Percentages, Profit & Loss and Discount

1🔬General ScienceEnergy Sources

Consider the following statements:

- a. There is infinite storage of fossil fuel inside the earth.
- b. Sun can be taken as an inexhaustible source of energy.
- c. Waste from a nuclear power plant can be easily disposed of.

Which of the above statements is/are NOT correct?

Explanation

Statement a is incorrect because fossil fuels are finite and exhaustible. Statement c is incorrect because disposing of nuclear waste is highly complex, hazardous, and difficult. Statement b is correct, so a and c are NOT correct.

بیان 'a' غلط ہے کیونکہ فوسل فیول کے ذخائر محدود ہیں، اور بیان 'c' غلط ہے کیونکہ نیوکلیئر ویسٹ کو ٹھکانے لگانا انتہائی مشکل اور خطرناک کام ہے۔ اس لیے 'a' اور 'c' درست نہیں ہیں۔

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2📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&K UTGeography

Which of the following is NOT a tributary of Jhelum River?

Explanation

Verinag is the origin spring of the Jhelum River, located in Anantnag. Vishaw, Sind Nallah, and Romushi are tributaries of the Jhelum River.

ویری ناگ (Verinag) دریائے جہلم کا منبع (origin spring) ہے، جبکہ وِشَو، سندھ نالہ، اور روموشی دریائے جہلم کی معاون ندیاں (tributaries) ہیں۔

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3📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&K UTGeography

Arrange the following Indian states in order from North to South:

- a. Himachal Pradesh
- b. Tamil Nadu
- c. Telangana
- d. Madhya Pradesh

Explanation

Geographical arrangement from North to South is: Himachal Pradesh (a), Madhya Pradesh (d), Telangana (c), and Tamil Nadu (b). This corresponds to sequence a, d, c, b.

شمال سے جنوب کی جغرافیائی ترتیب ہے: ہماچل پردیش (a)، مدھیہ پردیش (d)، تلنگانہ (c)، اور تمل ناڈو (b)۔ یعنی 'a, d, c, b'۔

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4📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&K UTEnvironment

Consider the following national parks and the states they are located in:

- a. Kaziranga National Park: 4. Assam
- b. Jim Corbett National Park: 3. Uttarakhand
- c. Ranthambore National Park: 2. Rajasthan
- d. Gir National Park: 1. Gujarat

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

The correct matches are: Kaziranga is in Assam (a-4), Jim Corbett is in Uttarakhand (b-3), Ranthambore is in Rajasthan (c-2), and Gir is in Gujarat (d-1). This corresponds to a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1.

صحیح جوڑے مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: کازی رنگا نیشنل پارک آسام (a-4)، جم کاربیٹ اتراکھنڈ (b-3)، رنتھمبور راجستھان (c-2)، اور گر نیشنل پارک گجرات (d-1)۔

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5📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&K UTAgriculture

Consider the following statements regarding Rabi crops:

- a. Rabi crops are sowed between October and November.
- b. Rabi crops require a lot of water.
- c. Rabi crops need warm weather for growth.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement a is correct. Rabi crops (winter crops) are sown in October-November and harvested in spring. Statements b and c are incorrect because Kharif crops require a lot of water and warm weather, whereas Rabi crops require cool climates.

صرف بیان 'a' درست ہے۔ ربیع (سردیوں کی) فصلیں اکتوبر نومبر میں بوئی جاتی ہیں۔ بیان b اور c غلط ہیں کیونکہ ربیع فصلوں کو زیادہ پانی اور گرمی کی ضرورت نہیں ہوتی۔

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6📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&K UTGeography

Consider the following pairs of lakes and the states they are located in:

- a. Hussain Sagar: 4. Telangana
- b. Pulicate Lake: 3. Andhra Pradesh
- c. Dal Lake: 2. Jammu and Kashmir
- d. Loktak Lake: 1. Manipur

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

The correct matches are: Hussain Sagar is in Telangana (a-4), Pulicat Lake in Andhra Pradesh (b-3), Dal Lake in J&K (c-2), and Loktak Lake in Manipur (d-1). This corresponds to a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1.

صحیح جوڑے مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: حسین ساگر تلنگانہ (a-4)، پلیکٹ جھیل آندھرا پردیش (b-3)، ڈل جھیل جموں و کشمیر (c-2)، اور لوکتک جھیل منی پور (d-1)۔

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7📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&K UTGeography

Consider the following pairs of dams and the states they are located in:

- a. Sardar Sarovar Dam: 3. Gujarat
- b. Bhavani Sagar Dam: 4. Tamil Nadu
- c. Koyna Dam: 2. Maharashtra
- d. Tehri Dam: 1. Uttarakhand

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

The correct matches are: Sardar Sarovar in Gujarat (a-3), Bhavani Sagar in Tamil Nadu (b-4), Koyna in Maharashtra (c-2), and Tehri in Uttarakhand (d-1). This corresponds to: a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1.

صحیح جوڑے مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: سردار سروور ڈیم گجرات (a-3)، بھوانی ساگر تمل ناڈو (b-4)، کوئنا ڈیم مہاراشٹر (c-2)، اور ٹیہری ڈیم اتراکھنڈ (d-1)۔

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8📚Accountancy & Book KeepingCost Accounting

Fixed cost is a cost:

Explanation

Fixed costs are those expenses that remain constant in total amount over a specific range of activity/output during a given period, regardless of volume changes.

مستقل لاگت (Fixed cost) وہ لاگت ہے جو پیداوار کی مقدار تبدیل ہونے کے باوجود کل رقم میں تبدیل نہیں ہوتی (جیسے کرایہ، تنخواہیں)۔

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9📚Accountancy & Book KeepingSource Documents

Which of the following business documents is proof of payment for a business transaction?

Explanation

A Receipt is a written acknowledgment that a specified sum of money has been received, serving as proof of payment.

رسید (Receipt) ایک ایسی تحریر ہے جو اس بات کا ثبوت ہوتی ہے کہ ادائیگی وصول کر لی گئی ہے۔

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10📚Accountancy & Book KeepingPFMS

The Public Financial Management System (PFMS) was earlier known as:

Explanation

The Public Financial Management System (PFMS) was initially launched as a pilot program called the Central Plan Schemes Monitoring System (CPSMS) in 2009 to track funds released under plan schemes.

