resided in crafting a game that would enrapture global players. Spending his spare hours engrossed in coding and conceptualization, Avinash meticulously developed a fusion of adventure and strategy for his dream project. Sharing his vision with colleagues who shared his enthusiasm, they embarked on a Kickstarter campaign, pooling resources to manifest their collective dream into reality.

What did Avinash and his colleagues do to secure funding for their game?

Explanation

The text explicitly states: "...they embarked on a Kickstarter campaign, pooling resources to manifest their collective dream into reality."

عبارت کے مطابق انہوں نے فنڈنگ کے لیے کک اسٹارٹر مہم (Kickstarter campaign) کا آغاز کیا۔

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992📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension: Direct Facts

Avinash, a computer science programmer, dedicated his days to a prominent game development company while nurturing a fervent passion for video creation. Amidst his professional commitments, his heart resided in crafting a game that would enrapture global players. Spending his spare hours engrossed in coding and conceptualization, Avinash meticulously developed a fusion of adventure and strategy for his dream project. Sharing his vision with colleagues who shared his enthusiasm, they embarked on a Kickstarter campaign, pooling resources to manifest their collective dream into reality.

How did Avinash balance his job and game project?

Explanation

The text mentions: "Spending his spare hours engrossed in coding and conceptualization..."

اویناش نے ملازمت کے ساتھ اپنے فالتو وقت (Spare time) کو پروجیکٹ کے لیے وقف کیا۔

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993📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension: Vocabulary & Antonyms

Avinash, a computer science programmer, dedicated his days to a prominent game development company while nurturing a fervent passion for video creation. Amidst his professional commitments, his heart resided in crafting a game that would enrapture global players. Spending his spare hours engrossed in coding and conceptualization, Avinash meticulously developed a fusion of adventure and strategy for his dream project. Sharing his vision with colleagues who shared his enthusiasm, they embarked on a Kickstarter campaign, pooling resources to manifest their collective dream into reality.

What is the opposite of the word: meticulously

Explanation

'Meticulously' means with great attention to detail, precision, and thoroughness. Its direct opposite is 'Sloppily' (carelessly, untidily).

'Meticulously' (نہایت احتیاط اور باریک بینی سے) کا متضاد لفظ 'Sloppily' (لاپرواہی اور بے ترتیبی سے) ہے۔

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994📚📖 General EnglishSentence Correction & Verb Tenses

Choose the correct option:
He completed his book yesterday.

Explanation

The simple past tense ('completed') is grammatically correct with a specific past time adverbial ('yesterday'). No substitution is required.

ماضی کے مخصوص وقت (yesterday) کے ساتھ پاسٹ انڈیفینٹ 'completed' بالکل درست ہے۔

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995📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms

Select the Synonyms of the word:
Tyrant

Explanation

A 'Tyrant' is a cruel and oppressive ruler. Its direct synonym is 'Dictator' (or Despot/Autocrat).

'Tyrant' (ظالم حکمران) کا ہم معنی لفظ 'Dictator' (آمِر) ہے۔

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996📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Check

Find out the wrongly spelled word.

Explanation

'Etiquete' is misspelt; the correct spelling is 'Etiquette' (meaning the customary code of polite behavior).

غلط ہجے 'Etiquete' ہے، درست لفظ 'Etiquette' ہے۔

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997📚🏆 Personalities of J&K & OlympicsFirsts in J&K: Paris Olympics 2024 Jury

Who has become the first Indian woman to be appointed a jury member at the 33rd Summer Olympics to be held in Paris, France, from 26 July - 11 August 2024.

Explanation

Bilquis Mir, a premier water sports athlete and international judge from Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, became the first Indian woman appointed as an Olympic Jury Member at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games.

کشمیر کی بلقیس میر پیرس اولمپکس 2024 میں جیوری ممبر بننے والی پہلی ہندوستانی خاتون ہیں۔

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998📚⚖️ Indian Polity & CultureOfficial Languages of Indian States

Consider the following pairs corresponding to the official language of the states of India:
a) Arunachal Pradesh — 1) Telugu
b) Maharashtra — 2) English
c) Andhra Pradesh — 3) Malayalam
d) Kerala — 4) Marathi
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Explanation

Arunachal Pradesh has English as its official language (a-2); Maharashtra has Marathi (b-4); Andhra Pradesh has Telugu (c-1); Kerala has Malayalam (d-3)

\implies

a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3.

ریاستوں کی سرکاری زبانیں: اروناچل پردیش (انگریزی)، مہاراشٹر (مراٹھی)، آندھرا پردیش (تیلگو)، کیرالہ (ملیالم)۔

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999📚🌍 World Geography & EconomicsCurrencies of the World

Consider the following pairs corresponding to the currency of different countries:
a) Algeria — 1) Somoni
b) Indonesia — 2) Rupiah
c) Tajikistan — 3) Kwacha
d) Zambia — 4) Dinar
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Explanation

Algerian Dinar (a-4), Indonesian Rupiah (b-2), Tajikistani Somoni (c-1), Zambian Kwacha (d-3)

\implies

a-4, b-2, c-1, d-3.

ممالک کی کرنسی: الجیریا (دینار)، انڈونیشیا (روپیہ)، تاجکستان (سومونی)، زیمبیا (کواچا)۔

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1000📚🌿 Wildlife & Zoology of J&KScientific Names of Fauna in J&K

What is the scientific name of Markhor, a large wild goat?

Explanation

The Markhor (the largest species of wild goat native to Central Asia, J&K's Pir Panjal range, and the national animal of Pakistan) is scientifically named Capra falconeri.

مارخور (جنگلی بکری) کا سائنسی نام Capra falconeri ہے۔

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1001📚📜 Ancient History & Geography of J&KAncient Names of Rivers

Consider the following pairs corresponding to the rivers and their ancient Vedic names:
a) Jhelum — 1) Asikini
b) Chenab — 2) Bipasa
c) Ravi — 3) Parushni
d) Beas — 4) Vitasta
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Explanation

Vedic names of the Punjab/J&K rivers: Jhelum = Vitasta (a-4), Chenab = Asikini (b-1), Ravi = Parushni/Iravati (c-3), Beas = Vipasa/Bipasa (d-2)

\implies

a-4, b-1, c-3, d-2.

دریاؤں کے قدیم ویدک نام: جہلم (وتستا)، چناب (اسکنی)، راوی (پرشنی)، بیاس (وپاشا)۔

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1002📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeHCF and LCM: Divisibility with Remainders

Find the greatest number that will divide 964, 1238 and 1400 leaving remainders 41, 31 and 51 respectively.

Explanation

Subtract remainders:

964 - 41 = 923

,

1238 - 31 = 1207

,

1400 - 51 = 1349

. Compute

\text{HCF}(923, 1207, 1349)

:

923 = 13 \times 71

,

1207 = 17 \times 71

,

1349 = 19 \times 71

. The greatest number is 71.

مطلوبہ سب سے بڑا عدد

\text{HCF}(923, 1207, 1349) = 71

ہے۔

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1003📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentages

The difference between 54% of a number and 26% of the same number is 22526. What is 66% of that number?

Explanation

(54\% - 26\%) N = 28\% N = 22526 \implies N = \frac{22526}{0.28} = 80450

.

66\% \text{ of } 80450 = 0.66 \times 80450 = 53097

.

اصل عدد = 80450۔ اس عدد کا 66 فیصد =

0.66 \times 80450 = 53097

ہے۔

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1004📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProblems on Ages

The ages of Sulekha and Arunima are in the ratio of 9: 8 respectively. After 5 years, the ratio of their ages will be 10: 9. What is the difference in their ages?

Explanation

Let ages be

9x

and

8x

.

\frac{9x + 5}{8x + 5} = \frac{10}{9} \implies 81x + 45 = 80x + 50 \implies x = 5

. Difference in ages

= 9x - 8x = x = 5\text{ years}

.

عمروں کا فرق = 9(5) - 8(5) = 5 سال ہے۔

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1005📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance: Delay Problems

With an average speed of

50\text{ km/hr}

a train reaches its destination in time. If it goes with an average speed of

40\text{ km/hr}

it is late by 24 minutes. The total journey is

Explanation

Time difference

= 24\text{ minutes} = \frac{24}{60} = \frac{2}{5}\text{ hours}

.

\frac{D}{40} - \frac{D}{50} = \frac{2}{5} \implies \frac{5D - 4D}{200} = \frac{2}{5} \implies \frac{D}{200} = \frac{2}{5} \implies D = 80\text{ km}

.

سفر کا کل فاصلہ D = \frac{2}{5} \times 200 = 80 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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1006📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentages: Successive Percent Changes

If a number

x

is 10% less than another number

y

and

y

is 10% more than 125, then

x

is equal to

Explanation

y = 125 \times (1 + 0.10) = 125 \times 1.10 = 137.5

.

x = 137.5 \times (1 - 0.10) = 137.5 \times 0.90 = 123.75

.

y = 137.5

اور

x = 137.5 \times 0.90 = 123.75

ہے۔

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1007📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Optics & Spherical Mirrors

Vehicles use ______ to see the objects coming from Behind

Explanation

Convex mirrors are standardly used as rear-view mirrors in motor vehicles because they always form an erect, diminished virtual image providing a wide field of view.

گاڑیوں کے عقبی منظر (Rear-view) کے لیے محدب آئینہ (Convex Mirror) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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1008📚🌱 Environmental ScienceAir vs Water Pollutants

Which of the following is not a water pollutant?

Explanation

Sulphur Dioxide (

\text{SO}_2

) is a primary atmospheric Air Pollutant (gas), whereas Zinc, Copper, and Nickel are toxic heavy metal Water Pollutants when discharged into water bodies.

سلفر ڈائی آکسائیڈ بنیادی طور پر فضائی آلودگی ہے، آبی آلودگی نہیں۔

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1009📚🔬 General SciencePhysics & Astronomy: Solar Retinopathy

It is dangerous to observe solar eclipse with naked eyes because

Explanation

Intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the uncovered solar photosphere penetrates the pupil and induces photochemical retinal burns (solar retinopathy), causing permanent blindness.

سورج سے آنے والی بالائے بنفشی شعاعیں (UV radiations) آنکھ کے پردہ بصارت (Retina) کو جلا دیتی ہیں۔

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1010📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Human Pathologies & Infections

The lockjaw is a pathological condition of-

Explanation

Lockjaw (trismus) is the classic hallmark clinical manifestation of Tetanus, a bacterial neurotoxic infection caused by Clostridium tetani causing severe painful spasms of the masseter jaw muscles.

لاک جا (Lockjaw / جبڑے کا جکڑ جانا) ٹیٹنس (Tetanus) کی علامت ہے۔

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1011📚🌱 Environmental ScienceGreenhouse Gases & Global Warming

Which one of the following is not a greenhouse gas found naturally in the atmosphere?

Explanation

Synthetic Halocarbons / higher nitrogen oxides are primarily anthropogenic, whereas Carbon dioxide, Methane, Water vapor, and Ozone occur naturally in Earth's atmosphere.

نائٹروجن آکسائیڈ قدرتی گرین ہاؤس گیسوں کے بنیادی قدرتی توازن میں شامل نہیں ہے۔

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1012📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Atmospheric Optical Phenomena

The sun is seen little before it rises and for a short while after it sets. This is because of

Explanation

Atmospheric refraction of sunlight passing through progressively denser air layers bends light rays downward, causing early sunrise (by

\approx 2

minutes) and delayed sunset (by

\approx 2

minutes).

ماحولیاتی انعطاف (Atmospheric refraction) کی وجہ سے سورج طلوع ہونے سے پہلے اور غروب ہونے کے بعد بھی دکھائی دیتا ہے۔

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1013📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Chemical Kinetics & Catalysts

What is the role of positive catalyst in a chemical reaction?

Explanation

A positive catalyst increases the rate/speed of a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy (

E_a

).

مثبت کیٹالسٹ (Positive catalyst) کیمیائی رد عمل کی رفتار کو بڑھاتا ہے (Increases rate of reaction)۔

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1014📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Redox Reactions

When a substance loses oxygen during a reaction, it is called ...

Explanation

In classical redox chemistry, the loss of oxygen (or gain of hydrogen / gain of electrons) by a substance during a chemical reaction is termed Reduction.

کیمیائی عمل کے دوران آکسیجن کا خارج ہونا ریڈکشن (Reduction) کہلاتا ہے۔

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1015📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Agricultural Fertilizers

Which one of the following is not used as fertiliser?

Explanation

Ammonium sulphide (

(\text{NH}_4)_2\text{S}

) is an unstable, foul-smelling chemical used in photographic developers, not as a crop fertilizer. Ammonium sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate are major nitrogenous fertilizers.

امونیم سلفائیڈ کھاد کے طور پر استعمال نہیں ہوتا۔

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1016📚🗺️ Physical GeographyParallels of Latitude

The tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn are of

Explanation

Because the Earth is approximately spherical, parallels of equal latitude in opposite hemispheres (

23.5^\circ\text{ N}

Tropic of Cancer and

23.5^\circ\text{ S}

Tropic of Capricorn) have Equal circumferential length.

خط سرطان اور خط جدی دونوں کا ارض البلد مساوی (

23.5^\circ

) ہے، اس لیے دونوں کا طول مساوی (Equal Length) ہے۔

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1017📚🌲 Forestry & EnvironmentForest Ecology & Monoculture

Teak monoculture has damaged the natural forest in

Explanation

Extensive colonial commercial Teak monoculture plantations replaced complex multi-species moist deciduous forests in South India (Western Ghats), reducing native biodiversity.

ساگون (Teak) کی یک فصلہ کاشت نے جنوبی ہندوستان (South India) کے قدرتی جنگلات کو نقصان پہنچایا ہے۔

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1018📚🗺️ Physical GeographyEarth's Revolution & Seasons

The tilting of the earth is responsible for

Explanation

The permanent

23.5^\circ

axial tilt of Earth relative to its orbital plane during its annual revolution around the Sun is the primary cause for the Cycle of Seasons.

زمین کا اپنے محور پر جھکاؤ (

23.5^\circ

) موسموں کی تبدیلی (Change of the season) کا اصل سبب ہے۔

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1019📚🌱 Indian AgricultureRabi Cropping Season

Consider the following statements:
1. The Rabi crops are sown around mid-November, after the monsoon rains are over, and
2. Harvesting begins in April/May.
Which of the above statement is/are NOT true?

Explanation

Both statements accurately describe the Indian Rabi agricultural cropping cycle (sown in winter Oct–Nov and harvested in spring April–May). Therefore, None of the statements is untrue.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں، لہذا کوئی بھی بیان غلط نہیں ہے (None)۔

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1020📚⚖️ Indian Polity & ConstitutionFundamental Rights during Emergency (Arts 20 & 21)

Which fundamental rights cannot be suspended even during an emergency?

Explanation

By virtue of the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act (1978), Article 20 (Protection in respect of conviction for offences) and Article 21 (Protection of Life and Personal Liberty) cannot be suspended even during a National Emergency.

دفعہ 20 اور دفعہ 21 (زندگی اور ذاتی آزادی کا حق) کو ایمرجنسی کے دوران بھی معطل نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔

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1021📚🗣️ Communication Skills & LinguisticsLanguage Acquisition: Mother Tongue

The first language which we learn or speak as a child is called

Explanation

The first native language acquired naturally from infancy within the home environment is defined as the Mother Tongue (L1 / First Language).

بچپن میں سیکھی جانے والی پہلی زبان کو مادری زبان (Mother Tongue) کہتے ہیں۔

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1022📚🏥 Occupational Safety & First AidPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE)

What does the term "PPE" stand for in the context of safety at workplace?

Explanation

PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment (helmets, gloves, eye goggles, respirators, safety boots) designed to protect workers from occupational hazards.

صنعتی تحفظ میں PPE کا مطلب 'Personal Protective Equipment' ہے۔

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1023📚🏥 First Aid & HealthMedical Emergencies: Heart Attack Symptoms

How do you recognize the signs of a heart attack?

Explanation

Classic warning signs of acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) include crushing retrosternal chest pain/pressure radiating to the arm/jaw, dyspnea (shortness of breath), diaphoresis, and nausea.

دل کے دورے کی بنیادی علامات میں سینے میں شدید درد، سانس پھولنا اور متلی آنا شامل ہیں۔

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1024📚🌱 Environmental ScienceSolid Waste Management: Incineration

The process of burning municipal solid wastes under suitable temperature and conditions in a specific furnace is called

Explanation

Incineration is a controlled thermal waste treatment process that involves the high-temperature combustion of organic substances contained in solid waste materials.

مخصوص بھٹی میں مناسب درجہ حرارت پر کچرے کو جلانے کے عمل کو انسنریشن (Incineration) کہتے ہیں۔

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1025📚🗺️ Lakes & Water Bodies of J&KMajor Lakes of J&K

Which of the following is largest lake in Jammu and Kashmir with respect to area?

Explanation

Wular Lake, located in the Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir, is the largest freshwater lake in India and the largest in J&K by surface area (

30\text{--}189\text{ km}^2

depending on season).

وولر جھیل (ضلع بانڈی پورہ) رقبے کے لحاظ سے جموں و کشمیر کی سب سے بڑی میٹھے پانی کی جھیل ہے۔

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1026📚🌾 Agriculture in J&K and LadakhCrop Sowing Seasons across Agro-Climatic Zones

Which of the following statement is true regarding sowing of wheat in Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh?

Explanation

In the Kashmir Valley, wheat is a winter Rabi crop sown in October–November before snowfall; in the high-altitude cold desert of Ladakh, wheat is a spring crop sown in May after winter snow melts.

کشمیر میں گندم کی بوائی اکتوبر-نومبر میں اور لداخ میں مئی کے مہینے میں ہوتی ہے۔

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1027📚⚖️ Indian Polity & ConstitutionRight to Education Act, 2009 Exemptions

Which among the following don't come under the purview of Right to Education?

Explanation

Madrasas, Vedic Pathshalas, and religious minority educational institutions are specifically exempted from the operational ambit of the Right to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 under the 2012 RTE Amendment and Supreme Court rulings.

دینی مدارس اور اقلیتی تعلیمی ادارے حق تعلیم ایکٹ (RTE) کے دائرہ کار سے مستثنیٰ ہیں۔

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1028📚💰 Indian Taxation & GSTGoods & Services Tax Scope and Inclusions

Which of the following goods is covered under the GST bill?

Explanation

Diamonds and precious gemstones are taxed under the GST regime (at special concessional rates like 0.25% on rough and 3% on polished diamonds). Alcoholic liquor for human consumption and petroleum crude/petrol are excluded from standard GST.

ہیرے اور قیمتی پتھر (Diamonds) جی ایس ٹی (GST) کے دائرے میں آتے ہیں۔

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1029📚🏛️ Panchayati Raj & Rural AdministrationRoles and Duties of Panchayat Secretary

Which of the following is NOT the responsibility of a panchayat secretary?

Explanation

Panchayat elections and vote counting are the constitutional mandate of the State Election Commission (SEC), NOT the administrative Panchayat Secretary.

پنچایت انتخابات کا انعقاد اسٹیٹ الیکشن کمیشن کی ذمہ داری ہے، پنچایت سیکریٹری کی نہیں۔

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1030📚📖 General EnglishEnglish Proverbs

"Man proposes, ______ disposes". Fill in the blank space in this saying with any one of the following words -

Explanation

The timeless proverb is: "Man proposes, God disposes" (meaning human plans are subject to divine will).

مشہور کہاوت ہے: "Man proposes, God disposes" (انسان سوچتا ہے اور خدا فیصلہ کرتا ہے)۔

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1031📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Check

Choose the correctly spelt word

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'Committee' (with double 'm', double 't', and double 'e').

درست ہجے 'Committee' ہے۔

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1032📚📖 General EnglishRelative Pronouns & Syntax

Which one is the correct sentence ?

Explanation

"Everybody loves him who speaks the truth" is grammatically balanced, placing the antecedent 'him' adjacent to the relative clause 'who speaks the truth' without pronoun redundancy.

درست اور فصیح جملہ: "Everybody loves him who speaks the truth."

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1033📚📖 General EnglishFixed Prepositions: Good at

Manohar is good ______ Cricket.

Explanation

The adjective 'good' is followed by the fixed preposition 'at' when expressing competence or skill in a sport or subject: "good at Cricket."

کسی کھیل یا صلاحیت میں مہارت ظاہر کرنے کے لیے 'good at' درست ہے۔

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1034📚📖 General EnglishFixed Prepositions

Sarmistha is afraid ______ spiders.

Explanation

The adjective 'afraid' takes the fixed preposition 'of': "afraid of spiders."

'Afraid' کے ساتھ ہمیشہ پریپوزیشن 'of' آتی ہے۔

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1035📚📖 General EnglishProverbs

"Where there is a ______ there is a way." Fill in the blank space in this sentence with any one of the following words -

Explanation

The famous proverb is: "Where there is a will there is a way" (meaning determination leads to success).

مشہور کہاوت ہے: "Where there is a will there is a way" (جہاں چاہ وہاں راہ)۔

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1036📚🧩 Logical ReasoningStatement and Conclusions

Statements: Government has spoiled many top ranking financial institutions by appointing bureaucrats as Directors of these institutions.
Conclusions:
1. Government should appoint Directors of the financial institutes taking into consideration the expertise of the person in the area of finance.
2. The Director of the financial institute should have expertise commensurate with the financial work carried out by the institute.

Explanation

Both conclusions directly address the premise's root problem by asserting that directors should possess specific financial expertise matching institutional roles. Both (1) and (2) follow.

دونوں نتائج (1 اور 2) بیان کے منطقی حل کے طور پر اخذ ہوتے ہیں۔

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1037📚🧩 Logical ReasoningStatement and Conclusions / Course of Action

Statements: Prime age school-going children in urban India have now become avid as well as more regular viewers of television, even in households without a TV. As a result there has been an alarming decline in the extent of readership of newspapers.
Conclusions:
1. Method of increasing the readership of newspapers should be devised.
2. A team of experts should be sent to other countries to study the impact of TV. on the readership of newspapers.

Explanation

Since there is an alarming decline in newspaper readership among children, remedial measures/methods to revive reading habits (Conclusion 1) logically follow. Conclusion 2 is an extraneous course of action. Only (1) follows.

صرف نتیجہ (1) منطقی ہے کہ اخبار بینی بڑھانے کے اقدامات کیے جانے چاہئیں۔

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1038📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection Sense & Distance

Kedar left home and ran 20 km towards South, then turned right and ran 10 km. He took rest for ten minutes at the same spot and then again turned right and ran 20 km. After this he turned left and ran 20 km to the cricket ground. How many kilometers will he have to run back to reach his home by shortest route?

Explanation

From home (0,0): South 20 km to (0, -20) → Right (West) 10 km to (-10, -20) → Right (North) 20 km to (-10, 0) → Left (West) 20 km to (-30, 0). Shortest horizontal distance to return home

(0,0) = 30\text{ km}

.

گھر واپس پہنچنے کا مختصر ترین سیدھا فاصلہ = 10 + 20 = 30 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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1039📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeFractions and Percentages

One fourth of one third of two fifth of a number is 15. What will be 40% of that number?

Explanation

\frac{1}{4} \times \frac{1}{3} \times \frac{2}{5} \times N = 15 \implies \frac{2}{60} N = 15 \implies \frac{1}{30} N = 15 \implies N = 450

.

40\% \text{ of } 450 = 0.40 \times 450 = 180

.

اصل عدد

N = 450

۔ اس عدد کا 40 فیصد =

0.40 \times 450 = 180

ہے۔

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1040📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit and Loss: Equal SP with Equal Gain and Loss

A man sells two houses at the rate of Rs. 1.995 lakhs each. On one, he gains 5% and on other he loses 5%. His gain/loss percentage in the whole transaction is

Explanation

When two items are sold at the same selling price with identical gain

\%

and loss

\%

(

x = 5\%

), the transaction always results in a net loss:

\text{Loss}\% = \frac{x^2}{100}\% = \frac{5^2}{100}\% = \frac{25}{100}\% = 0.25\%

.

یکساں فروخت اور یکساں نفع و نقصان پر مجموعی نقصان ہوتا ہے:

\frac{5^2}{100} = 0.25\%

۔

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1041📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSimple Interest: True Discount & Present Worth

A has to pay Rs. 220 to B after 1 year. B asks A to pay Rs. 110 in cash and defer the payment of Rs. 110 for 2 years. A agrees to it. If the rate of interest be 10% per annum, in this mode of payment:

Explanation

Present worth of original debt (Rs. 220 in 1 yr)

= \frac{220}{1 + 0.10} = \text{Rs. } 200

. Present worth of deferred scheme

= 110 + \frac{110}{1 + (0.10 \times 2)} = 110 + \frac{110}{1.20} = 110 + 91.66 = \text{Rs. } 201.66

(or under compound discounting A gains Rs. 7.34).

موجودہ مالیتی تجزیے کے مطابق A کو فائدہ حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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1042📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance: Relative Speed

Bombay Express left Delhi for Bombay at 14.30 hrs., travelling at a speed of 60 km/h and Rajdhani Express left Delhi for Bombay on the same day at 16.30 hrs., travelling at a speed of 80 kmph. How far away from Delhi will the two trains meet?

Explanation

Time gap

= 2\text{ hours}

(14:30 to 16:30). Lead distance

= 60 \times 2 = 120\text{ km}

. Relative speed

= 80 - 60 = 20\text{ km/hr}

. Time to catch up

= \frac{120}{20} = 6\text{ hours}

. Distance from Delhi

= 80\text{ km/hr} \times 6\text{ hours} = 480\text{ km}

.

دونوں ٹرینیں دہلی سے 80 \times 6 = 480 کلومیٹر کے فاصلے پر ملیں گی۔

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1043📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeGeometry: Common Tangents to Circles

Find the length of the common tangent of two externally touching circles with radii 16 cm and 9 cm respectively.

Explanation

Length of direct common tangent for two externally touching circles

= 2\sqrt{r_1 r_2} = 2\sqrt{16 \times 9} = 2\sqrt{144} = 2 \times 12 = 24\text{ cm}

.

مماسی خط کی لمبائی = 2\sqrt{16 \times 9} = 24 سینٹی میٹر ہے۔

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1044📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeData Interpretation: Percentage & Savings

The monthly domestic expenditure of a family has Provident Fund savings

= 12\%

. If total monthly income is Rs. 33,650, the annual savings in the form of provident fund would be

Explanation

Monthly PF savings

= 12\% \text{ of } 33650 = 0.12 \times 33650 = \text{Rs. } 4038

. Annual PF savings

= 4038 \times 12 = \text{Rs. } 48456

.

ماہانہ کٹوتی = 4038 روپے۔ سالانہ بچت = 4038 \times 12 = 48456 روپے ہے۔

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1045📚💻 Computer KnowledgeHardware Fundamentals: CPU Architecture

What is the primary function of a Central Processing Unit (CPU)?

Explanation

The Central Processing Unit (CPU), the 'brain' of the computer, is primarily responsible for fetching, decoding, and executing program instructions and performing arithmetic/logical calculations.

سی پی یو (CPU) کا بنیادی کام ہدایات پر عمل درآمد (Execution of instructions) کرنا ہے۔

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1046📚💻 Computer KnowledgeStorage Devices: Non-Volatile Memory

Which computer component is responsible for storing data in a long-term, non-volatile manner?

Explanation

A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid-State Drive (SSD) provides persistent, non-volatile secondary storage that retains data when power is switched off.

ہارڈ ڈرائیو (Hard Drive / SSD) مستقل اور نان وولیٹائل ڈیٹا اسٹوریج فراہم کرتی ہے۔

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1047📚💻 Computer KnowledgeOperating Systems Overview

What is the purpose of an operating system?

Explanation

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware resources (CPU, memory, storage, devices) and provides common platform services for application software.

آپریٹنگ سسٹم کا مقصد ہارڈ ویئر وسائل کا انتظام کرنا اور ایپلی کیشنز چلانا ہے۔

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1048📚💻 Computer KnowledgeNetworking Devices: Modem

What is the primary function of a modem?

Explanation

A Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) modulates analog signals to digital and vice versa to establish connectivity between a computer network and an Internet Service Provider (ISP).

موڈیم کا بنیادی کام کمپیوٹر کو انٹرنیٹ نیٹ ورک سے جوڑنا ہے۔

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1049📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMemory Hierarchy: RAM

What is the purpose of random access memory (RAM) in a computer?

Explanation

RAM is high-speed, volatile primary memory used by the CPU for rapid temporary storage of active programs, operating system components, and ongoing working data.

ریم (RAM) عارضی ڈیٹا اور جاری پروگرام ہدایات کو تیزی سے اسٹور کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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1050📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInput vs Output Devices

Which of the following is not an example of an output device?

Explanation

A Keyboard is a primary alphanumeric Input device used to type commands into the computer; Monitor, Printer, and Speaker are Output devices.

کی بورڈ ان پٹ ڈیوائس ہے، آؤٹ پٹ ڈیوائس نہیں ہے۔

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1051📚💻 Computer KnowledgeProgramming Languages: High vs Low Level

Which of the following is not a high-level programming language?

Explanation

Assembly language is a Low-Level programming language that corresponds closely to a computer architecture's machine code instructions, whereas Python, Java, and C++ are high-level languages.

اسمبلی لینگویج (Assembly) ایک لو لیول لینگویج ہے، ہائی لیول نہیں۔

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1052📚💻 Computer KnowledgeAlgorithms and Problem Solving

What is the purpose of an algorithm in computer science?

Explanation

An algorithm is an unambiguous, finite, step-by-step mathematical/logical procedure or set of instructions designed to solve a specific problem or perform a computation.

الگورتھم کسی مسئلے کو حل کرنے کا مرحلہ وار منظم طریقہ کار (Step-by-step solution) ہوتا ہے۔

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1053📚💻 Computer KnowledgeTypes of Software

What type of software is responsible for managing hardware components and providing a user interface?

Explanation

System Software (primarily the Operating System, device drivers, and utilities) manages underlying hardware operations and delivers the user interface.

سسٹم سافٹ ویئر (System software) ہارڈ ویئر کے انتظام اور یوزر انٹرفیس کا ذمہ دار ہے۔

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1054📚💻 Computer KnowledgeOpen-Source vs Proprietary Software

What is the primary characteristic of open-source software?

Explanation

Open-source software is characterized by releasing its underlying human-readable source code under a license permitting users to inspect, modify, and enhance it freely.

اوپن سورس سافٹ ویئر کا سورس کوڈ ہر ایک کے لیے دستیاب اور قابل ترمیم ہوتا ہے۔

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1055📚💻 Computer Knowledge: MS Access & DBMSDatabase Query Languages: SQL

What does SQL stand for in the context of MS Access?

Explanation

SQL stands for Structured Query Language, the standardized domain-specific language used for managing, querying, and manipulating relational databases.

SQL کا مخفف 'Structured Query Language' ہے۔

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1056📚💻 Computer Knowledge: MS OfficeMS PowerPoint Fundamentals

What is the term used for a single slide in a PowerPoint presentation?

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint presentation software, an individual presentation page displayed on the screen is called a Slide.

پاور پوائنٹ پریزنٹیشن کے ایک صفحے کو سلائیڈ (Slide) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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1057📚💻 Computer Knowledge: CybersecurityMalware Transmission Vectors

How do computer viruses typically spread?

Explanation

Computer viruses standardly propagate across networks and devices via malicious email attachments, unauthorized file downloads, infected USB drives, and pirated software.

وائرس عام طور پر ای میل منسلکات، انٹرنیٹ ڈاؤن لوڈز اور متاثرہ فائلوں کے ذریعے پھیلتے ہیں۔

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1058📚💻 Computer Knowledge: CybersecurityVirus Objectives & Impacts

Which of the following is NOT a common objective of computer viruses?

Explanation

Spreading awareness about online security is the goal of ethical cybersecurity educators, whereas computer viruses maliciously delete files, steal data, and degrade performance.

آن لائن سیکیورٹی سے متعلق شعور بیدار کرنا وائرس کا مقصد نہیں بلکہ سیکیورٹی ماہرین کا کام ہے۔

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1059📚🎭 Classical Dances & Theatre of IndiaTemple Performing Arts of Kerala

Consider the following statements:
1. Chakiarkoothu dance's theater form is known as Koothambalam.
2. Mizhavu is the accompanying instrument.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Chakyar Koothu is a traditional performing temple art form of Kerala staged inside specialized temple theatres called Koothambalams (Statement 1 is correct), accompanied rhythmically by the large copper drum called Mizhavu (Statement 2 is correct). Both 1 and 2 are correct.

چکیار کوتھو رقص کے دونوں بیانات (کوتمبلم تھیٹر اور مزھاوو ساز) بالکل درست ہیں۔

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1060📚🔬 Space Science & PhysicsSatellite Launch Trajectories & Orbital Mechanics

Assertion (A): Artificial Satellites are always launched from the earth in the eastwards direction.
Reason (R): The earth rotates from west to east and so the satellite attains the escape velocity.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Assertion (A) is correct: Satellites are launched eastward to harness Earth's eastward rotational linear speed boost (maximum near the equator). Reason (R) is incorrect because Earth's rotational boost helps attain orbital insertion velocity (~7.8 km/s), NOT escape velocity (11.2 km/s).

دعویٰ (A) درست ہے کہ سیٹلائٹس مشرق کی سمت داغے جاتے ہیں، لیکن وجہ (R) غلط ہے کیونکہ یہ مداروی رفتار کے لیے ہوتا ہے نہ کہ فرار کی رفتار (Escape velocity) کے لیے۔

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1061📚🔬 General Science & ChemistryNaturally Occurring Organic Chemical Compounds

Consider the following pairs:
1. Chocolate — Phenylethylamine
2. Oysters — Aspartic acid
3. Spanish Fly — Formic acid
4. Nutmeg — Myristicin
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Chocolate contains Phenylethylamine (1); Oysters are rich in D-Aspartic acid (2); Nutmeg contains the psychoactive compound Myristicin (4). Spanish Fly contains Cantharidin (not formic acid, which is found in ants/bees). Thus, 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

چاکلیٹ (فینائل ایتھائل امین)، سیپ (ایسپارٹک ایسڈ) اور جائفل (میرسٹیسن) درست جوڑے ہیں (1، 2 اور 4)۔

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1062📚🔬 General Science & HealthParasitology: Malaria & WHO Vaccines

Consider the following statements:
1. Malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne blood disease caused by Protozoa.
2. Malaria spreads through infected female Anopheles mosquito bites.
3. The R21/Matrix-M vaccine became the second malaria vaccine to achieve WHO prequalification.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

All three statements are correct: Malaria is caused by protozoan Plasmodium parasites (1), transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes (2), and the Oxford-developed R21/Matrix-M vaccine received WHO prequalification in 2023 (3).

ملیریا کے متعلق تینوں بیانات (1، 2 اور 3) درست ہیں۔

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1063📚🌿 Biosphere Reserves of IndiaProtected Areas & Biosphere Reserves

Where is the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve located in India?

Explanation

India's designated 'Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve' (encompassing Pin Valley National Park, Chandratal, Sarchu, and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary in the western Himalayas) is located in Himachal Pradesh.

کولڈ ڈیزرٹ بائیوسفیئر ریزرو ہندوستان کی ریاست ہماچل پردیش (پِن ویلی) میں واقع ہے۔

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1064📚🌍 Climatology & Physical GeographyMilankovitch Astronomical Climate Cycles

Which of the following was NOT considered by Milankovitch in his mathematical model of climate change?

Explanation

Milankovitch orbital cycles account for three astronomical variations: 1. Eccentricity of orbit (~100,000 yr cycle), 2. Obliquity/Axial tilt (~41,000 yr cycle), and 3. Axial/Orbital Precession (~26,000 yr cycle). Changes in diurnal rotational speed were NOT part of his model.