پبلک فنانشل مینجمنٹ سسٹم (PFMS) کا پرانا نام سینٹرل پلان اسکیم مانیٹرنگ سسٹم (CPSMS) تھا، جسے 2009 میں فنڈز ٹریک کرنے کے لیے شروع کیا گیا تھا۔

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11📚Accountancy & Book KeepingPartnership Accounts

M and N are two partners sharing profits and losses in a 3:2 ratio. They admit P as a new partner with a 1/5th share. What will be the new profit-sharing ratio?

Explanation

Let total profit = 1. P's share = 1/5. Remaining share = 1 - 1/5 = 4/5. M's new share = 3/5 4/5 = 12/25. N's new share = 2/5 4/5 = 8/25. P's share = 1/5 = 5/25. The new profit-sharing ratio is 12:8:5.

شراکت داری کا تناسب: کل منافع = 1۔ P کا حصہ = 1/5۔ باقی حصہ = 4/5۔ M کا نیا حصہ = 3/5 4/5 = 12/25۔ N کا نیا حصہ = 2/5 4/5 = 8/25۔ P کا حصہ = 5/25۔ نیا تناسب 12:8:5 ہے۔

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12📚Accountancy & Book KeepingLedger

The method of transferring items from a journal into their respective ledger accounts is known as:

Explanation

Posting is the process of transferring debits and credits from the journal or other books of original entry to the respective ledger accounts.

روزنامچہ (journal) سے اندراجات کو کھاتہ کھتونی (ledger accounts) میں منتقل کرنے کے عمل کو پوسٹنگ (Posting) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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13📚Accountancy & Book KeepingLeverage

What does financial leverage measure?

Explanation

Financial leverage measures the sensitivity of Earnings Per Share (EPS) in response to a percentage change in Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT).

فنانشل لیوریج (Financial leverage) شرح سود اور ٹیکس سے پہلے کی آمدنی (EBIT) میں فیصد تبدیلی کے لحاظ سے EPS کی حساسیت کو ماپتا ہے۔

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14📚Accountancy & Book KeepingTaxation (GST)

Which of the following is/are included in the definition of "Goods" as defined under section 2(52) of the CGST Act, 2017?

Explanation

Section 2(52) of the CGST Act, 2017 defines 'goods' to exclude money and securities but specifically includes actionable claims, growing crops, grass, etc.

جی ایس ٹی ایکٹ کی دفعہ 2(52) کے تحت 'اشیاء' (goods) کی تعریف میں منی اور سیکیورٹیز شامل نہیں ہیں، لیکن ایکشن ایبل کلیم (Actionable claim) شامل ہیں۔

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15📚Accountancy & Book KeepingCost Accounting

From the following information, find out the number of units that must be sold by the firm to earn a profit of Rs. 1,80,000 per year:

- Sales price: Rs. 25 per unit
- Variable manufacturing costs: Rs. 12 per unit
- Variable selling costs: Rs. 3 per unit
- Fixed factory overheads: Rs. 5,00,000
- Fixed selling costs: Rs. 3,00,000

Explanation

Contribution per unit = Selling Price - Total Variable Cost = 25 - (12 + 3) = Rs. 10. Total Fixed Cost = 5,00,000 + 3,00,000 = Rs. 8,00,000. Required Sales Units = (Fixed Costs + Target Profit) / Contribution per unit = (8,00,000 + 1,80,000) / 10 = 9,80,000 / 10 = 98,000 units.

فی یونٹ کنٹریبیوشن = 25 - (12+3) = 10۔ کل فکسڈ لاگت = 8,00,000۔ مطلوبہ یونٹس = (فکسڈ لاگت + منافع) / کنٹریبیوشن = (8,00,000 + 1,80,000) / 10 = 98,000 یونٹس۔

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16📚General EnglishPrepositions

Insert the proper preposition in the sentence:

He hinted ___ some loss of treasure.

Explanation

The verb 'hint' is followed by the preposition 'at' when referring to something indirectly. Thus, 'hinted at'.

انگریزی میں 'hint' کے بعد ہمیشہ 'at' پریپوزیشن لگتی ہے۔ جملہ ہوگا: 'He hinted at some loss...'

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17📚General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Choose the correct indirect narration of:

He said to us, "Why are you all sitting about there doing nothing?"

Explanation

In indirect speech, the interrogative sentence becomes assertive. 'said to us' changes to 'asked us', and the present continuous 'are you... sitting' changes to past continuous 'we were... sitting'.

ان ڈائریکٹ اسپیچ بناتے وقت سوالیہ جملہ بیانیہ بن جاتا ہے۔ 'are you' تبدیل ہو کر 'we were' ہو جائے گا اور ورڈ آرڈر سیدھا ہو جائے گا۔

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18📚Statistics & MathematicsStatistics

What is an example of a primary data collection method?

Explanation

Primary data is collected directly by the researcher for the specific research goal. Conducting interviews and surveys are active methods of primary data collection.

ابتدائی ڈیٹا (Primary data) وہ ڈیٹا ہے جو خود ریسرچر جمع کرے۔ انٹرویو اور سروے کرنا پرائمری ڈیٹا جمع کرنے کے اہم طریقے ہیں۔

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19📚Statistics & MathematicsStatistics

Consider the following statements regarding questionnaire preparation:

- a. Questionnaires collect data by asking people to respond to different sets of questions.
- b. The validity and reliability of the data you collect depend on the design of questions.
- c. Collect the data without a pilot test of all questionnaires.
- d. When designing your questionnaire, you should consider the wording of individual questions prior to the order in which they appear.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements a and d are correct. Statement c is incorrect because pilot testing is crucial to validate the questionnaire before collecting data. Statement b is also true conceptually, but among the given options, C (a and d) is the most standard combination matching standard research methodology.

بیانات a اور d بالکل درست ہیں۔ بیان c غلط ہے کیونکہ پائلٹ ٹیسٹ (پائلٹ رن) کے بغیر سروے شروع کرنا ریسرچ کے اصولوں کے خلاف ہے۔ اس لیے 'a' اور 'd' صحیح جوڑا ہے۔

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20📚Statistics & MathematicsStatistics

Which of the following statements regarding tabulation is FALSE?

Explanation

Statement D is false because tabulation is specifically designed to facilitate comparisons between both rows and columns simultaneously.

بیان D غلط ہے کیونکہ جدول سازی (tabulation) قطاروں (rows) اور کالموں (columns) دونوں کے درمیان موازنے کو آسان بناتی ہے، نہ کہ صرف قطاروں کے درمیان۔

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21📚Statistics & MathematicsProbability

Consider the following statements regarding probabilities:

- P: Probabilities can never add up to more than one.
- Q: Probabilities of mutually exclusive events always add up to one.
- R: Probabilities can never be zero.
- S: Probabilities are always positive.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

P is correct (probabilities in a sample space sum to 1). S is considered correct in standard exam keys assuming probability is non-negative (

P(E) \ge 0

). Statement Q is false because mutually exclusive events only sum to 1 if they are also exhaustive. Statement R is false because impossible events have a probability of 0.

بیان P درست ہے (امکانات کا مجموعہ 1 سے زیادہ نہیں ہو سکتا)۔ بیان S کو کلیدی جواب میں درست مانا گیا ہے۔ اس لیے 'P اور S' صحیح جواب ہے۔

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22📚Statistics & MathematicsStatistics

In a class of 100 students, every student must pick exactly one sport to play:
- 28 students pick Football.
- 27 students pick Kho-Kho.
- 33 students pick Volleyball.
- 12 students pick Cricket.
- Total girls = 40. Total boys = 60.
- 13 girls play Kho-Kho.
- 13 boys play Volleyball.
- 10 boys play Cricket (written as 23 boys play Cricket due to a typo in the question).

Match the following:
- a. Boys who play Kho-Kho: 1. 2
- b. Girls who play cricket: 2. 10
- c. Boys who play cricket: 3. 14
- d. Total number of boys: 5. 60

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

Deductions: d) Total boys = 100 - 40 = 60 (d-5). a) Boys who play Kho-Kho = 27 total - 13 girls = 14 (a-3). c) Boys who play cricket = 10 (c-2). b) Girls who play cricket = 12 total - 10 boys = 2 (b-1). Correct match: a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5.

حساب: کل لڑکے (d) = 100 - 40 = 60 (d-5)۔ کھو-کھو کھیلنے والے لڑکے (a) = 27 - 13 لڑکیاں = 14 (a-3)۔ کرکٹ کھیلنے والے لڑکے = 10 (c-2)۔ کرکٹ کھیلنے والی لڑکیاں = 2 (b-1)۔ صحیح میچ: a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5۔

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23📚Statistics & MathematicsStatistics

Consider the following statements regarding Measures of Mortality:

- a. Gross Reproduction Rate: 5. Measures the number of daughters over a lifetime.
- b. Age-Specific Fertility Rate: 3. Has modal value between 20 and 25
- c. Net Reproduction Rate: 2. Affected by mortality rates
- d. Maternal Mortality Rate: 4. Is measured per 1000 live births.

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

Matches: GRR (Gross Reproduction Rate) measures daughters born per woman without considering mortality (a-5). ASFR usually peaks in age group 20-25 (b-3). NRR is NRR = GRR * survival rate, hence affected by mortality (c-2). MMR in this specific matching maps to 4. Correct match is a-5, b-3, c-2, d-4.

صحیح جوڑے مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: GRR کا تعلق بیٹیوں کی پیدائش کی شرح سے ہے (a-5)؛ ASFR کا موڈل گروپ 20-25 عمر کے درمیان ہوتا ہے (b-3)؛ NRR پر شرح اموات اثر انداز ہوتی ہے (c-2)۔ یعنی آپشن C درست ہے۔

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24📚Statistics & MathematicsCalculus

Consider the following statements:

- a. The limit of

\frac{x^2-1}{x-1}

as x approaches 1 is 0.
- b. If

f(x)=\frac{1}{x}

then the derivative of

f(x)

with respect to x is

\frac{1}{x^2}

.
- c. The limit of

\frac{e^x-1}{x}

as x approaches 0 is 1.
- d. The limit definition of a derivative for a function

f(x)

is

\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}

.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement c is correct (standard exponential limit = 1). Statement d is correct (definition of derivative). Statement a is incorrect (limit is 2). Statement b is incorrect (derivative of

1/x

is

-1/x^2

, not

1/x^2

). Thus, c and d are correct.

بیان c درست ہے (معیاری ایکسپونینشل لیمٹ 1 ہوتی ہے)۔ بیان d بھی درست ہے (ڈیریویٹیو کی لیمٹ تعریف)۔ لہذا 'c' اور 'd' صحیح بیانات ہیں۔

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25📚General EconomicsEconomics

What is Gross Domestic Product?

Explanation

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific time period (usually annually).

مجموعی ملکی پیداوار (GDP) سے مراد ایک مخصوص مدت (عام طور پر ایک سال) میں ملک کی حدود کے اندر پیدا ہونے والی تمام حتمی اشیاء اور خدمات کی مالیاتی قدر ہے۔

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26📚General EconomicsEconomics

Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured money market instrument issued in the form of a:

Explanation

Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured, short-term money market instrument issued by highly-rated corporations in the form of a promissory note.

کمرشل پیپر (CP) ایک قلیل مدتی غیر محفوظ منی مارکیٹ انسٹرومنٹ ہے جو پرومیسری نوٹ (Promissory Note) کی شکل میں جاری کیا جاتا ہے۔

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27📚General EconomicsEconomics

Bank rate is the rate at which the RBI extends credit to the:

Explanation

Bank Rate is the official rate at which the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) provides long-term loans and rediscounts bills for commercial banks without requiring collateral.

بینک ریٹ (Bank rate) وہ شرح ہے جس پر مرکزی بینک (RBI) تجارتی بینکوں (Commercial Banks) کو طویل مدتی قرضے فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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28🔬General SciencePhysics

What causes the twinkling of stars?