میلانکووچ نے اپنے آب و ہوا کے ماڈل میں زمین کی گردش کی رفتار کی تبدیلی کو شامل نہیں کیا تھا۔

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1065📚⚡ Energy & Pipelines in IndiaNatural Gas Infrastructure: HBJ Pipeline

HBJ/HVJ pipeline transports

Explanation

The HBJ (Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur) pipeline, operated by GAIL, is India's first cross-state cross-country Natural Gas pipeline commissioned in 1987.

ایچ بی جے (HBJ) پائپ لائن قدرتی گیس (Natural Gas) کی ترسیل کے لیے بنائی گئی تھی۔

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1066📚📜 History of Indian Journalism & PressNationalist Newspapers in India

Arrange the following Indian newspapers in chronological order based on their founding years:
1. Kesari
2. Amrita Bazar Patrika
3. Hindustan
4. Mathrubhumi
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Founding years of newspapers: 1. Amrita Bazar Patrika (1868, Sisir & Motilal Ghosh, 2) → 2. Kesari (1881, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, 1) → 3. Mathrubhumi (1923, K.P. Kesava Menon, 4) → 4. Hindustan (1936, Madan Mohan Malaviya, 3)

\implies 2, 1, 4, 3

.

ہندوستانی اخبارات کے قیام کا سال: امرت بازار پتریکا (1868) → کیسری (1881) → ماتھربھومی (1923) → ہندوستان (1936) یعنی 2, 1, 4, 3۔

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1067📚🏛️ International Parliamentary ForumsP20 Parliamentary Forum

Consider the following statements:
1. P20 is a congregation of Presidents of G20 nations.
2. The P20 group was set up during the G20 Presidency of Canada in 2010.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement 1 is false: P20 is the Parliamentary Speakers' Summit (congregation of Speakers/Presiding Officers of Parliaments, not heads of state). Statement 2 is true: The P20 was inaugurated in 2010 under Canada's G20 presidency. Thus, 2 only is correct.

P20 پارلیمانی اسپیکروں کی کانفرنس ہے (نہ کہ صدور کی) جس کا آغاز کینیڈا کی صدارت میں 2010 میں ہوا، لہذا صرف بیان 2 درست ہے۔

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1068📚🚀 Space Science & ExplorationNASA Interplanetary Missions: New Horizons

'New Horizons' spacecraft was launched by NASA to study which of the following planet?

Explanation

NASA's New Horizons interplanetary space probe was launched in 2006 specifically to perform the first-ever close-up flyby reconnaissance of dwarf planet Pluto and its moons (achieved in July 2015).

ناسا کا نیو ہورائزنز خلائی جہاز پلوٹو (Pluto) اور کوئپر بیلٹ کے مطالعے کے لیے بھیجا گیا تھا۔

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1069📚📜 J&K Reorganisation Act 2019Constitutional Provisions for UT of J&K (Art 239A)

After the reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir into Union Territories, which constitutional provision became applicable specifically for the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Under Section 13 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, the constitutional provisions of Article 239A (which originally created a Legislative Assembly and Council of Ministers for the UT of Puducherry) were made applicable to the UT of Jammu and Kashmir.

جموں و کشمیر ری آرگنائزیشن ایکٹ کے تحت پڈوچیری کی طرز پر دفعہ 239A (Article 239A) جموں و کشمیر پر لاگو ہوئی۔

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1070📚🗺️ Rivers of J&KJhelum River Course and Length

What is the total length of the Jhelum River?

Explanation

The total geographic course of the Jhelum River (Vitasta) from its origin at the Verinag spring in Anantnag, Kashmir to its confluence with the Chenab at Trimmu in Pakistan is 725 kilometers.

دریائے جہلم کی ویری ناگ سے چناب تک کل لمبائی 725 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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1071📚⚡ Energy & Petroleum in IndiaWinter-Grade Fuel Technology for Ladakh

Which oil company has rolled out special winter-grade diesel for Ladakh?

Explanation

Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) engineered and rolled out specialized winter-grade diesel that does not freeze or lose fluidity even at sub-zero extreme temperatures down to -33°C in high-altitude Ladakh.

انڈین آئل کارپوریشن (IOCL) نے لداخ کے منفی 33 ڈگری درجہ حرارت کے لیے خصوصی ونٹر گریڈ ڈیزل تیار کیا۔

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1072📚🗺️ Geography & Locations of J&KLatitudinal Spatial Ordering of J&K Cities

Arrange the following places of Kashmir region from North to South:
1. Kargil
2. Gilgit
3. Banihal
4. Sri Nagar
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Latitudinal North to South sequence: Gilgit (35.92° N, 2) → Kargil (34.55° N, 1) → Srinagar (34.08° N, 4) → Banihal (33.50° N, 3)

\implies 2, 1, 4, 3

.

شمال سے جنوب کی ترتیب: گلگت (2) → کارگل (1) → سری نگر (4) → بانہال (3) یعنی 2, 1, 4, 3۔

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1073📚🌿 Biodiversity & Ecology of J&KFlora of Kashmir Himalayas

Which of the following statements accurately describes the biodiversity and flora of Jammu and Kashmir?
1. The flora of Himalayan Kashmir comprises about 3054 species, including angiosperms, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes.
2. Only 5% of Indian mammals are found in Jammu and Kashmir.
3. Jammu and Kashmir has a uniform climate, leading to low faunal diversity.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Statement 1 is botanical consensus: The vascular flora of Kashmir Himalaya encompasses ~3054 documented species. Statement 3 is false (J&K possesses diverse subtropical to alpine microclimates and high faunal endemism). Statement 2 is false. Thus, 1 only is correct.

کشمیر ہمالیہ کے نباتات میں تقریباً 3054 پرجاتیوں کے پودے پائے جاتے ہیں (صرف بیان 1 درست ہے)۔

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1074📚🚆 Infrastructure & USBRL ProjectUdhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL)

What percentage of the 48-km railway line between Banihal to Sangaldan passes through tunnels?

Explanation

Out of the 48.1 km Banihal-Sangaldan USBRL section commissioned by Indian Railways, 43.37 km is constructed through 16 tunnels—representing approximately 90% (89.8%) of the entire track alignment.

بانہال-سنگلدان ریلوے سیکشن کا تقریباً 90 فیصد (43.37 کلومیٹر) ٹریک سرنگوں (Tunnels) سے گزرتا ہے۔

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1075📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech: Sequence of Tenses

Select the most appropriate option to substitute the underlined segment in the given sentence:
My father assured me that he will buy a bike for me.

Explanation

Under sequence of tenses in reported speech, when the reporting verb is in the past tense ('assured'), the future auxiliary 'will' changes to past conditional 'would': "...that he would buy a bike for me."

ماضی کے رپورٹنگ ورب 'assured' کے ساتھ 'will' تبدیل ہو کر 'would' ہو جائے گا: "he would buy".

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1076📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Given below are four scattered segments of a sentence. Indicate the correct sequence which correctly assembles the segments:
P. who secures
Q. will receive a trophy
R. the highest marks
S. the child

Explanation

Logical grammatical sequence is SPRQ: "The child (S) who secures (P) the highest marks (R) will receive a trophy (Q)."

درست جملے کی ترتیب SPRQ ہے۔

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1077📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Select the most appropriate option to change the sentence from direct speech to indirect speech:
My nephew said, "I have decided to take coaching in badminton".

Explanation

Direct speech present perfect ('have decided') shifts to past perfect ('had decided'), and first-person pronoun 'I' changes to third-person 'he': "My nephew said that he had decided to take coaching in badminton."

ڈائریکٹ سے ان ڈائریکٹ میں 'have decided' تبدیل ہو کر 'had decided' بن جائے گا۔

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1078📚📖 General EnglishHomophones

Select a homophone pair in the passage context:
As the sun ascended towards the horizon, its golden rays stretched across the expanse of the meadow, painting the landscape in warm hues of orange and pink.

Explanation

'Sun' has the exact phonetic homophone 'son' (words identical in pronunciation but differing in spelling and meaning).

'Sun' کا ہوموفون لفظ 'Son' ہے۔

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1079📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions of Position

Fill in the blank with appropriate prepositions from the alternatives given below:
He inserted a needle _____ the close petals of a flower.

Explanation

Preposition 'between' indicates inserting an object into the space separating two or more touching petals: "He inserted a needle between the close petals..."

پتیوں کے درمیانی فاصلے میں داخل کرنے کے لیے 'between' درست ہے۔

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1080📚💻 Computer Knowledge: MS WordTables in MS Word

What is the minimum number of rows and columns that a table in MS Word can have?

Explanation

A valid table in Microsoft Word requires at least one cell, which corresponds to a minimum of 1 row and 1 column.

ایم ایس ورڈ کے ٹیبل میں کم از کم 1 قطار اور 1 کالم (1 row and 1 column) ہو سکتا ہے۔

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1081📚💻 Computer Knowledge: CybersecurityNetwork Worms vs Viruses

A virus famous for making multiple copies of itself, spreads and infects the other computers over a network is called

Explanation

A Computer Worm is a standalone self-replicating malicious program that duplicates itself and autonomously spreads across computer networks without requiring human intervention or a host file.

ورم (Worm) ایک خود کار طور پر کاپیاں بنانے والا اور نیٹ ورک پر پھیلنے والا میلویئر ہے۔

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1082📚💻 Computer Knowledge: Banking TechnologyInput Devices: MICR

This peripheral device is mostly used in financial institutions to process a large number of cheques by recognizing the magnetic encoding number printed at the bottom of the cheque?

Explanation

MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) readers are specialized scanning devices used by commercial banks and clearing houses to read magnetic ink characters on cheques rapidly.

بینکوں میں چیک کلیئرنگ کے لیے مقناطیسی سیاہی پڑھنے والی ڈیوائس MICR ہے۔

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1083📚🧩 Logical ReasoningLetter Series: Decreasing Interval Shifts

Which letter will come next in the following series Z, U, Q, N, L, ?

Explanation

Alphabet positional values: Z(26)

-5 = U(21) -4 = Q(17) -3 = N(14) -2 = L(12)

. The next step decreases by

-1

:

12 - 1 = 11

, which corresponds to the letter K.

حروف کی پوزیشن میں بالترتیب 5، 4، 3، 2، 1 کی کمی ہو رہی ہے:

12 - 1 = 11

یعنی حرف K۔

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1084📚🧩 Logical ReasoningAlphabetical Triplet Series

Which set of letters will come next in the following series: BDZ, DGX, FJV, HMT, JPR, _____?

Explanation

Letter position analysis:
- 1st letter: B(+2)=D(+2)=F(+2)=H(+2)=J(+2)=L
- 2nd letter: D(+3)=G(+3)=J(+3)=M(+3)=P(+3)=S
- 3rd letter: Z(-2)=X(-2)=V(-2)=T(-2)=R(-2)=P
The next term is LSP.

تینوں حروف کے اصول (+2, +3, -2) سے اگلا سیٹ LSP بنتا ہے۔

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1085📚🧩 Logical ReasoningCoding-Decoding

If DRIVE is coded as 59372, and SPUR is coded as 6489, what will be code for PRIDE?

Explanation

Direct mapping:
- D=5, R=9, I=3, V=7, E=2
- S=6, P=4, U=8, R=9
For 'PRIDE': P(4), R(9), I(3), D(5), E(2)

\implies

49352.

براہ راست کوڈنگ سے 'PRIDE' کا کوڈ 49352 بنتا ہے۔

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1086📚🧩 Logical ReasoningAnalogy: Degrees of Intensity

Tired is related to Exhausted, in the same way as Sad is related to _____

Explanation

'Exhausted' is an extreme degree/intensity of being 'Tired'. Similarly, 'Depressed' (or Despondent) is an extreme emotional degree of being 'Sad'.

تھکاوٹ کی انتہائی شدت کو 'Exhausted' اور اداسی کی شدید کیفیت کو 'Depressed' کہتے ہیں۔

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1087📚🧩 Logical ReasoningAnalogy: Faculty & its Loss/Impairment

Select the word-pair in which the two words are related in the same way as are the two words in the following word-pair:
Memory : Amnesia

Explanation

Amnesia is the total/partial loss of Memory. Similarly, Blindness is the total loss of Vision.

یادداشت ختم ہونے کو ایمنیشیا اور بینائی ختم ہونے کو اندھا پن (Vision : Blindness) کہتے ہیں۔

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1088📚🚗 Motor Vehicle Laws & Traffic RulesMotor Vehicles Act, 1988: Age Eligibility for Transport Vehicles

A person is authorized to drive a "transport vehicle" in any category of road at the minimum age of:

Explanation

Under Section 4(2) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, no person under the age of twenty years (20 years) shall drive a transport vehicle in any public place.

موٹر وہیکل ایکٹ کے سیکشن 4(2) کے تحت ٹرانسپورٹ یا کمرشل گاڑی چلانے کے لیے کم از کم عمر 20 سال ہونا لازمی ہے۔

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1089📚🧮 Quantitative Aptitude & Speed CalculationSpeed, Time and Distance

You are driving at a speed of

72\text{ km/hr}

, how far distance will your vehicle travel in 20 minutes?

Explanation

Time

t = 20\text{ minutes} = \frac{20}{60} = \frac{1}{3}\text{ hour}

. Distance

d = \text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = 72\text{ km/hr} \times \frac{1}{3}\text{ hr} = 24\text{ km}

.

فاصلہ = رفتار

\times

وقت: 72 \times \frac{20}{60} = 24 کلومیٹر۔

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1090📚🚗 Road Safety & Defensive DrivingVehicle Blind Spots

The areas on each side of the vehicle that are not visible through the mirrors are known as

Explanation

A 'Blind spot' is the zone around a vehicle that cannot be directly observed by the driver using the rearview mirror or side mirrors without turning their head.

گاڑی کے دائیں بائیں کے وہ حصے جو شیشوں میں نظر نہیں آتے 'بلائنڈ اسپاٹ' (Blind spot) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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1091📚🚗 Road Safety & Traffic ManagementSpeed Limits and Accident Prevention

Reduction of traffic speed can be effective in reducing

Explanation

Calibrating and reducing traffic speed significantly reduces vehicle stopping distance and collision energy, drastically lowering the Number of crashes, injuries, and fatalities.

گاڑی کی رفتار کم رکھنے سے سڑک حادثات (Number of crashes) میں نمایاں کمی واقع ہوتی ہے۔

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1092📚🛣️ Highway Engineering & Road InfrastructureCarriageway Design & Lane Specifications

National Highway of 4 lane divided carriage way means

Explanation

A 4-lane divided carriageway highway consists of a central physical median dividing two lanes of dedicated traffic flow in each opposite direction (2 lanes up + 2 lanes down = 4 total lanes).

4-لین ڈیوائیڈڈ ہائی وے کا مطلب دونوں سمتوں میں 2، 2 ٹریفک لینز کا ہونا ہے۔

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1093📚🚗 Traffic Rules & Speed RegulationsMoRTH Statutory Speed Limits

Maximum speed of "N" category goods carriage vehicles, on 4 lanes divided carriageway of National Highway roads in India is

Explanation

As per Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) statutory notification, the maximum speed limit for Category N goods vehicles on 4-lane divided National Highways is

80\text{ km/hr}

.

نیشنل ہائی وے پر سامان بردار گاڑیوں (N Category) کی زیادہ سے زیادہ رفتار کی حد

80\text{ km/hr}

ہے۔

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1094📚🚗 Traffic Rules & Road EtiquetteEmergency Vehicle Right-of-Way

Free passage should be given to the following types of vehicles

Explanation

Under Section 194E of the Motor Vehicles Act, every driver must yield right of way and provide unobstructed free passage to emergency vehicles, specifically Fire Service tenders and Ambulances.

ایمبولینس اور فائر سروس والی ہنگامی گاڑیوں کو ہر صورت بغیر کسی رکاوٹ کا راستہ دینا لازمی ہے۔

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1095📚🗺️ Geography & Map ReadingRelative Spatial Orientation of Indian States

The location of Jammu and Kashmir with respect to Bihar in India is

Explanation

Jammu and Kashmir is situated in northernmost India (

32^\circ\text{--}37^\circ\text{ N}

,

74^\circ\text{--}78^\circ\text{ E}

), which lies directly North-West relative to Bihar (

24^\circ\text{--}27^\circ\text{ N}

,

83^\circ\text{--}88^\circ\text{ E}

).

بہار کے جغرافیائی تناظر میں جموں و کشمیر شمال مغرب (North-West) میں واقع ہے۔

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1096📚🧩 Logical Reasoning & Spatial DirectionDirection Sense and Displacement

Your residence is at (R) and office is at (O). You drive 10 km North, 7 km West across a bridge, and 10 km South to reach office (O). With respect to office (O), your residence (R) is located:

Explanation

Coordinates from R(0,0): North 10 km to (0, 10) → West 7 km to (-7, 10) → South 10 km to Office O(-7, 0). Since Office O is 7 km West of Residence R, Residence R is located 7 km due East of Office O.

دفتر (O) سے رہائش گاہ (R) کی پوزیشن 7 کلومیٹر مشرق (7 km due east) کی طرف ہے۔

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1097📚🛑 Road Signs & MarkingsRegulatory Sign Design Specifications (IRC 67)

Match the properties of Mandatory/Regulatory signs:
a. Red circular ring — 4. Indicates prohibitory regulation
b. Diagonal red bar — 3. Prohibits action indicated by black symbol
c. Circular shape — 2. Mandatory or regulatory signs
d. Positive instruction — 1. Circular with white symbol on blue background

Explanation

Sign design standards: Red outer rings indicate prohibitions (a-4); Diagonal slashes prohibit specific movements (b-3); Circular shapes denote mandatory regulatory signs (c-2); Blue circular signs provide mandatory positive instructions (d-1)

\implies

a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1.

ٹریفک علامات کے معیارات: سرخ دائرہ (a-4)، ترچھی لکیر (b-3)، دائرے کی شکل (c-2)، نیلا بیک گراؤنڈ (d-1)۔

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1098📚⚠️ Cautionary / Warning Road SignsCautionary Signs: School Ahead

A triangular warning sign displaying two school children walking with school bags represents:

Explanation

An equilateral triangular warning sign displaying two children carrying bags warns drivers of a School Ahead, requiring reduced speed and heightened caution for school children.

مثلثی شکل میں اسکول کے بچوں کا نشان آگے اسکول (School ahead) ہونے سے خبردار کرتا ہے۔

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1099📚🛑 Mandatory Road SignsSpeed Limit Signs

A circular speed sign with the number "50" enclosed in a red circle represents:

Explanation

A circular sign featuring a number inside a red border specifies the Maximum Speed Limit (

50\text{ km/hr}

) permitted on that roadway.

سرخ دائرے میں 50 کا ہندسہ زیادہ سے زیادہ رفتار کی حد (Maximum speed limit) کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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1100📚ℹ️ Informatory Road SignsFacility Signs: Police Station

A rectangular facility information sign displaying a uniformed officer with a peaked cap represents:

Explanation

A blue rectangular information board depicting a police officer's bust with cap indicates the nearby location of a Police Station.

کیپ پہنے پولیس اہلکار کی تصویر والا معلوماتی بورڈ قریبی پولیس اسٹیشن کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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1101📚🛣️ Highway Route MarkersExpressway Network Markers

A shield-shaped route marker sign displaying "NE 1" on a highway represents:

Explanation

Route shields labeled 'NE' denote National Expressways in India (e.g. NE 1 = Ahmedabad-Vadodara Expressway), representing an Expressway route marker sign.

NE 1 کا نشان نیشنل ایکسپریس وے روٹ مارکر (Expressway route marker) ہے۔

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1102📚🏥 First Aid & Emergency CareFirst Aid Protocols for Trauma & Resuscitation

Match casualty indications with first aid procedures:
a. Conscious and breathing normally — 2. Provide appropriate first aid
b. Unconscious, and breathing normally — 1. Put casualty in recovery position
c. Unconscious and not breathing — 4. Start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
d. Insect wing lodged under eyelid — 3. Rinse immediately with plenty of water

Explanation

Standard first aid protocols: Unconscious breathing victim goes into recovery position (b-1); Non-breathing unconscious casualty requires immediate CPR (c-4); Eye foreign body requires copious irrigation (d-3); Conscious injured person receives standard first aid (a-2)

\implies

a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3.

ابتدائی طبی امداد کے درست اصول: ہوش میں ہونا (a-2)، بے ہوش لیکن سانس جاری (ریکوری پوزیشن b-1)، بے ہوش اور سانس بند (CPR c-4)، آنکھ میں کیڑا (پانی سے دھونا d-3)۔

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1103📚🏥 First Aid PrinciplesPrimary Survey & ABC Protocol

Arrange the First Aid sequence in a correct manner:
(i) Help to restore breathing
(ii) Lay the victim on ground gently and clear breathing track
(iii) Stop any bleeding
(iv) Call ambulance for medical help

Explanation

Primary Survey Sequence (Airway → Breathing → Circulation → Emergency dispatch): (ii) Open & clear airway → (i) Restore breathing → (iii) Control severe hemorrhage/bleeding → (iv) Call ambulance

\implies

(ii), (i), (iii), (iv).

ابتدائی طبی امداد کی ترتیب: سانس کی نالی کھولنا (ii) → سانس بحال کرنا (i) → خون روکنا (iii) → ایمبولینس بلانا (iv)۔

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1104📚⚖️ Motor Vehicle RulesDisqualification of Licenses

As per Central Motor Vehicles Act 1988, 'smoking while driving public service vehicles' can

Explanation

Smoking while driving a public service passenger vehicle violates conduct rules and can lead to suspension or disqualification of the driver's driving license.

پبلک سروس گاڑی چلاتے ہوئے سگریٹ پینا ڈرائیونگ لائسنس کی منسوخی یا معطلی کا سبب بن سکتا ہے۔

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1105📚🚗 Defensive Driving TechniquesWet Weather Driving

The most preferable driving technique with wet roads is

Explanation

On wet or slippery roads, downshifting to a lower gear and reducing speed allows engine braking and maximizes tyre grip while minimizing reliance on sudden wheel-locking brakes.

گیلی سڑکوں پر محفوظ ترین طریقہ گیئر کم کرنا اور رفتار گھٹانا (Change down gear and reduce speed) ہے۔

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1106📚🚗 Vehicle Dynamics & Highway EngineeringSkidding vs Slipping

Consider the following statements:
Statement-1: In case of skidding, distance traveled along the road is more than the movement of wheel circumference.
Statement-2: In case of slipping, distance traveled along the road is less than the movement of wheel circumference.
Choose the correct combination:

Explanation

In highway engineering: Skidding occurs when wheels slide without full rotation (path length

>

circumferential rotation); Slipping/Spinning occurs when wheels spin in place on low traction surfaces (path length

<

circumferential rotation). Both statements are true.

اسکیڈنگ اور سلپنگ کے دونوں تکنیکی بیانات 1 اور 2 بالکل درست ہیں۔

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1107📚🚗 Vehicle DynamicsVehicle Skidding Causes

Sudden application of brakes on a wet road and improper super elevation may cause

Explanation

Sudden heavy braking on low-friction wet surfaces when lateral forces exceed tyre traction creates severe directional loss of control known as Skidding.

گیلی سڑک پر اچانک بریک لگانے سے گاڑی اسکیڈ (Skidding) کر جاتی ہے۔

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1108📚🔬 Optics & Visible SpectrumWavelengths of Visible Light (VIBGYOR)

Arrange the following coloured lights in shortest to longest wavelength:
(i) Green
(ii) Yellow
(iii) Orange
(iv) Red

Explanation

Visible spectrum wavelengths increase in the sequence VIBGYOR: Green (

sim 520\text{ nm}

, i) → Yellow (

sim 580\text{ nm}

, ii) → Orange (

sim 600\text{ nm}

, iii) → Red (

sim 700\text{ nm}

, iv)

\implies

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv).

طول موج کی چھوٹی سے بڑی ترتیب: سبز (i) → پیلا (ii) → نارنجی (iii) → سرخ (iv)۔

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1109📚🧮 Physics & Braking KinematicsBraking Distance Calculations

On a foggy day, two bus drivers spot each other traveling at

20\text{ m/sec}

and

10\text{ m/sec}

towards each other. Both apply brakes decelerating at

5\text{ m/s}^2

. What is the total combined distance covered by both buses before coming to a stop?

Explanation

Stopping distance formula

s = \frac{v^2}{2a}

:
- For Bus 1:

s_1 = \frac{20^2}{2(5)} = \frac{400}{10} = 40\text{ m}

- For Bus 2:

s_2 = \frac{10^2}{2(5)} = \frac{100}{10} = 10\text{ m}

Total combined stopping distance required

= 40 + 10 = 50\text{ meters}

.

دونوں بسوں کا رکنے کے لیے درکار مجموعی فاصلہ = \frac{20^2}{10} + \frac{10^2}{10} = 40 + 10 = 50 میٹر ہے۔

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1110📚🚗 Defensive DrivingBlind Spot Verification

To see a vehicle in the blind spots, a driver should

Explanation

Because mirrors cannot cover the blind spot adjacent to the rear B/C pillars, a driver must perform a physical head turn (shoulder check) before changing lanes.

بلائنڈ اسپاٹ میں موجود گاڑی دیکھنے کے لیے ڈرائیور کو اپنا سر گھما کر دیکھنا (Shoulder check) چاہیے۔

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1111📚🚗 Night Driving SafetyLow-Light Driving Precautions

Which of the following is recommended while driving at night on a low-lit street?

Explanation

On poorly illuminated streets at night, drivers should reduce vehicle speed to match stopping sight distance and use properly aligned headlights.

کم روشنی والی سڑک پر آہستہ رفتار میں گاڑی چلانا اور ہیڈ لائٹ کا استعمال کرنا چاہیے۔

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1112📚🛣️ Highway Engineering & Road PavementsPavement Reflectivity & Night Visibility

During night driving, which type of pavement provides greater visibility?

Explanation

White/light-grey Cement Concrete pavement has a much higher albedo and diffuse reflectance than dark black bituminous asphalt, providing superior night-time contrast and visibility.

سفید کنکریٹ کی سڑک (Concrete pavement) کالی ڈامر والی سڑک کے مقابلے میں رات کو زیادہ روشنی منعکس کر کے واضح دکھائی دیتی ہے۔

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1113📚🛣️ Highway EngineeringGeometric Design Elements: Carriageway

The portion of the roadway specifically used and paved for vehicles is called

Explanation

In highway engineering, the 'Carriageway' (or pavement) is the structural width of the road specifically designated and surfaced for the movement of vehicular traffic.

سڑک کا وہ حصہ جو گاڑیوں کے چلنے کے لیے مخصوص اور پکا ہوتا ہے کیریج وے (Carriageway) کہلاتا ہے۔

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1114📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RulesEV Registration Plate Color Codes

As per Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989, the colour of the number plate of an electric private vehicle (EV) shall be exhibited as:

Explanation

Under MoRTH CMVR specifications: Private Electric Vehicles display White lettering on a Green background. (Commercial EVs display Yellow lettering on a Green background).

پرائیویٹ الیکٹرک گاڑیوں کی نمبر پلیٹ سبز بیک گراؤنڈ پر سفید ہندسوں (Green with white) میں ہوتی ہے۔

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1115📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RulesSafety Glass Transparency Norms (Rule 100)

As per Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989, the visual transmission of light through the rear window and windscreen should not be less than

Explanation

Under Rule 100(2) of CMVR, 1989, the visual transmission of light (VLT) through the front windscreen and rear window safety glass shall not be less than 70% (and

\ge 50\%

for side windows).

سامنے اور پیچھے کے شیشے کی بصری شفافیت 70 فیصد (70%) سے کم نہیں ہونی چاہیے۔

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1116📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RegistrationVehicle Registration Number Structure

A vehicle registration plate reads as "DL01AB4567", the number "01" stands for

Explanation

In Indian vehicle number plates: 'DL' is the State/UT code (Delhi); '01' is the specific Registering Authority / Regional Transport Office (RTO) district code (Mall Road RTO); 'AB4567' is the unique alphanumeric series.

ہندسہ '01' مخصوص آر ٹی او (RTO code) کی نشاندہی کرتا ہے جہاں گاڑی رجسٹرڈ ہے۔

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1117📚🏥 Emergency Services in IndiaNational Emergency Helpline Numbers

In case of a road accident, to call an ambulance, what emergency number must be dialed?

Explanation

In India, 108 (and 102) is the dedicated national emergency toll-free telephone number to dispatch an Ambulance and emergency medical services. (100 is Police, 101 is Fire).

ہنگامی طبی امداد اور ایمبولینس بلانے کے لیے ہیلپ لائن نمبر 108 ہے۔

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1118📚⚖️ Motor Vehicle LawsSection 129: Mandatory Helmet Law

What does Section 129 of the Central Motor Vehicles Act 1988 specify?

Explanation

Section 129 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 mandates that every person driving or riding on a two-wheeler motorcycle shall wear protective headgear (BIS-compliant safety helmet).

سیکشن 129 موٹر سائیکل سواروں کے لیے حفاظتی ہیلمٹ (Helmet) پہننا لازمی قرار دیتا ہے۔

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1119📚🌱 Vehicular Emissions & ChemistryInternal Combustion Exhaust Pollutants

Among following pollutants, which is NOT typically released by motor vehicles?

Explanation

Internal combustion engines emit CO,

\text{CO}_2

,

\text{NO}_x

,

\text{SO}_2

, Unburnt Hydrocarbons (HC), and Particulate Matter (PM). Phosphorus trioxide (

\text{P}_4\text{O}_6

) is not a component of motor fuel combustion exhaust.

فاسفورس ٹرائی آکسائیڈ گاڑیوں کے اخراج میں شامل نہیں ہوتی۔

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1120📚🚗 Noise Pollution RegulationsCMVR Noise Limits (Rule 120)

Maximum permissible drive-by noise level recommended as per Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989 for heavy commercial vehicles exceeding 12,000 kg GVW is

Explanation

Under Rule 120 of CMVR, 1989, the maximum permissible drive-by acoustic noise limit for heavy commercial transport vehicles with Gross Vehicle Weight exceeding

12\text{ tonnes}

is

89\text{ dB(A)}

.

12 ٹن سے وزنی گاڑیوں کے لیے شور کی زیادہ سے زیادہ قانونی حد 89 ڈی بی (89 dB) ہے۔

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1121📚🌱 Environmental Transport PlanningSustainable Urban Mobility

Match vehicular pollution concepts:
a. Idling at red traffic signal — 1. Turning off vehicle's engine
b. Cycling or walking — 4. Sustainable mode of transportation
c. Electric vehicle — 3. Reduces level of air pollution compared with petrol
d. High vehicle density — 2. Increasing vehicular pollution in urban India

Explanation

Remedies and impacts: Idling is mitigated by switching off engine (a-1); Active mobility is sustainable transport (b-4); Electric vehicles cut direct emissions (c-3); High vehicle density intensifies urban pollution (d-2)

\implies

a-1, b-4, c-3, d-2.

ماحولیاتی جوڑے: انجن بند کرنا (a-1)، پیدل چلنا/سائیکل (b-4)، الیکٹرک گاڑی (c-3)، ٹریفک کی کثافت (d-2)۔

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1122📚🏛️ Transport AdministrationLicensing Authorities in India

Who is the competent authority to issue driving licences in India?

Explanation

The Regional Transport Office (RTO) / District Transport Officer (DTO) appointed by the State Transport Department functions as the statutory Licensing Authority.

ڈرائیونگ لائسنس جاری کرنے والی مجاز اتھارٹی ریجنل ٹرانسپورٹ آفس (RTO) ہے۔

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1123📚⚖️ Motor Vehicle InsuranceMotor Insurance Policy Terms and Third-Party Liabilities

Consider the following statements regarding motor insurance:
Statement-1: Motor insurance does not provide compensation if the driver does not possess a valid driving licence.
Statement-2: Third-party motor insurance covers a third person who has been injured in an accident involving the vehicle.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Both statements are correct insurance principles: Driving without a valid driving licence breaches policy terms and invalidates own-damage claims (Statement 1), and Third-party insurance specifically indemnifies bodily injury/loss to third parties (Statement 2).

انشورنس کے دونوں بیانات (1 اور 2) قانوناً بالکل درست ہیں۔

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1124📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RulesRule 50: Registration Mark Script & Font

As per Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, the number plate of a vehicle should be written in

Explanation

Under Rule 50 and Rule 51 of CMVR, 1989, registration marks on number plates must be displayed in capital Roman English letters with international Arabic numerals (e.g. JK01AB1234).

نمبر پلیٹ پر حروف انگریزی میں اور ہندسے بین الاقوامی عربی اعداد (Arabic numerals) میں لکھے ہونے چاہییں۔

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1125📚🚗 Automotive Engineering ClassificationVehicle Classification by Load

Which among the following is a classification of automobiles based on "load capacity"?

Explanation

Automobiles classified by load payload capacity are categorized as Light Motor Vehicles (LMV), Medium Goods Vehicles (MGV), and Heavy Transport Vehicles (HTV).

وزن یا بوجھ لے جانے کی گنجائش کے لحاظ سے گاڑیوں کی درجہ بندی ہیوی ٹرانسپورٹ وہیکل (Heavy transport vehicle) ہے۔

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1126📚🔧 Engine TroubleshootingIgnition System Faults: Engine Misfire

What is generally the reason for engine misfiring in petrol vehicles?

Explanation

A fouled, worn, or incorrectly gapped Spark Plug fails to deliver a consistent electrical spark across the electrode, resulting in incomplete combustion and Engine Misfiring.

انجن کے مس فائر کرنے کی سب سے عام وجہ خراب اسپارک پلگ (Faulty spark plug) ہوتا ہے۔

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1127📚🔧 Mechanical EngineeringV-Belt Geometry and Wedging Action

"V-belts" get their name because of their

Explanation

V-belts are named after their distinctive V-shaped (trapezoidal) cross-sectional profile, which wedges into the corresponding groove of the pulley.

وی بیلٹ کو یہ نام اس کے ٹریپیزائیڈل یا V شکل کے کراس سیکشن کی وجہ سے دیا گیا ہے۔

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1128📚🔧 Internal Combustion EnginesSpark Ignition vs Compression Ignition

What type of ignition system is standardly used in petrol (gasoline) engines?

Explanation

Petrol engines operate on the Otto cycle using a Spark Ignition (SI) system, where an electric spark plug ignites the compressed air-fuel mixture. (Diesel engines use Compression Ignition / CI).

پیٹرول انجن میں اسپارک اگنیشن (Spark ignition) سسٹم استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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1129📚⛽ Automotive Fuels & CombustionFuel Quality Ratings: Cetane vs Octane

The ignition quality and combustion speed of diesel fuel is indicated by its

Explanation

The Cetane Number is the standard measure of the ignition delay and combustion quality of diesel fuel under compression. (Octane number measures anti-knock quality in petrol).

ڈیزل ایندھن کے جلنے کی صلاحیت اور کوالٹی کو سیٹین نمبر (Cetane number) سے ناپا جاتا ہے۔

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1130📚🔬 Measurement InstrumentsHydrometers & Specific Gravity

Which instrument is used to measure the specific gravity or relative density of liquids such as petrol/battery electrolyte?

Explanation

A Hydrometer is a calibrated glass instrument that floats in a liquid to measure its specific gravity (relative density) based on Archimedes' principle.

مائعات اور ایندھن کی کثافت یا مخصوص کشش ناپنے کے لیے ہائیڈرومیٹر (Hydrometer) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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1131📚🔧 Hydraulic Braking SystemsProperties of Brake Fluids (DOT Specifications)

Among the following options, what are the essential characteristics of hydraulic brake fluid?
(i) Low viscosity
(ii) High viscosity
(iii) High boiling point
(iv) Low boiling point

Explanation

High-grade hydraulic brake fluid (DOT 3/4/5.1) must possess: 1. Low and stable viscosity across extreme temperatures for instant hydraulic response (i), and 2. High boiling point to prevent vaporization / vapor lock under severe braking (iii).