Explanation

The twinkling of stars is caused by the atmospheric refraction of starlight as it passes through different layers of air with continuously changing refractive indices.

ستاروں کا چمکنا (twinkling) زمین کے ماحول میں ستاروں کی روشنی کے انعطاف یا ریفریکشن (Atmospheric refraction) کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔

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29🔬General SciencePhysics

The washing machine works on the principle of which of the following?

Explanation

A washing machine works on the principle of centrifugation. High-speed spinning creates centrifugal force that separates water from clothes.

واشنگ مشین سینٹری فیوجیشن (Centrifugation) کے اصول پر کام کرتی ہے، جس میں گھماؤ کی وجہ سے کپڑوں سے پانی الگ ہوتا ہے۔

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30📚Knowledge of ComputersSoftware Concepts

The term FLOSS is associated with:

Explanation

FLOSS stands for 'Free/Libre and Open-Source Software', indicating software that is free to run, copy, distribute, and modify.

اصطلاح FLOSS کا پورا نام 'Free/Libre and Open-Source Software' ہے، جو کہ اوپن سورس سافٹ ویئر (Open source software) سے متعلق ہے۔

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31📚Knowledge of ComputersHardware

Where is firmware stored?

Explanation

Firmware is a specific class of computer software that provides low-level control for the device's hardware, permanently stored in non-volatile ROM/Flash chips.

فرم ویئر (firmware) عام طور پر روم (ROM) یا نان وولیٹائل میموری چپس میں مستقل طور پر محفوظ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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32📚Knowledge of ComputersE-Governance

What does "Smart Governance" involve?

Explanation

Smart Governance (Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive, and Transparent) involves using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to make government services and decision-making more efficient.

اسمارٹ گورننس (Smart Governance) سے مراد سرکاری خدمات کی فراہمی اور فیصلوں کو بہتر بنانے کے لیے آئی ٹی (IT) کا استعمال ہے۔

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33📚Classical Mechanics & DynamicsForensic Psychology

Which of the following techniques are used to observe psychosomatic changes?

i. Polygraphy
ii. Psychological Stress Evaluator
iii. Brain fingerprinting

Explanation

Polygraphy and the Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE) measure physiological responses (autonomic nervous system activity) related to psychological stress (psychosomatic changes). Brain fingerprinting measures cognitive brainwaves (P300), which are cognitive/recognition-based rather than psychosomatic/emotional.

پولی گرافی اور سائیکولوجیکل اسٹریس ایلوایٹر (PSE) نفسیاتی تناؤ سے متعلق جسمانی تبدیلیوں (psychosomatic changes) کی پیمائش کرتے ہیں۔ برین فنگر پرنٹنگ دماغی لہروں (P300) کی پیمائش کرتی ہے جو علمی شناخت پر مبنی ہے۔

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34📚Classical Mechanics & DynamicsFingerprints

Which of the following techniques of fingerprint development can be used for porous surfaces?

i. Cyanoacrylate fuming
ii. Silver nitrate method
iii. Ninhydrin method

Explanation

Silver nitrate and Ninhydrin methods are chemical development techniques used specifically for porous surfaces like paper and cardboard. Cyanoacrylate (superglue) fuming is used for non-porous surfaces like plastic and glass.

سلور نائٹریٹ (Silver nitrate) اور نن ہائیڈرین (Ninhydrin) طریقے کاغذی اور مسام دار (porous) سطحوں کے لیے موزوں ہیں۔ سپر گلو یا سائیانواکرائلیٹ فومنگ غیر مسام دار سطحوں کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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35📚Classical Mechanics & DynamicsForensic Institutions

Arrange the following Forensic Institution as per their year of establishment from older to latest.

a. GEQD Calcutta
b. CFPB Calcutta
c. CFPB, New Delhi
d. GEQD Hyderabad
e. GEQD Shimla

Explanation

The correct chronological order of establishment is: CFPB Calcutta (1897) -> GEQD Shimla (1906) -> GEQD Calcutta (1964) -> GEQD Hyderabad (1968) -> CFPB New Delhi (1973). This corresponds to order: b, e, a, d, c.

صحیح تاریخی ترتیب ہے: فنگر پرنٹ بیورو کلکتہ (1897) -> GEQD شملہ (1906) -> GEQD کلکتہ (1964) -> GEQD حیدرآباد (1968) -> CFPB نئی دہلی (1973)۔ جو ترتیب 'b, e, a, d, c' بنتی ہے۔

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36📚Classical Mechanics & DynamicsCrime Scene Management

Specimen of material collected from crime scene for comparing with the questioned material is called as

Explanation

A control sample is a specimen of material collected from the crime scene (e.g. from an adjacent, unstained area of a substrate) to compare with the questioned evidence to ensure that background or substrate interference is accounted for.

کنٹرول سیمپل (Control Sample) جرم کی جگہ سے حاصل کردہ وہ نمونہ ہوتا ہے جو معاون سطح یا پس منظر کی جانچ کے لیے حاصل کیا جاتا ہے تاکہ موازنے کو درست بنایا جا سکے۔

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37📚Classical Mechanics & DynamicsForensic Medicine

According to Bichat, mode of death due to failure of circulatory system is called as

Explanation

Xavier Bichat classified modes of death into a 'tripod of life'. Failure of the circulatory system (heart) is called Syncope, failure of the nervous system (brain) is Coma, and failure of the respiratory system (lungs) is Asphyxia.

بچیٹ (Bichat) کے مطابق، نظامِ دورانِ خون کی خرابی یا ناکامی کے باعث ہونے والی موت کو سنکوپ (Syncope) کہا جاتا ہے۔ جبکہ دماغ کی ناکامی کو کوما اور پھیپھڑوں کی ناکامی کو خفقان (Asphyxia) کہتے ہیں۔

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38📚Classical Mechanics & DynamicsArson Investigation

The best material to collect liquid samples of suspected accelerants found at crime scene is

Explanation

Suspected liquid accelerants (hydrocarbons like gasoline) must be collected in airtight metal containers (such as clean paint cans) because hydrocarbons can dissolve plastic and glass can break.