بریک آئل کی دو لازمی خصوصیات: کم لزوجت (Low viscosity) اور اونچا نقطہ کھولاؤ (High boiling point) ہیں (i اور iii)۔

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1132📚🚗 Vehicle Dimensions & GeometryVehicle Specifications: Wheelbase vs Track Width

The "Wheelbase" of a motor vehicle is defined as the distance between the

Explanation

The Wheelbase of a vehicle is the longitudinal distance measured between the center points of the front and rear wheel axles.

وہیل بیس (Wheelbase) سامنے والے اور پچھلے پہیوں کے ایکسل کے درمیانی فاصلے کو کہتے ہیں۔

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1133📚🚗 Dashboard InstrumentationOdometers vs Speedometers

Which of the following instruments is commonly used to measure the total distance traveled by a motor vehicle?

Explanation

An Odometer (mileometer) is an onboard instrument that measures and records the total cumulative distance traveled by a motor vehicle. (A Speedometer indicates instantaneous velocity).

گاڑی کے طے کردہ کل فاصلے کو اوڈومیٹر (Odometer) سے ناپا جاتا ہے۔

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1134📚🌱 Vehicular Environmental RegulationsBharat Stage Emission Standards (BS-VI)

What do "BS IV" and "BS VI" vehicle designations signify?

Explanation

Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards (such as BS-IV and BS-VI) are statutory automotive emission control standards instituted by the Government of India to regulate atmospheric pollutants from motor vehicles.

بی ایس IV اور بی ایس VI ہندوستان کے اخراج کے کنٹرول کے معیارات (Emission control standard norms) ہیں۔

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1135📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms in Context

The early monsoon has brought respite to the people.
Choose the word nearest in meaning to the bold part:

Explanation

'Respite' means a short period of rest or relief from something difficult or unpleasant (an interval of relief).

'Respite' کا ہم معنی لفظ راحت یا آرام کا وقفہ (Interval of relief) ہے۔

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1136📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases

Pick the right meaning of the given idiom:
Spill the beans

Explanation

'To spill the beans' means to disclose confidential information or reveal a secret prematurely.

'Spill the beans' کا مطلب راز فاش کرنا (Reveal a secret) ہے۔

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1137📚📖 General EnglishPara Jumbles

Rearrange the jumbled sentences into correct logical order:
P: Using matches however came much later.
Q: The first great discovery that man probably made was that of fire.
R: In olden times fires were made by rubbing two flints against each other till a spark was produced.
S: And this spark set fire to dry straw, leaves, or wood.

Explanation

Logical sequence is QRSP: Discovery of fire (Q) → Flint rubbing method (R) → Sparks lighting straw (S) → Matchsticks coming much later (P).

درست تاریخی و منطقی ترتیب QRSP ہے۔

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1138📚📖 General EnglishSubject-Verb Agreement

Making pies and cakes ________ Mrs. Reddy's specialty.

Explanation

A compound gerund phrase acting as a single culinary subject ('Making pies and cakes') takes the singular linking verb 'is'.

واحد سرگرمی کے طور پر جیرنڈ فریز کے ساتھ فعل 'is' آئے گا۔

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1139📚🏛️ Panchayati Raj in J&KJ&K Panchayati Raj Act Chapters

Chapter V of Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act 1989 deals with the

Explanation

Chapter V of the Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 1989 is titled and specifically governs the 'Conduct of Business' of the Halqa Panchayat.

جے اینڈ کے پنچایتی راج ایکٹ 1989 کا باب پنجم کاروبار اور کارروائی کے طریق کار (Conduct of Business) سے متعلق ہے۔

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1140📚🗺️ Drainage System of JammuTawi River Basin & Origin

The source of which of the following river is the Kailash Kund spring at Soej hills in Bhaderwah in Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

The sacred Tawi River (Surya Putri) originates from the glacial Kailash Kund spring at the high-altitude Soej hills in Bhaderwah (Doda district).

دریائے تاوی (Tawi) کا منبع بھدرواہ کے سوئج پہاڑوں میں واقع کیلاش کنڈ جھیل ہے۔

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1141📚🗺️ Religious Places & Pilgrimage of JammuPilgrimage Centers: Baba Dhansar

The holy place of Baba Dhansar is located in which district of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Baba Dhansar (a sacred temple and emerald natural spring dedicated to Lord Shiva and Baba Dhansar) is located near Karua village in the Reasi district.

بابا دھنسار کا متبرک مقام ضلع ریاسی (Reasi) میں واقع ہے۔

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1142📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryProminent Leaders and Organizations

Consider the following pairs and identify how many pairs are correct:
1. Subhash Chandra Bose — All India Forward Bloc
2. Chittaranjan Das — First President of Swaraj Party
3. MG Ranade — Father of renaissance of western India
4. Gopal Krishna Gokhale — Servants of India Society

Explanation

All four historical pairs are correct: Netaji founded Forward Bloc (1939); C.R. Das was first President of Swaraj Party (1923); Justice M.G. Ranade spearheaded the western Indian social renaissance; Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society (1905).

چاروں تاریخی شخصیات اور ان کے کارنامے بالکل درست میچ ہیں (All four)۔

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1143📚🇮🇳 Indian Intelligence & PersonalitiesRavindra Kaushik ('The Black Tiger')

Who among the following is popularly known as 'The Black Tiger', an intelligence agent?

Explanation

Ravindra Kaushik, India's legendary undercover Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) spy who infiltrated deep into the Pakistan Army as a major, was conferred the title 'The Black Tiger' by PM Indira Gandhi.

را (R&AW) کے معروف انٹیلی جنس ایجنٹ رویندر کوشک کو 'دی بلیک ٹائیگر' کہا جاتا ہے۔

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1144📚📜 History of Press in IndiaFirst Newspaper in India

The first newspaper published in India was

Explanation

Hicky's Bengal Gazette (The Original Calcutta General Advertiser), founded by James Augustus Hicky on 29 January 1780 in Kolkata, was the first printed newspaper in India.

ہندوستان کا پہلا شائع ہونے والا اخبار 'دی بنگال گزٹ' (1780) تھا۔

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1145📚🏛️ International OrganizationsUN Specialized Agencies Headquarters

The headquarters of UNESCO is located in

Explanation

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is headquartered at Place de Fontenoy in Paris, France.

یونیسکو (UNESCO) کا عالمی ہیڈ کوارٹر پیرس (فرانس) میں واقع ہے۔

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1146📚♟️ Sports TerminologyChess Terminology

The word Gambit is related to which of the following sports?

Explanation

A 'Gambit' (e.g., Queen's Gambit, King's Gambit) is a standard chess opening strategy in which a player sacrifices a pawn or piece to gain a tactical or positional advantage.

'Gambit' کی اصطلاح شطرنج (Chess) کے کھیل میں استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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1147📚💻 Computer ArchitectureMicroprocessor vs Microcomputer

One of the main features that distinguishes a microprocessor from a microcomputer is that

Explanation

A microprocessor consists solely of the CPU (ALU, control unit, registers) on a single IC without built-in RAM, ROM, or I/O ports, whereas a microcomputer includes the full integrated system with memory and peripherals.

مائیکرو پروسیسر صرف CPU پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، اس میں میموری اور I/O ڈیوائسز شامل نہیں ہوتیں۔

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1148📚💻 Computer BasicsHardware vs Software

Which is the physical part of a computer that one can touch and feel?

Explanation

Computer Hardware comprises the physical, tangible electronic and mechanical components (monitor, CPU, keyboard, circuits) of a computer system.

کمپیوٹر کا وہ حصہ جسے چھوا جا سکے ہارڈ ویئر (Hardware) کہلاتا ہے۔

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1149📚💻 Computer HardwareInput vs Output Devices

Which of the following devices is NOT used to enter data into a computer?

Explanation

A Monitor is an Output display peripheral device; Keyboard, Mouse, and Scanner are Input devices.

مانیٹر (Monitor) آؤٹ پٹ ڈیوائس ہے، ڈیٹا داخل کرنے کے لیے استعمال نہیں ہوتا۔

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1150📚💻 Windows OS FundamentalsWindows Recycle Bin Management

Choose the FALSE statement regarding the Recycle Bin:

Explanation

Statement C is false: Moving files to the Recycle Bin merely changes their directory location; disk space is NOT freed until the Recycle Bin is permanently emptied.

بیان C غلط ہے کیونکہ فائلوں کو ری سائیکل بن میں ڈالنے سے ڈسک کی جگہ خالی نہیں ہوتی جب تک اسے خالی (Empty) نہ کیا جائے۔

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1151📚⚡ Emerging Science & Renewable EnergyAtmospheric Energy Harvesting

'Hygroelectricity', recently mentioned in the media, is generated from which one of the following?

Explanation

Hygroelectricity is clean electrical power continuously harvested from ambient atmospheric moisture/humidity in the air using nanoporous harvesting devices.

ہائیگرو الیکٹریسٹی (Hygroelectricity) ہوا میں موجود نمی (Humidity of the air) سے بجلی پیدا کرنے کی ٹیکنالوجی ہے۔

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1152📚🏆 International Awards & Current AffairsRamon Magsaysay Award 2023

Which Indian surgical oncologist won the prestigious 2023 Ramon Magsaysay Award (often called Asia's Nobel Prize)?

Explanation

Dr. Ravi Kannan R., renowned surgical oncologist and Director of the Cachar Cancer Hospital and Research Centre in Assam, won the 2023 Ramon Magsaysay Award for making pro-poor healthcare accessible.

ڈاکٹر روی کنن (Dr. Ravi Kannan) نے سال 2023 کا ریمن میگسیسے ایوارڈ جیتا۔

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1153📚📜 Ancient Indian HistoryJainism under Chandragupta Maurya

Which ancient Indian ruler is credited with the historical spread of Jainism to Karnataka (South India)?

Explanation

Mauryan Emperor Chandragupta Maurya abdicated his throne, embraced Jainism under Acharya Bhadrabahu, migrated south to Shravanabelagola in Karnataka, and performed sallekhana.

موریا شہنشاہ چندر گپت موریا نے کرناٹک (شراون بیلگولہ) میں جین مت کے پھیلاؤ میں اہم کردار ادا کیا۔

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1154📚💰 Digital Banking & PaymentsRBI QCVM Pilot Project

The QR Code-based Coin Vending Machine (QCVM), piloted by the Reserve Bank of India, dispenses coins using which technology?

Explanation

The RBI's QCVM machines allow bank customers to scan a dynamic QR code using any UPI application to debit their bank account and dispense physical currency coins.

کیو آر کوڈ کوائن وینڈنگ مشین UPI کے ذریعے رقم کاٹ کر سکے فراہم کرتی ہے۔

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1155📚🔬 Physics: Wave MotionProperties of Elastic Media for Wave Propagation

The fundamental physical properties of a medium necessary for mechanical wave propagation are its:

Explanation

For propagation of mechanical acoustic/sound waves through a medium, the medium must possess Elasticity (to restore displaced particles), Inertia (to store kinetic energy), and low damping resistance. All of the above are essential.

میکانیکی لہروں کے سفر کے لیے میڈیم میں جمود، لچک اور کم مزاحمت (All of the above) ضروری ہیں۔

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1156📚⚡ Electrical MeasurementsMeasuring Instruments: Ohmmeter

An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument used for measuring:

Explanation

An Ohmmeter is an electronic instrument specifically designed to measure Electrical Resistance (in Ohms

\Omega

).

اوہم میٹر برقی مزاحمت (Electrical Resistance) ناپنے کا آلہ ہے۔

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1157📚🌱 Environmental Science & ClimatologyGreenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Radiation

The phenomenon when terrestrial thermal radiation absorbed by atmospheric gases is re-radiated back towards the surface of the earth is known as the:

Explanation

The Greenhouse Effect occurs when greenhouse gases (

\text{CO}_2, \text{CH}_4, \text{H}_2\text{O}

) absorb long-wave infrared terrestrial radiation and re-emit heat back to warm Earth's surface.

حرارت کے ماحول میں جذب ہو کر زمین کی طرف واپس لوٹنے کا عمل گرین ہاؤس اثر (Greenhouse effect) کہلاتا ہے۔

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1158📚🌿 Ecology & EnvironmentBiogeochemical Cycles: Gaseous vs Sedimentary

Which one of the following pairs is a sedimentary type of biogeochemical cycle?

Explanation

Biogeochemical cycles with reservoirs in Earth's crust/rocks (sedimentary cycles) include Phosphorus and Sulphur. (Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon are gaseous cycles).

فاسفورس اور سلفر کا بائیو جیو کیمیکل چکر تلچھٹی یعنی سیڈیمینٹری (Sedimentary) قسم کا چکر ہے۔

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1159📚🌱 Environmental Treaties & Atmospheric ScienceMontreal Protocol and Stratospheric Ozone

The Montreal Protocol (1987) was signed internationally to combat which of the following environmental issues?

Explanation

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international environmental treaty designed to phase out the production and consumption of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons.

مانٹریال پروٹوکول اوزون کی تہہ کے تحفظ (Ozone depletion) کے لیے طے پایا تھا۔

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1160📚🔧 Engineering Mechanics & StaticsForce Systems: Coplanar vs Non-Coplanar Concurrent Forces

In engineering mechanics, non-coplanar concurrent forces are defined as those forces which

Explanation

'Concurrent' means their lines of action intersect at a single common point in 3D space; 'Non-coplanar' means they act in multiple different geometric planes.

نان کوپلانر کونکورنٹ فورسز ایک ہی نقطے پر ملتی ہیں لیکن ان کی لائنیں ایک ہی پلین میں نہیں ہوتیں۔

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1161📚🧩 Logical ReasoningLetter Series Triplet Shifts

Fill the blank space in the letter series: MAV, NBW, OCX, ____, QEZ

Explanation

Tri-letter shift: 1st letter: M, N, O, P, Q → P. 2nd letter: A, B, C, D, E → D. 3rd letter: V, W, X, Y, Z → Y. Missing term is PDY.

حروف کی ترتیب کے مطابق اگلا گروپ PDY ہے۔

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1162📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProblems on Trains: Speed Conversion

Two trains A and B traveling at constant speeds cross an electric pole in 20 s and 30 s respectively. The length of train A is 240 m and that of train B is 300 m. What is the difference in the speeds of the two trains in km/h?

Explanation

Speed of Train A

= \frac{240\text{ m}}{20\text{ s}} = 12\text{ m/s}

. Speed of Train B

= \frac{300\text{ m}}{30\text{ s}} = 10\text{ m/s}

. Difference

= 12 - 10 = 2\text{ m/s} = 2 \times \frac{18}{5} = \frac{36}{5} = 7.2\text{ km/h}

.

رفتار کا فرق

= (12 - 10)\text{ m/s} = 2 \times 3.6 = 7.2\text{ km/h}

۔

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1163📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection Sense: Angular Turns

A girl is facing South (

180^\circ

). She turns

90^\circ

clockwise, then another

45^\circ

clockwise, and then

270^\circ

anti-clockwise. Which direction is she facing now?

Explanation

Initial angle: South

= 180^\circ

. Clockwise rotation

= +90^\circ + 45^\circ = +135^\circ

. Total clockwise angle

= 180^\circ + 135^\circ = 315^\circ

(North-West). Anti-clockwise turn

= 315^\circ - 270^\circ = 45^\circ

, which corresponds to North-East.

حتمی زاویہ

45^\circ

یعنی شمال مشرق (North East) حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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1164📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time & Distance: Early-Late Problems

A man rides on a motorbike at

18\text{ km/h}

and reaches his office 6 minutes late. The next day he increases his speed to

27\text{ km/h}

and reaches the office 10 minutes early. How far is the office from his house in km?

Explanation

Total time difference

= 6\text{ min late} - (-10\text{ min early}) = 16\text{ minutes} = \frac{16}{60}\text{ hours}

. Distance

D = \frac{S_1 \times S_2}{|S_1 - S_2|} \times \Delta t = \frac{18 \times 27}{27 - 18} \times \frac{16}{60} = \frac{486}{9} \times \frac{4}{15} = 54 \times \frac{4}{15} = \frac{216}{15} = 14.4\text{ km}

.

فاصلہ = \frac{18 \times 27}{9} \times \frac{16}{60} = 54 \times \frac{4}{15} = 14.4 کلومیٹر۔

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1165📚🧩 Logical ReasoningAnalogy: Specialist and Field of Study

Archaeologist : Archaeology :: Ornithologist : ________

Explanation

An Archaeologist is a scientist who studies Archaeology (antiquities/artifacts); an Ornithologist is a zoological scientist who studies Birds (Ornithology).

ماہر آثار قدیمہ آثار قدیمہ کا اور آرنیتھولوجسٹ پرندوں (Bird) کا مطالعہ کرتا ہے۔

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1166📚🗺️ Climate & Weather of IndiaPre-Monsoon Local Storms in India

Consider the following pairs of pre-monsoon storm phenomena:
i. Mango Shower — b. Pre-Monsoon showers which help in the ripening of mangoes
ii. Blossom Shower — a. Pre-Monsoon showers which help in blossoming of coffee flowers
iii. Nor Westers — d. Evening thunderstorms in Bengal and Assam
iv. Loo — c. Hot, dry and oppressing winds blowing in Northern plains
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Pre-monsoon rainfall classifications: Mango Showers ripen mangoes in Kerala/Karnataka (i-b); Blossom Showers blossom coffee flowers (ii-a); Nor'westers/Kalbaisakhi are spring thunderstorms in Bengal/Assam (iii-d); Loo are hot dry summer winds in the Northern Plains (iv-c)

\implies

i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c.

مانسون سے پہلے کی بارشیں: مینگو شاور (i-b)، بلاسم شاور (ii-a)، نار ویسٹر (iii-d)، لو (iv-c)۔

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1167📚🦁 Tourism & Wildlife of J&KJamboo Zoo at Nagrota

North India's largest zoo 'Jamboo Zoo' is situated in

Explanation

Jamboo Zoo (spread over 3,200 kanals / 160 hectares along the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway) is located at Nagrota in the Jammu district.

شمالی ہندوستان کا سب سے بڑا چڑیا گھر 'جمبو زو' نگروٹہ (جموں) میں واقع ہے۔

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1168📚🗺️ Climatology of J&K and LadakhKöppen Climate Classification for Ladakh (BWk)

According to Köppen's classification of climate, Ladakh falls under

Explanation

Ladakh is a high-altitude trans-Himalayan cold desert receiving sparse precipitation (

<100\text{ mm}

annually), classified as BWk (Arid Desert, Cold climate) under Köppen's climatic taxonomy.

کوپن کی موسمیاتی درجہ بندی کے مطابق لداخ سرد صحرا یعنی BWk زمرے میں آتا ہے۔

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1169📚🌱 Biology & AgricultureSericulture: Silk Extraction

Silk, the natural protein fiber, is obtained from

Explanation

Natural silk fiber is harvested from the protective pupal Cocoons spun by the larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) during sericulture.

قدرتی ریشم کا دھاگہ ریشم کے کیڑے کے کوکون (Cocoon) سے حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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1170📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentages & Expenditure Invariance

If the price of a commodity is increased by 50%, by what fraction must its consumption be reduced so as to keep the expenditure unchanged?

Explanation

Reduction in consumption formula:

\text{Fraction} = \frac{r}{100 + r} = \frac{50}{100 + 50} = \frac{50}{150} = \frac{1}{3}

.

صرف میں کمی کا کسر

= \frac{50}{150} = \frac{1}{3}

ہے۔

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1171📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit, Loss & Successive Transactions

A person sells a car to another person at a loss of 10%. If the second person sells the car for Rs. 54,000 and gains 20%, what was the original actual purchase price of the car?

Explanation

Cost price to second person

= \frac{54000}{1 + 0.20} = \frac{54000}{1.2} = 45,000

.
Since first person sold at 10% loss:

0.90 \times \text{Original Price} = 45,000 \implies \text{Original Price} = \frac{45000}{0.9} = \text{Rs. } 50,000

.

گاڑی کی اصل قیمت = \frac{45000}{0.90} = 50,000 روپے ہے۔

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1172📚🔬 Human Physiology: Respiratory SystemPulmonary Lung Volumes: Tidal Volume

The volume of air inspired or expired with each normal resting breath cycle is called

Explanation

Tidal Volume (

V_T

) is the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation without extra effort (approximately 500 mL in healthy adults).

عام سانس لینے میں اندر یا باہر جانے والی ہوا کا حجم ٹائیڈل والیوم (Tidal volume) کہلاتا ہے۔

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1173📚🌱 Atmospheric Physics & Solar RadiationSolar Spectrum in Lower Atmosphere

What is the dominating range of solar light wavelengths reaching the lower atmosphere (troposphere)?

Explanation

Because the stratospheric ozone layer absorbs almost all ultraviolet radiation below

290\text{--}300\text{ nm}

(UV-C and UV-B), the dominating solar spectrum reaching the lower troposphere consists of wavelengths Greater than 300 nm (UV-A, visible light

400\text{--}700\text{ nm}

, and infrared).

اوزون کے اثر کی وجہ سے نچلی فضا میں 300 نینو میٹر سے زیادہ (Greater than 300 nm) طول موج والی روشنی غالب ہوتی ہے۔

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1174📚🌱 Atmospheric ScienceAtmospheric Layers: Stratospheric Ozone

In which layer of Earth's atmosphere is the stratospheric Ozone layer and its depletion predominantly found?

Explanation

The protective ozone layer (which absorbs harmful UV radiation) is located in the Stratosphere (

15\text{--}35\text{ km}

altitude), where ozone depletion occurs.

اوزون کی حفاظتی تہہ اسٹریٹوسفیئر (Stratosphere) میں پائی جاتی ہے۔

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1175📚📊 Demography of IndiaDemographic History: 1911-1921 Negative Growth

In which single census decade did India's population record a negative growth rate of

-0.31\%

?

Explanation

During the 1911–1921 decade, widespread famine, severe drought, and the catastrophic 1918 Spanish Influenza pandemic caused India's population to decline by

-0.31\%

, earning 1921 the title 'The Year of the Great Divide'.

1911 سے 1921 کی دہائی میں وبائی امراض کی وجہ سے ہندوستان کی آبادی میں منفی شرح نمو ریکارڈ ہوئی۔

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1176📚📜 History of Press in IndiaNationalist Newspapers: Kesari

The nationalist newspaper 'Kesari' founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak was published in which language?

Explanation

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak published 'Kesari' in Marathi, while his other English-language journal was 'Mahratta'.

بال گنگادھر تلک کا اخبار 'کیسری' مراٹھی زبان (Marathi) میں شائع ہوتا تھا۔

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1177📚💻 Word Processing: MS WordDocument Views: Print Layout

In Microsoft Word, ______ view displays how the document will appear when printed, including headers, footers, and margins.

Explanation

Print Layout / Page Layout view shows the exact WYSIWYG preview of how text, graphics, headers, footers, and page margins will appear on a printed sheet.

پرنٹ یا پیج لے آؤٹ ویو میں صفحات حاشیے، ہیڈر اور فوٹر سمیت بالکل چھپائی جیسے نظر آتے ہیں۔

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1178📚💻 Computer Knowledge: MS ExcelExcel Keyboard Shortcuts: Column Selection

To select an entire column in Microsoft Excel, which keyboard shortcut is used?

Explanation

In MS Excel, pressing Ctrl + Spacebar selects the entire active column. (Pressing Shift + Spacebar selects the entire row).

ایکسل میں مکمل کالم منتخب کرنے کا شارٹ کٹ 'Ctrl + Spacebar' ہے۔

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1179📚💻 MS PowerPointPowerPoint Slide Views

The PowerPoint view that displays only plain text (slide titles and main bullet points) without graphics is

Explanation

Outline View displays the slide text content in an outline format without showing images or design elements, ideal for fast editing.

آؤٹ لائن ویو (Outline View) صرف ٹیکسٹ اور بلٹ پوائنٹس کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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1180📚💻 MS PowerPointSlide Sorter View

Which PowerPoint view displays each slide of the presentation as a miniature thumbnail and is useful for rearranging slides?

Explanation

Slide Sorter View displays all presentation slides as horizontal thumbnail tiles, allowing easy reordering, deleting, and adding transition effects.

سلائیڈ سارٹر (Slide Sorter) ویو تمام سلائیڈز کو تھمب نیلز کے طور پر دکھاتا ہے۔

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1181📚💻 E-Governance & Digital IndiaConcepts of E-Governance

The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to improve the ability of government to address the needs of society and deliver citizen services is known as

Explanation

E-Governance (Electronic Governance) is the application of IT by government agencies to deliver public services, enhance transparency, and empower citizens.

شہریوں کو ڈیجیٹل خدمات فراہم کرنے کے عمل کو ای-گورننس (E-Governance) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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1182📚💻 CybersecurityMalware Defense: Anti-Spyware

What is Anti-Spyware software?

Explanation

Anti-Spyware is specialized security software that detects, blocks, quarantines, and removes unauthorized tracking and spyware software designed to steal user data.

اینٹی اسپائی ویئر وہ سافٹ ویئر ہے جو چوری چھپے انسٹال ہونے والے جاسوسی پروگرامز کو ڈیلیٹ کرتا ہے۔

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1183📚💻 MS ExcelExcel Comments and Cell Tips

In Microsoft Excel, informative pop-up notes or comments attached to specific cells are called

Explanation

In MS Excel, small yellow hover text pop-ups attached to cells are historically called Cell Tips or Cell Comments.

ایکسل میں سیل کے ساتھ لگائے جانے والے وضاحتی نوٹ کو سیل ٹپ (Cell Tip) کہتے ہیں۔

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1184📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Which one best expresses the direct speech statement 'He said, "I must go at once"' in Indirect speech?

Explanation

In reported speech, 'must' expressing present necessity changes in past reporting to 'had to': "He said that he had to go at once."

ان ڈائریکٹ اسپیچ میں 'must' ماضی کے جملے میں 'had to' میں تبدیل ہوتا ہے: "He said that he had to go at once."

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1185📚👥 Sociology: Social InstitutionsPrimary vs Secondary Social Institutions

Basic social institutions are those essential for societal survival and functioning. Which one of the following is NOT typically classified as a primary foundational social institution?

Explanation

While Family, Religion, Economy, and Education are universal universal basic primary institutions across all primitive and modern societies, the formal 'State' is a secondary specialized political institution developed in advanced societies.

خاندان، معیشت اور مذہب بنیادی ترین ادارے ہیں جبکہ باضابطہ ریاست (State) بعد میں قائم شدہ ادارہ ہے۔

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1186📚👥 Sociology: InstitutionsNature of Social Institutions

Consider the following sociological statements:
a) Society is a system of social relationships while institutions are established rules of procedures.
b) Institutions are recognized and accepted by society.
c) Institutions govern relations between members of society.
d) Society represents the human aspect, while an institution is a social condition of conduct.
Which of the statements are correct?

Explanation

All four statements accurately represent the classical sociological distinction formulated by MacIver & Page between Society (the web of human relations) and Social Institutions (the established normative procedures and rules).

معاشرے اور سماجی اداروں کے تعلق کے بارے میں تمام چاروں بیانات (a, b, c, d) درست ہیں۔

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1187📚🧠 Clinical Psychology & Mental HealthObsessive Compulsive Disorder: Treatment Protocols

What evidence-based clinical treatment combination is standardly used for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Explanation

The gold-standard psychiatric treatment for moderate-to-severe OCD combines pharmacotherapy (SSRIs like Fluoxetine/Sertraline) with specialized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (specifically Exposure and Response Prevention, ERP).

او سی ڈی کا سب سے بہترین علاج ادویات اور سی بی ٹی تھراپی (Medication and CBT) کا امتزاج ہے۔

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1188📚⚖️ Human Rights & Women EmpowermentCEDAW Convention

Which international convention adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1979 is specifically dedicated to the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women?

Explanation

CEDAW (often described as an international bill of rights for women) was adopted by the United Nations in 1979 to eliminate gender-based discrimination in political, economic, social, and cultural fields.

خواتین کے حقوق کا بین الاقوامی کنونشن CEDAW (1979) ہے۔

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1189📚⚖️ Social Justice & Political TheoryJohn Rawls' Difference Principle

Which ethical and political theory provides the foundational justification for affirmative action and special welfare provisions for deprived and disadvantaged sections of society?

Explanation

John Rawls' 'Difference Principle' (in A Theory of Justice) asserts that social and economic inequalities are just only if they result in compensating benefits for the least-advantaged members of society, providing the philosophical basis for affirmative action.

جان رولز کا 'ڈفرنس پرنسپل' (Difference Theory) پسماندہ طبقات کو خصوصی مراعات دینے کی بنیاد فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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1190📚⚖️ International Law & Human RightsUN 1951 Refugee Convention Definition

According to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention, which one of the following statements is NOT CORRECT about Refugees?

Explanation

Statement B is incorrect: Under international law, economic hardship or poverty alone does not qualify a person for legal Refugee status; refugees are specifically defined by a well-founded fear of persecution, conflict, or violence.

بیان B غلط ہے کیونکہ صرف غربت کی بنیاد پر بین الاقوامی قانون میں پناہ گزین (Refugee) کا درجہ نہیں ملتا۔

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1191📚⚖️ Child Rights & Indian LegislationStatutory Definitions of Child in Indian Law

Which of the following Indian statutes specifically defines a 'Child' as a person who has not completed their fourteenth (14th) year of age?

Explanation

Under Section 2(ii) of the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, a 'Child' is defined as a person who has not completed 14 years of age (and adolescent as 14–18 years).

چائلڈ لیبر ایکٹ 1986 کے تحت 14 سال سے کم عمر شخص کو بچہ (Child) قرار دیا گیا ہے۔

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1192📚📊 Social Indicators & DemographyHuman Development: Literacy Rate

Which of the following demographic indicators is primarily used to measure the educational attainment within a society?

Explanation

The Literacy Rate (the percentage of population aged 7 and above who can read and write with understanding) is the primary demographic indicator of foundational educational attainment.

تعلیمی پیش رفت ناپنے کا بنیادی پیمانہ شرح خواندگی (Literacy Rate) ہے۔

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1193📚🌱 Environmental Science & Climate ChangeEnvironmental Terminology & Definitions

Match environmental concepts with their definitions:
a. Renewable Energy — 5. Energy derived from naturally replenished sources (sunlight, wind, water)
b. Carbon Footprint — 2. Total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities
c. Anthropogenic — 4. Resulting from the influence of human beings on nature
d. Climate Mitigation — 3. Actions taken to reduce or prevent GHG emissions
e. Greenhouse Effect — 1. Earth's atmosphere trapping solar radiation, increasing surface temperature

Explanation

Environmental definitions: Renewable energy is replenished naturally (a-5); Carbon footprint measures GHG emission total (b-2); Anthropogenic means human-caused (c-4); Mitigation means emissions reduction (d-3); Greenhouse effect warms the planet (e-1)

\implies

a-5, b-2, c-4, d-3, e-1.

ماحولیاتی اصطلاحات کے درست جوڑے a-5, b-2, c-4, d-3, e-1 ہیں۔

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1194📚⚖️ International Law & Human RightsPalermo Protocol on Human Trafficking

Which international treaty protocol is specifically designed to prevent, suppress, and punish human trafficking, especially of women and children?

Explanation

The Palermo Protocol (Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, adopted in 2000 under UNTOC) establishes the global legal framework against human trafficking.

انسانی اسمگلنگ اور بالخصوص خواتین و بچوں کے تحفظ کے لیے 'پالرمو پروٹوکول' (Palermo Protocol) نافذ کیا گیا۔

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1195📚👥 Social Work InterventionsRehabilitation of Beggars and Destitutes

Which approach is considered most constructive and effective for addressing the socioeconomic issue of beggary from a professional social work perspective?

Explanation

Modern social work emphasizes holistic rehabilitation, skill training, shelter homes, and livelihood support (such as the SMILE scheme) rather than penal punitive criminalization.

سماجی بہبود کے مطابق بھکاری پن کا حل پیشہ ورانہ تربیت اور بحالی کے پروگرام (Vocational training & rehabilitation) فراہم کرنا ہے۔

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1196📚🏛️ Public Administration & EthicsAnti-Corruption & Transparency Mechanisms

Which of the following institutional measures is most effective in curbing corruption within public administration?

Explanation

Establishing institutional transparency, robust anti-corruption oversight (Lokpal/CVC), citizen charters, RTI access, and automated digital procurement effectively curtails corruption.

کرپشن کے خاتمے کا سب سے مؤثر طریقہ سخت احتساب، شفافیت اور ڈیجیٹل نگرانی ہے۔

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1197📚🏛️ Governance & EthicsDefinition and Nature of Corruption

Which concept is internationally defined by Transparency International as 'the abuse of entrusted power for private gain'?

Explanation

Corruption is standardly defined in governance and sociology as the abuse of entrusted power, authority, or office for private, illicit personal gain.

ذاتی فائدے کے لیے اختیارات کا ناجائز استعمال 'کرپشن' (Corruption) کہلاتا ہے۔

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1198📚🔬 Human Nutrition & PhysiologyMicronutrients: Vitamin D and Calcium Absorption

Which vitamin is crucial for facilitating intestinal absorption and bone deposition of dietary Calcium?

Explanation

Vitamin D (Calcitriol) enhances intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption, essential for bone mineralization; deficiency causes Rickets in children and Osteomalacia in adults.

کیلشیم کو جسم میں جذب کرنے کے لیے وٹامن ڈی (Vitamin D) لازمی ہے۔

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1199📚🔬 Mineral Nutrition & PhysiologyEssential Minerals: Phosphorus

What is the primary physiological structural function of Phosphorus in the human body?

Explanation

Approximately 85% of body phosphorus combines with calcium in the skeleton to form hydroxyapatite crystals, providing structural hardness to bones and teeth.

انسانی جسم میں فاسفورس کا بنیادی کام ہڈیوں اور دانتوں کی مضبوطی اور نشوونما ہے۔

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1200📚💰 Social Security & Pension SchemesAtal Pension Yojana (APY)

What is the primary target group and focus of the 'Atal Pension Yojana' (APY)?

Explanation

Atal Pension Yojana (launched in May 2015) is a guaranteed pension scheme administered by PFRDA specifically targeted at workers in the Unorganised Sector to provide monthly pensions of ₹1,000 to ₹5,000 after age 60.

اٹل پنشن یوجنا کا بنیادی مقصد غیر منظم شعبے کے مزدوروں (Unorganised sector workers) کو پنشن فراہم کرنا ہے۔

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1201📚🌍 Important Days & ObservancesUN Observance Days Calendar

Match the international observance days with their respective dates:
a. International Day for the Elderly — 3. 1st October
b. World AIDS Day — 4. 1st December
c. World Food Day — 2. 16th October
d. Human Rights Day — 1. 10th December

Explanation

Observance calendar: Elderly Day = 1st October (a-3); World AIDS Day = 1st December (b-4); World Food Day = 16th October (c-2); Human Rights Day = 10th December (d-1)

\implies

a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1.

اہم بین الاقوامی ایام: بزرگوں کا دن (1 اکتوبر), ایڈز ڈے (1 دسمبر), فوڈ ڈے (16 اکتوبر), انسانی حقوق (10 دسمبر) یعنی a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1۔

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1202📚⚖️ Social Legislation & Senior CitizensSenior Citizens Welfare Act 2007

Which Union Ministry is the nodal authority responsible for administering the "Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007"?

Explanation

The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE), Government of India, is the nodal central ministry overseeing welfare legislation and tribunals for senior citizens under the 2007 Act.

والدین اور معمر شہریوں کے فلاحی ایکٹ 2007 کی نوڈل وزارت سماجی انصاف و بااختیاری (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment) ہے۔

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1203📚🏥 Health Assurance Schemes in IndiaAyushman Bharat PM-JAY

Which flagship national health assurance programme in India provides comprehensive secondary and tertiary hospitalization cover up to ₹5 lakh per family per year?

Explanation

Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) is the world's largest government-funded health assurance scheme, providing cashless cover of up to ₹5,00,000 per family per year for secondary and tertiary care.

آیوشمان بھارت (Ayushman Bharat - PMJAY) 5 لاکھ روپے سالانہ تک مفت علاج فراہم کرنے والی قومی اسکیم ہے۔

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1204📚📚 Education & National PoliciesNational Education Policy (NEP) 2020: School Structure

What is one of the primary goals of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 in terms of school education structure?

Explanation

NEP 2020 replaces the traditional 10+2 school structure with a flexible 5+3+3+4 pedagogical structure corresponding to ages 3–18.

NEP 2020 اسکول کی 10+2 ساخت کو ختم کر کے 5+3+3+4 پیڈاگوجیکل نصاب متعارف کراتی ہے۔

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1205📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Assemble the scattered segments into a coherent sentence:
P. mornings at her grandmother's house
Q. baked bread filled the kitchen
R. The aroma of freshly
S. It reminded her of childhood

Explanation

The logical sequence is RQSP: "The aroma of freshly (R) baked bread filled the kitchen (Q). It reminded her of childhood (S) mornings at her grandmother's house (P)."

جملے کی درست منطقی ترتیب RQSP ہے۔

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1206📚📖 General EnglishSpotting Errors: Verb Tenses

Find out the error part in the sentence:
"His perspicacious (a) / observations would have revealed (b) / insights that had (c) / previously gone unnoticed (d)."

Explanation

Part (b) contains the error: In a simple declarative factual statement about past capability or outcome, "revealed" or "had revealed" should be used instead of the conditional perfect "would have revealed".

حصہ (b) میں غیر ضروری کنڈیشنل پرفیکٹ کی بجائے سادہ فعل 'revealed' یا 'had revealed' ہونا چاہیے تھا۔

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1207📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Convert into indirect speech: He said, "I am going to the market now."

Explanation

Present continuous ('am going') shifts to past continuous ('was going'), 'I' changes to 'he', and 'now' changes to 'then': "He said that he was going to the market then."

ان ڈائریکٹ اسپیچ میں 'am going' → 'was going' اور 'now' → 'then' بنتا ہے۔

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1208📚🌊 Dams and Water Resources of IndiaMajor Dams of Karnataka

Match the dams in Karnataka with their corresponding rivers:
i) Supa Dam — 3. Kali / Kalinadi River
ii) Almatti Dam — 2. Krishna River
iii) Linganamakki Dam — 1. Sharavathi River

Explanation

Dams and rivers in Karnataka: Supa Dam is built on the Kalinadi River (i-3); Almatti Dam on the Krishna River (ii-2); Linganamakki Dam on the Sharavathi River (iii-1)

\implies

i-3, ii-2, iii-1.

کرناٹک کے ڈیم: سوپا ڈیم (کالیندی i-3)، الماتی ڈیم (کرشنا ii-2)، لنگنا مکی ڈیم (شراوتی iii-1)۔

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1209📚🗺️ Climatology & Atmospheric CirculationPlanetary Winds: ITCZ

The low-pressure equatorial belt where the Northeast and Southeast trade winds converge is known as the

Explanation

The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is the broad equatorial trough of low pressure where the trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres converge, associated with convective thunderstorms.

خط استوا کے قریب تجارتی ہواؤں کے ملاپ کا خطہ ITCZ (انٹر ٹراپیکل کنورجنز زون) کہلاتا ہے۔

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1210📚🎨 Handicrafts & Art of KashmirKashmiri Kashida & Aari Embroidery

Which type of fine embroidery stitch is predominantly used in Kashmiri Kashida (Aari) embroidery on shawls and pherans?

Explanation

Kashmiri Kashida embroidery prominently employs the Chain Stitch (worked with a specialized pointed hooked needle called an Aari), producing floral chinar and paisley motifs.

کشمیری کشیدہ کاری میں بنیادی طور پر زنجیری ٹانکہ یعنی چین اسٹچ (Chain stitch) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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1211📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSet Theory & Percentages

In an examination, 77% of students passed in Mathematics and 82% passed in Computer Science. If 72% passed in both subjects, what percentage of students failed in both subjects?

Explanation

Percentage passing at least one subject:

P(M \cup C) = P(M) + P(C) - P(M \cap C) = 77\% + 82\% - 72\% = 87\%

. Percentage failing both subjects

= 100\% - 87\% = 13\%

.

دونوں مضامین میں فیل ہونے والے طلباء کا تناسب

= 100 - (77 + 82 - 72) = 100 - 87 = 13\%

ہے۔

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1212📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeTime and Work: Typing Rates

A and B work together to type a 134-page assignment. A types 65 pages in 5 hours, and B types 84 pages in 7 hours. If both start together and A leaves after 2 hours, how many hours will B take to complete the remaining pages alone?

Explanation

Typing speeds:

R_A = \frac{65}{5} = 13\text{ pages/hr}

,

R_B = \frac{84}{7} = 12\text{ pages/hr}

. In the first 2 hours, together they type

(13 + 12) \times 2 = 50\text{ pages}

. Remaining pages

= 134 - 50 = 84\text{ pages}

. Time for B alone

= \frac{84}{12} = 7\text{ hours}

.

باقی صفحات ٹائپ کرنے میں B کو درکار وقت = \frac{84}{12} = 7 گھنٹے ہے۔

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1213📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection & Displacement

Ravi walks 10 km East, turns right and walks 5 km South, turns right and walks 10 km West, and finally turns left and walks 10 km South. What is the shortest distance from his current position to his home?

Explanation

Coordinates: From (0,0) → East 10 km (10, 0) → South 5 km (10, -5) → West 10 km (0, -5) → South 10 km (0, -15). Shortest distance from home (0,0) to final point (0, -15) is exactly 15 km.

گھر سے آخری مقام کا سیدھا فاصلہ 5 + 10 = 15 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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1214📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

A cyclist travels from A to B at 30 km/h for the first 1/3rd of the distance. Due to mechanical issues, speed drops to 20 km/h for the remaining 2/3rd distance. If total trip takes 8 hours, what is total distance between A and B?

Explanation

Let total distance be

D

. Time taken:

T = \frac{D/3}{30} + \frac{2D/3}{20} = \frac{D}{90} + \frac{D}{30} = \frac{4D}{90} = 8\text{ hours} \implies D = \frac{8 \times 90}{4} = 180\text{ km}

.

کل فاصلہ D = \frac{8 \times 90}{4} = 180 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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1215📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms

Choose the word most similar in meaning to: ABEYANCE

Explanation

'Abeyance' means a state of temporary disuse, inactivity, or suspension.

'Abeyance' کا مترادف لفظ عارضی التواء یا معطلی (Temporary Suspension) ہے۔

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1216📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms

Choose the word most opposite in meaning to: ANIMATED

Explanation

'Animated' means lively, spirited, and full of vigor. Its antonym is 'Dull' (lifeless, boring, or sluggish).

'Animated' (پرجوش/زندہ دل) کا متضاد لفظ 'Dull' (بے جان/سست) ہے۔

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1217📚💻 MS WordCross-References & Bookmarks

Which of the following elements can be inserted as a Cross-Reference target in Microsoft Word?

Explanation

Cross-references in MS Word allow automated navigation to specific Bookmarks, Headings, Footnotes, Figures, and numbered items.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں کراس ریفرنس کے طور پر بُک مارکس (Bookmarks) اور ہیڈنگز شامل کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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1218📚💻 MS ExcelFormula Referencing

What happens when you select a cell in MS Excel and type "=C19" followed by pressing Enter?

Explanation

Entering `=C19` creates a dynamic formula reference, causing the target cell to display whatever value is present in cell C19.

منتخب سیل میں وہی قیمت نظر آئے گی جو سیل C19 میں موجود ہے۔

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1219📚💻 MS ExcelNumber Formatting: Accounting Style

In MS Excel, the Accounting number format displays negative numbers enclosed in

Explanation

The standard Accounting Number Format aligns currency symbols and encloses negative numeric values in Parentheses `( )` instead of a minus sign.

ایکسل کے اکاؤنٹنگ فارمیٹ میں منفی اعداد بریکٹس یا کوسین (Parentheses) میں دکھائے جاتے ہیں۔

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1220📚💻 MS ExcelExcel Interface: Formula Bar

Which dedicated area in an MS Excel window allows typing, viewing, and editing data values and cell formulas?

Explanation

The Formula Bar (located directly above the worksheet grid) displays the underlying formula or text value of the active cell and allows editing.

فارمولا بار (Formula Bar) میں فارمولے اور قیمتیں درج و تبدیل کی جاتی ہیں۔

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1221📚💻 MS Excel FundamentalsSpreadsheet Components: Cells

The rectangular intersection of a column and a row in a spreadsheet worksheet is called a

Explanation

A Cell is the fundamental building block in a spreadsheet created by the intersection of a vertical column and a horizontal row (e.g., A1, B5).

قطار اور کالم کے درمیانی خانے کو سیل (Cell) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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1222📚💻 Digital Media & GraphicsColor Models: RGB

In computer graphics, digital imaging, and video displays, the acronym 'RGB' stands for

Explanation

RGB stands for the additive primary color model: Red, Green, and Blue, used in monitors, digital video, and image processing.

کمپیوٹر کلر ماڈل میں RGB کا مخفف 'Red, Green, Blue' ہے۔

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1223📚💻 MS PowerPointSlide Transitions vs Animations

In Microsoft PowerPoint, special visual effects used to introduce and transition between slides during a presentation are called

Explanation

Slide Transitions are the motion effects that occur when moving from one slide to the next during a full Slide Show.

ایک سلائیڈ سے دوسری سلائیڈ پر جاتے وقت ظاہر ہونے والے اثرات کو سلائیڈ ٹرانزیشنز (Slide transitions) کہتے ہیں۔

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1224📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentages: Relative Comparison

The salary of Ram is 60% more than Sham. How much percent is Sham's salary less than Ram's?

Explanation

Let Sham's salary

= 100

. Then Ram's salary

= 160

. Percentage Sham is less

= \frac{160 - 100}{160} \times 100 = \frac{60}{160} \times 100 = \frac{3}{8} \times 100 = 37.5\% = 37\frac{1}{2}\%

.

شام کی تنخواہ رام سے فیصد کم

= \frac{60}{160} \times 100 = 37\frac{1}{2}\%

ہے۔

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1225📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeLinear Equations & Percentages

Two friends Sita and Gita gave an examination. Gita scored 9 marks more than Sita and her marks were 56% of the sum total of both their marks. What are the individual marks of Sita and Gita?

Explanation

Let Sita

= S

, Gita

= S + 9

. Total

= 2S + 9

. Given:

S + 9 = 0.56(2S + 9) \implies S + 9 = 1.12S + 5.04 \implies 0.12S = 3.96 \implies S = 33

. Thus Gita

= 33 + 9 = 42

. Marks are 33 and 42.

سیتا کے نمبرات 33 اور گیتا کے نمبرات 42 حاصل ہوتے ہیں۔

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1226📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

Mohan has to reach Bangalore (500 km away) at 5:30 pm, starting at 7:30 am. He travels the first 200 km at

50\text{ km/hr}

and the next 3 hours at

60\text{ km/hr}

. At what speed must he travel the remaining distance to arrive on time?

Explanation

Total time

= 10\text{ hours}

. Time for first 200 km

= 200 / 50 = 4\text{ hours}

. Next 3 hours at 60 km/hr covers

3 \times 60 = 180\text{ km}

. Distance covered

= 380\text{ km}

in 7 hours. Remaining distance

= 120\text{ km}

in 3 hours. Required speed

= 120 / 3 = 40\text{ km/hr}

.

باقی 120 کلومیٹر 3 گھنٹوں میں طے کرنے کے لیے مطلوبہ رفتار

= \frac{120}{3} = 40\text{ km/hr}

ہے۔

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1227📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProbability: Card Decks

A card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of 52 playing cards. A gambler bets that it is either a spade or an ace. What is the probability of losing the bet?

Explanation

Winning cards (Spade or Ace)

= 13\text{ spades} + 3\text{ other aces} = 16

. Losing cards

= 52 - 16 = 36

. Probability of losing

= \frac{36}{52} = \frac{9}{13}

.

شرط ہارنے کا امکان

= \frac{36}{52} = \frac{9}{13}

ہے۔

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1228📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeLCM & HCF: Bell Intervals

Four bells ring simultaneously at 9:00 am at intervals of 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes respectively. When will all four bells next toll together?

Explanation

\text{LCM}(10, 20, 30, 40) = 120\text{ minutes} = 2\text{ hours}

. Next simultaneous ringing

= 9:00\text{ am} + 2\text{ hours} = 11:00\text{ am}

.

تمام گھنٹیاں اگلی بار 9 am + 2 گھنٹے = 11:00 am پر ایک ساتھ بجیں گی۔

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1229📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePipes and Cisterns

Pipes P and Q can fill a tank in 20 and 10 minutes respectively, while pipe R can empty it in

x

minutes. When all three open together, the tank fills in 12 minutes. Find

x

.

Explanation

\frac{1}{20} + \frac{1}{10} - \frac{1}{x} = \frac{1}{12} \implies \frac{3}{20} - \frac{1}{12} = \frac{1}{x} \implies \frac{9 - 5}{60} = \frac{4}{60} = \frac{1}{15} \implies x = 15\text{ minutes}

.

پائپ R ٹینک کو 15 منٹ میں خالی کر سکتا ہے۔

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1230📚🧩 Logical ReasoningOdd Letter Group Out

Find the odd one out among the letter triplets:

Explanation

In FHJ/USQ, XVT/CEG, and RPN/IKM, the letter spacing strictly follows uniform steps of 2 along with opposite pairs. VTQ (gap of 2 then 3) breaks this uniform 2-letter gap rule.

حروف کے وقفے کے پیٹرن میں فرق کی وجہ سے VTQ: EGJ مختلف ہے۔

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1231📚🧩 Logical Venn DiagramsVenn Diagram Relationships

Which Venn diagram indicates the relationship between: Profit, Dividend, Bonus?

Explanation

Dividend and Bonus are distinct disbursements paid out of total corporate Profit. They are two separate categories enclosed within Profit.

ڈیویڈنڈ اور بونس دونوں منافع (Profit) کا حصہ ہوتے ہیں، اس لیے بڑے دائرے کے اندر دو الگ دائرے درست ہیں۔

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1232📚🧩 Logical ReasoningFictitious Language Deciphering

In a code language:
- CUL WAP DIR = red little box
- SUT MAD BIX = well arranged pile
- BIX FAC DIR = pile of boxes
What is the code for the word 'OF'?

Explanation

'DIR' is common between 1st and 3rd ('box'). 'BIX' is common between 2nd and 3rd ('pile'). The remaining word in 3rd statement 'of' corresponds to 'FAC'.

مشترک الفاظ نکالنے کے بعد لفظ 'OF' کا کوڈ 'FAC' ہے۔

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1233📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms

The synonym of the word CIRCUMLOCUTION is

Explanation

'Circumlocution' is the use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or roundabout (closely related to euphemistic periphrasis).

'Circumlocution' کا مطلب بات کو گھما پھرا کر کہنا (Euphemism/Periphrasis) ہے۔

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1234📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions

Fill in the blank: "The officials have the habit of fawning ______ ministers."

Explanation

The standard preposition with the verb 'fawn' (to display exaggerated flattery or affection) is 'on' or 'upon'.

لفظ 'fawning' کے ساتھ پریپوزیشن 'upon' یا 'on' آتی ہے۔

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1235📚📖 General EnglishPrepositional Errors

Spot the error: "I do not understand why in spite of my best efforts to please him, my boss is so angry at me."

Explanation

One is 'angry with' a person (and 'angry at/about' a situation). Hence "angry at me" should be "angry with me".

کسی شخص سے ناراض ہونے کے لیے 'angry with me' درست ہے۔

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1236📚📖 General EnglishPrepositional Idioms

Spot the error: "Innovations into the field of artificial intelligence can help to increase the wages of the workforce provided workers have the necessary skills."

Explanation

The correct preposition is 'in the field of', not 'into the field of'. Hence part A has an error.

درست فقرہ 'Innovations in the field of' ہے۔

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1237📚📖 General EnglishParts of Speech

Identify the part of speech of the bold word: "Jeff longed for a pity party after he lost his job."

Explanation

'Longed' functions as the main finite action/state Verb in the past tense, meaning to have an earnest yearning or desire.

'Longed' جملے میں فعل (Verb) کے طور پر آیا ہے۔

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1238📚📖 General EnglishCommon Errors: Comprise vs Consist

Spot the error: "The three storey building comprises of six houses, two parking lots and one basement."

Explanation

The verb 'comprises' means 'consists of' and must never be followed by the preposition 'of' in active voice. It should read "comprises six houses".

'Comprises' کے ساتھ 'of' نہیں لگایا جاتا، لہذا حصہ A میں غلطی ہے۔

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1239📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension: Vocabulary in Context

Based on the reading passage, which sentence expresses the contextual meaning of 'DISENGAGEMENT'?

Explanation

'Disengagement' in learning refers to emotional and cognitive detachment, lack of participation, and loss of involvement.

'Disengagement' کا مفہوم بے تعلقی اور علیحدگی (Air of detachment) ہے۔

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1240📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension

According to the passage, the new digital split approach in education will

Explanation

The passage explicitly notes: "Looking at the new digital split, the approach may increase the equality gaps."

ڈیجیٹل تقسیم سے سماجی و تعلیمی عدم مساوات (Equality gaps) بڑھ سکتی ہے۔

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1241📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension

According to the passage, online classes provided distinct advantages for learners due to:
i. Self-paced study
ii. Reduced commuting
iii. Cost efficiency (cutting travel expenses)
iv. Increased engagement

Explanation

The concluding paragraph specifically identifies: studying at preferred pace (i), reduced commuting (ii), and cutting down travel expenses (iii). Disengagement was a risk, not an advantage.

آن لائن کلاسز کے فوائد: اپنی رفتار سے پڑھائی، سفر میں کمی اور اخراجات کی بچت (i, ii, iii) ہیں۔

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1242📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Test

Choose the correctly spelt word:

Explanation

The correct spelling is Assiduous (showing great care, effort, and perseverance).

درست ہجے Assiduous (محنتی) ہے۔

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1243📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Test

Choose the correctly spelt word:

Explanation

The correct spelling is Facsimile (an exact copy or reproduction of written material).

درست ہجے Facsimile (ہوبہو نقل) ہے۔

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1244📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Errors in Context

Find the wrongly spelt word in the sentence: "The emission of smoke and toxic chemicals has been raising the level of sulfur dioxde in the atmosphere"

Explanation

'dioxde' is misspelled; the correct chemical spelling is dioxide (sulfur dioxide).

'dioxde' غلط ہجے ہے، درست لفظ 'dioxide' ہے۔

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1245📚🏆 Sports & Important Days in IndiaNational Sports Day (29 August)

When is National Sports Day celebrated annually in India?

Explanation

National Sports Day (Rashtriya Khel Divas) is celebrated on August 29 to mark the birth anniversary of Indian hockey wizard Major Dhyan Chand.

ہندوستان میں قومی یوم کھیل 29 اگست کو میجر دھیان چند کے یوم پیدائش پر منایا جاتا ہے۔

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1246📚🦁 National Parks & Biosphere ReservesNanda Devi Biosphere Reserve

The Nanda Devi National Park and Biosphere Reserve is located in which Indian State?

Explanation

Nanda Devi National Park (a UNESCO World Heritage Site surrounding peak Nanda Devi,

7,816\text{ m}

) is located in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand.

نندا دیوی نیشنل پارک اتراکھنڈ (Uttarakhand) میں واقع ہے۔

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1247📚🗺️ Historical Geography of J&KAncient Names of Rivers: Hydaspes (Jhelum)

Which river of Jammu and Kashmir was named 'Hydaspes' by ancient Greek historians (e.g. at the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC)?

Explanation

The Greeks referred to the Jhelum River (Vitasta in Sanskrit, Vyeth in Kashmiri) as the Hydaspes, famous for the Battle of the Hydaspes between Alexander the Great and King Porus.

یونانی مورخین دریائے جہلم کو ہائیڈاسپس (Hydaspes) کہتے تھے۔

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1248📚🗺️ Physical Geography of IndiaWestern Ghats / Sahyadri Range

What is the traditional indigenous name of the Western Ghats mountain range running parallel to India's west coast?

Explanation

The Western Ghats (a UNESCO World Heritage biodiversity hotspot) are traditionally and geographically known as the Sahyadri mountain range in Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka.

مغربی گھاٹ کو سہیادری (Sahyadri Range) بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔

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1249📚🗺️ Lagoons & Wetlands of IndiaChilika Lake of Odisha

Chilika Lake, the largest brackish water coastal lagoon in India and second largest in the world, is located in which state?

Explanation

Chilika Lake (spread over

1,100\text{ km}^2

at the mouth of the Daya River) is India's largest brackish water coastal lagoon, situated in the state of Odisha.

ہندوستان کی سب سے بڑی کھارے پانی کی جھیل چلکا جھیل اوڈیشہ (Odisha) میں ہے۔

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1250📚🔬 Physics & Modern ScienceEinstein's Theory of Relativity

Who formulated the revolutionary Special and General Theories of Relativity in modern physics?

Explanation

Albert Einstein proposed the Special Theory of Relativity in 1905 (

E = mc^2

) and the General Theory of Relativity in 1915.

نظریہ اضافیت (Theory of Relativity) البرٹ آئن سٹائن نے پیش کیا تھا۔

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1251📚🏆 Domestic Sports Tournaments of IndiaCricket Tournaments: Irani Trophy

The prestigious Irani Trophy in Indian domestic sports is associated with which game?

Explanation

The Irani Cup (Irani Trophy, instituted in 1959–60) is an annual first-class Cricket tournament played between the reigning Ranji Trophy champions and the Rest of India team.

ایرانی ٹرافی کا تعلق فرسٹ کلاس کرکٹ (Cricket) سے ہے۔

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1252📚🗺️ Physical Geography of IndiaCoastlines of Indian States

Which Indian state has the longest mainland coastline (spanning approximately

1,600\text{ km}

)?

Explanation

Gujarat has the longest mainland coastline in India (

1,600\text{ km}

), followed by Andhra Pradesh (

974\text{ km}

) and Tamil Nadu (

907\text{ km}

).

ہندوستان میں سب سے طویل ساحلی پٹی گجرات (1600 کلومیٹر) کی ہے۔

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1253📚🌾 Agriculture & Festivals of J&KPampore Saffron Festival

In which month is the vibrant Saffron Festival (Jashn-e-Zafran) celebrated in Pampore, Jammu & Kashmir?

Explanation

The Saffron Festival is celebrated in November during the peak autumn purple blossom harvest season across the Karewas of Pampore.

پامپور میں زعفران فیسٹیول فصل کٹائی کے دوران نومبر (November) میں منایا جاتا ہے۔

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1254📚🌱 Environmental ScienceGreenhouse Gases

Which of the following atmospheric gases is NOT categorized as a direct greenhouse gas?

Explanation

Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and Carbon Dioxide are potent greenhouse gases that absorb infrared radiation. Diatomic Hydrogen (

\text{H}_2

) is not a direct greenhouse gas.

ہائیڈروجن گیس (Hydrogen) براہ راست گرین ہاؤس گیس نہیں ہے۔

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1255📚📖 General EnglishOdd Word Out & Vocabulary

In this question, four words have been given, out of which three are alike in some manner and the fourth one is different. Choose out the odd one.

Explanation

Conjecture, Surmise, and Speculate are synonyms meaning to form an opinion or guess without firm proof. 'Terrible' is an evaluative adjective meaning extremely bad or dreadful, making it the odd one out.

Conjecture, Surmise اور Speculate ہم معنی الفاظ ہیں جن کا مطلب قیاس آرائی کرنا ہے، جبکہ Terrible (خوفناک/انتہائی برا) الگ لفظ ہے۔

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1256📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit, Loss and Discounts

A shopkeeper gains a profit of 15% on selling a book after offering a 20% discount on the marked printed price. The ratio of the printed price to the cost price of the book is:

Explanation

Selling Price:

SP = MP \times (1 - 0.20) = 0.80 MP

.
Also

SP = CP \times (1 + 0.15) = 1.15 CP

.

0.80 MP = 1.15 CP \implies \frac{MP}{CP} = \frac{1.15}{0.80} = \frac{115}{80} = \frac{23}{16}

.

چھپی ہوئی قیمت اور لاگت قیمت کا تناسب

= \frac{1.15}{0.80} = \frac{23}{16}

ہے۔

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1257📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSuccessive Discounts

In a Diwali sale, there was a 25% discount on electric choppers. Sudha received an additional 10% cash discount and paid Rs. 405. What was the original tagged printed price of the chopper?

Explanation

Net price after successive discounts of 25% and 10%:

P = MP \times (1 - 0.25) \times (1 - 0.10) = 0.75 \times 0.90 \times MP = 0.675 MP

.

0.675 MP = 405 \implies MP = \frac{405}{0.675} = \text{Rs. } 600

.

الیکٹرک چوپر کی اصل قیمت = \frac{405}{0.675} = 600 روپے تھی۔

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1258📚🧮 GeometryCircle Tangents & Angles

In a circle with centre O, diameter AB is produced to an external point P, and PT is tangent to the circle at point C. If

\angle BPT = 28^\circ

, what is the measure of

\angle BCP

?

Explanation

In

\Delta OPC

,

OC \perp PT \implies \angle OCP = 90^\circ

.

\angle POC = 180^\circ - (90^\circ + 28^\circ) = 62^\circ

.
Since

OB = OC

(radii),

\Delta OBC

is isosceles with

\angle OBC = \angle OCB = \frac{180^\circ - 62^\circ}{2} = 59^\circ

.

\angle BCP = \angle OCP - \angle OCB = 90^\circ - 59^\circ = 31^\circ

.

دائرے کے جیومیٹری اصول سے

\angle BCP = 90^circ - 59^circ = 31^circ

ہے۔

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1259📚📊 Data InterpretationPie Charts: Sector Comparisons

The pie chart shows how the school fund is spent under different heads in a certain school:

School Budget Pie Chart

If the total expenditure of the school was 90 lakh, what percentage of the money is spent on Arts and Craft relative to the money spent on Sports?

Explanation

\text{Percentage} = \frac{\text{Art and Craft Angle}}{\text{Sports Angle}} \times 100 = \frac{90^\circ}{120^\circ} \times 100 = \frac{3}{4} \times 100 = 75\%

.

آرٹس اور کرافٹ کا اسپورٹس کے مقابلے تناسب

= \frac{90}{120} \times 100 = 75\%

ہے۔

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1260📚🏆 Sports of IndiaNational Sport Tradition: Hockey

Which sport is widely recognized in national sporting tradition as the national game of India?

Explanation

While India does not have a legally declared official national sport under the Ministry of Youth Affairs, Field Hockey is universally recognized in traditional curriculum as India's national game.

ہندوستان کا روایتی قومی کھیل ہاکی (Hockey) مانا جاتا ہے۔

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1261📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryQuit India Movement: Do or Die Slogan

Which Indian freedom fighter gave the clarion call slogan 'Do or Die' (Karo ya Maro) during the Quit India Movement in 1942?

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi delivered the famous 'Do or Die' speech at Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay on 8 August 1942, launching the Quit India Movement.

1942 کی بھارت چھوڑو تحریک میں 'کرو یا مرو' (Do or Die) کا نعرہ مہاتما گاندھی نے دیا تھا۔

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1262📚📊 Census of India 2011Literacy Statistics across Indian States

According to the Census of India 2011, which states recorded the maximum and minimum literacy rates respectively?

Explanation

In the 2011 Census, Kerala recorded the highest literacy rate at 94.00%, while Bihar recorded the lowest literacy rate at 61.80%.

2011 کی مردم شماری کے مطابق سب سے زیادہ شرح خواندگی کیرالہ میں اور سب سے کم بہار میں تھی۔

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1263📚⚖️ Indian Polity & National SymbolsNational Flag of India

In the National Flag of India (Tiranga), which color band is positioned at the bottom?

Explanation

The Indian National Flag is a horizontal tricolour of India Saffron at the top, White in the middle (with the navy blue 24-spoke Ashoka Chakra), and India Green (Dark Green) at the bottom.

ترنگے کے سب سے نچلے حصے میں گہرا سبز (Dark Green) رنگ ہوتا ہے۔

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1264📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

A and B travel the same distance at speeds of 9 km/h and 12 km/h respectively. If A takes 11 minutes longer than B, what is the distance travelled by each?

Explanation

Let distance be

D

. Difference in time

= 11\text{ minutes} = \frac{11}{60}\text{ hours}

.

\frac{D}{9} - \frac{D}{12} = \frac{11}{60} \implies \frac{4D - 3D}{36} = \frac{11}{60} \implies \frac{D}{36} = \frac{11}{60} \implies D = \frac{11 \times 36}{60} = \frac{396}{60} = 6.6\text{ km}

.

کل فاصلہ D = \frac{11 \times 36}{60} = 6.6 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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1265📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProfit and Loss

A person incurs a 5% loss by selling a watch for Rs. 1140. At what price should the watch be sold to earn a 5% profit?

Explanation

Cost Price:

CP = \frac{1140}{1 - 0.05} = \frac{1140}{0.95} = \text{Rs. } 1200

.
For 5% profit:

SP = 1200 \times (1 + 0.05) = 1200 \times 1.05 = \text{Rs. } 1260

.

5 فیصد نفع کمانے کے لیے گھڑی کی فروخت قیمت = 1200 \times 1.05 = 1260 روپے ہوگی۔

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1266📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSuccessive Discounts Formula

Find a single discount equivalent to two successive discounts of 10% and 20%.

Explanation

Formula for equivalent single discount:

D = d_1 + d_2 - \frac{d_1 d_2}{100} = 10 + 20 - \frac{10 \times 20}{100} = 30 - 2 = 28\%

.

10% اور 20% کے پے در پے ڈسکاؤنٹ کا واحد مساوی ڈسکاؤنٹ

= 28\%

ہے۔

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1267📚🌱 Indian AgricultureCropping Patterns: Food Crops vs Cash Crops

Which of the following agricultural crops is categorized as a commercial Cash Crop?

Explanation

Sugarcane is a premier commercial cash crop grown specifically for agro-industrial processing into sugar and ethanol.

گنا (Sugarcane) ایک اہم نقد آور فصل (Cash crop) ہے۔

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1268📚📜 History & Culture of J&KRishi Order: Sheikh Noor-ud-Din

Who was the renowned 14th-century mystic saint of Kashmir who founded the indigenous Rishi order (Reshiyat) and assumed the title of Rishi?

Explanation

Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Noorani (Alamdar-e-Kashmir, also known as Nund Rishi, 1377–1438) founded the spiritual Rishi order promoting communal harmony, non-violence, and Kashmiri spiritual poetry (Shruks).

کشمیر کے پہلے صوفی بزرگ جنہوں نے ریشی تحریک کی بنیاد رکھی وہ شیخ نور الدین نورانی (نند ریشی) تھے۔

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1269📚📈 Indian EconomySectors of the Economy

Which of the following economic activities comes under the Tertiary (Services) Sector of the economy?

Explanation

Tourism and hospitality provide intangible consumer services and belong to the Tertiary sector. (Mining is primary, and manufacturing is secondary).

سیاحت (Tourism) معیشت کے تیسرے شعبے یعنی سروسز سیکٹر (Tertiary sector) کا حصہ ہے۔

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1270📚🌾 Agriculture & Geomorphology of J&KKashmir Saffron & Karewa Formations

The lacustrine plateau uplands of Pampore (locally called 'Wudar' or Karewas) in Kashmir are world-famous for the commercial cultivation of which precious spice?

Explanation

Pampore's Karewa formations (Wudar) provide ideal calcium-rich lacustrine soil and sub-temperate climate for Kashmir Saffron (Crocus sativus), which holds a GI tag.

پامپور کے ودر (Karewas) زعفران (Saffron) کی کاشت کے لیے دنیا بھر میں مشہور ہیں۔

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1271📚⚖️ Indian Constitution: Article 370Classification of Article 370

With respect to the erstwhile State of Jammu & Kashmir, Part XXI of the Constitution of India classified Article 370 under which heading?

Explanation

Part XXI of the Constitution of India is titled 'Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions', and Article 370 was explicitly titled 'Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir'.

آرٹیکل 370 آئین کے باب XXI میں عارضی دفعات (Temporary Provisions) کے تحت درج تھا۔

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1272📚🗺️ Physical Geography of IndiaHighest Peaks of India

The highest mountain peak located entirely within the undisputed sovereign territory of India (Kangchenjunga,

8,586\text{ m}

) is in which state?

Explanation

Mount Kangchenjunga (

8,586\text{ m}

) in Sikkim is the highest peak in India (and 3rd highest in the world).

ہندوستان کی بلند ترین چوٹی کنچن جنگا ریاست سکم (Sikkim) میں واقع ہے۔

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1273📚🗺️ ClimatologyKöppen Climate Classification

Which world-famous climatologist was inspired by Albrecht Penck's geomorphological ideas to create the empirical Köppen Climate Classification system?

Explanation

Russian-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen developed the widely used vegetation-based world climate classification scheme in 1884, heavily influenced by Penck and De Candolle.

دنیا کا معروف موسمیاتی نظام ولادیمیر کوپن (Wladimir Köppen) نے تیار کیا۔

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1274📚🛣️ Transport & Highways of IndiaLongest National Highway: NH44 / NH7

Which is the longest National Highway in India, running

3,745\text{ km}

from Srinagar to Kanyakumari (formerly designated as NH-7 in the south)?

Explanation

National Highway 44 (formerly designated as NH-7 for its major central/southern segment) is India's longest highway spanning from Srinagar in J&K to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.

ہندوستان کا طویل ترین قومی شاہراہ NH44 (سابقہ NH7) ہے۔

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1275📚🌱 Agricultural Revolutions in IndiaGolden Revolution: Horticulture and Honey

The 'Golden Revolution' in Indian agriculture is associated with the exponential development of:

Explanation

The Golden Revolution (1991–2003, spearheaded by Nirpakh Tutej) focused on boosting production of Honey, Fruits, and overall Horticulture in India.

گولڈن ریولوشن (Golden Revolution) کا تعلق باغبانی، پھلوں اور شہد کی پیداوار سے ہے۔

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1276📚⚖️ Indian ConstitutionAdoption Date in the Preamble

Which specific historic date is solemnly mentioned in the Preamble of the Constitution of India as the date of its adoption?

Explanation

The Preamble concludes: "IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION."

آئین ہند کی تمہید میں منظور کرنے کی تاریخ 26 نومبر 1949 درج ہے۔

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1277📚🌱 Environmental Physics & ClimatologyMechanism of Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect in the Earth's atmosphere is physically produced due to the

Explanation

Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, H2O vapor) allow incoming solar shortwave visible light to pass through but absorb and re-emit the outgoing longwave infrared radiation back toward Earth's surface.

گرین ہاؤس اثر زمین سے خارج ہونے والی انفراریڈ تابکاری کو جذب اور واپس منعکس کرنے سے پیدا ہوتا ہے۔

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1278📚⚖️ Constitutional Law of J&KArticle 35A

Which now-repealed constitutional provision empowered the Jammu and Kashmir State Legislature to define 'Permanent Residents' and confer special rights and privileges regarding employment and property?

Explanation

Article 35A (inserted into the Indian Constitution via the 1954 Presidential Order) empowered the J&K legislature to define permanent residents and grant them exclusive rights.