کرائم سین سے آتش گیر مائعات (accelerants) کو جمع کرنے کے لیے سب سے بہترین ڈبہ ہوا بند دھاتی کنٹینر (Airtight metal container) ہے، کیونکہ پلاسٹک مائع کے اثر سے پگھل سکتا ہے اور شیشہ ٹوٹ سکتا ہے۔

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39📚Classical Mechanics & DynamicsInquest

If a person dies in a psychiatric hospital in Delhi-NCR, the investigation will be carried out by

Explanation

Under Section 176 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) in India, any death occurring in a psychiatric hospital, prison, or police custody must be investigated by a Judicial or Executive Magistrate (Magistrate Inquest).

بھارتی ضابطہ فوجداری (CrPC) کی دفعہ 176 کے تحت، اگر کسی شخص کی موت نفسیاتی ہسپتال یا حراست میں ہو تو اس کی تفتیش مجسٹریٹ انکویسٹ (Magistrate Inquest) کے ذریعے کی جاتی ہے۔

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40📚Classical Mechanics & DynamicsForensic Medicine

Match the following:

List-I (Blunt Force Injury)
i. Abrasion
ii. Contusion
iii. Incision
iv. Laceration

List-II (Characteristic of Injury)
a. Effusion of blood into tissue due to ruptured blood vessels
b. Destruction of superficial layer of skin.
c. Tearing or splitting of skin
d. Clean cut through the tissue

Explanation

The correct matches are: Abrasion - destruction of superficial layer (i-b); Contusion (bruise) - effusion of blood (ii-a); Incision - clean cut through tissue (iii-d); Laceration - tearing or splitting of skin (iv-c).

صحیح جوڑ یہ ہیں: خراش (Abrasion) -> جلد کی بیرونی پرت کا تباہ ہونا (i-b)؛ نیل (Contusion) -> بافتوں میں خون کا رساؤ (ii-a)؛ کٹاؤ (Incision) -> صاف کٹاؤ (iii-d)؛ اور پھٹن (Laceration) -> جلد کا پھٹنا (iv-c)۔

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41📚Electromagnetism & OpticsStatistics

Match the following:

List-I
i. Mean
ii. Median
iii. Mode
iv. Range

List-II
a. Difference between largest and smallest value
b. Precise
c. Middle most term
d. Highest Frequency

Explanation

The correct matches are: Mean is a precise mathematical average (i-b); Median is the middlemost term (ii-c); Mode corresponds to the highest frequency (iii-d); Range is the difference between largest and smallest values (iv-a).

صحیح جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: اوسط (Mean) -> درست/پریسائز (i-b)؛ میڈین (Median) -> بالکل درمیانی رقم (ii-c)؛ موڈ (Mode) -> سب سے زیادہ فریکوئنسی (iii-d)؛ رینج (Range) -> سب سے بڑی اور چھوٹی قدر کا فرق (iv-a)۔

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42📚Electromagnetism & OpticsStatistics

Which of the following are Non sampling statistical errors?

i. Coverage error
ii. Non-response error
iii. Response error

Explanation

Non-sampling errors are errors that occur during data collection processes other than active sampling. Coverage, non-response, and response errors are all classified under non-sampling errors.

نان سیمپلنگ غلطیاں (Non sampling errors) وہ ہوتی ہیں جو نمونے کے علاوہ ڈیٹا جمع کرنے کے عمل میں پیدا ہوتی ہیں۔ ان میں کوریج، نان رسپانس، اور رسپانس کی غلطیاں تینوں شامل ہیں۔

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43📚Electromagnetism & OpticsPhysics

The Standard of Length is based on

Explanation

Since 1983, the meter has been defined internationally as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. This is based on the speed of light.

1983 سے، لمبائی کے بین الاقوامی معیار (میٹر) کی تعریف خلا میں روشنی کی رفتار (speed of light) کے تحت کی گئی ہے، یعنی روشنی ایک سیکنڈ کے ایک مخصوص حصے میں جتنا فاصلہ طے کرتی ہے۔

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44📚Electromagnetism & OpticsPhysics

Match the following:

List-I
i. Microns
ii. Angstroms
iii. Fermi
iv. Kilometers

List-II
a. Distance between earth and moon.
b. Inter atomic distance in a solid
c. Size of nucleus.
d. Wavelength of infrared laser.

Explanation

The correct matching of length scales is: Microns corresponds to infrared laser wavelength (i-d); Angstroms corresponds to inter-atomic distances (ii-b); Fermi corresponds to nuclear size (iii-c); Kilometers corresponds to Earth-Moon distance (iv-a).

صحیح جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: مائیکرون (Microns) -> انفرا ریڈ لیزر طول موج (i-d)؛ اینگسٹرام (Angstroms) -> جوہروں کے درمیان فاصلہ (ii-b)؛ فرمی (Fermi) -> نیوکلیئس کا سائز (iii-c)؛ کلومیٹر -> زمین اور چاند کا فاصلہ (iv-a)۔

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45📚Electromagnetism & OpticsPhysics

Two electrons travelling with same speed. The magnetic field is zero at the mid-point between them. This means,

Explanation

By the right-hand rule, when two negative charges (electrons) travel at equal speed along parallel lines in the same direction, the magnetic fields they produce at the exact midpoint are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, cancelling each other out to zero.

جب دو الیکٹران مساوی رفتار سے متوازی لکیروں پر ایک ہی سمت (same direction) میں سفر کرتے ہیں، تو دائیں ہاتھ کے اصول کے مطابق ان کے بالکل درمیانی نقطے پر مقناطیسی میدان برابر اور مخالف سمت میں ہو کر صفر ہو جاتا ہے۔

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46📚Forensic Ballistics & Internal/External BallisticsFootprints

A footprint classification system is required for filing the footprints of

i. New born babies
ii. Military airmen
iii. People lacking arms

Explanation

Footprint classification systems are used for filing records of newborn babies (hospital security), military airmen (for identification after plane crashes/burns), and individuals lacking arms (who cannot provide fingerprints).

فٹ پرنٹ کی درجہ بندی کا نظام نوزائیدہ بچوں، فوجی ہوابازوں (حادثات میں شناخت کے لیے)، اور بغیر بازوؤں والے افراد (جن کے فنگر پرنٹ نہیں لیے جا سکتے) کی ریکارڈ فائلنگ کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے تینوں درست ہیں۔

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47📚Forensic Ballistics & Internal/External BallisticsTrackers

Which of the following statements are correct?

i. The art of tracking through gait pattern is practiced in various parts of India by certain families.
ii. The trackers are, by and large, uneducated persons.
iii. The trackers do not take any extensive measurements.

Explanation

Traditionally, the art of tracking (using gait and footprints) has been practiced in rural parts of India by specific families (e.g. puggees). Trackers are usually uneducated and rely on visual cues, experience, and instinct rather than taking extensive scientific measurements.

بھارت کے مختلف علاقوں میں کچھ خاندان پاؤں کے نشانات سے سراغ لگانے کی مہارت رکھتے ہیں۔ یہ سراغ رساں (trackers) عام طور پر ان پڑھ ہوتے ہیں اور وہ کوئی سائنسی یا وسیع پیمائش نہیں کرتے بلکہ تجربے پر بھروسہ کرتے ہیں۔

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48📚Forensic Ballistics & Internal/External BallisticsGait Analysis

In scientific study of gait pattern, which of the following characteristics are noted?

i. Dimensions of Mark
ii. Pressure points
iii. Pressure defects

Explanation

A scientific analysis of a gait pattern involves checking the dimensions of the prints, the specific pressure points of the foot during stride, and any pressure defects (uneven weight distribution or gait abnormalities).

چال کی رفتار اور انداز (gait pattern) کے سائنسی مطالعے میں پاؤں کے نشان کا سائز (dimensions)، دباؤ کے مقامات (pressure points)، اور چال کی خرابیاں یا نقائص (pressure defects) سبھی نوٹ کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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49📚Forensic Ballistics & Internal/External BallisticsTyre Impressions

The photographic technique to record the whole tread of a tyre is called as

Explanation

Periphography is a specialized photographic technique used to capture the entire circumferential tread pattern of a tyre (or any cylindrical surface) as a single flat image.

ٹائر کے پورے ٹریڈ یا گولائی کے نشان کو ایک فلیٹ تصویر میں ریکارڈ کرنے کی تکنیک کو پیریفہوگرافی (Periphography) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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50📚Forensic Ballistics & Internal/External BallisticsArms Act

As per Indian Arms Act, 1959, which of the following items are included in the definition of firearms?

i. Artillery
ii. Carriages for mounting, transporting and serving artillery
iii. Accessory of firearm designed to diminish the noise caused by firing

Explanation

Under Section 2(e) of the Indian Arms Act, 1959, the definition of 'firearms' includes artillery, carriages/mounts for artillery, and silence-producing accessories.

بھارتی اسلحہ ایکٹ 1959 کی دفعہ 2(e) کے تحت، آتشیں اسلحے (firearms) کی تعریف میں توپ خانہ (artillery)، توپ لگانے والی گاڑیاں، اور آواز کو کم کرنے والے سائلنسر (accessories) تینوں شامل ہیں۔

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51📚Firearms & Ammunition ExaminationShotguns

Which of the following statement is true for Barrel choke?

i. It is the reducing of bore of a shotgun at the breech end
ii. Choke increases the effective range of a shotgun.
iii. Reduction of diameter by one millimeter is called as full choke.

Explanation

Statements ii and iii are true. A choke is a constriction at the muzzle end (not the breech end) of a shotgun barrel, which tightens the shot pattern to increase the effective range. A 1mm reduction in diameter corresponds to a full choke.

بیانات ii اور iii درست ہیں۔ چوک (choke) بندوق کی نالی کے بیرونی سرے (muzzle) پر ہوتی ہے نہ کہ عقبی سرے (breech) پر۔ یہ مارنے کی صلاحیت یا رینج کو بڑھاتی ہے اور 1mm کمی فل چوک کہلاتی ہے۔

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52📚Firearms & Ammunition ExaminationShotguns

Which of the following statements are true for shotguns?

i. A shotgun is a short-range firearm.
ii. Shotgun gives accurate aim when a single projectile is fired
iii. Spreading of pellets increases with increase in range of fire.

Explanation

Statements i and iii are true. A shotgun is typically a short-range weapon, and pellet dispersion increases with range. Statement ii is incorrect because smoothbore shotguns are generally inaccurate when firing a single projectile (slug) compared to rifled barrels.

بیان i اور iii درست ہیں۔ شاٹ گن مختصر فاصلے کا ہتھیار ہے اور فاصلہ بڑھنے سے چھروں کے پھیلنے کا عمل بڑھتا ہے۔ ہموار نالی ہونے کی وجہ سے سنگل پروجیکٹائل (slug) چلانے پر اس کا نشانہ زیادہ درست نہیں ہوتا۔

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53📚Firearms & Ammunition ExaminationGSR Analysis

Match the following:

List-I (Test)
i. Dermal Nitrate Test
ii. Harrison and Gilroy's Test
iii. Price's Spot Test
iv. Walker's Test

List-II (Reagent)
a. Diphenylamine
b. 2 naphthylamine
c. Triphenylmethyl arsonium iodide
d. Sodium rhodizonate

Explanation

The correct matches are: Dermal Nitrate Test uses Diphenylamine (i-a); Harrison and Gilroy's Test uses Sodium Rhodizonate (ii-d); Price's Spot Test uses Triphenylmethyl arsonium iodide (iii-c); Walker's Test uses 2-naphthylamine (iv-b).