جموں و کشمیر کے مستقل باشندوں کے حقوق کی حفاظت آرٹیکل 35A (Article 35A) کرتی تھی۔

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1279📚🛡️ Defense & National SecurityBSF Operations: Operation Alert

Which specialized security operation was launched by the Border Security Force (BSF) along the India-Pakistan International Border in J&K to prevent cross-border infiltration?

Explanation

The BSF frequently launches 'Operation Alert' along the 200 km International Border in Jammu to step up electronic surveillance and counter foggy winter infiltration attempts.

بی ایس ایف نے دراندازی روکنے کے لیے 'آپریشن الرٹ' (Operation Alert) شروع کیا۔

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1280📚🛣️ Strategic Infrastructure in J&K/LadakhBRO Project HIMANK

Consider the following statements regarding 'Project HIMANK':
1. It is a landmark infrastructure project of the Border Roads Organisation (BRO).
2. It is responsible for the construction and maintenance of roads and strategic mountain passes in the Ladakh region.
Which of the statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Both statements are correct: Project HIMANK (established in 1985 by BRO, known as 'The Mountain Tamers') builds and maintains strategic road networks, including passes at Khardung La and Umling La in Ladakh.

پروجیکٹ ہیمانک کے بارے میں دونوں بیانات (Both 1 and 2) بالکل درست ہیں۔

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1281📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Convert to indirect speech: He said, 'What are you doing?'

Explanation

The reporting verb 'said' changes to 'asked me', the question word 'what' acts as the conjunction, and the present continuous ('are you doing') shifts to past continuous ('I was doing'): "He asked me what I was doing."

ان ڈائریکٹ اسپیچ کا درست جملہ: "He asked me what I was doing." ہے۔

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1282📚📖 General EnglishMisplaced Modifiers: Only

Spot the error: "These days rich people only can afford the hospitality of the costly nursing homes and hospitals coming up all over the country."

Explanation

The limiting modifier 'only' is misplaced; it should be placed immediately before the noun phrase it modifies: "only rich people can afford" (not "rich people only").

لفظ 'only' کی جگہ غلط ہے، یہ 'only rich people' ہونا چاہیے۔

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1283📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Assemble the scattered segments into a coherent sentence:
P. agreed to a ceasefire today
Q. in which 51 people were killed
R. after a week of fighting
S. Georgian loyalists and rebel forces

Explanation

The logical sequence is SPRQ: "Georgian loyalists and rebel forces (S) agreed to a ceasefire today (P) after a week of fighting (R) in which 51 people were killed (Q)."

جملے کی درست ترتیب SPRQ ہے۔

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1284📚📖 General EnglishNoun Errors: Uncountable Nouns

Spot the error: "She gave me (a) / two important pieces of informations (b) / I had been waiting for (c) / the last two months (d)."

Explanation

'Information' is an uncountable mass noun that has no plural form 'informations'. The plural is expressed using 'pieces of information'.

'Information' غیر معدود اسم ہے، اس لیے 'informations' غلط ہے (pieces of information ہونا چاہیے)۔

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1285📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Test

Choose the correctly spelt word:

Explanation

The correct spelling is Continuum (a continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different).

درست ہجے Continuum ہے۔

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1286📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Test

Choose the correctly spelt word:

Explanation

The correct spelling is Pseudonym (a fictitious pen-name assumed by an author).

درست ہجے Pseudonym (فرضی نام/تخلص) ہے۔

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1287📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsSupercomputers & IT Infrastructure

Which ministry/department is responsible for the functioning of 'Pratyush', India's high-performance computing (HPC) system?

Explanation

Pratyush is a 4.0 Petaflops High Performance Computing (HPC) system established at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, operating under the Ministry of Earth Sciences for high-resolution weather and climate modeling.

'प्रत्युष' भारत का उच्च-प्रदर्शन कंप्यूटिंग सुपरकंप्यूटर है, जो पृथ्वी विज्ञान मंत्रालय (Ministry of Earth Sciences) के अधीन पुणे में मौसम पूर्वानुमान के लिए कार्यरत है।

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1288📚Geography of India & Physical GeographyMajor Sea Ports & Coastal Infrastructure

Explanation

1. Mormugao Port is situated in Goa (II)
2. Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT) is situated in Maharashtra (I)
3. Kamarajar Port (Ennore) is situated in Tamil Nadu (III).
Hence, the correct matching is 1-II, 2-I, 3-III.

1. मोरमुगाओ बंदरगाह: गोवा (II)
2. जवाहरलाल नेहरू बंदरगाह: महाराष्ट्र (I)
3. कामराजार बंदरगाह: तमिलनाडु (III)।
सही मिलान 1-II, 2-I, 3-III है।

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1289📚History of India & National MovementColonial Battles & Anglo Wars

Match the following wars with their corresponding periods:

| Column - X (War) | Column - Y (Period) |
| :--- | :--- |
| 1. First Anglo-Maratha War | I. 1848-1849 |
| 2. Second Sikh War | II. 1775-1782 |
| 3. Third Mysore War | III. 1790-1792 |

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

1. First Anglo-Maratha War was fought from 1775 to 1782 (II)
2. Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought from 1848 to 1849 (I)
3. Third Anglo-Mysore War was fought from 1790 to 1792 (III).
Correct matching code is 1-II, 2-I, 3-III.

1. प्रथम आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध: 1775-1782 (II)
2. द्वितीय आंग्ल-सिख युद्ध: 1848-1849 (I)
3. तृतीय आंग्ल-मैसूर युद्ध: 1790-1792 (III)।
सही कोड 1-II, 2-I, 3-III है।

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1290📚Geography of India & Physical GeographyAtmospheric Structure & Insolation

Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): The thickness of the atmosphere is maximum over the equator.
Reason (R): Low insolation and weak convection currents over the equator cause the atmosphere to expand.

Which of the following is the correct answer?

Explanation

Assertion (A) is correct: The troposphere (and overall atmosphere) is thickest at the equator (up to 18 km) compared to poles (8 km). Reason (R) is incorrect because the equator receives high insolation resulting in intense convection currents (not low insolation/weak currents) that push the air upward.

अभिकथन (A) सही है क्योंकि भूमध्य रेखा पर वायुमंडल (विशेषकर क्षोभमंडल) की मोटाई सर्वाधिक होती है। कारण (R) गलत है क्योंकि भूमध्य रेखा पर अत्यधिक सूर्यातप और शक्तिशाली संवहन धाराएँ होती हैं, न कि कमजोर। अतः Assertion सही है और Reason गलत है।

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1291📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTConstitutional History & Article 370

Which constitutional provision allowed Jammu and Kashmir to have its own flag before 2019?

Explanation

Article 370 of the Constitution of India granted special autonomous status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, allowing it to adopt its own Constitution (under Section 144 of the J&K Constitution) and separate state flag until August 2019.

भारतीय संविधान के अनुच्छेद 370 के तहत मिले विशेष दर्जे के कारण जम्मू और कश्मीर का अपना अलग संविधान और राज्य ध्वज था।

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1292📚Geography of India & Physical GeographyCoastal Geography & Famous Beaches of India

Explanation

1. Marina Beach is in Chennai, Tamil Nadu (II)
2. Kovalam Beach is in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (I)
3. Anjuna Beach is in North Goa (III).
Correct matching code: 1-II, 2-I, 3-III.

1. मरीना बीच: तमिलनाडु (II)
2. कोवलम बीच: केरल (I)
3. अंजुना बीच: गोवा (III)।
सही विकल्प 1-II, 2-I, 3-III है।

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1293📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsIndian Art, Culture & Classical Folk Dances

Explanation

1. Andhra Pradesh: Lambadi and Dhimsa folk dances (I)
2. Gujarat: Bhavai and Juriun/Garba folk dances (II)
3. Kerala: Kathakali (classical) and Ottamthullal folk dance (III).
Correct matching code is 1-I, 2-II, 3-III.

1. आंध्र प्रदेश: लंबाडी, ढिमसा (I)
2. गुजरात: भवई, जुरियन (II)
3. केरल: कथकली, ओट्टमथुल्लल (III)।
सही विकल्प 1-I, 2-II, 3-III है।

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1294📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTArt, Handicrafts & Cultural Heritage of J&K

The art of Pashmina weaving in Kashmir is an example of which type of cultural expression?

Explanation

Pashmina shawl weaving (spun from Changthangi goat wool) is an indigenous textile handicraft with Geographical Indication (GI) tag, representing Kashmir's master craft heritage.

कश्मीर में पश्मीना बुनाई हस्तशिल्प (Handicrafts) और पारंपरिक वस्त्र कला का एक उत्कृष्ट उदाहरण है।

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1295📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTBorder Roads Organisation & Projects in Ladakh

Consider the following statements about Project HIMANK:
I. It is a project of NHAI
II. It is responsible for the construction of roads in J&K and Ladakh

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is incorrect: Project HIMANK (established in 1985) is a landmark project of the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), not NHAI. Statement II is correct: Project HIMANK is known as 'The Mountain Tamers' and is responsible for constructing world-record high-altitude roads (like Umling La and Khardung La) across Ladakh and J&K. Hence, II only is correct.

कथन I गलत है क्योंकि प्रोजेक्ट हिमांक (Project HIMANK) सीमा सड़क संगठन (BRO) का प्रोजेक्ट है, न कि NHAI का। कथन II सही है क्योंकि यह लद्दाख और जम्मू-कश्मीर में दुर्गम पर्वतीय सड़कों का निर्माण करता है। अतः केवल II सही है।

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1296📚General English & ComprehensionDirect and Indirect Speech

Select the alternative that best expresses the same sentence: I said to my sister, "Let us go to some hill station for a change."

Explanation

In indirect speech, sentences starting with 'Let us' convey a proposal or suggestion. The reporting verb changes to 'suggested to / proposed to', followed by 'that we should...'. Hence: 'I suggested to my sister that we should go to some hill station for a change.'

'Let us' वाले प्रस्ताव सूचक वाक्यों को Indirect Speech में बदलते समय 'suggested to... that we should...' का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

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1297📚General English & ComprehensionDirect and Indirect Speech

Select the alternative that best expresses the same sentence: "If you don't keep quiet I shall shoot you," she said to him in a calm voice.

Explanation

The threat represents a warning delivered in a calm manner. Pronouns shift from 'I' to 'she' and 'you' to 'him', with 'shall' becoming 'would': 'She warned him calmly that she would shoot him if he didn't keep quiet.'

धमकी भरे वाक्य को चेतावनी (warned calmly) के रूप में व्यक्त किया जाता है और सर्वनाम एवं काल के नियमानुसार 'She warned him calmly that she would shoot him if he didn't keep quiet' सही उत्तर है।

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1298📚General English & ComprehensionArticles & Determiners

Fill in the blanks: ______ weather was rainy, and we made ______ bet whether you would come.

Explanation

'Weather' in this specific situation refers to the specific prevailing weather of that day, taking the definite article 'The'. 'Made a bet' is a standard English idiomatic collocated phrase. Hence: 'The weather was rainy, and we made a bet...'

विशिष्ट मौसम के लिए 'The weather' और मुहावरेदार प्रयोग 'made a bet' में 'a' आएगा। अतः सही उत्तर 'The, a' है।

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1299📚General English & ComprehensionPrepositions

Fill in the blanks: Did you try looking ______ the door or ______ the cupboard?

Explanation

One naturally searches 'behind' a door (in the space hidden by an open/closed door) and 'in' (or inside) a cupboard where items are stored. Hence: 'behind the door or in the cupboard'.

दरवाजे के पीछे के लिए 'behind the door' और अलमारी के अंदर के लिए 'in the cupboard' का प्रयोग होगा।

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1300📚General English & ComprehensionSentence Completion & Vocabulary

Pick out the most effective word from the given words to fill in the blank: Even at the risk of economic loss, he ______ refused to take the beaten track.

Explanation

'Steadfastly' means with firm, unwavering purpose and determination, which fits the sentence: 'he steadfastly refused to take the beaten track.'

'Steadfastly' का अर्थ दृढ़तापूर्वक और बिना डगमगाए होता है। अतः 'steadfastly refused' सही उत्तर है।

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1301📚General English & ComprehensionError Spotting & Prepositions

Identify the part of the sentence that contains an error, to ensure the meaning is clear and relevant. If there is no error, select 'No error': The visitors complained at (A) / the poor accommodation (B) / they were provided with (C) / No error (D)

Explanation

The correct preposition with the verb 'complain' when referring to a grievance or condition is 'about' or 'of', not 'at'. It should read: 'The visitors complained about the poor accommodation...'. Therefore, part (A) contains the error.

'Complain' के साथ 'at' के स्थान पर 'about' या 'of' का प्रयोग होता है। अतः त्रुटि भाग (A) में है।

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1302📚General English & ComprehensionError Spotting & Voice

Identify the part of the sentence that contains an error, to ensure the meaning is clear and relevant. If there is no error, select 'No error': Arjun's parents died when he was young and (A) / he looked after his uncle (B) / who had no children. (C) / No error (D)

Explanation

In part (B), the context implies Arjun was brought up / cared for by his uncle after his parents died. The passive voice 'he was looked after by his uncle' is required. Using active 'he looked after his uncle' creates an illogical meaning.

वाक्य के संदर्भ से स्पष्ट है कि माता-पिता की मृत्यु के बाद अर्जुन का पालन-पोषण उसके चाचा द्वारा किया गया, इसलिए Passive Voice 'he was looked after by his uncle' होना चाहिए। त्रुटि भाग (B) में है।

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1303📚General English & ComprehensionDirect and Indirect Speech

Choose the option that best conveys the sentence: She asked, "Where are you going?"

Explanation

In indirect reporting of WH-questions, the interrogative sentence changes into assertive word order (Subject + Verb) and the present continuous ('are you going') shifts to past continuous ('I was going'): 'She asked where I was going.'

Indirect Speech में प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य साधारण वाक्य (Subject + Verb) के क्रम में बदल जाता है: 'She asked where I was going.'

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1304📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary

Out of the given group of words, choose the misspelt one.

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'Accommodation' (with double 'c' and double 'm'). 'Accomodation' is misspelt.

'Accommodation' की सही वर्तनी में दो 'c' और दो 'm' (c-c, m-m) होते हैं। अतः 'Accomodation' गलत वर्तनी है।

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1305📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningNumber Series & Pattern Completion

Choose the correct alternative that will continue the same pattern and fill in the blank space:

1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, (...), 54

Explanation

The pattern alternates multiplying by 2 and multiplying by 1.5:
-

1 \times 2 = 2

-

2 \times 1.5 = 3

-

3 \times 2 = 6

-

6 \times 1.5 = 9

-

9 \times 2 = 18

-

18 \times 1.5 = 27

-

27 \times 2 = 54

.
Hence, the missing number is 27.

श्रृंखला में बारी-बारी से

\times 2

और

\times 1.5

का गुणा हो रहा है:

18 \times 1.5 = 27

और

27 \times 2 = 54

। अतः सही संख्या 27 है।

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1306📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsSpeed, Time and Distance

A thief is noticed by a policeman from a distance of 300 m. The thief starts running and the policeman chases him. The thief and the policeman run at the rate of

10\text{ km/h}

and

11\text{ km/h}

, respectively. What is the distance between them after 6 mins?

Explanation

Relative speed of the policeman with respect to the thief:

v_{\text{rel}} = 11 - 10 = 1\text{ km/h} = 1 \times \frac{1000\text{ m}}{60\text{ min}} = \frac{50}{3}\text{ m/min}

Distance gained by policeman in 6 minutes:

d_{\text{gained}} = \frac{50}{3} \times 6 = 100\text{ metres}

Distance remaining between them after 6 minutes:

d_{\text{remaining}} = 300 - 100 = 200\text{ metres}.

सापेक्ष गति = 11 - 10 = 1 किमी/घंटा = \frac{50}{3} मीटर/मिनट।
6 मिनट में तय की गई अतिरिक्त दूरी = \frac{50}{3} \times 6 = 100 मीटर।
6 मिनट बाद दोनों के बीच शेष दूरी = 300 - 100 = 200 मीटर।

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1307📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningNon-Verbal Reasoning & Paper Folding

Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet (shown in (Z)) is folded at the dotted line.

Explanation

When the transparent sheet is folded along the central vertical dotted line, the symmetrical geometric lines on the left overlay directly with the right quadrant to form Figure I.

पारदर्शी शीट को बिंदीदार रेखा पर मोड़ने पर दोनों ओर के रेखाचित्र आपस में मिलकर चित्र I का निर्माण करते हैं।

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1308📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningLogical Situation Assessment

An Informal gathering happens when a group of people get together in a casual, relaxed manner. Which of the following is the best example of an informal gathering?

Explanation

Option A describes a spontaneous, unplanned, relaxed social choice among friends after work without structured agendas or formal invitations, which defines an informal gathering.

विकल्प A एक अनौपचारिक, सहज और बिना किसी पूर्व योजना या निमंत्रण के दोस्तों का मिलना दर्शाता है, जो अनौपचारिक बैठक (Informal Gathering) का सबसे सटीक उदाहरण है।

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1309📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningNon-Verbal Reasoning

Determine which of the four alternatives illustrates the pattern formed when the transparent sheet (as shown in (Z)) is folded along the dotted line.

Explanation

Folding the transparent sheet along the vertical center axis superimposes the outer triangular vertex onto the right circular arc, yielding Figure II.

शीट को बीच की बिंदीदार रेखा पर मोड़ने पर ज्यामितीय आकृतियाँ एक दूसरे के ऊपर आकर चित्र II बनाती हैं।

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1310📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsProfit and Loss & Data Sufficiency

How much profit did Lakshay earn on the cost price of an article by selling it?
I. He got 15% discount on the marked price at the time of purchase
II. He sold it for Rs. 2040
III. He earned 2% profit on the marked price

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

To calculate the total profit earned:
- From I:

\text{CP} = 0.85 \times \text{MP}

- From II:

\text{SP} = 2040

- From III:

\text{SP} = 1.02 \times \text{MP} \implies 1.02 \times \text{MP} = 2040 \implies \text{MP} = 2000

Then

\text{CP} = 0.85 \times 2000 = 1700

, and

\text{Profit} = 2040 - 1700 = 340

.
All three statements I, II, and III together are required to find the exact monetary profit.

सटीक लाभ राशि निकालने के लिए तीनों कथनों (I, II और III) का एक साथ उपयोग आवश्यक है।

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1311📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsTrue Discount & Commercial Mathematics

The true discount on Rs. 1800 due after a certain time at 10% per annum is Rs. 200. The time after which it is due is:

Explanation

Present Worth (PW):

\text{PW} = \text{Amount} - \text{True Discount} = 1800 - 200 = 1600

Using the formula

\text{TD} = \frac{\text{PW} \times R \times T}{100}

:

200 = \frac{1600 \times 10 \times T}{100} = 160T

T = \frac{200}{160} = \frac{5}{4}\text{ years} = \frac{5}{4} \times 12 = 15\text{ months}.

वर्तमान मूल्य

(\text{PW}) = 1800 - 200 = 1600

रुपये।

\text{TD} = \frac{\text{PW} \times R \times T}{100} \implies 200 = \frac{1600 \times 10 \times T}{100} = 160T

T = \frac{200}{160} = \frac{5}{4} वर्ष = 15 महीने।

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1312📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsPartnership & Ratio

A and B invest in a business in the ratio 3 : 2. If 5% of the total profit goes to charity and A's share is Rs. 912, the total profit is:

Explanation

Let total profit be

P

.
After 5% charity, distributable profit

= 0.95P

.
Ratio of A to B is

3 : 2

, so A's fraction is

\frac{3}{5}

:

\text{A's share} = \frac{3}{5} \times 0.95P = 0.57P = 912

P = \frac{912}{0.57} = \frac{91200}{57} = 1600\text{ Rs}.

माना कुल लाभ

P

है। 5% दान के बाद शेष लाभ

= 0.95P

।
A का हिस्सा

= \frac{3}{5} \times 0.95P = 0.57P = 912

P = \frac{912}{0.57} = 1600 रुपये।

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1313📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsSpeed, Time and Distance

A train increases its normal speed by 12.5% and reaches its destination 20 minutes earlier. What is the actual (normal) time taken by the train on the journey?

Explanation

Increase in speed

= 12.5\% = \frac{1}{8}

.
New speed

= S \left(1 + \frac{1}{8}\right) = \frac{9}{8}S

.
Since distance is constant, time is inversely proportional to speed:

\text{New time } T' = \frac{8}{9}T

Time saved

= T - \frac{8}{9}T = \frac{T}{9} = 20\text{ minutes}

T = 9 \times 20 = 180\text{ minutes} = 3\text{ hours}.

गति में

12.5\% = \frac{1}{8}

की वृद्धि

\implies

नई गति

= \frac{9}{8}

मूल गति।
नया समय

= \frac{8}{9}

मूल समय।
बचाया गया समय = T - \frac{8}{9}T = \frac{T}{9} = 20 मिनट \implies T = 180 मिनट = 3 घंटे।

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1314📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsAlligation and Mixture

A merchant has 800 kg of sugar, part of which he sells at 8% profit and the rest at 18% profit. He gains 14% on the whole. The quantity of sugar sold at 18% profit is:

Explanation

Using the rule of Alligation:
- Part 1 (8%) vs. Part 2 (18%), Mean = 14%

\text{Ratio} = (18 - 14) : (14 - 8) = 4 : 6 = 2 : 3

Quantity sold at 18\% profit:

\text{Quantity} = \frac{3}{2 + 3} \times 800 = \frac{3}{5} \times 800 = 480\text{ kg}.

मिश्रण नियम (Alligation):
अनुपात

= (18 - 14) : (14 - 8) = 4 : 6 = 2 : 3

18% लाभ पर बेची गई चीनी = \frac{3}{5} \times 800 = 480 किग्रा।

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1315📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsPercentages & Set Theory

In an examination, 30% and 35% of students, respectively, failed in History and Geography while 27% of students failed in both subjects. If the number of students passing the examination is 372, find the total number of students who appeared in the examination.

Explanation

Percentage of students failing in at least one subject:

\%\text{Failed} = n(H) + n(G) - n(H \cap G) = 30\% + 35\% - 27\% = 38\%

Percentage of students passing both subjects:

\%\text{Passed} = 100\% - 38\% = 62\%

Given

62\% = 372

:

\text{Total Students} = \frac{372}{0.62} = 600.

कुल अनुत्तीर्ण छात्र

\% = 30 + 35 - 27 = 38\%

।
उत्तीर्ण छात्र

\% = 100 - 38 = 62\%

।
कुल छात्र

= \frac{372}{62} \times 100 = 600

।

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1316📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsPercentages & Ratio

Mr. Verma's expenditure and savings are in the ratio of 3 : 2. His income increases by 10%. His expenditure also increased by 12%. How much percent does his savings increase?

Explanation

Let Expenditure

= 300

, Savings

= 200 \implies

Income

= 500

.
- New Income

= 500 \times 1.10 = 550

- New Expenditure

= 300 \times 1.12 = 336

- New Savings

= 550 - 336 = 214

Increase in savings

= 214 - 200 = 14

.
Percentage increase in savings:

\%\text{Increase} = \frac{14}{200} \times 100 = 7\%.

माना खर्च

= 300

, बचत

= 200 \implies

आय

= 500

।
नई आय

= 550

, नया खर्च

= 336 \implies

नई बचत

= 550 - 336 = 214

।
बचत में प्रतिशत वृद्धि

= \frac{14}{200} \times 100 = 7\%

।

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1317📚Statistics & DemographyData Interpretation & Bar Graphs

The value of sales of finished goods in 2004 was approximately what percent of the sum of the amount invested in Raw materials in the years 2002, 2003 and 2004?

Explanation

- Sales of finished goods in

2004 = 640\text{ Lakhs}

- Sum of Raw materials in 2002, 2003, and

2004 = 430 + 340 + 565 = 1335\text{ Lakhs}

Percentage calculation:

\% = \frac{640}{1335} \times 100 \approx 47.94\%.

2004 में बिक्री

= 640

2002, 2003 और 2004 का कुल कच्चा माल

= 430 + 340 + 565 = 1335

प्रतिशत

= \frac{640}{1335} \times 100 \approx 47.94\%

।

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1318📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsMensuration & Surface Area

The radius of a hemisphere is 7 cm. Find the total surface area of the hemisphere. (consider

\pi = \frac{22}{7}

)

Explanation

Total surface area (TSA) of a solid hemisphere:

\text{TSA} = 3\pi r^2 = 3 \times \frac{22}{7} \times 7^2 = 3 \times 22 \times 7 = 462\text{ cm}^2.

ठोस अर्धगोले का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल (TSA) = 3\pi r^2 = 3 \times \frac{22}{7} \times 49 = 462 सेमी^2।

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1319📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsE-Governance & Digital Applications

A mobile application launched by the Union Government to provide speedy redressal of consumer grievances is:

Explanation

The 'Smart Consumer App' was launched by the Department of Consumer Affairs to empower consumers to scan product barcodes, verify MRP/standards, and directly register grievances with the National Consumer Helpline.

उपभोक्ता मामलों के विभाग द्वारा उपभोक्ता शिकायतों के त्वरित निवारण और उत्पाद सत्यापन के लिए 'Smart Consumer App' लॉन्च किया गया।

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1320📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsComputer Memory (SRAM vs DRAM)

Consider the following statements:
I. SRAM requires periodic refresh to re-write data into memory
II. SRAM is used in the processor as fast cache memory

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is incorrect: Dynamic RAM (DRAM) requires periodic electrical refresh cycles, whereas Static RAM (SRAM) does not need refreshing as long as power is supplied. Statement II is correct: Because SRAM is much faster than DRAM, it is universally used to build processor CPU Cache memory (L1, L2, L3 cache). Hence, II only is correct.

कथन I गलत है क्योंकि समय-समय पर रीफ्रेश की आवश्यकता DRAM को होती है, SRAM को नहीं। कथन II सही है क्योंकि SRAM बहुत तेज़ होती है और इसका उपयोग CPU कैश मेमोरी (Cache) के रूप में किया जाता है। अतः केवल II सही है।

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1321📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsDigital India & E-Governance

Consider the following statements:
The vision of Digital India launched by the Government of India is centred on:
I. Creating transportation infrastructure in states
II. Digital Empowerment of Every Citizen

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

The three core vision areas of the Digital India programme are: (1) Digital Infrastructure as a Core Utility to Every Citizen, (2) Governance and Services on Demand, and (3) Digital Empowerment of Citizens. Transportation infrastructure is covered under Bharatmala/PMGSY, not Digital India. Hence, II only is correct.

डिजिटल इंडिया कार्यक्रम के तीन प्रमुख स्तंभ हैं: डिजिटल इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर, ई-गवर्नेंस और नागरिकों का डिजिटल सशक्तिकरण (Digital Empowerment of Every Citizen)। अतः केवल II सही है।

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1322📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsCPU Architecture (ALU, CU, Registers)

Consider the following statements:
I. The control unit of the CPU is used to process and store data.
II. The CPU's ALU can perform both arithmetic and logical operations.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is incorrect: The Control Unit (CU) directs the operations of the processor and manages instruction execution; data is stored in registers and memory. Statement II is correct: The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction) and logical comparisons (AND, OR, NOT). Hence, II only is correct.

कथन I गलत है क्योंकि कंट्रोल यूनिट निर्देशों को नियंत्रित करती है, डेटा स्टोर रजिस्टर करते हैं। कथन II सही है क्योंकि ALU अंकगणितीय और तार्किक दोनों ऑपरेशन करता है। अतः केवल II सही है।

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1323📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsCyber Threats & Malware

Which of the following best describes a keylogger?

Explanation

A keylogger (keystroke logger) is a surveillance technology (software or hardware) designed to covertly monitor, log, and record each keystroke typed on a computer keyboard, often used in spyware attacks to steal passwords and confidential data.

कीलॉगर (Keylogger) एक ऐसा सॉफ्टवेयर या हार्डवेयर उपकरण है जो कीबोर्ड पर दबाई गई प्रत्येक कुंजी (keystroke) को रिकॉर्ड और मॉनिटर करता है।

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1324📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsProfit and Loss & Discounts

A shopkeeper offers a discount of 15% on the marked price of an item. If the marked price of the item is Rs. 800, what is the selling price?

Explanation

Marked Price (MP) = Rs. 800, Discount = 15%.
Discount Amount =

800 \times 0.15 = 120\text{ Rs}

.
Selling Price (SP) =

800 - 120 = 680\text{ Rs}

.

अंकित मूल्य = 800 रुपये, छूट = 15%।
छूट राशि =

800 \times 0.15 = 120

रुपये।
विक्रय मूल्य =

800 - 120 = 680

रुपये।

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1325📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsPercentages & Compound Growth

If the population of a town increases by 12% annually, what will be the population after 5 years if the current population is 50,000?

Explanation

Compound population formula:

P_5 = P_0 \times (1 + r)^n = 50000 \times (1.12)^5

.

(1.12)^5 \approx 1.76234168

.

P_5 = 50000 \times 1.76234168 \approx 88,117

.

जनसंख्या वृद्धि सूत्र:

50000 \times (1 + 0.12)^5 = 50000 \times 1.76234 \approx 88,117

।

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1326📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsTrains & Speed, Time, Distance

A train of 100 meters in length crosses a flyover 500 meters in length at a speed of 90 km/h. How long does it take to cross the flyover?

Explanation

Total distance to cover = Length of Train + Length of Flyover =

100 + 500 = 600\text{ m}

.
Speed of train =

90\text{ km/h} = 90 \times \frac{5}{18} = 25\text{ m/s}

.

\text{Time} = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Speed}} = \frac{600}{25} = 24\text{ seconds}.

कुल दूरी = ट्रेन की लंबाई + फ्लाईओवर की लंबाई = 100 + 500 = 600 मीटर।
गति = 90 \times \frac{5}{18} = 25 मीटर/सेकंड।
समय = \frac{600}{25} = 24 सेकंड।

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1327📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsLCM and HCF

LCM and HCF of two numbers is 42 and 7 respectively, find the numbers.

Explanation

Let the two numbers be

7a

and

7b

where

\gcd(a,b)=1

.
LCM

= 7ab = 42 \implies ab = 6

.
Co-prime pairs for

(a, b)

are

(1, 6)

and

(2, 3)

.
For

(2, 3)

, the numbers are

7 \times 3 = 21

and

7 \times 2 = 14

.
Thus, the numbers are 21 and 14.

संख्याएँ

7a

और

7b

हैं।

7ab = 42 \implies ab = 6

।
सह-अभाज्य युग्म

(2, 3)

लेने पर संख्याएँ

7 \times 3 = 21

और

7 \times 2 = 14

होंगी।

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1328📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsMensuration & Area

An elderly person runs on a rectangular ground daily for 20 minutes at the rate of 2.4 km per hour. He finishes 10 rounds of the rectangular ground. If the length is three times the breadth of the rectangle, find the area of the rectangle.

Explanation

Speed

= 2.4\text{ km/h} = 2400\text{ m} / 60\text{ min} = 40\text{ m/min}

.
Total distance in 20 min

= 40 \times 20 = 800\text{ m}

.
10 rounds

= 800\text{ m} \implies

Perimeter of ground

= 80\text{ m}

.
Perimeter

= 2(L + B) = 80 \implies L + B = 40

.
Given

L = 3B \implies 3B + B = 40 \implies 4B = 40 \implies B = 10\text{ m}, L = 30\text{ m}

.
Area of rectangle

= L \times B = 30 \times 10 = 300\text{ m}^2

(standard close option 240/300 m²).

गति

= 40

मी/मिनट

\implies 20

मिनट में कुल दूरी

= 800

मीटर।
10 चक्कर

= 800

मी

\implies

परिमाप

= 80

मीटर।
2(3B + B) = 80 \implies B = 10 मी, L = 30 मी।
क्षेत्रफल = 30 \times 10 = 300 मी^2।

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1329📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsMensuration & Percentages

The radius of a circle is doubled. Find the percentage increase in its area.

Explanation

Initial area

A_1 = \pi r^2

.
When radius is doubled (

r' = 2r

), new area

A_2 = \pi (2r)^2 = 4\pi r^2 = 4A_1

.
Increase in area =

4A_1 - A_1 = 3A_1

.
Percentage increase

= \frac{3A_1}{A_1} \times 100 = 300\%

.

प्रारंभिक क्षेत्रफल

=\pi r^2

, नया क्षेत्रफल

=\pi (2r)^2 = 4\pi r^2

।
वृद्धि

= 4 - 1 = 3

गुना

= 300\%

।

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1330📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningDirection Sense Test

A person walks 25 meters north, then 12 meters east, and finally 9 meters south. What is the shortest distance to return to the starting point?

Explanation

Net displacement coordinates from origin

(0, 0)

:
- North-South:

25 - 9 = 16\text{ m North}

- East-West:

12\text{ m East}

Shortest distance

d = \sqrt{16^2 + 12^2} = \sqrt{256 + 144} = \sqrt{400} = 20\text{ meters}

.
To return to origin, one must travel South-West (20 meters).

शुद्ध विस्थापन: उत्तर =

25 - 9 = 16

मी, पूर्व =

12

मी।
न्यूनतम दूरी

= \sqrt{16^2 + 12^2} = \sqrt{400} = 20

मीटर।

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1331📚General English & ComprehensionArticles & Determiners

Fill in the blank with the correct article. If no article is required, select no article.
She achieved _____ unique position in _____ organization through hard work.

Explanation

'Unique' starts with a consonant 'y' sound (/juː/), taking indefinite article 'a'. 'Organization' refers to the specific company/entity, taking definite article 'the': 'a unique position in the organization'.

'Unique' व्यंजन ध्वनि (य) से शुरू होता है इसलिए 'a' आएगा, और विशिष्ट संगठन के लिए 'the' आएगा। अतः 'a, the' सही उत्तर है।

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1332📚General English & ComprehensionSynonyms & Antonyms

Select the synonym of the word HEGEMONY

Explanation

'Hegemony' means leadership, dominance, or paramount control especially by one state or group over others. Its direct synonym is 'Dominion' (or supremacy).

'Hegemony' का अर्थ प्रभुत्व, वर्चस्व या अधिपत्य होता है। इसका सटीक पर्यायवाची 'Dominion' है।

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1333📚General English & ComprehensionSynonyms & Antonyms

Select the antonym of the word ELOQUENT

Explanation

'Eloquent' means fluent, persuasive, and articulate in speech. Its opposite is 'Muttering' (or inarticulate/mumbling).

'Eloquent' का अर्थ सुवक्ता या स्पष्ट रूप से बोलने वाला होता है। इसका विलोम 'Muttering' (बुदबुदाना/अस्पष्ट बोलना) है।

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1334📚General English & ComprehensionPrepositions

Which of the following sentences is correct regarding the use of propositions?

Explanation

Option A uses 'over' (movement across above) and 'in' (inside an enclosed space) completely accurately. (In B, correct idiom is 'good at'; in C, 'walked in the park').

विकल्प A में 'jumped over' और 'hid in the box' दोनों पूर्वसर्ग (Prepositions) पूर्णतः सही हैं।

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1335📚General English & ComprehensionError Spotting & Tenses

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence: She (a) / did not accept (b) / the invitation because (c) / she has a prior engagement (d).

Explanation

In part (d), to maintain the sequence of past tense established by 'did not accept', the subordinate clause must use past tense: 'she had a prior engagement' instead of 'has'.

भूतकाल के अनुक्रम (Sequence of Tenses) के अनुसार 'she has' के स्थान पर 'she had' होना चाहिए। त्रुटि भाग (d) में है।

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1336📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension

What does Edison's quote, "Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration," suggest about his approach to innovation?

Explanation

The famous aphorism underscores that hard work, perseverance, and relentless experimentation (99% perspiration) are vastly more critical to breakthrough success than mere inspiration.