ٹیسٹوں کا کیمیکل سے صحیح جوڑ: تھرمل نائٹریٹ ٹیسٹ -> ڈائی فینائل امائن (i-a)؛ ہیریسن اینڈ گلرائے -> سوڈیم روڈیزونیٹ (ii-d)؛ پرائس سپاٹ ٹیسٹ -> ٹرائی فینائل متھائل آرسونیم آیوڈائڈ (iii-c)؛ واکر ٹیسٹ -> 2 نیفتھائل امائن (iv-b)۔

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54📚Firearms & Ammunition ExaminationTrajectory

The vertical range is maximum at angle of projection equal to

Explanation

The maximum vertical height (range) is obtained when a projectile is fired straight up, which corresponds to an angle of 90°.

سیدھا اوپر فائر کرنے پر بلندی (vertical range) سب سے زیادہ حاصل ہوتی ہے، جس کے لیے فائرنگ کا زاویہ 90 ڈگری ہونا چاہیے۔

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55📚Firearms & Ammunition ExaminationHistory of Firearms

Arrange the following firearms with chronological order of their invention.

i. Match Lock
ii. Wheel Lock
iii. Hand Canon
iv. 0.303 SLR

Explanation

The correct chronological sequence of inventions is: Hand Cannon (14th century, iii) -> Matchlock (15th century, i) -> Wheellock (16th century, ii) -> 0.303 SLR (20th century, iv). This corresponds to order: iii, i, ii, iv.

ہتھیاروں کی ایجاد کی صحیح تاریخی ترتیب ہے: ہینڈ کینن (iii) -> میچ لاک (i) -> وہیل لاک (ii) -> 0.303 SLR (iv)۔ یعنی 'iii, i, ii, iv'۔

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56📚Firearms & Ammunition ExaminationRifling

The process of cutting the lands and groove inside the barrel of a firearm is called as

Explanation

Rifling is the process of cutting helical grooves (creating lands and grooves) inside the bore of a firearm barrel to impart spin and stabilize the bullet.

بندوق کی نالی کے اندر ہیلیکل نالیاں اور ابھار (lands and grooves) کاٹنے کے عمل کو رائفلنگ (Rifling) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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57📚Forensic Physics & General KnowledgeInternal Ballistics

The velocity of the bullet when it just exits the barrel of the firearm is called

Explanation

Muzzle velocity is the speed at which a projectile exits the muzzle (the end of the barrel) of a firearm.

بندوق کی نالی کے منہ (muzzle) سے باہر نکلتے وقت گولی کی رفتار کو مزل ویلاسٹی (Muzzle velocity) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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58📚Forensic Physics & General KnowledgeTerminal Ballistics

The velocity of bullet at the time of impact is called as

Explanation

Striking velocity is the speed of the projectile at the exact instant it hits the target.

گولی کے ہدف سے ٹکرانے کے وقت کی رفتار کو اسٹرائیکنگ ویلاسٹی (Striking velocity) کہا جاتا ہے۔ نالی سے نکلتے وقت کی رفتار کو مزل ویلاسٹی کہتے ہیں۔

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59📚Forensic Physics & General KnowledgeExternal Ballistics

The factor affects the path of the projectile are

i. Air resistance
ii. Force of gravity
iii. Spin

Explanation

The trajectory (path) of a bullet is affected by gravity (vertical drop), air resistance/drag (loss of speed), and gyroscopic spin (stabilization and drift).

گولی کے فضا میں راستے (trajectory) پر ہوا کی رکاوٹ، کشش ثقل (gravity)، اور گولی کے گھومنے کا عمل (spin) تینوں اثر انداز ہوتے ہیں۔

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60📚Forensic Physics & General KnowledgeTrajectory

The lateral deviation of trajectory of projectile from the plane of departure is known as

Explanation

Drift is the lateral (sideways) deviation of a spinning bullet from the vertical plane of departure, primarily caused by gyroscopic spin and air interaction.

گولی کے گھومنے کی وجہ سے اپنے اصل سیدھے راستے سے دائیں یا بائیں انحراف کرنے کے عمل کو ڈرفٹ (Drift) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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61📚Forensic Physics & General KnowledgeGSR Analysis

The most impressive and effective method to evaluate GSR is

Explanation

Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) is the gold standard for GSR analysis because it allows identification of both the chemical composition and the spherical morphology of individual particles.

بارود کے بقایا جات (GSR) کے تجزیہ کا سب سے بہترین اور معتبر طریقہ اسکیننگ الیکٹران مائیکروسکوپ (SEM) ہے، جو ذرات کی بناوٹ اور کیمیکل دونوں کو چیک کرتا ہے۔

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62📚Forensic Physics & General KnowledgeWound Ballistics

Scorching is also known as

i. Singeing
ii. Burning
iii. Charring

Explanation

Scorching (the thermal damage caused by muzzle flash gases) is also referred to as singeing (specifically for hair) or burning/charring (for fibers and tissue).

شعلے کی گرمی سے بال اور کپڑے جھلسنے (scorching) کو جھلسنا (singeing)، جلنا (burning)، اور کوئلہ بننا (charring) تینوں ناموں سے پکارا جاتا ہے۔

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63📚Forensic Physics & General KnowledgeShotguns

The mathematical relation between diameter of dispersed pellets (D) and range (R) of fire of a half choke standard firearms is

Explanation

In standard ballistics, the pattern diameter (D in cm) for a half-choke shotgun is roughly 3 times the range of fire (R in meters): D = 3R. (Contrast: Cylinder is 4R, Full choke is 2R/2.5R).

ہاف چوک شاٹ گن کے لیے چھروں کے پھیلاؤ کا قطر (D سینٹی میٹر میں) اور فاصلہ (R میٹر میں) کے درمیان تعلق D = 3R ہوتا ہے (یعنی فی میٹر 3 سینٹی میٹر پھیلاؤ)۔

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64📚Cell Biology & Molecular GeneticsArson Investigation

How must the charred or burnt debris that may have absorbed accelerants from the crime scene be packaged?

Explanation

Charred debris from suspected arson must be packaged in airtight containers (like metal cans) to prevent volatile accelerant vapors from evaporating.

آتش زدگی کے جائے وقوعہ سے جلی ہوئی راکھ اور ملبے کو ہوا بند ڈبوں (Airtight containers) میں پیک کرنا ضروری ہے تاکہ بھاپ بن کر اڑنے والے کیمیکلز ضائع نہ ہوں۔

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65📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyCrime Scene Management

What is a specimen for example a hair sample whose origin is known with certainty and is used for comparison called?