इस उद्धरण का आशय है कि सफलता और नवाचार के लिए निरंतर परिश्रम और दृढ़ संकल्प (Persistence and effort) सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण हैं।

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1337📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary

Choose the alternative bearing the correct spelling from a, b, c and d

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'Conscience' (meaning a person's moral sense of right and wrong).

'Conscience' (अंतरात्मा) की सही वर्तनी विकल्प A है।

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1338📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary

Fill in the blank with the correct spelling: The detective had to _____ the evidence carefully to uncover the truth behind the mysterious disappearance.

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'scrutinise' (British English) or 'scrutinize' (meaning to examine or inspect closely and thoroughly).

'Scrutinise' (गहनता से जांच करना) की सही वर्तनी विकल्प B है।

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1339📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary

Fill in the blank with the correct spelling: It was pure _____ that I met my old friend at the park today.

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'serendipity' (meaning the occurrence of valuable or agreeable things not sought for; happy coincidence).

'Serendipity' (संयोग से सुखद घटना होना) की सही वर्तनी विकल्प D है।

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1340📚General English & ComprehensionSentence Improvement & Infinitives

Choose the correct alternative to improve the bold part: The event was canceled because of the committee's inability in securing enough sponsors.

Explanation

The noun 'inability' idiomatically takes a 'to-infinitive': 'inability to secure enough sponsors'.

'Inability' के साथ 'to + verb (infinitive)' का प्रयोग होता है: 'inability to secure'।

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1341📚General English & ComprehensionError Spotting & Distributive Pronouns

In this question, find out the error part: Each one of the students (a) / are responsible (b) / for completing the assignments (c) / on time. (d)

Explanation

'Each one' is a distributive singular subject that requires the singular verb 'is responsible', not plural 'are responsible'. Error is in part (b).

'Each one' एकवचन कर्ता है, इसलिए इसके साथ एकवचन क्रिया 'is responsible' आएगी। त्रुटि भाग (b) में है।

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1342📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsSports & World Chess Championship 2024

India's D Gukesh defeated which chess player during the World Chess Championship 2024 in Singapore?

Explanation

18-year-old Indian Grandmaster Dommaraju Gukesh created history by defeating defending champion Ding Liren of China in the FIDE World Chess Championship 2024 in Singapore, becoming the youngest undisputed World Chess Champion.

भारतीय ग्रैंडमास्टर डी. गुकेश ने सिंगापुर में आयोजित विश्व शतरंज चैंपियनशिप 2024 में चीन के डिंग लिरेन को हराकर इतिहास रचा।

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1343📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsNational Sports Awards & Khel Ratna 2024

Which of the following pairs is/are correct regarding the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award 2024 awardees?
i) Harmanpreet Singh - Hockey
ii) Aman Sehrawat - Wrestling
iii) Manu Bhaker - Shooting
iv) Praveen Kumar - Para-Athletics

Choose the correct answer:

Explanation

India's highest sporting honor, the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award 2024, was conferred on hockey captain Harmanpreet Singh, double Olympic medalist Manu Bhaker (Shooting), and Paralympic gold medalist Praveen Kumar (Para-Athletics).

मेजर ध्यानचंद खेल रत्न पुरस्कार 2024: हरमनप्रीत सिंह (हॉकी), मनु भाकर (निशानेबाजी), और प्रवीण कुमार (पैरा-एथलेटिक्स)। अतः i, iii और iv सही हैं।

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1344📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsFolk Festivals of North-East India

Chapchar Kut, Mim Kut, and Pawl Kut festivals are celebrated in which state?

Explanation

Chapchar Kut (spring festival of Jhum cultivation), Mim Kut (maize harvest festival), and Pawl Kut (straw harvest festival) are the three major traditional harvest festivals of the Mizo people in Mizoram.

चापचार कुट, मीम कुट और पावल कुट मिजोरम राज्य के प्रमुख पारंपरिक एवं कृषि उत्सव हैं।

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1345📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsIndian Classical Music & Famous Instrumentalists

Explanation

i) Ustad Bismillah Khan - Shehnai (4)
ii) Pandit Ravi Shankar - Sitar (3)
iii) Pt. Ram Narayan - Sarangi (2)
iv) Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia - Flute (1).
Correct matching code is i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1.

i) उस्ताद बिस्मिल्लाह खान - शहनाई (4)
ii) पंडित रवि शंकर - सितार (3)
iii) पंडित राम नारायण - सारंगी (2)
iv) पंडित हरिप्रसाद चौरसिया - बांसुरी (1)।
सही विकल्प i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1 है।

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1346📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsFolk Dances of India

Which of the following statements about the folk dance "Tarangmel" is/are correct?
i) Tarangmel is a Goan folk dance that embodies the youthful and exuberant spirit of the region.
ii) The name "Tarangmel" is derived from "Tarang," which means streamers, which are an integral part of the dance.
iii) It is traditionally performed during the Hindu festivals of Dussehra and Holi.
iv) The dance is a colorful spectacle, featuring vibrant costumes, banners, and streamers, creating a rainbow-like display.

Choose the correct answer:

Explanation

All four statements are factually accurate regarding Tarangmel, the energetic folk dance of Goa performed by youth holding colorful rainbow streamers (tarang) and banners during Dussehra and Holi celebrations.

तरंगमेल गोवा का प्रसिद्ध लोकनृत्य है, जो दशहरा और होली के दौरान रंग-बिरंगे झंडों और रिबनों के साथ किया जाता है। सभी चार कथन (i, ii, iii और iv) सही हैं।

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1347📚Indian Polity, Constitution & GovernanceState Reorganisation Act 1956

Which of the following states was formed by merging Travancore and Cochin with parts of the Malabar district of Madras State?

Explanation

The State of Kerala was created on November 1, 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, merging the Malayalam-speaking regions of Travancore-Cochin with the Malabar district and Kasaragod taluk.

1 नवंबर 1956 को त्रावणकोर, कोचीन और मद्रास राज्य के मालाबार जिले को मिलाकर केरल राज्य का गठन किया गया था।

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1348📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Vitamins, Nutrients & Human Physiology

Which vitamin is mainly produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight?

Explanation

Vitamin D (specifically Vitamin D3 / Cholecalciferol) is synthesized in human skin cells when 7-dehydrocholesterol absorbs solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation.

जब त्वचा सूर्य के प्रकाश (UV-B किरणों) के संपर्क में आती है, तो शरीर में विटामिन D का संश्लेषण होता है।

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1349📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Light Optics & Atmospheric Phenomena

Which of the following phenomena is/are responsible for the formation of the rainbow?
i) Dispersion
ii) Reflection
iii) Refraction
iv) Diffraction

Choose the correct answer:

Explanation

A rainbow is produced by dispersion of sunlight by raindrops involving three optical processes: refraction of light as it enters the drop, total internal reflection inside the drop, and refraction as it exits the raindrop.

इंद्रधनुष का निर्माण वर्षा की बूंदों द्वारा प्रकाश के अपवर्तन (Refraction), वर्ण-विक्षेपण (Dispersion), और पूर्ण आंतरिक परावर्तन (Internal Reflection) के संयोजन से होता है। अतः केवल i, ii और iii सही हैं।

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1350📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Cell Biology & Organelles

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

Explanation

Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouses of the cell' because they generate most of the chemical energy required for cellular processes in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) via cellular respiration.

माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया (Mitochondria) को 'कोशिका का पावरहाउस' कहा जाता है क्योंकि यह कोशिकीय श्वसन द्वारा एटीपी (ATP) के रूप में ऊर्जा उत्पन्न करता है।

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1351📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Infectious Diseases & Preventative Health

Which of the following diseases can be prevented through proper hygiene practices?

Explanation

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmitted through respiratory droplets; it can be effectively prevented through respiratory hygiene, proper ventilation, sanitization, and infection control.

तपेदिक/टीबी (Tuberculosis) एक संक्रामक जीवाणु जनित रोग है, जिसे उचित स्वच्छता, मास्क और वेंटिलेशन द्वारा रोका जा सकता है। अन्य रोग गैर-संचारी (Non-communicable) हैं।

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1352📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Hygiene, Sanitation & Public Health

Which of the following statements about hygiene is NOT correct?

Explanation

Statement D is incorrect: Personal hygiene specifically refers to maintaining the cleanliness and grooming of one's own body (bathing, handwashing, oral care, clean clothes), whereas keeping the environment clean is environmental/public sanitation.

कथन D गलत है क्योंकि व्यक्तिगत स्वच्छता (Personal hygiene) का संबंध मुख्य रूप से स्वयं के शरीर की सफाई और देखभाल से होता है, न कि केवल पर्यावरण की सफाई से।

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1353📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTRivers and Drainage System of J&K

What is the origin of the Tawi River?

Explanation

The Tawi River (the lifespring of Jammu City, also known as 'Surya Putri') originates from the high-altitude Kailash Kund Glacier / Kali Kundi spring located in the Kaplas mountain range near Bhaderwah in Doda district.

तवी नदी (सूर्यपुत्री) का उद्गम डोडा जिले के भद्रवाह में स्थित 'कैलाश कुंड ग्लेशियर' (Kailash Kund Glacier) से होता है।

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1354📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTFreedom Struggle & Quit Kashmir Movement 1946

Which prominent leader led the Quit Kashmir Movement in 1946 against the feudal rule of the Maharaja?

Explanation

Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, president of the All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, spearheaded the 'Quit Kashmir' movement in May 1946, demanding the abrogation of the Treaty of Amritsar and the termination of the autocratic rule of Maharaja Hari Singh.

मई 1946 में नेशनल कॉन्फ्रेंस के नेता शेख मोहम्मद अब्दुल्ला ने महाराजा हरि सिंह के सामंती शासन और अमृतसर की संधि के विरोध में 'भारत छोड़ो' की तर्ज पर 'कश्मीर छोड़ो' (Quit Kashmir) आंदोलन चलाया था।

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1355📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersPsychiatric Epidemiology

The study of how diseases and disorders are distributed and what factors determine their presence or absence in a population is called as

Explanation

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution, patterns, and determinants of health, diseases, and psychological conditions in specified human populations.

महामारी विज्ञान (Epidemiology) किसी जनसंख्या में रोगों और विकारों के वितरण, प्रसार और निर्धारकों का अध्ययन है।

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1356📚Statistics & DemographyStatistical Tests Matching

Match the following tests:
i. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test — 3. Test of normality
ii. Chi-square test — 2. Goodness of fit test
iii. Wilcoxon signed rank test — 4. Alternative to dependent Samples t-test
iv. Spearman's rho — 1. Correlation for Rank data

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

Matching code: i-3 (Normality test), ii-2 (Goodness of fit), iii-4 (Paired t-test alternative), iv-1 (Rank correlation).

सही मिलान: i-3, ii-2, iii-4, iv-1।

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1357📚Statistics & DemographyStatistical Tests

Match the following tests:
i. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test — 3. Test of normality
ii. Chi-square test — 2. Goodness of fit test
iii. Wilcoxon signed rank test — 4. Alternative to dependent Samples t-test
iv. Spearman's rho — 1. Correlation for Rank data

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

Matching: i-3 (Normality test), ii-2 (Goodness of fit), iii-4 (Paired t-test alternative), iv-1 (Rank correlation).

सही मिलान: i-3, ii-2, iii-4, iv-1।

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1358📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsStatistical Software Packages

Which of the following is open software for analysis?
1. R
2. SPSS
3. AMOS
4. SAS
5. Jamovi

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

R and Jamovi are free and open-source statistical software tools. SPSS, AMOS, and SAS are commercial products.

R और Jamovi दोनों ओपन-सोर्स सांख्यिकीय सॉफ़्टवेयर हैं। अतः केवल 1 और 5 सही हैं।

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1359📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersDelusional Phenomenology

Explanation

Matching: Persecutory (being followed - 3), Grandeur (PM takes advice - 4), Jealousy (unfaithful spouse - 2), Erotomania (celebrity in love - 1).

सही मिलान: i-3, ii-4, iii-2, iv-1।

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1360📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersSchizophrenia Symptomatology

Psychotic symptoms like hallucinations delusions, disorganized speech and grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviors in Schizophrenia are known as

Explanation

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia represent an excess or distortion of normal psychological functioning, including hallucinations and delusions.

मतिभ्रम और भ्रम जैसे लक्षणों को सिज़ोफ्रेनिया में 'धनात्मक लक्षण' (Positive symptoms) कहा जाता है।

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1361📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersDelusions of Reference

Delusional belief of the patient that 'an article in a newspaper or a remark on television is directed specifically to him, either as a message to him or to inform others about him' is called as

Explanation

Delusions of reference involve the conviction that public media, events, or remarks carry a specific, hidden personal message aimed at the individual.

मीडिया संदेशों को अपने लिए विशेष संदेश मानना 'संदर्भ का भ्रम' (Delusions of reference) कहलाता है।

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1362📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersClassification of Hallucinations

Match the Classification of Hallucination with its Dimension:
i. Olfactory — 4. According to sensory modality
ii. Third-person — 5. According to special features
iii. Autoscopic hallucinations — 2. Special perceptual forms
iv. Elementary — 1. According to Complexity

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

Matching: Olfactory is sensory modality (4), Elementary is complexity level (1), and Autoscopic is a special feature hallucination.

सही मिलान: i-4, ii-5, iii-2, iv-1।

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1363📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersBipolar Disorders (Mania Criteria)

Which of the following is NOT an aspect in DSM-5 Manic Episode Criteria of mood as 'a distinct period of abnormally and persistently ______'?

Explanation

In DSM-5 Criterion A for Manic Episode, mood is described as 'elevated, expansive, or irritable', while 'goal-directed' describes increased activity or energy.

DSM-5 में उन्माद की मनोदशा को 'Elevated, Expansive, Irritable' कहा गया है, जबकि 'Goal-directed' गतिविधि के लिए प्रयुक्त होता है।

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1364📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersDSM-5-TR Diagnostic Revisions

Which of the following is a new diagnostic entity in DSM 5 TR?
1. Prolonged Grief Disorder
2. Dysthymia
3. Social Anxiety Disorder
4. Gender Dysphoria

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Prolonged Grief Disorder is a newly added standalone diagnostic category in DSM-5-TR (2022).

प्रोलॉन्गड ग्रीफ डिसऑर्डर DSM-5-TR (2022) में शामिल नया विकार है। अतः केवल 1 सही है।

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1365📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersDisruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

Severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally/ behaviorally that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation is sign of

Explanation

Severe recurrent temper outbursts disproportionate to provocation in children/adolescents defines Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD).

बार-बार होने वाले गंभीर और अनियंत्रित गुस्से के दौरे 'डिसरप्टिव मूड डिसरेगुलेशन डिसऑर्डर' (DMDD) के मुख्य लक्षण हैं।

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1366📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersPersonality Disorders

Explanation

Matching: Schizoid (detachment - 2), Schizotypal (odd beliefs - 3), Antisocial (impulsivity - 4), Paranoid (distrust - 1).

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1।

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1367📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersEMDR Protocol Steps

For following steps in EMDR, specify the correct order?
1. Preparation
2. Body scan
3. Assessment
4. Installation
5. Desensitization
6. Closure

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

EMDR 8-phase protocol order: Preparation (1) -> Assessment (3) -> Desensitization (5) -> Installation (4) -> Body Scan (2) -> Closure (6).

EMDR का सही क्रम: तैयारी (1) → मूल्यांकन (3) → विसंवेदीकरण (5) → स्थापना (4) → बॉडी स्कैन (2) → समापन (6)। सही विकल्प B है।

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1368📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersMCMI-IV Scale Architecture

If MCMI IV scale categories are ordered as per number of scales in them in ascending order, then which is correct order?
1. Personality Pattern Scales
2. Clinical Syndrome Scales
3. Modifying Indices
4. Random Response Indicators
5. Grossman Facet Scales

Explanation

Scale counts: Random Response (2) -> Modifying Indices (3) -> Clinical Syndromes (7) -> Personality Patterns (12) -> Grossman Facet Scales (45). Ascending order: 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1 -> 5.

MCMI-IV पैमानों की संख्या: रैंडम रिस्पांस (4) → मॉडिफाइंग इंडेक्स (3) → क्लिनिकल सिंड्रोम (2) → पर्सनालिटी पैटर्न (1) → ग्रॉसमेन फेसेट स्केल (5)। सही क्रम D है।

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1369📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersWAIS-IV Index Structure

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) includes which of the following subscales?
1. Verbal Comprehension Index
2. Working Memory Index
3. Auditory Processing Index
4. Processing Speed Index

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

WAIS-IV indexes include VCI (1), WMI (2), and PSI (4) alongside PRI. Auditory processing index is not a WAIS index. Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

WAIS-IV में VCI (1), WMI (2) और PSI (4) शामिल हैं। अतः केवल 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।

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1370📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersIntelligence Assessment (FSIQ)

In the WAIS-IV, what does the Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) represent?

Explanation

The Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) derived from all 10 core subtests of WAIS-IV represents a composite global estimate of general intellectual functioning (Spearman's 'g').

WAIS-IV में फुल-स्केल आईक्यू (FSIQ) व्यक्ति की समग्र सामान्य बौद्धिक क्षमता (Overall intellectual ability) का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है।

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1371📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersChild Psychological Assessment

Which of the following can be used with children?

Explanation

The Children's Apperception Test (CAT), developed by Leopold Bellak, is a projective personality assessment specifically designed for children aged 3 to 10 years using animal/human figures.

चिल्ड्रन्स एपर्सेप्शन टेस्ट (CAT) विशेष रूप से 3 से 10 वर्ष के बच्चों के व्यक्तित्व मूल्यांकन के लिए बनाया गया प्रक्षेपी परीक्षण है।

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1372📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersNeuropsychological Assessment (LNNB)

How many clinical scales are included in the standard Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery?

Explanation

The standard Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB) comprises 11 clinical scales (Motor, Rhythm, Tactile, Visual, Receptive Speech, Expressive Speech, Writing, Reading, Arithmetic, Memory, and Intellectual Processes).

लूरिया-नेब्रास्का न्यूरोसाइकोलॉजिकल बैटरी (LNNB) में कुल 11 नैदानिक पैमाने (Clinical Scales) होते हैं।

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1373📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersIndian Neuropsychological Tests (AIIMS Battery)

What is the primary objective of the AIIMS Neuropsychological Battery?

Explanation

The AIIMS Comprehensive Neuropsychological Battery (developed by Surya et al.) was designed specifically to assess cognitive and neuropsychological dysfunctions adapted and standardized for Indian cultural and demographic contexts.

AIIMS न्यूरोसाइकोलॉजिकल बैटरी का मुख्य उद्देश्य भारतीय जनसंख्या के संदर्भ में संज्ञानात्मक और तंत्रिका-मनोवैज्ञानिक कार्यों का मूल्यांकन करना है।

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1374📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersConsultation-Liaison Psychiatry

What is the primary focus of consultation-liaison psychiatry?

Explanation

Consultation-liaison psychiatry (psychosomatic medicine) focuses on the clinical intersection of psychiatry with general medicine and surgery, treating psychiatric comorbidity in medically ill hospital patients.

कंसल्टेशन-लियाज़न साइकियाट्री का मुख्य कार्य सामान्य चिकित्सा और सर्जिकल वार्डों में भर्ती रोगियों की मानसिक स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं का निदान और उपचार करना है।

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1375📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Neuroanatomy & Brain Meninges

Select the correct order of the meninges as seen from outside to inside of the brain.

Explanation

From skull (outermost) to brain surface (innermost), the cranial meninges are: (1) Dura mater (tough outer layer), (2) Arachnoid mater (spider-web-like middle layer), and (3) Pia mater (delicate innermost layer adhering to cortex).

मस्तिष्क की झिल्लियों (Meninges) का बाहर से अंदर की ओर सही क्रम: ड्यूरा मेटर → एराक्नॉइड मेटर → पाया मेटर।

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1376📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Neurobiology & Glial Cells

Explanation

i) Astrocytes: Metabolic/phagocytic support (3); ii) Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheath in Central Nervous System (2); iii) Microglia: Resident immune cells mediating inflammatory response (1); iv) Schwann cells: Form myelin sheath in Peripheral Nervous System (4).

i) एस्ट्रोसाइट्स: संरचनात्मक/मेटाबॉलिक सहायता (3)
ii) ओलिगोडेंड्रोसाइट: केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (CNS) का मायलिन शीथ (2)
iii) माइक्रोग्लिया: प्रतिरक्षा और सूजन प्रतिक्रिया (1)
iv) श्वान कोशिकाएं: परिधीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (PNS) का मायलिन शीथ (4)। सही विकल्प A है।

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1377📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Axonal Transport & Motor Proteins

Which of the following conducts anterograde axoplasmic transport?

Explanation

Kinesin is the motor protein responsible for anterograde axoplasmic transport (moving vesicles and organelles from the soma toward axon terminals). Dynein conducts retrograde transport (terminals to soma).

काइनेसिन (Kinesin) मोटर प्रोटीन अक्षतंतु में अग्रगामी (Anterograde - सोमा से टर्मिनल की ओर) परिवहन करता है। डाइनिन पश्चगामी (Retrograde) परिवहन करता है।

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1378📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Physiological Thirst Mechanisms

Loss of blood volume causes:

Explanation

Volumetric (hypovolemic) thirst is triggered by a decrease in intravascular blood plasma volume (e.g. from severe bleeding, vomiting, or diarrhea), detected by baroreceptors and the kidney's renin-angiotensin mechanism.

रक्त की मात्रा (ब्लड वॉल्यूम) में कमी के कारण 'वॉल्यूमेट्रिक प्यास' (Volumetric thirst / हाइपोवोलेमिक प्यास) उत्पन्न होती है।

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1379📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Neurotransmitters & Cholinergic Pathways

Acetylcholine is predominantly found in which part of the brain?

Explanation

The major cholinergic projection system of the brain originates in the Basal Forebrain (specifically the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert and medial septal nuclei), which innervates the entire neocortex and hippocampus for learning and memory.

मस्तिष्क में एसिटाइलकोलाइन (Acetylcholine) का मुख्य स्रोत 'बेसल फोरब्रेन' (Basal forebrain - न्यूक्लियस बेसालिस ऑफ मेयनेर्ट) में स्थित होता है।

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1380📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Limbic Lesions & Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

Which of the following is caused by bilateral damage in the amygdala?

Explanation

Bilateral anterior temporal lobe and amygdala lesions produce Klüver-Bucy Syndrome, characterized by psychic blindness (visual agnosia), hyperorality, docility/loss of fear, dietary changes, and hypersexuality.

द्विपक्षीय अमिग्डाला (Bilateral amygdala) क्षति के कारण 'क्लुवर-बुसी सिंड्रोम' (Klüver-Bucy syndrome) होता है, जिसमें भय का लोप और हाइपरओरैलिटी होती है।

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1381📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Functional Neuroimaging (fMRI)

Which of the following statements about fMRI is/are correct?
1. It measures neuronal activity directly through electrical signals.
2. It relies on the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal.
3. fMRI provides high spatial resolution compared to EEG

Choose the correct statements:

Explanation

fMRI measures hemodynamic changes using the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) contrast (2 - True) and offers millimetric high spatial resolution superior to EEG (3 - True). Statement 1 is false because fMRI measures indirect metabolic blood flow, not direct electrical signals (EEG does direct electrical).

fMRI रक्त ऑक्सीजन स्तर (BOLD सिग्नल) पर निर्भर करता है (2) और EEG की तुलना में उच्च स्थानिक रिज़ॉल्यूशन प्रदान करता है (3)। कथन 1 असत्य है। अतः केवल 2 और 3 सही हैं।

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1382📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersMulticultural Counseling & Ethics

Cultural competence in therapy involves:

Explanation

Cultural competence requires therapists to maintain cultural awareness, knowledge, and clinical skills to respectfully recognize and integrate a client's cultural background, values, and worldview.

सांस्कृतिक क्षमता (Cultural competence) में क्लाइंट की सांस्कृतिक पृष्ठभूमि, मूल्यों और मान्यताओं को स्वीकार करना और उनका सम्मान करना शामिल है।

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1383📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Cerebrovascular Pathology & Stroke

What are infractions (infarctions)?

Explanation

An infarction (cerebral infarction / ischemic stroke) is localized tissue necrosis resulting from a complete obstruction/blockage of arterial blood flow causing severe loss of oxygenated blood supply.

इंफार्कशन (Infarction) धमनी के अवरोध के कारण रक्त आपूर्ति में गंभीर कमी से ऊतकों की मृत्यु होना है।

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1384📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Vascular Pathology & Hematomas

What is a large accumulation of blood within tissue called?

Explanation

A hematoma is a localized collection or swelling of clotted blood within a tissue, organ, or body space resulting from a rupture in the wall of a blood vessel.

ऊतक के भीतर रक्त के बड़े थक्के या संचय को 'हेमाटोमा' (Hematoma) कहा जाता है।

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1385📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersPain Psychology & Cognitive Distortions

What is "pain catastrophizing"?

Explanation

Pain catastrophizing is a cognitive distortion characterized by rumination, magnification, and helplessness in response to actual or anticipated pain experiences.

पेन कैटास्ट्रोफाइजिंग (Pain catastrophizing) वास्तविक या प्रत्याशित दर्द के प्रति एक अत्यधिक अतिरंजित नकारात्मक प्रतिक्रिया है।

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1386📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersBehavior Therapy Principles

Which of the following is TRUE about behavioural therapies?
1. Clients are expected to assume a passive role.
2. Change can take place without insight into underlying dynamics.
3. Specific treatment interventions are the same for all clients.
4. It does not aim to identify possible historical determinants of the current problem.

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

In behavioral therapy: (2) Behavioral symptom change does not require deep unconscious psychoanalytic insight, and (4) Therapy focuses on current maintaining antecedents/consequences rather than excavating early childhood historical determinants. (1 and 3 are false as clients are highly active and treatments are tailored).

व्यवहार चिकित्सा में: (2) अचेतन अंतर्दृष्टि के बिना भी व्यवहार परिवर्तन संभव है, और (4) यह वर्तमान व्यवहार पर केंद्रित है, अतीत के कारणों पर नहीं। अतः 2 और 4 सही हैं।

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1387📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersCommon Factors in Psychotherapy

Which of the following best describes the common factor approach in psychotherapy?

Explanation

The common factors model (Rosenzweig, Frank, Wampold) posits that successful therapeutic outcomes are primarily driven by shared underlying non-specific curative ingredients (such as the therapeutic alliance, empathy, positive expectations, and emotional catharsis) common to all effective therapies.

कॉमन फैक्टर अप्रोच (Common factor approach) सभी विभिन्न चिकित्सीय दृष्टिकोणों में मौजूद साझा उपचारात्मक तत्वों (Shared elements) का वर्णन करता है।

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1388📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Sleep Physiology & Polysomnography

State the correct order of stages of sleep:
1. EEG are slower and larger, there are bursts of high-frequency waves (Sleep spindles & K-complexes)
2. Metabolism is at the lowest. EEG waves are entirely of delta waves
3. State of drowsiness, Predominant alpha waves
4. Predominance of delta waves. Some high frequency spindles.

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

NREM sleep progression from light to deep slow-wave sleep: Stage 1 / Drowsiness with alpha transitions (3) -> Stage 2 with sleep spindles and slower waves (1) -> Stage 3 with emerging delta waves (4) -> Stage 4 deep slow-wave sleep dominated by delta waves and lowest metabolism (2). Sequence: 3 -> 1 -> 4 -> 2.

नींद के चरणों का क्रम: उनींदापन व अल्फा तरंगें (3) → स्टेज 2 स्पिंडल तरंगें (1) → स्टेज 3 डेल्टा तरंगों का उद्भव (4) → स्टेज 4 गहरी डेल्टा नींद और न्यूनतम चयापचय (2)। सही क्रम: 3 -> 1 -> 4 -> 2।

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1389📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersEvidence-Based Practice (EBPP)

What is the trend toward specific, empirically supported treatment for specific problems known as?

Explanation

Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP) is the integration of the best available research evidence with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences.

विशिष्ट समस्याओं के लिए अनुभवजन्य रूप से समर्थित वैज्ञानिक उपचार विधियों के उपयोग को 'साक्ष्य-आधारित अभ्यास' (Evidence-based practice - EBP) कहा जाता है।

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1390📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersMedical Mimics of Anxiety Disorders

Which of the following medical conditions can simulate an anxiety disorder?
1. Asthma
2. Ischemic heart disease
3. Seizure disorder
4. Obesity

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Medical conditions frequently producing somatic symptoms that mimic panic/anxiety disorders include Asthma (dyspnea/hyperventilation - 1), Ischemic Heart Disease (chest tightness, tachycardia, impending doom - 2), and Seizure Disorders (temporal lobe auras, autonomic surges - 3). Obesity in itself does not acutely simulate anxiety episodes. Thus, 1, 2 and 3 only are correct.

दमा/अस्थमा (सांस फूलना - 1), इस्केमिक हृदय रोग (घबराहट/छाती का दर्द - 2), और मिर्गी/दौरे (3) चिंता विकार के लक्षणों का अनुकरण कर सकते हैं। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।

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1391📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersNeuropsychological Attention Batteries (d2 & SDMT)

Select neuropsychological tests that were developed to measure attention from the codes given below:
1. WISC
2. WMS
3. d2 Test
4. SDMT
5. COWA

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

The d2 Test of Attention (Brickenkamp) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT, Smith) are premier standardized neuropsychological tests specifically designed to measure sustained attention, selective attention, and visual scanning speed. (WISC is general intelligence, WMS is memory, and COWA measures verbal fluency). Thus, 3 and 4 only are correct.

d2 टेस्ट ऑफ अटेंशन (3) और सिंबल डिजिट मोडैलिटीज टेस्ट (SDMT - 4) विशेष रूप से ध्यान और एकाग्रता मापने के लिए विकसित तंत्रिका-मनोवैज्ञानिक परीक्षण हैं। अतः 3 और 4 सही हैं।

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1392📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersBehavioral Medicine Interventions

Which of the following interventions are NOT commonly used in behavioral medicine?

Explanation

Immunotherapy is a specialized medical/pharmacological biological treatment in oncology and rheumatology, whereas behavioral medicine utilizes psychological/behavioral interventions like stress management, biofeedback, and lifestyle smoking cessation.

इम्यूनोथेरेपी (Immunotherapy) एक जैव-चिकित्सीय औषधीय उपचार है, यह व्यवहार चिकित्सा (Behavioral medicine) का मनोवैज्ञानिक हस्तक्षेप नहीं है।

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1393📚General English & ComprehensionSynonyms & Antonyms

Select the Antonym of the word: Byzantine

Explanation

'Byzantine' describes something excessively complicated, devious, or convoluted. Its antonym is 'Candid' (or simple, straightforward, transparent).

'Byzantine' का अर्थ अत्यंत जटिल या कुटिल होता है। इसका विलोम 'Candid' (सरल/स्पष्ट) है।

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1394📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary

Which of the following is the correct spelling of the word that means "the action of throwing someone out of a window"?

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'Defenestration' (from Latin fenestra, meaning window).

खिड़की से बाहर फेंकने की क्रिया के लिए सही वर्तनी 'Defenestration' है।

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1395📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary

Which of the following is the correct spelling of the word that means "excessively talkative"?

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'Garrulous' (meaning excessively talkative, especially on trivial matters).

अत्यधिक बातूनी के लिए सही वर्तनी 'Garrulous' है।

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1396📚General English & ComprehensionNouns & Parts of Speech

The abstract noun in the below sentence is:
It requires immense determination to pursue your dreams despite obstacles.

Explanation

'Determination' is an abstract noun denoting the quality of being resolute and firmness of purpose.

'Determination' (दृढ़ संकल्प) एक भाववाचक संज्ञा (Abstract Noun) है।

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1397📚General English & ComprehensionPronouns & Parts of Speech

The indefinite pronoun in the below sentence is:
Mohan in the audience expressed concern about whether anything could be done to improve the situation.

Explanation

'Anything' is an indefinite pronoun referring to an unspecified thing or matter.

'Anything' एक अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम (Indefinite Pronoun) है।

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1398📚General English & ComprehensionHomophones & Vocabulary

Fill in the blank using suitable homophones:
Despite the _____ remarks made by the coach, the athlete continued to train hard and developed a _____ on her hand by gripping the weights.

Explanation

'Callous' (adjective) means insensitive, unfeeling, or harsh. 'Callus' (noun) means a thickened and hardened part of the skin caused by friction.

'Callous' (कठोर/असंवेदनशील) टिप्पणी और हाथ पर 'callus' (घट्टा/कड़ा चमड़ा)। सही विकल्प 'callous, callus' है।

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1399📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsPolynomials & Binomial Theorem

Let p(x) is a polynomial of degree 6 in the form of a1x^6 + a2x^5 + ... + a6*x + a7. It has only one root at x = -1, that is p(-1) = 0. Find the value of a2 and a3 respectively.

Explanation

A degree-6 monic polynomial with only root at

x = -1

has the form

(x+1)^6 = x^6 + 6x^5 + 15x^4 + 20x^3 + 15x^2 + 6x + 1

. Its successive binomial coefficients are

15, 20

.

(x+1)^6

के द्विपद प्रसार में गुणांक

x^6 + 6x^5 + 15x^4 + 20x^3 + ...

होते हैं। अतः

15, 20

सही उत्तर है।

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1400📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsPercentages & Mixtures

Fresh food contains 40% water, whereas dried food contains only 24% water. Starting with 100 kg of fresh food, how much dried food can be produced?

Explanation

100 kg of fresh food contains

100 - 40 = 60\text{ kg}

of dry solid pulp.
In dried food, solids constitute

100 - 24 = 76\%

.

\text{Weight of dried food} \times 0.76 = 60 \implies \text{Weight} = \frac{60}{0.76} \approx 78.9\text{ kg}.

100 किग्रा ताजे भोजन में 60 किग्रा सूखा गूदा है। सूखे भोजन में 76% गूदा होता है।
सूखे भोजन का भार

= \frac{60}{0.76} \approx 78.9

किग्रा।

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1401📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsDepreciation & Percentages

A bike was bought for Rs 45,000 at a certain discount, and its value depreciates by 8% annually. At the end of the third year, it was written-off at its depreciated value, which is 45% of the bike's original undiscounted price. What is the original undiscounted price of the bike?

Explanation

Depreciated value after 3 years:

V_3 = 45000 \times (1 - 0.08)^3 = 45000 \times (0.92)^3 = 45000 \times 0.778688 = 35040.96\text{ Rs}

Given

V_3 = 0.45 \times P_{\text{original}}

:

P_{\text{original}} = \frac{35040.96}{0.45} \approx 77,868.8 \approx 77,869\text{ Rs}.

3 वर्ष बाद मूल्य

= 45000 \times (0.92)^3 = 35040.96

रुपये।
मूल मूल्य

= \frac{35040.96}{0.45} \approx 77,869

रुपये।

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1402📚Electrical Safety, Earthing & InstallationEarth Resistance Measurement

When measuring the resistance of an earthing system, which of the following factors is/are most important for ensuring accurate readings?
1. Length/Depth of the earthing electrode
2. Distance between measurement points
3. Type of soil surrounding the electrode

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Accurate earth resistance testing (Fall-of-Potential method) depends critically on electrode insertion depth (1), proper auxiliary electrode spacing distances (2), and surrounding soil resistivity/composition (3) (All of the above).

अर्थिंग प्रतिरोध के सटीक मापन के लिए इलेक्ट्रोड की गहराई (1), परीक्षण बिंदुओं के बीच की दूरी (2), और मिट्टी की प्रकृति (3) सभी आवश्यक हैं (उपरोक्त सभी)।

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1403📚Domestic & Industrial Electrical AppliancesElectric Water Heaters & Geysers

Explanation

Matching: i) Normal plate heater uses spaced nickel plates (2); ii) Immersion heater features a copper/sheathed U-tube packed with magnesium oxide (MgO) insulation (3); iii) Storage geysers feature heavy-duty enclosed nichrome heating elements (1). Code: i-2, ii-3, iii-1.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-3, iii-1।

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1404📚Domestic & Industrial Electrical AppliancesFuzzy Logic in Modern Appliances

What is the primary function of the Fuzzy Inference Unit (FIU) in a fuzzy controller used in a washing machine?

Explanation

The Fuzzy Inference Unit (FIU) processes fuzzified input sensor variables (such as load weight, fabric type, dirt level) by evaluating IF-THEN linguistic fuzzy rules to determine optimal wash duration, water level, and spin speed.

फजी इंफरेंस यूनिट (FIU) इनपुट स्थितियों के आधार पर निर्णय लेने के लिए फजी लॉजिक नियमों (IF-THEN rules) को लागू करती है।

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1405📚Domestic & Industrial Electrical AppliancesRefrigeration Cycle Components

Match the components in the refrigerator system with the corresponding functions:

| Components | Function |
| :--- | :--- |
| i) Evaporator | 2) Features tubes with high thermal conductivity that absorbs heat rejected in the system. |
| ii) Compressor | 3) Condenses the low-pressure, low-temperature vapor into a high-temperature, high-pressure vapor. |
| iii) Condenser | 4) Comprises a set of tubes with external fins placed back of refrigerator to convert gaseous refrigerant into liquid form. |
| iv) Expansion Valve | 1) Helps to sense temperature change and regulates the flow of refrigerant |

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Matching: i) Evaporator absorbs heat from inside compartment (2); ii) Compressor compresses low-pressure vapor into high-pressure vapor (3); iii) Condenser cools and condenses gas to liquid via rear fins (4); iv) Expansion valve drops pressure and regulates refrigerant flow (1). Code: i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1।

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1406📚Power Generation & Energy SourcesHydroelectric Power Generation

Consider the following statements about Hydroelectric Power:
1. Hydroelectric power is a secondary source of energy.
2. It is a non-renewable energy source that uses the force of flowing or falling water to drive turbines and generate electricity.
3. It is efficient and eco-friendly but can harm ecosystems and displace communities.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Hydroelectric power generates electricity (a secondary energy carrier) (1 - True) and is clean during operation but has ecological/displacement impacts (3 - True). Statement 2 is false because water power is renewable (not non-renewable). Thus, 1 and 3 are correct.

जलविद्युत ऊर्जा द्वितीयक ऊर्जा स्रोत है (1) और यह पर्यावरण के अनुकूल होने के बावजूद पारिस्थितिकी और समुदायों को प्रभावित कर सकती है (3)। कथन 2 असत्य है क्योंकि यह नवीकरणीय (Renewable) स्रोत है। अतः 1 और 3 सही हैं।

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1407📚Magnetic Circuits & ElectromagnetismSources of Magnetic Fields

Which of the following is NOT a source of a magnetic field?

Explanation

A stationary electric charge (

q

with

v=0

) produces only a static electrostatic field. Magnetic fields are produced only by moving charges, electric currents, or time-varying electric fields (Maxwell's displacement current).

एक स्थिर विद्युत आवेश (Stationary electric charge) केवल स्थिर-वैद्युत क्षेत्र उत्पन्न करता है, चुंबकीय क्षेत्र नहीं।

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1408📚Magnetic Circuits & ElectromagnetismMagnetic Field of Circular Coils

A circular coil carrying a certain current produces a magnetic field B0 at its center. If the coil is rewound to have n turns while maintaining the same current, what will be the new magnetic field at the center of the new coil?

Explanation

Magnetic field at center of a coil of

n

turns:

B = n B_0

(or proportional to

n^2

when wire length is kept constant, here standard question paper specifies

n B_0

).

समान धारा प्रवाहित होने पर

n

फेरों वाली कुंडली के केंद्र पर चुंबकीय क्षेत्र

n B_0

हो जाता है।

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1409📚Magnetic Circuits & ElectromagnetismHysteresis Loop & Energy Loss

Consider the following statements about the Hysteresis Loop:
1. A hysteresis loop is generated by measuring the magnetic flux emitted from a ferromagnetic material as the external magnetic field applied to it is varied.
2. The hysteresis loop shows the relationship between the magnetic flux density and the magnetizing field strength of a paramagnetic substance.
3. The loss of energy per unit volume of the substance is equal to the area of the hysteresis curve.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is false because hysteresis loops (B-H curves) are exhibited by Ferromagnetic materials, NOT paramagnetic substances.

कथन 1 और 3 सही हैं। कथन 2 गलत है क्योंकि हिस्टैरिसीस लूप लौह-चुंबकीय (Ferromagnetic) पदार्थों का गुण है, अनुचुंबकीय का नहीं। अतः 1 और 3 सही हैं।

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1410📚Magnetic Circuits & ElectromagnetismSoft Iron vs Steel Magnetic Properties

Which of the following statements about soft iron and steel in the context of their magnetic properties is NOT correct?

Explanation

Statement D is incorrect: Transformer cores require high magnetic permeability and low coercivity/hysteresis loss; therefore, silicon steel or soft iron is used, NOT high-coercivity steel.

कथन D गलत है क्योंकि ट्रांसफार्मर कोर में उच्च पारगम्यता और कम निग्राहिता वाले नर्म लोहे/सिलिकॉन स्टील का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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1411📚Electromagnetic Induction & AC CircuitsSelf-Induction & Back EMF

Why is a spark produced in the fan switch when it is turned off?

Explanation

When an inductive circuit is opened, the abrupt collapse of magnetic flux induces a massive self-induced back EMF (

e = -L di/dt

) across the opening switch contacts, breaking down and ionizing the air gap to produce a spark.

पंखा बंद करते समय प्रेरक कुण्डली में चुंबकीय क्षेत्र के अचानक समाप्त होने से भारी बैक-EMF (

e = -L di/dt

) उत्पन्न होता है, जो स्विच संपर्कों के बीच स्पार्क बनाता है।

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1412📚Electromagnetic Induction & AC CircuitsEddy Currents & Applications

Which of the following is NOT a practical application of eddy currents?

Explanation

Induction furnaces, eddy current train brakes, and drag-cup speedometers directly rely on eddy currents. Creating airtight mechanical seals on containers is a mechanical process.

भंवर धाराएं (Eddy currents) इंडक्शन फर्नेस, ऑटोमोबाइल स्पीडोमीटर और ट्रेन ब्रेकिंग में उपयोगी हैं। कंटेनर सीलिंग यांत्रिक प्रक्रिया है।

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1413📚Electromagnetic Induction & AC CircuitsFleming's Left and Right Hand Rules

Consider the following statements about Fleming's rules:
1. Fleming's Left-Hand Rule is used to determine the direction of force in an electric motor when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field.
2. Fleming's Right Hand Rule is used to identify the direction of induced current when a conductor moves within a magnetic field which is essential for understanding generator functions.
3. Both of Fleming's rules have practical applications in various electromagnetic devices such as relays, loudspeakers, microphones, galvanometers, and maglev systems.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

All three statements are correct: Fleming's Left-Hand Rule applies to Motors (FBI: Force, B-field, Current), Fleming's Right-Hand Rule applies to Generators (Induced Current), and both have broad electromagnetic applications.

तीनों कथन सही हैं: फ्लेमिंग का बायां हाथ नियम मोटर के लिए (1), दायां हाथ नियम जनरेटर के लिए (2), और दोनों के व्यापक अनुप्रयोग हैं (3)।

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1414📚Electrical Safety, Earthing & InstallationIndian Electricity Rules 1956

Explanation

Indian Electricity Rules (1956):
- Rule 29: General safety requirements of electric supply lines & apparatus (3)
- Rule 31: Cut-out on consumer's premises (1)
- Rule 33: Earthed terminal on consumer's premises (4)
- Rule 44: Instructions for restoration of persons suffering from electric shock (2).
Correct code: i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2.

भारतीय विद्युत नियम (1956): नियम 29 (3), नियम 31 (1), नियम 33 (4), नियम 44 (2)। सही विकल्प A है।

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1415📚Electrical Safety, Earthing & InstallationFirst Aid & CPR Procedures

Which of the following statements about performing CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) is INCORRECT?

Explanation

Statement C is incorrect: In infant CPR, compressions are performed using only TWO FINGERS (or two thumbs) to a depth of approximately 1.5 inches (4 cm), NOT the heel of a hand to 2.5 inches (which would cause severe trauma).

कथन C गलत है क्योंकि शिशु (Infant) के CPR में केवल 2 उंगलियों से लगभग 1.5 इंच गहराई तक दबाव दिया जाता है, हाथ की एड़ी से 2.5 इंच नहीं।

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1416📚Switchgear, Protection & FusesCircuit Breakers (MCB, MCCB, ACB, ELCB)

Explanation

Matching: i) MCB = residential ratings up to 100A (2); ii) MCCB = adjustable trip industrial up to 2500A (3); iii) ACB = heavy industrial mains up to 6300A (1); iv) ELCB = ground fault residual leakage protection (4). Code: i-2, ii-3, iii-1, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-3, iii-1, iv-4।

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1417📚DC Machines (Generators & Motors)DC Generator Efficiency & Losses

A DC shunt generator supplies a load current of 100 A at a terminal voltage of 250 V. The armature resistance is 0.05 Ω, the field winding resistance is 50 Ω, and the stray losses are 800 W. Calculate the efficiency of the generator.

Explanation

Calculations:
-

P_{\text{out}} = V \times I_L = 250 \times 100 = 25,000\text{ W}

- Shunt current

I_{sh} = \frac{250}{50} = 5\text{ A}

- Armature current

I_a = I_L + I_{sh} = 100 + 5 = 105\text{ A}

- Armature copper loss

= I_a^2 R_a = (105)^2 \times 0.05 = 11,025 \times 0.05 = 551.25\text{ W}

- Shunt field loss

= V \times I_{sh} = 250 \times 5 = 1,250\text{ W}

- Stray losses

= 800\text{ W}

- Total losses

= 551.25 + 1250 + 800 = 2601.25\text{ W}

- Total input power

= 25000 + 2601.25 = 27,601.25\text{ W}

\text{Efficiency } \eta = \frac{25000}{27601.25} \times 100 \approx 90.57\% \approx 90.5\%.

आउटपुट

= 25,000

W। आर्मेचर हानि

= 551.25

W, शंट हानि

= 1250

W, स्ट्रे हानि

= 800

W।
कुल इनपुट

= 27,601.25

W

\implies \eta = \frac{25000}{27601.25} \approx 90.5\%

।

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1418📚DC Machines (Generators & Motors)Armature Current & Voltage Drop

A generator has an armature resistance of 0.5 Ω. When rotated at rated speed, it produces 120V at no load and 115V under full load. What is the current in the armature coil?

Explanation

Armature voltage drop

I_a R_a = E_0 - V_{\text{terminal}} = 120 - 115 = 5\text{ V}

.

I_a = \frac{5\text{ V}}{0.5\ \Omega} = 10\text{ A}.

आर्मेचर वोल्टेज ड्रॉप

= 120 - 115 = 5

V।
आर्मेचर धारा

I_a = \frac{5}{0.5} = 10

A।

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1419📚DC Machines (Generators & Motors)DC vs AC Motors

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the preference of a DC motor over an AC motor?
1. DC motors are widely used in industrial applications requiring precise speed and torque control.
2. DC motors respond quickly to starting, stopping, and reversing operations, making them suitable for applications needing rapid transitions.
3. DC motors are compatible with the DC energy stored in batteries, making them an ideal choice for electric vehicles.
4. DC motor ceiling fans use more energy than a standard AC fan.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Statement 4 is false because Brushless DC (BLDC) motor ceiling fans consume ~50-65% LESS energy (28W-35W) than standard induction motor AC fans (75W). Thus, 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सत्य हैं। कथन 4 असत्य है क्योंकि BLDC (DC) पंखे पारंपरिक AC पंखों की तुलना में काफी कम बिजली की खपत करते हैं। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।

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1420📚DC Machines (Generators & Motors)DC Motor Characteristics & Applications

Explanation

Matching: i) DC Shunt Motor = constant speed machine tool drives (2); ii) DC Series Motor = heavy traction/hoists/cranes (3); iii) Cumulative Compound Motor = rolling mills/punch presses (1). Code: i-2, ii-3, iii-1.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-3, iii-1।

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1421📚TransformersTransformer Efficiency & Overloading

What happens to the efficiency of a transformer if its load increases beyond rated capacity?

Explanation

As load exceeds rated capacity, copper losses increase quadratically (

P_{cu} \propto I^2

), rapidly outstripping useful power output and causing transformer efficiency to decrease.

निर्धारित क्षमता से अधिक भार बढ़ने पर कॉपर हानि (

I^2R

) अत्यधिक तेजी से बढ़ती है, जिससे ट्रांसफार्मर की दक्षता घट जाती है।

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1422📚TransformersSpecial Types of Transformers

Explanation

Matching: i) Isolation Transformer = Medical/noise immunity (2); ii) Ferrite Core = High frequency SMPS/RF (3); iii) Toroidal = Audio equipment & low EMI (4); iv) Autotransformer = Variable voltage control (1). Code: i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1।

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1423📚TransformersLosses in Transformers

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding losses in transformers?
1. Iron losses in transformers are primarily due to hysteresis and eddy currents in the core material.
2. Hysteresis Loss depends on the core material and the frequency of the supply voltage.
3. Copper losses occur due to the resistance of the transformer windings when current flows through them and are independent of the load.
4. Stray losses are caused by leakage flux inducing eddy currents in parts of the transformer like the tank or other structural components.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct. Statement 3 is false because copper loss (

I^2R

) is directly dependent on the load current squared (variable loss). Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सत्य हैं। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि कॉपर लॉस भार (

I^2

) पर अत्यधिक निर्भर करता है। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।

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1424📚TransformersSeparation of Core Losses in Transformers

In a single-phase transformer, the total iron loss is 3000 W at a nominal voltage of 500 V and a frequency of 50 Hz. The total iron loss is 1200 W at 250 V and 25 Hz. At nominal voltage and frequency, the hysteresis and eddy current losses are:

Explanation

When

V/f = \text{constant}

(

500/50 = 250/25 = 10

), maximum flux density

B_m

is constant:
Total core loss

P_i = A f + B f^2

.
- At 50 Hz:

50A + 2500B = 3000 \implies A + 50B = 60

- At 25 Hz:

25A + 625B = 1200 \implies A + 25B = 48

Subtracting gives

25B = 12 \implies B = 0.48

.
Then

A = 60 - 50(0.48) = 60 - 24 = 36

.
At 50 Hz nominal:
- Hysteresis Loss

P_h = A f = 36 \times 50 = 1800\text{ W}

- Eddy Current Loss

P_e = B f^2 = 0.48 \times 2500 = 1200\text{ W}

.

V/f

नियत होने पर

P_i = A f + B f^2

।
समीकरण हल करने पर

A = 36, B = 0.48

।
50 Hz पर: हिस्टैरिसीस हानि

= 1800

W तथा भंवर धारा हानि

= 1200

W।

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1425📚Synchronous Machines (Alternators)Parallel Operation of Alternators

Consider the following statements about the parallel operation of alternators:
1. In parallel operation, alternators must be synchronized in terms of voltage, frequency, and phase sequence to ensure smooth and stable power distribution.
2. It allows multiple machines to share the load which increases the overall power output of the system.
3. Properly synchronized alternators reduce the efficiency of the system due to increased losses.
4. Parallel operation ensures reliability and continuity of power supply.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct. Statement 3 is false because parallel operation optimizes machine loading near peak efficiency and permits maintenance without shutdowns. Thus, 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि समानांतर संचालन प्रणाली की दक्षता और विश्वसनीयता को बढ़ाता है। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।

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1426📚Synchronous Machines (Alternators)Types of Alternators

Explanation

Matching: i) Two-phase = 90° electrical displacement (2); ii) Three-phase = 120° displacement (4); iii) Brushless = shaft-mounted main alternator with AC exciter & rotating diode rectifier (1); iv) Turbo alternator = high-speed non-salient cylindrical rotor (1500-3000 RPM) driven by steam turbines (3). Code: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3।

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1427📚Induction Motors (3-Phase & Single-Phase)Induction Motor Operating Principle

Which of the following statements about a 3-phase induction motor is TRUE?

Explanation

An induction motor relies on relative slip speed between the stator RMF and rotor. If the rotor were to reach synchronous speed (

N = N_s

), relative motion would be zero, no magnetic flux would be cut, no rotor EMF/current would be induced, and torque would drop to zero.

तुल्यकालिक गति पर रोटर और स्टेटर चुंबकीय क्षेत्र के बीच सापेक्ष गति शून्य हो जाती है, जिससे रोटर में कोई प्रेरित EMF और टॉर्क उत्पन्न नहीं होता।

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1428📚Induction Motors (3-Phase & Single-Phase)Operating Modes of Induction Motor

Explanation

Matching: i) Motoring Mode =

0 < N < N_s

(

0 < s < 1

) (3); ii) Generating Mode =

N > N_s

(

s < 0

) driven by prime mover (1); iii) Braking / Plugging Mode = phase sequence swapped, rotor driven against field (

s > 1

) (2). Code: i-3, ii-1, iii-2.

सही मिलान: i-3, ii-1, iii-2।

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1429📚Synchronous Machines (Alternators)Distribution Factor (Kd)

The value of the distribution factor of a 3-phase alternator decreases with:

Explanation

The breadth/distribution factor

K_d = \frac{\sin(m\beta/2)}{m \sin(\beta/2)}

. As the number of slots per pole per phase (

m

) increases, phase spread spreading causes

K_d

to decrease slightly.

वितरण गुणांक (Distribution factor

K_d

) का मान प्रति पोल स्लॉट की संख्या बढ़ने पर घटता है।

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1430📚Induction Motors (3-Phase & Single-Phase)Rotor Frequency & Slip Speed

A 3-phase, 60 Hz induction motor has 6 poles and operates with a slip of 3% at a certain load. Determine the frequency of the rotor current and rotor speed.

Explanation

Synchronous speed

N_s = \frac{120 f}{P} = \frac{120 \times 60}{6} = 1200\text{ RPM}

.
- Slip

s = 0.03

- Rotor current frequency

f_r = s \cdot f = 0.03 \times 60 = 1.8\text{ Hz}

- Rotor actual speed

N = N_s (1 - s) = 1200 \times (1 - 0.03) = 1200 \times 0.97 = 1164\text{ RPM}

.

तुल्यकालिक गति

N_s = \frac{120 \times 60}{6} = 1200

RPM।
रोटर आवृत्ति

f_r = 0.03 \times 60 = 1.8

Hz।
रोटर गति

N = 1200 \times 0.97 = 1164

RPM।

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1431📚Electrical Measuring InstrumentsTypes of Electrical Indicating Instruments

Explanation

Matching: i) PMMC = DC only with linear scale (2); ii) Moving Iron = AC and DC rms measurements (4); iii) Electrodynamometer = Precision transfer standard for AC/DC (1); iv) Rectifier type = AC audio/RF communications (3). Code: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3।

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1432📚Electrical Measuring InstrumentsTwo Wattmeter Method

In a 3-phase balanced star-connected system, Match the power factor and Phase angle of the system with the corresponding wattmeter readings of the two wattmeters:

| Power factor & Phase angle | Wattmeter Reading of two wattmeters |
| :--- | :--- |
| i) P.F. is unity (phi = 0°) | 3) W1 = W2, both positive |
| ii) 0.5 < P.F. < 1.0 (60° > phi > 0°) | 2) W1 > W2, both positive |
| iii) P.F. = 0 (phi = 90°) | 1) |W1| = |W2|, Total power is zero (W1 = +ve, W2 = -ve) |
| iv) 0 < P.F. < 0.5 (90° > phi > 60°) | 4) |W1| != |W2|, Total power is positive (W1 = +ve, W2 = -ve) |

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

In the two-wattmeter method:
- At unity PF (

\phi=0^\circ

):

W_1 = W_2 = V_L I_L \cos 30^\circ > 0

(3)
- At

0.5 < \text{PF} < 1.0

(

0^\circ < \phi < 60^\circ

):

W_1 > W_2 > 0

(2)
- At zero PF (

\phi=90^\circ

):

W_1 = -W_2

, net power

= 0

(1)
- At

0 < \text{PF} < 0.5

(

60^\circ < \phi < 90^\circ

):

W_1 > 0

and

W_2 < 0

, net power

> 0

(4).
Correct code: i-3, ii-2, iii-1, iv-4.

दो-वाटमीटर विधि: यूनिटी PF पर

W_1 = W_2

दोनों धनात्मक (3);

0.5<\text{PF}<1

पर

W_1 > W_2

दोनों धनात्मक (2);

\text{PF}=0

पर

W_1 = -W_2

(1);

\text{PF}<0.5

पर एक ऋणात्मक (4)। सही विकल्प C है।

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1433📚Electromagnetic Induction & AC CircuitsDisadvantages of Low Power Factor

Poor power factor can result in:
1. Heat damage to insulation and other circuit components
2. Reduction in the amount of available useful power
3. A required increase in conductor and equipment sizes

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

A low power factor draws excessive reactive line current for a given real load power, causing heavy

I^2R

copper losses and heat degradation in cables/transformers, reducing grid capacity, requiring larger conductors, and causing voltage drops (All of the above).

खराब पावर फैक्टर से केबलों में अत्यधिक करंट और हीटिंग होती है, उपयोगी क्षमता घटती है और मोटे तारों की आवश्यकता होती है (उपरोक्त सभी)।

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1434📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsCPU Cache & Memory Hierarchy

Which memory is part of the processor chip in current-generation desktop processors?

Explanation

Modern multi-core CPU processor chips integrate ultra-fast on-die SRAM Cache Memory (L1, L2, and shared L3 cache) directly onto the silicon processor die.

आधुनिक प्रोसेसर चिप पर सीधे एकीकृत मेमोरी 'कैश मेमोरी' (Cache Memory - L1, L2, L3) होती है।

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1435📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsOperating System Kernel & Functions

In an operating system, what is the primary role of a kernel?

Explanation

The kernel is the foundational core of an Operating System that manages system hardware resources (CPU, RAM, I/O devices) and provides a secure abstraction bridge for user application programs.

ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम में कर्नेल (Kernel) कंप्यूटर हार्डवेयर और सॉफ्टवेयर अनुप्रयोगों के बीच मुख्य सेतु (Bridge) के रूप में कार्य करता है।

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1436📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsWeb Browsers & Client-Side Technologies

Identify the correct statement about a web browser.

Explanation

A web browser (client-side application like Chrome, Firefox, Edge) fetches, parses, renders, and displays HTML documents, CSS styling, and JavaScript execution to users.

वेब ब्राउज़र का मुख्य कार्य HTML, CSS और जावास्क्रिप्ट दस्तावेज़ों को पार्स करके उपयोगकर्ता के सामने स्क्रीन पर प्रदर्शित करना है।

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1437📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsInternet Protocols (HTTP, FTP, DNS, DHCP)

Explanation

Matching:
- i) HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol for web pages (2)
- ii) FTP: File Transfer Protocol for file transfers (1)
- iii) DNS: Domain Name System translating domain names to IP addresses (4)
- iv) DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol automatically leasing IP configurations (3).
Correct code: i-2, ii-1, iii-4, iv-3.

सही मिलान: HTTP (2), FTP (1), DNS (4), DHCP (3)। सही विकल्प D है।

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1438📚C Programming & Data StructuresFormatted I/O in C

Which of the following statements about printf is correct?

```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("%d %d
", 1);
return 0;
}
```

Explanation

Passing fewer arguments than format specifiers in `printf()` invokes Undefined Behavior according to the C standard (often reading whatever indeterminate garbage value resides on the stack).

`printf` में फॉर्मेट विनिर्देशक की तुलना में कम तर्क पास करना C मानक के अनुसार अनिर्धारित व्यवहार (Undefined behavior) उत्पन्न करता है।

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1439📚C Programming & Data StructuresDynamic Memory Allocation

Which of the following functions is used to dynamically allocate memory in C?

Explanation

`malloc()` (memory allocation) in `<stdlib.h>` dynamically allocates a block of memory of specified bytes on the heap.

C में हीप (Heap) पर डायनेमिक मेमोरी आवंटित करने के लिए `malloc()` का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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1440📚C Programming & Data StructuresPrimitive Data Types Sizes

Explanation

Sizes on a standard 32-bit system: int = 4 bytes (ii), char = 1 byte (i), float = 4 bytes (iii), double = 8 bytes (iv). Code: 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iii, 4-iv.

32-बिट सिस्टम पर: int = 4 बाइट्स (ii), char = 1 बाइट (i), float = 4 बाइट्स (iii), double = 8 बाइट्स (iv)। सही विकल्प 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iii, 4-iv है।

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1441📚C Programming & Data StructuresC Functions & Recursion

Consider the following statements about functions in C:
1. Functions can return only one value.
2. Recursive functions can call themselves.
3. The void keyword is used to indicate that a function does not return a value.
4. Functions must always have a return type specified.

Choose the correct Statement:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. In C89, functions without a return type defaulted to `int` (implicit int), so statement 4 is not strictly universal in legacy C. Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं: C फंक्शन एक मान लौटाते हैं (1), पुनरावर्ती फंक्शन स्वयं को कॉल करते हैं (2), और `void` कोई मान न लौटाने का संकेत देता है (3)।

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1442📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLDatabase Indexing Pros & Cons

Which of the following are advantages of indexing in a database?
1. Improves query performance
2. Reduces storage requirements
3. Increases the speed of updates and inserts
4. Enables faster retrieval of rows

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Indexing speeds up SELECT query performance (1) and accelerates row retrieval (4). However, indexes consume additional disk storage space and slow down INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operations because the index tree must be updated.

इंडेक्सिंग से क्वेरी का प्रदर्शन बेहतर होता है (1) और डेटा तेजी से प्राप्त होता है (4)। यह अतिरिक्त मेमोरी लेता है और इन्सर्ट/अपडेट को धीमा करता है। अतः 1 और 4 सही हैं।

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1443📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLSQL DML Commands

Explanation

Matching: SELECT retrieves data (1); INSERT adds new rows (2); UPDATE modifies existing tuples (3); DELETE removes specified rows (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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1444📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLSQL Fundamentals

What does SQL stand for?

Explanation

SQL stands for Structured Query Language, the standard domain-specific language used for managing data held in relational database management systems.

SQL का पूर्ण रूप 'Structured Query Language' (स्ट्रक्चर्ड क्वेरी लैंग्वेज) है।

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1445📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsHTML Document Structure & Meta Tags

What is the purpose of the <meta> tag in HTML?

Explanation

The `<meta>` tag in the HTML `<head>` specifies metadata such as character encoding (`charset`), page description, viewport configurations, SEO keywords, and author information.

HTML में `<meta>` टैग का उपयोग वेब पेज के मेटाडेटा जैसे विवरण (Description), कीवर्ड्स, और व्यू-पोर्ट सेटिंग्स जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है।

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1446📚C Programming & Data StructuresBinary Search Tree Deletion

Arrange the following steps for deleting a node from a binary search tree (BST) in the correct order:
1. Find the node to be deleted
2. Replace the node with its in-order successor if it has two children
3. Delete the node if it has no children or one child
4. Rebalance the tree if necessary

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

BST node deletion steps: 1 (Locate target node) → 2 (If node has 2 children, find and replace with in-order successor/predecessor) → 3 (Splice/delete node with 0 or 1 child) → 4 (Update heights/rebalance if self-balancing BST). Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4.

BST नोड डिलीशन का सही क्रम: नोड खोजना (1) → 2 बच्चे होने पर इन-ऑर्डर सक्सेसर से बदलना (2) → 0 या 1 बच्चे वाले नोड को हटाना (3) → पुनर्संतुलन (4)। क्रम: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4।

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1447📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsTCP/IP Model Layers

In the TCP/IP model, which layer is responsible for process-to-process communication?

Explanation

The Transport Layer (TCP/UDP) utilizes port numbers to provide end-to-end process-to-process communication between software applications running on distinct network hosts.

TCP/IP मॉडल में ट्रांसपोर्ट लेयर (Transport Layer - TCP/UDP) पोर्ट नंबरों के माध्यम से प्रोसेस-टू-प्रोसेस संचार प्रदान करती है।

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1448📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsNetwork Devices (Router, Switch, Hub, Firewall)

Explanation

Matching: Router = Layer 3 IP routing (1); Switch = Layer 2 MAC frame filtering (2); Hub = Layer 1 physical multi-port repeater broadcasting to all ports (3); Firewall = network security packet inspection (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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1449📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsWeb Browsers & Client vs Server Architecture

Which of the following statements about web browsers are correct?
1. A browser renders HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
2. A browser sends HTTP/HTTPS requests to servers
3. A browser is responsible for executing server-side scripts
4. Popular browsers include Chrome, Firefox, and Safari

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct. Statement 3 is false because web browsers are client-side software; server-side scripts (PHP, Node.js, ASP.NET, Python) execute exclusively on the remote web server. Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि सर्वर-साइड स्क्रिप्ट्स वेब सर्वर पर निष्पादित होती हैं, ब्राउज़र पर नहीं।

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1450📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsTCP Protocol Architecture & Features

Which of the following are features of the TCP protocol?
1. Connection-oriented
2. Reliable data transfer
3. Flow control
4. Low overhead compared to UDP

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

TCP features include connection-oriented 3-way handshake (1), reliable delivery via sequence numbers and ACKs (2), and flow/congestion control (3). Statement 4 is false because TCP's 20-byte header and reliability mechanisms create much higher overhead than lightweight UDP (8-byte header). Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

TCP कनेक्शन-ओरिएंटेड है (1), विश्वसनीय डेटा ट्रांसफर करता है (2), और फ्लो कंट्रोल प्रदान करता है (3)। UDP की तुलना में TCP का ओवरहेड अधिक होता है। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।

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1451📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsOSI Reference Model Layers

Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for ensuring reliable data transfer?

Explanation

The Transport Layer (Layer 4) provides end-to-end error recovery, flow control, acknowledgment mechanisms, and ensures reliable complete data delivery between source and destination endpoints.

OSI मॉडल की ट्रांसपोर्ट लेयर (Transport Layer) एंड-टू-एंड विश्वसनीय डेटा ट्रांसफर सुनिश्चित करने के लिए जिम्मेदार है।

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1452📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsUser Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Which of the following statements about UDP are correct?
1. UDP is connectionless
2. UDP is faster than TCP
3. UDP provides error correction
4. UDP is used for real-time applications like video streaming

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct. Statement 3 is false because UDP has no retransmission or error correction mechanisms (it offers only basic optional error detection via checksum). Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि UDP में एरर करेक्शन या पुनः प्रसारण की सुविधा नहीं होती। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।

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1453📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsOSI Hierarchy Top-to-Bottom

Arrange the following layers of the OSI model in order from top to bottom:
1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Data Link Layer

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

OSI Layers from Top (Layer 7) to Bottom (Layer 1):
1. Application Layer (Layer 7)
2. Transport Layer (Layer 4)
3. Network Layer (Layer 3)
4. Data Link Layer (Layer 2).
Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4.

शीर्ष से नीचे (Top to bottom) OSI परतों का क्रम: एप्लीकेशन लेयर (1) → ट्रांसपोर्ट लेयर (2) → नेटवर्क लेयर (3) → डेटा लिंक लेयर (4)। सही क्रम 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 है।

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1454📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Virtual Function Overriding in C++

What is the output of the following C++ code?

```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Base {
public:
virtual void display() { cout << "Base" << endl; }
};

class Derived: public Base {
public:
void display() { cout << "Derived" << endl; }
};

int main() {
Base* b;
Derived d;
b = &d;
b->display();
return 0;
}
```

Explanation

Because `display()` is declared `virtual` in `Base`, the call `b->display()` dynamically resolves at runtime to the overriding method in `Derived`. Output is `Derived`.

`Base` में `display()` के `virtual` होने के कारण रनटाइम पर `Derived` क्लास का फंक्शन कॉल होगा और आउटपुट 'Derived' आएगा।

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1455📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Friend Functions & Classes in C++

What is the purpose of the friend function in C++?

Explanation

A `friend` function in C++ is granted special non-member access permissions to read and modify the `private` and `protected` members of the class in which it is declared a friend.

C++ में फ्रेंड फंक्शन (Friend function) को क्लास के प्राइवेट और प्रोटेक्टेड मेंबर्स तक सीधे पहुँचने की विशेष अनुमति होती है।

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1456📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Object Lifecycle (Constructors & Destructors)

What will the following code output?

```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class MyClass {
public:
MyClass() { cout << "Constructor" << endl; }
~MyClass() { cout << "Destructor" << endl; }
};

int main() {
MyClass obj;
return 0;
}
```

Explanation

When `obj` is instantiated in `main()`, `MyClass()` outputs 'Constructor'. When `main()` terminates, `obj` goes out of scope and `~MyClass()` executes, outputting 'Destructor'.

ऑब्जेक्ट बनने पर कंस्ट्रक्टर चलेगा और `main()` समाप्त होने पर डिस्ट्रक्टर चलेगा। अतः आउटपुट 'Constructor followed by Destructor' होगा।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

1457📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Pure Virtual Functions & Abstract Classes

Arrange the following steps for creating a pure virtual function in C++:
1. Declare a function as virtual
2. Use the = 0 syntax to make it pure virtual
3. Implement the function in the derived class
4. Create an abstract class containing the function

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Order: 4 (Create abstract base class) → 1 (Declare function with `virtual` keyword) → 2 (Append `= 0;` specifier) → 3 (Override and implement in concrete derived classes). Order: 4 → 1 → 2 → 3.

प्योर वर्चुअल फंक्शन बनाने का क्रम: एब्सट्रैक्ट क्लास बनाना (4) → वर्चुअल फंक्शन घोषित करना (1) → `= 0` लगाना (2) → डिराइव्ड क्लास में लागू करना (3)। क्रम: 4 → 1 → 2 → 3।

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1458📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Java & .NET Interoperability

Which of the following statements about Java interop with .NET are true?
1. Java code can be integrated with .NET using the IKVM.NET library
2. Java code must be converted into MSIL for execution in .NET.
3. The JNI (Java Native Interface) can be used for interop with .NET libraries
4. Java classes must always be written in .NET-specific IDEs for compatibility

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are true. Java interop with .NET is supported via IKVM.NET compiler/runtime (1), bytecode to MSIL translation (2), and JNI native bridges (3). Statement 4 is false. Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सत्य हैं: IKVM.NET का उपयोग (1), बाइटकोड का MSIL में रूपांतरण (2), और JNI का उपयोग (3)।

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1459📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Java Special Keywords

Explanation

Matching: Synchronized = mutual exclusion locking for thread safety (1); Transient = ignores field during object serialization (2); Final = constants / immutable methods / non-inheritable classes (3); Volatile = guarantees thread visibility directly from main memory (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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1460📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)C# Using Statement & IDisposable

Which of the following are true about the using statement in C#?
1. It ensures the object is disposed of after use.
2. It is only used for importing namespaces
3. It helps manage unmanaged resources like file handles
4. It can be used to simplify code related to IDisposable objects

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

The `using(...)` statement wraps `IDisposable` objects in a `try-finally` block ensuring `.Dispose()` is called to release unmanaged OS resources (1, 3, 4). Statement 2 is false because `using` acts as both a namespace directive and a deterministic resource disposal block. Thus, 1, 3, and 4 are correct.

C# में `using` स्टेटमेंट `IDisposable` ऑब्जेक्ट्स के लिए स्वतः `.Dispose()` कॉल करता है और अनमैनेज्ड संसाधनों का प्रबंधन करता है (1, 3, 4)। अतः 1, 3 और 4 सही हैं।

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1461📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsASP.NET State Management & Architecture

Explanation

Matching: ViewState = page-level state persistence across round-trip postbacks (1); Master Pages = consistent master layout template (2); Web API = HTTP RESTful endpoints (3); Session State = user-specific server-side storage (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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1462📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsASP.NET Web Forms Framework

Which of the following statements about ASP.NET Web Forms are correct?
1. It uses an event-driven programming model.
2. It is part of the .NET Framework
3. It supports server-side controls
4. It does not support AJAX

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Statement 4 is false because ASP.NET Web Forms has full AJAX support via `ScriptManager`, `UpdatePanel`, and the ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit. Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं। कथन 4 गलत है क्योंकि ASP.NET वेब फॉर्म्स AJAX (UpdatePanel) का पूर्ण समर्थन करता है। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।

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1463📚Software Engineering & SDLCSDLC Models

Which of the following models is not a part of software development life cycle (SDLC)?

Explanation

Waterfall, Spiral, Agile, RAD, V-Model, and Prototype are established SDLC models. 'Assembly Line Model' is an industrial manufacturing concept, not an SDLC process model.

वॉटरफॉल, स्पाइरल और एजाइल सभी SDLC मॉडल हैं। 'Assembly Line Model' कोई सॉफ्टवेयर विकास मॉडल नहीं है।

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1464📚Software Engineering & SDLCAgile Manifesto & Methodology

Which of the following statements about Agile methodology are correct?
1. Agile focuses on iterative development
2. Agile prioritizes customer collaboration over contract negotiation
3. Agile uses a fixed timeline for all phases
4. Agile values responding to change over following a plan

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 align directly with the Agile Manifesto: iterative sprints (1), customer collaboration (2), and responding to change (4). Statement 3 is false because Agile embraces adaptive, flexible timeboxes rather than rigid phase timelines. Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं (पुनरावृत्ति विकास, ग्राहक सहयोग, और बदलाव के प्रति अनुकूलता)। कथन 3 गलत है। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।

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1465📚Software Engineering & SDLCBlack-Box vs White-Box Testing

Which of the following testing methods checks the functionality of a program without looking at the code?

Explanation

Black-box Testing (functional/behavioral testing) evaluates software inputs and outputs against functional specifications without knowledge of internal source code or implementation logic.

ब्लैक-बॉक्स टेस्टिंग (Black-box Testing) में आंतरिक कोड को देखे बिना केवल इनपुट और आउटपुट के आधार पर कार्यक्षमता की जांच की जाती है।

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1466📚Software Engineering & SDLCRequirement Gathering & SRS

Which phase in SDLC focuses on gathering requirements?

Explanation

The Requirement Gathering & Analysis phase elicits, documents, validates, and formalizes stakeholder needs into a Software Requirement Specification (SRS) document.

SDLC का 'Requirement Analysis Phase' हितधारकों से आवश्यकताएं एकत्र करने और SRS दस्तावेज़ तैयार करने पर केंद्रित होता है।

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1467📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareCPU Scheduling Algorithms & Starvation

Which scheduling algorithm may cause starvation?

Explanation

Priority Scheduling can cause indefinite starvation (indefinite blocking) for low-priority processes if higher-priority processes continuously arrive in the ready queue (resolved via aging).

प्रायोरिटी शेड्यूलिंग (Priority Scheduling) में कम प्राथमिकता वाली प्रक्रियाएं भुखमरी (Starvation) का शिकार हो सकती हैं।

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1468📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareProcess Lifecycle & State Transitions

A process is in the "ready" state. What event will move it to the "running" state?

Explanation

A process transitions from the Ready state to the Running state when the Short-Term CPU Scheduler selects it and the Dispatcher assigns the CPU core to it.

तैयार (Ready) अवस्था से रनिंग अवस्था में प्रक्रिया तब जाती है जब CPU शेड्यूलर उसे निष्पादन के लिए चुनता है।

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1469📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareMultiprogramming Concepts & Advantages

Which of the following are advantages of multiprogramming?
1. Increased CPU utilization
2. Decreased memory usage
3. Increased throughput
4. Reduced response time

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Multiprogramming keeps the CPU continuously busy by switching to another job during I/O waits, thereby maximizing CPU utilization (1), increasing system throughput (3), and improving user response times (4). It requires more memory, not less. Thus, 1, 3, and 4 are correct.

मल्टीप्रोग्रामिंग के लाभों में CPU उपयोग में वृद्धि (1), थ्रूपुट में वृद्धि (3), और रिस्पांस समय में सुधार (4) शामिल हैं। अतः 1, 3 और 4 सही हैं।

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1470📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareCPU Scheduling Algorithms Matching

Explanation

Matching: FCFS = first arrival order (1); Round Robin = fixed quantum time slicing (2); Priority = highest priority first (3); Multilevel Queue = partitioned priority queues (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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1471📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareOS Synchronization & Memory Concepts

Explanation

Matching: Semaphore = signaling synchronization primitive (1); Virtual Memory = disk-backed extended address space (2); Thrashing = page fault collapse where CPU spends more time paging than executing (3); Mutex = mutual exclusion lock (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

1472📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareOptimal CPU Scheduling (SJF)

Which scheduling algorithm gives the minimum average waiting time?

Explanation

Shortest Job First (SJF / Shortest Remaining Time First) is mathematically proven to be optimal, producing the minimal average waiting time for a given set of stationary processes.

शॉर्टेस्ट जॉब फर्स्ट (SJF) शेड्यूलिंग एल्गोरिदम न्यूनतम औसत प्रतीक्षा समय (Minimum average waiting time) देता है और इष्टतम (Optimal) माना जाता है।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

1473📚Operating Systems & System SoftwarePaging & Memory Fragmentation

Which of the following statements about paging are true?
1. Paging eliminates external fragmentation
2. Paging incurs internal fragmentation
3. Paging uses logical and physical address spaces
4. Paging requires contiguous memory allocation

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are true. Statement 4 is false because paging specifically allows non-contiguous memory allocation across physical frames. Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं (एक्सटर्नल फ्रैगमेंटेशन समाप्त होना, इंटरनल फ्रैगमेंटेशन होना, लॉजिकल/फिजिकल मैपिंग)। कथन 4 गलत है क्योंकि पेजिंग नॉन-कॉटिगुअस मेमोरी की अनुमति देती है।

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1474📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KFolk Dances of J&K

What is the name of the "KIKU" dance in Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Hikkat (or Haqqat / Kiku Nritya) is a playful folk dance performed in Jammu and Kashmir, especially by young girls holding each other's crossed hands and twirling in circles.

जम्मू-कश्मीर में 'किकू' (KIKU) नृत्य को 'हिक्कत / हक्कत नृत्य' (Haqqat Nritya) के नाम से जाना जाता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1475📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KHikat Dance

Name the folk dance of Kashmir reflecting its playful nature?

Explanation

Hikkat (or Hikat) is a fast, playful dance performed in pairs by young boys and girls spinning in circles to the rhythm of folk tunes.

कश्मीर का चंचल और आनंदमय लोक नृत्य 'हिकत' (Hikat) है, जिसे जोड़े में गोल-गोल घूमकर किया जाता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1476📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KFairs & Festivals of J&K

Poor Mandal Mela is generally celebrated on which occasion?

Explanation

The famous Purmandal Mela (Chhota Kashi) on the banks of Devika river in Samba/Jammu is celebrated on the auspicious occasion of Maha Shivratri.

पुरमंडल मेला (Purmandal Mela) जम्मू के सांबा जिले में महाशिवरात्रि (Shivratri) के पावन पर्व पर आयोजित किया जाता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1477📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KDevotional Instruments of Ladakh & Kashmir

Which percussion instrument is played during morning and evening prayers in Kashmir and Ladakh?

Explanation

Thaluz (metal cymbals / gong percussion) is struck during morning and evening spiritual prayers across Buddhist monasteries and shrines in Ladakh and Kashmir.

कश्मीर और लद्दाख में सुबह और शाम की प्रार्थनाओं के दौरान 'थालुज़' (Thaluz / झांझ) वाद्य यंत्र बजाया जाता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1478📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KChakri Folk Music

What is the traditional musical composition of Kashmir called?

Explanation

Chakri is the most popular traditional responsive folk musical composition in Kashmir, performed with harmonium, rubab, sarangi, nout, and chimta.

कश्मीर की सबसे लोकप्रिय पारंपरिक लोक संगीत रचना 'चकरी' (Chakri) कहलाती है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1479📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KFolk Melodies of Jammu

What is the famous folk style of Jammu?

Explanation

The folk music of Jammu heavily incorporates melodic inflections corresponding to Raga Bhairavi (and Pahadi).

जम्मू के लोक संगीत में 'भैरवी' (Bhairavi) शैली का प्रभाव प्रमुख रूप से पाया जाता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1480📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KRouf Dance of Kashmir

Which among the following is the dance performed during Eid and Ramadan in Kashmir?

Explanation

Rouf is the iconic festive dance of Kashmiri women, performed in facing rows with interlocking arms celebrating Eid, Ramadan, and spring harvest.

कश्मीर में ईद और रमजान के खुशी के अवसर पर महिलाओं द्वारा 'रऊफ' (Rouf) नृत्य किया जाता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1481📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KKud Ritual Dance

Which dance is performed to please the gods and goddesses?

Explanation

Kud Dance is performed in the middle of the night around bonfires specifically to honor and seek blessings from local Gram Devtas (Kul Devtas).

कुल देवी-देवताओं को प्रसन्न करने के लिए जम्मू के पर्वतीय अंचलों में 'कुद नृत्य' (Kud Dance) किया जाता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1482📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KSufi Poetry & Shrukhs

Which of the following are the poetic messages of wisdom generally sung without music and dance:

Explanation

Shrukhs are mystical spiritual quatrains composed by Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Wali (Nund Rishi) in Kashmiri, recited as profound words of wisdom without musical accompaniment.

शेख नूरुद्दीन वली (नंद ऋषि) द्वारा रचित सूफी पद 'श्रुख' (Shrukh) आध्यात्मिक ज्ञान के छंद हैं जो बिना वाद्य और नृत्य के गाए जाते हैं।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1483📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KLal Ded & Kashmiri Literature

Which of the following is not a musical instrument?

Explanation

Waakh is a form of 4-line spiritual poetry created by the great 14th-century mystic poetess Lal Ded, whereas Santoor, Tumbaknaer, and Nout are musical instruments.

'वाख' (Waakh) लल्लेश्वरी (लाल देद) द्वारा रचित आध्यात्मिक काव्य विधा है, यह कोई वाद्य यंत्र नहीं है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1484📚Indian Classical Music & MusicologyLaya & Rhythm Concepts

What is the movement of progression or beats in a rhythmic cycle?

Explanation

Laya is the uniform speed, tempo, or continuous movement of progression between successive beats in a rhythmic cycle.

लय (Laya) ताल चक्र में मात्राओं के बीच की गति या निरंतर चाल को कहते हैं।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1485📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsHarmonium Mechanism

What role does the piston play in a harmonium?

Explanation

In a harmonium, the stops and drone pistons regulate the airflow volume and acoustic resonance entering specific reed chambers.

हारमोनियम में पिस्टन (Stops/Pistons) रीड्स में जाने वाली हवा और ध्वनि के आयतन (Volume) को नियंत्रित करते हैं।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1486📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsPiano Octave Range

How many octaves does the standard 88 keys Piano span ?

Explanation

A standard modern 88-key piano keyboard spans 7 complete octaves plus a minor third (from A0 to C8).

मानक 88 कुंजियों वाला पियानो 7 सप्तक (7 octaves) और कुछ अतिरिक्त कुंजियों में फैला होता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1487📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsHarmonics & Overtones

Which harmonic overtone corresponds to the second octave above a fundamental pitch?

Explanation

Harmonic series relations:
- Fundamental pitch =

f_1

- 1st octave above = 2nd harmonic (

2 f_1

)
- 2nd octave above = 4th harmonic (

4 f_1

)
- 3rd octave above = 8th harmonic (

8 f_1

).

मूल स्वर से दूसरा सप्तक ऊपर 4था हार्मोनिक (4th harmonic =

4f_1

) होता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1488📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsHarmonium Knobs & Stops

In a harmonium what does the term "Stop" refer to?

Explanation

Harmonium stops are front-facing pull-knobs that open or close airflow to specific reed banks (e.g. Bass, Male, Female/Treble).

हारमोनियम में 'स्टॉप' (Stop) वह नॉब/बटन है जो विशेष रीड ब्लॉक में हवा के प्रवाह को चालू या बंद करता है।

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1489📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsJust Intonation vs Equal Temperament

What is the main difference between the "Just" and "Equal Tempered" Octave?

Explanation

While the 2:1 octave span is identical, Just Intonation uses pure integer frequency ratios (e.g. 3:2, 4:3, 5:4), whereas Equal Temperament uses slight irrational logarithmic approximations (

2^{n/12}

).

जस्ट इनटोनेशन और इक्वल टेम्परामेंट में मुख्य अंतर मध्यवर्ती स्वरों के आवृत्ति अनुपात (Frequency Ratio of Notes) का होता है।

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1490📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsKeyboard Instrument Ranges

Which instrument is known for producing a large range of octaves often spanning over seven octaves?

Explanation

The standard acoustic piano covers over seven full octaves (88 keys: A0 to C8), the widest range among common instruments.

सात से अधिक सप्तकों (7 octaves) की विशाल ध्वनि सीमा वाला वाद्य यंत्र 'पियानो' (Piano) है।

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1491📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsHarmonium Pitch Range

Which Instrument has a sound range that spans multiple octaves but with a focus on the lower octave?

Explanation

The Indian Harmonium spans 3 to 3.5 octaves, with primary vocal accompaniment centered heavily on the lower (Mandra) and middle (Madhya) octaves.

हारमोनियम की सीमा 3 से 3.5 सप्तक होती है जिसका मुख्य उपयोग निचले (मन्द्र) और मध्य सप्तक पर केंद्रित होता है।

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1492📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsMusical Intervals (Perfect Octave)

The interval between "C4" & "C5" is an example of which type of octave?

Explanation

The interval spanning from C4 to C5 (ratio 2:1, 12 semitones) is an acoustically pure Perfect Octave (P8).

C4 और C5 के बीच का 12 अर्धस्वर का अंतराल 'परफेक्ट ऑक्टेव' (Perfect Octave / शुद्ध सप्तक) का उदाहरण है।

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1493📚Indian Classical Music & MusicologyShruti Intervals (Vadi-Samvadi)

According to the ancient scholars, what is the difference of Shruti between "Vadi" and "Samvadi Shruti" Antraal?

Explanation

According to ancient musicological treatises, the interval between Vadi and Samvadi corresponds to either Shadaja-Madhyama bhava (9 Shrutis) or Shadaja-Panchama bhava (13 Shrutis), i.e., 9-13 shrutis.

प्राचीन आचार्यों के अनुसार वादी और संवादी स्वर के बीच 9 या 13 श्रुतियों (Shadaj-Madhyama / Shadaj-Panchama bhava) का अंतर होता है (9-13)।

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1494📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyLorentz Force & Electron Deflection

A Beam of electrons is travelling in a straight line. If an external magnetic field is introduced perpendicular to the direction of travel of electrons, the electron will _____?

Explanation

According to the Lorentz Force Law (

\vec{F} = -e(\vec{v} \times \vec{B})

), a magnetic field perpendicular to an electron's velocity exerts a magnetic deflecting force perpendicular to both the velocity vector and the magnetic field lines (causing circular or curved trajectory without changing speed).

लॉरेंट्ज़ बल नियम (

\vec{F} = -e(\vec{v} \times \vec{B})

) के अनुसार, चुंबकीय क्षेत्र इलेक्ट्रॉन को उसके प्रारंभिक वेग और चुंबकीय क्षेत्र दोनों के लंबवत विक्षेपित करता है।

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1495📚Human Anatomy & Clinical PhysiologyLeukocytes & Diapedesis

Find the correct statement for WBCs:

Explanation

White blood cells (leukocytes) exhibit diapedesis (extravasation), enabling them to actively deform and squeeze through tiny gaps in capillary endothelial walls into tissue spaces.

श्वेत रक्त कोशिकाएं (WBCs) डायपेडिसिस प्रक्रिया द्वारा रक्त केशिकाओं (Capillaries) की दीवारों से बाहर निकल सकती हैं।

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1496📚Dosimetry & Quality AssuranceDosimeter Energy Dependence

A series of dosimeter are irradiated in water with Co-60 and then with 15MV x-rays. In both cases the dose to the water at the position of the dosimeter was 1Gy. For which dosimeter will the reading for the two energies differ the least.

Explanation

An air-filled ionization chamber calibrated under cavity-gas Spencer-Attix theory has an energy response that is closest to water-equivalent tissue over megavoltage energy ranges (Co-60 to 15 MV), differing by less than 1-2% compared to diodes, films, or TLDs.

आयोनाइज़ेशन चैंबर (Ionization chamber) की ऊर्जा प्रतिक्रिया Co-60 और 15MV एक्स-रे के बीच सबसे कम भिन्न होती है (लगभग ऊर्जा-स्वतंत्र)।

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1497📚Dosimetry & Quality AssuranceAcceptance Testing vs Commissioning

What is the difference between acceptance testing and commissioning of equipment?

Explanation

Acceptance testing verifies that the newly installed machine meets vendor purchase contractual specifications using a limited baseline dataset. Commissioning is the comprehensive clinical dataset acquisition (PDD, beam profiles, output factors) required for clinical treatment planning.

स्वीकृति परीक्षण (Acceptance testing) विक्रेता के विनिर्देशों की पुष्टि हेतु सीमित डेटासेट चलाता है, जबकि कमीशनिंग क्लिनिकल उपयोग हेतु व्यापक डेटा संग्रह करता है।

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1498📚Radiotherapy Treatment Planning & TechniquesPatient Positioning & Belly Board

The belly board's main advantage is:

Explanation

In prone pelvic radiotherapy (e.g. rectal cancer), a belly board positioning device allows the patient's anterior abdominal wall and small intestines to fall forward into an aperture, displacing the small bowel anteriorly out of the high-dose pelvic radiation field.

पेल्विक रेडियोथेरेपी में बेली बोर्ड का मुख्य लाभ छोटी आंत (Small bowel) को विकिरण क्षेत्र से बाहर निकालकर उस पर पड़ने वाले डोज को न्यूनतम करना है।

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1499📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyHDR Radioisotopes (Ir-192)

Which one of the following radioisotopes is most commonly used in remote after loader units?

Explanation

Iridium-192 (

^{192}\text{Ir}

) is the standard radioisotope used in modern High Dose Rate (HDR) remote afterloaders due to its high specific activity, compact seed dimensions (0.6 mm diameter), and moderate gamma energy (~380 keV) allowing flexible catheter navigation.

आधुनिक रिमोट आफ्टरलोडर (HDR) इकाइयों में उच्च विशिष्ट सक्रियता और कॉम्पैक्ट आकार के कारण सबसे अधिक 'इरिडियम-192' (

^{192}\text{Ir}

) का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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1500📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsLET and RBE of Neutrons vs Photons

What is the main reason for the difference in biologic effects caused by neutrons and photons?

Explanation

Fast neutrons produce recoil protons with high Linear Energy Transfer (LET), resulting in a much higher microscopic density of ionization per track length (dense clusters of DNA double-strand breaks) compared to sparsely ionizing low-LET photons.

न्यूट्रॉन और फोटॉन के जैविक प्रभावों में मुख्य अंतर 'आयनीकरण का घनत्व' (Density of ionization / High LET) है।

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1501📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsSublethal Damage (SLD) Repair

Sublethal damage repair is:

Explanation

Sublethal Damage (SLD) repair is the operational mechanism (Elkind repair) responsible for the increase in cell survival observed when a total radiation dose is divided/split into two fractions separated by a time interval of hours.

सब-लीथल क्षति मरम्मत (SLD repair) वह कारण है जिससे विकिरण खुराक को दो भागों में विभाजित करने पर कोशिका उत्तरजीविता (Survival) बढ़ जाती है।

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1502📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsSLD Repair & Cell Cycle Reassortment

The increase of cell survival because of sublethal damage repair:

Explanation

As time increases between split doses, surviving synchronized cells progress around the cell cycle and enter more sensitive phases (M/G2 - reassortment), which produces a dip in survival that counteracts pure repair.

सब-लीथल मरम्मत द्वारा उत्तरजीविता में वृद्धि कोशिका चक्र में आगे बढ़ने ('पुनर्वर्गीकरण' / Reassortment) के कारण संवेदनशीलता बढ़ने से प्रभावित/बाधित होती है।

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1503📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyAnode Heel Effect

The loss of Intensity on the anode side of the X-ray tube is called:

Explanation

The Anode Heel Effect describes the reduction in X-ray beam intensity toward the anode end of the field caused by self-absorption of photons within the anode target material itself.

एक्स-रे ट्यूब में एनोड की तरफ तीव्रता में होने वाली कमी को 'एनोड हील प्रभाव' (Heel Effect) कहा जाता है।

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1504📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyComparative Radioactive Decay

Half lives of two radioactive substances A and B respectively are 20 min. and 40 min. initially, the samples of A and B have an equal number of nuclei. After 80 min. the ratio of the remaining number of A and B nuclei is:

Explanation

After 80 minutes:
- For A (

T_{1/2} = 20\text{ min}

):

\frac{80}{20} = 4\text{ half-lives} \implies N_A = N_0 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^4 = \frac{N_0}{16}

- For B (

T_{1/2} = 40\text{ min}

):

\frac{80}{40} = 2\text{ half-lives} \implies N_B = N_0 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 = \frac{N_0}{4}

\text{Ratio } \frac{N_A}{N_B} = \frac{N_0/16}{N_0/4} = \frac{4}{16} = 1:4.

80 मिनट बाद: A के 4 अर्धायु काल (

1/16

) और B के 2 अर्धायु काल (

1/4

) पूरे होंगे। अनुपात

\frac{1/16}{1/4} = 1:4

होगा।

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1505📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyFractional Decay Duration

The half life of radioactive substance is 20 minutes. The time between 20% and 80% decay will be:

Explanation

- At 20% decay, remaining fraction is

80\% = 0.80 N_0

.
- At 80% decay, remaining fraction is

20\% = 0.20 N_0

.
Ratio of remaining amounts

= \frac{0.80}{0.20} = 4 = 2^2

, which corresponds to exactly 2 half-lives.

\text{Time} = 2 \times 20\text{ minutes} = 40\text{ minutes}.

20% क्षय पर शेष 80% है और 80% क्षय पर शेष 20% है।

80\%/20\% = 4 = 2^2

(2 अर्धायु काल)। समय

= 2 \times 20 = 40

मिनट।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

1506📚Radiation Safety & Regulatory NormsPatient Radiation Dose Reduction

The single most effective method of reducing patient somatic exposure when taking radiograph is to use:

Explanation

Using high-speed image receptors (such as Fast E-speed / F-speed film or digital flat-panel detectors) dramatically reduces the required mAs and exposure time, offering the single largest reduction in patient radiation dose.

रेडियोग्राफ लेते समय रोगी के डोज़ को कम करने का सबसे प्रभावी तरीका 'स्पीड E फिल्म' (Speed E film / Fast Receptors) का उपयोग करना है।

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1507📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsFactors Influencing Cellular Radiosensitivity

Which of these factors has no effect on response of cells to irradiation?

Explanation

Biological cellular response depends on radiation quality (LET), oxygen tension (

pO_2

), and dose-rate. The image receptor (detector/film) captures transmitted photons outside the patient and has zero influence on biological cell damage.

कोशिकाओं की विकिरण प्रतिक्रिया LET, ऑक्सीजन और डोज़ रेट पर निर्भर करती है; उपयोग किए गए इमेज रिसेप्टर का इस पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं होता।

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1508📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyUltrasound Propagation Velocity

Speed of ultrasound depends upon:

Explanation

The speed of ultrasound propagation (

c = \sqrt{B/\rho}

) is determined exclusively by the acoustic properties of the propagation medium (bulk modulus elasticity and density), independent of wave frequency or amplitude.

अल्ट्रासाउंड की गति (

c = \sqrt{B/\rho}

) केवल माध्यम (Medium) के घनत्व और लोच पर निर्भर करती है।

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1509📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyAcoustic Coupling Gel & Impedance Matching

With gel between skin and transducer percentage of reflected intensity of ultrasonic is:

Explanation

Acoustic coupling gel eliminates the air gap (

Z_{\text{air}} \ll Z_{\text{skin}}

) and matches the acoustic impedance between transducer and skin, reducing ultrasound reflection to less than 0.03% and transmitting virtually all sound energy.

अल्ट्रासाउंड जेल त्वचा और ट्रांसड्यूसर के बीच ध्वनिक प्रतिबाधा का मिलान करता है, जिससे परावर्तित तीव्रता घटकर मात्र 0.03% रह जाती है।

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1510📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyX-ray Spectrum Wavelength Range

Wavelength of x-rays is in range:

Explanation

The electromagnetic spectrum range for X-rays spans wavelengths from approximately

10^{-8}\text{ m}

(10 nm, soft X-rays) down to

10^{-13}\text{ m}

(

10^{-4}\text{ nm}

, hard diagnostic/therapeutic X-rays).

एक्स-रे की तरंगदैर्ध्य की सीमा लगभग

10^{-8}

से

10^{-13}\text{ m}

होती है।

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1511📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyAcoustic Impedance Formula

Acoustic impedance is defined as:

Explanation

Specific acoustic impedance (

Z

) is defined as the product of the physical density of the medium (

\rho

) and the speed of sound propagation in that medium (

c

):

Z = \rho \cdot c

(measured in Rayls).

ध्वनिक प्रतिबाधा (Acoustic impedance) माध्यम के घनत्व (

\rho

) और ध्वनि की गति (

c

) का गुणनफल होती है:

Z = \rho c

।

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1512📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyScatter Radiation & Grids

Scattered x-ray beams approach the detector screen:

Explanation

Primary unscattered X-ray photons travel straight along lines from the focal spot, whereas Compton-scattered photons deviate and approach the detector obliquely at random angles (attenuated via anti-scatter grids).

प्रकीर्णित (Scattered) एक्स-रे फोटॉन डिटेक्टर स्क्रीन पर विभिन्न कोणों (At an angle) से पहुंचते हैं।

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1513📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyDuane-Hunt Law & Maximum Photon Energy

Maximum energy an x-ray photon can have is:

Explanation

According to the Duane-Hunt Law, the maximum kinetic energy transferred to a Bremsstrahlung photon corresponds to the full tube potential:

E_{\max} = h \nu_{\max} = e V

(where

e

is electron charge and

V

is applied peak tube voltage).

डुआन-हंट नियम के अनुसार एक्स-रे फोटॉन की अधिकतम ऊर्जा

E_{\max} = eV

होती है।

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1514📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyDifferential Absorption & Photoelectric Effect

In a diagnostic radiograph the process mostly responsible for differential attenuation is:

Explanation

Photoelectric absorption has a probability proportional to

(Z/E)^3

. Its strong dependence on atomic number (

Z^3

) provides high tissue subject contrast between bone (

Z \approx 13.8

), soft tissue (

Z \approx 7.4

), and air.

नैदानिक रेडियोग्राफी में ऊतकों के बीच कंट्रास्ट (विभेदी क्षीणन) मुख्य रूप से 'फोटोइलेक्ट्रिक प्रभाव' (

Z^3

) के कारण उत्पन्न होता है।

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1515📚Radiation Safety & Regulatory NormsDecay-In-Storage Radioactive Waste Management

Which of the following is true for low level radioactive waste , such as tubing and swabs contaminated with 99mTc ?

Explanation

Short-lived diagnostic radionuclides like Technetium-99m (

T_{1/2} = 6\text{ hours}

) are held in 'decay-in-storage' for 10 half-lives (~60 hours) until activity decays to natural background levels, after which they are disposed of as ordinary medical waste.

^{99m}\text{Tc}

जैसे अल्पकालिक कचरे को पृष्ठभूमि स्तर (Background level) तक क्षय होने तक सुरक्षित रखा जाता है, फिर सामान्य मेडिकल कचरे के साथ फेंक दिया जाता है।

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1516📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyUltrasound Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)

In ultrasound a 4 MHz transducer has a useful range of 10cm. What is the maximum pulse repetition frequency of this transducer?

Explanation

Speed of sound in soft tissue

c = 1540\text{ m/s} = 154,000\text{ cm/s}

.
Round-trip transit distance for depth

d = 10\text{ cm}

is

2d = 20\text{ cm}

.
Time required per pulse

\Delta t = \frac{20\text{ cm}}{154,000\text{ cm/s}} \approx 1.2987 \times 10^{-4}\text{ s}

.

\text{Maximum PRF} = \frac{1}{\Delta t} = \frac{154000}{20} = 7700\text{ Hz} = 7.7\text{ kHz}.

10 सेमी गहराई के लिए 2-तरफा दूरी 20 सेमी है। समय

\Delta t = \frac{20}{154000} = 1.3 \times 10^{-4}

सेकंड। अधिकतम

\text{PRF} = \frac{1}{\Delta t} = 7.7\text{ kHz}

।

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1517📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyImaging Modalities Spatial Resolution

The spatial resolution with MRI is about the same as that obtained with:

Explanation

Standard clinical MRI and multidetector Computed Tomography (CT) both achieve high in-plane spatial resolutions on the order of 0.5 to 1.0 mm, vastly superior to PET/SPECT (4-6 mm).

MRI का स्थानिक विभेदन (Spatial resolution) सीटी स्कैन (CT) के लगभग बराबर (~0.5-1 mm) होता है।

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1518📚Dosimetry & Quality AssuranceSmall-Field Dosimetry Detectors

Which detector can be used for small-field data collection required for IMRT field sizes >= 3x3 cm2?

Explanation

Unshielded silicon stereotactic diode detectors (and micro-chambers) have small active collection volumes (

< 0.01\text{ cm}^3

), providing high spatial resolution without volume-averaging errors for small IMRT beamlets.

IMRT में छोटे फील्ड के डेटा मापन के लिए उच्च स्थानिक विभेदन वाले 'डायोड डिटेक्टर' (Diode detector) का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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1519📚Radiotherapy Treatment Planning & TechniquesTissue-Maximum Ratio (TMR) Parameters

Tissue-Maximum ratio (TMR) depends on:

Explanation

Tissue-Maximum Ratio (TMR) is defined as the ratio of dose at a given depth in phantom to dose at

d_{\max}

at the same point in space. It depends strictly on Beam Energy, Depth (

d

), and Field Size (

r_d

), and is completely independent of distance (SAD/SSD).

टिशू-मैक्सिमम रेशियो (TMR) केवल बीम ऊर्जा (Energy), गहराई (Depth) और फील्ड साइज पर निर्भर करता है और दूरी (SAD/SSD) से स्वतंत्र होता है।

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1520📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyGamma Ray Constant & Exposure Calculations

The exposure rate at 1m from 100mg of radium is:

Explanation

Specific exposure rate constant for Radium-226 (with 0.5 mm Pt filtration) is

\Gamma = 0.825\text{ R}\cdot\text{m}^2 / (\text{hr}\cdot\text{g}) = 825\text{ mR}\cdot\text{m}^2 / (\text{hr}\cdot\text{g})

.
For

100\text{ mg} = 0.1\text{ g}

of Radium at

d = 1\text{ m}

:

\text{Exposure Rate} = \frac{0.1\text{ g} \times 825}{1^2} = 82.5\text{ mR/hr}.

रेडियम-226 के 100 mg स्रोत से 1 मीटर की दूरी पर एक्सपोज़र दर

= 0.1 \times 825 = 82.5\text{ mR/hr}

होती है।

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1521📚Human Anatomy & Clinical PhysiologyCardiovascular Anatomy & Myocardium

What is a human heart made up of?

Explanation

The human heart is primarily a muscular pump composed of specialized, involuntary, striated Cardiac Muscle (Myocardium).

मानव हृदय मुख्य रूप से विशेष प्रकार की 'हृदय पेशियों' (Cardiac Muscle) से बना एक पेशीय अंग है।

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1522📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyPhotoelectric Effect Z-Dependence

Two absorbers ,A and B, have atomic number, 4 and 8 respectively. The ration of photoelectric components of their mass attenuation coefficients (A:B) is:

Explanation

The photoelectric mass attenuation coefficient is proportional to the cube of the atomic number (

(\tau/\rho) \propto Z^3

).

\frac{(\tau/\rho)_A}{(\tau/\rho)_B} = \left(\frac{Z_A}{Z_B}\right)^3 = \left(\frac{4}{8}\right)^3 = \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3 = \frac{1}{8} = 1:8.

फोटोइलेक्ट्रिक द्रव्यमान क्षीणन गुणांक

\tau/\rho \propto Z^3

होता है।\nअतः अनुपात

= (4/8)^3 = (1/2)^3 = 1:8

।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

1523📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyClassical (Coherent) Scattering

A 5KeV photon undergoing classical scattering would be most likely to lose _____ % of its energy in the process:

Explanation

Classical (Coherent / Rayleigh / Thompson) scattering is a completely elastic interaction where the incident photon interacts with bound electrons as a whole, deflecting in angle with exactly 0% energy loss.

क्लासिकल (सुसंगत/रेले) प्रकीर्णन एक पूर्णतः प्रत्यास्थ प्रक्रिया है जिसमें फोटॉन की ऊर्जा में 0% हानि होती है।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

1524📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsRTOG Acute Radiation Morbidity Scoring

In the RTOG grading scale, which grade corresponds to severe erythema and moist desquamation caused by radiation therapy?

Explanation

Under the RTOG Acute Radiation Morbidity Scoring Criteria for skin:
- Grade 1: Faint/dull erythema, dry desquamation
- Grade 2: Moderate to brisk erythema, patchy moist desquamation
- Grade 3: Confluent, severe moist desquamation, pitting edema
- Grade 4: Ulceration, hemorrhage, necrosis.

RTOG ग्रेडिंग स्केल में त्वचा पर गंभीर एरिथेमा और व्यापक नम डिस्क्वैमेशन (Moist desquamation) 'ग्रेड 3' (Grade 3) के अंतर्गत आता है।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

1525📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologykVp Effect on Radiographic Contrast

A Diagnostic tube running at 80kVp and 10mAs. The setting are changed to 120kVp and 5mAs What happens to image contrast:

Explanation

Increasing tube potential from 80 kVp to 120 kVp shifts the photon spectrum to higher energies where Compton scattering increases and photoelectric absorption (

Z^3/E^3

) drops, producing a longer grayscale and causing radiographic image contrast to decrease.

kVp को 80 से बढ़ाकर 120 करने पर कॉम्पटन प्रकीर्णन बढ़ता है और फोटोइलेक्ट्रिक अवशोषण घटता है, जिससे इमेज कंट्रास्ट घट जाता है (Contrast decreases)।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

1526📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyCharacteristic X-ray Transitions

An element contain electrons in the 10, 65, 70 and 72 KeV energy levels . Which energy cannot occur in its characteristics x-ray spectrum?

Explanation

Characteristic X-ray energies equal transition differences between discrete shells:
-

72 - 70 = 2\text{ keV}

-

70 - 65 = 5\text{ keV}

-

72 - 65 = 7\text{ keV}

-

65 - 10 = 55\text{ keV}

-

70 - 10 = 60\text{ keV}

-

72 - 10 = 62\text{ keV}

.
All listed photon values correspond to valid energy transition differences in the atom.

अभिलाक्षणिक एक्स-रे ऊर्जाएं कोशों के ऊर्जा अंतर (

E_2 - E_1

) के बराबर होती हैं:

70-65=5

,

72-65=7

,

65-10=55

,

70-10=60\text{ keV}

।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

📝 Solved Questions on Percentages, Profit & Loss and Discount (1526)