Explanation

A sample whose origin is known with certainty (like hair taken directly from a suspect's head) is called a standard or known sample.

وہ نمونہ جس کا ماخذ یقینی طور پر معلوم ہو (مثلاً مشتبہ شخص کے سر سے لیا گیا بال) اسے موازنے کے لیے 'اسٹینڈرڈ سیمپل' (Standard sample) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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66📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyImpression Evidence

Which of the following is a type of individual characteristic of physical evidence, a shoe?

Explanation

Individual characteristics are unique features (like random cuts, wear, and tears on the sole) that can uniquely identify a specific shoe, as opposed to class characteristics like size or brand.

جوتے کا سائز، برانڈ اور رنگ اس کے کلاس شواہد ہیں، جبکہ جوتے کے تلوے پر پہننے اور پھٹنے کے منفرد نشانات (Wear and tear) اس کی انفرادی خصوصیت (individual characteristic) ہیں۔

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67📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyExplosives

Sampling of residue deposited on an item in an explosive scene can be collected by vigorously swabbing the surface with several swabs moistened with which of the following?

Explanation

Forensic protocols specify using swabs moistened with distilled water (for inorganic residues/salts) or specific solvents like methanol/ethanol for organic explosive residues. In general, distilled water is the standard safe choice.

دھماکہ خیز مواد کے ذرات کو جمع کرنے کے لیے سطح کو کشید شدہ پانی (Distilled water) سے گیلے کیے گئے سواب کے ذریعے رگڑ کر نمونہ حاصل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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68📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyAlternate Light Source

The trace evidence sometimes fluoresces under UV light used at the crime scene. What is its range?

Explanation

The ultraviolet (UV) electromagnetic spectrum ranges from 100 nm to 400 nm.

بالائے بنفشی یعنی الٹرا وائلٹ (UV) شعاعوں کی طول موج کی حد 100 سے 400 نینو میٹر (nm) ہوتی ہے۔

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69📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyLaw of Evidence

Consider the following statements pertaining importance of physical evidence.

i. Physical evidence can be tested by an independent forensic expert
ii. Physical evidence is subjected to memory loss
iii. Physical evidence can provide a link between the crime scene and the suspect
iv. Physical evidence changes according to the statements of the defendant

Which of the above statements is true/correct?

Explanation

Statement i is true as physical evidence can be independently tested. Statement iii is also true, but among the options provided, only 'i only' is available as a single correct choice.

طبیعی ثبوت (physical evidence) کے بارے میں دیا گیا پہلا بیان (i) درست ہے کہ اس کی جانچ آزاد ماہر سائنسی طور پر کر سکتا ہے۔ آپشنز کے لحاظ سے 'i only' ہی موزوں ترین جواب ہے۔

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70📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyPhysical Evidence

Which of the following evidences have the power of individualization?

Explanation

Only a DNA profile has the power to uniquely identify (individualize) a specific person to the exclusion of all others. Blood groups and clothing brands are class characteristics.

صرف ڈی این اے پروفائل (DNA profile) ہی وہ ثبوت ہے جس میں انفرادی شناخت (individualization) قائم کرنے کی صلاحیت ہوتی ہے، جبکہ بلڈ گروپ اور برانڈ کلاس شواہد ہیں۔

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71📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyWildlife Protection

Which act deals with the protection and conservation of various species of birds and animals in India?

Explanation

The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 in India deals with the protection of wild animals, birds, and plants.

بھارت میں جنگلی حیات اور پرندوں کے تحفظ کے لیے 'وائلڈ لائف کنزرویشن ایکٹ 1972' نافذ العمل ہے۔

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72📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyMicroscopy

What is the part of the microscope under the stage which focuses light on the specimen called?

Explanation

The condenser is situated beneath the stage and functions to collect and focus light from the light source onto the specimen.

مائیکروسکوپ کی اسٹیج کے نیچے نصب وہ حصہ جو روشنی کو نمونے (specimen) پر مرکوز کرتا ہے، کنڈینسر (Condenser) کہلاتا ہے۔

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73📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyMicroscopy

Which of the following microscopes gives a three-dimensional view of evidence?

Explanation

A stereomicroscope (dissecting microscope) uses separate optical paths for each eye to provide a 3D view of the specimen.

اسٹیریو مائیکروسکوپ (Stereomicroscope) شواہد کا ایک سہ جہتی یا تھری ڈی (3D) نظارہ فراہم کرتی ہے۔

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74📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyMicroscopy

Consider the following statements related to the microscope.

i. Two main types of illumination used in microscopy are Kohler and critical
ii. The lens closest to the specimen is called an ocular lens
iii. The lens closest to the eyes is called an objective lens
iv. The lens closest to the specimen is called an objective lens

Which of the statements are true/correct?

Explanation

Kohler and critical are indeed types of illumination (i). The lens closest to the specimen is the objective lens (iv), whereas the ocular lens (eyepiece) is closest to the eyes.

پہلا بیان (i) درست ہے کہ روشنی کے دو طریقے کوہلر اور کریٹیکل ہیں۔ چوتھا بیان (iv) بھی درست ہے کہ نمونے کے قریب ترین لینس کو آبجیکٹو لینس کہتے ہیں۔

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75📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyMicroscopy

Which of the following microscopes does a forensic scientist use to observe two different samples of evidence at the same time?

Explanation

A comparison microscope consists of two independent microscopes joined by an optical bridge, allowing side-by-side comparison of two specimens (e.g. bullets, hair).

موازنہ خوردبین (Comparison microscope) فارنسک میں دو مختلف شواہد (جیسے دو بالوں) کا ایک ہی وقت میں آمنے سامنے رکھ کر موازنہ کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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76📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyMicroscopy

Which of the following microscopes gives the forensic scientist power to observe as well as plot the infrared absorption spectrum of the material?

Explanation

A microspectrophotometer combines a microscope with a spectrophotometer, allowing the analysis of light absorption (like UV-Vis or IR spectra) of microscopic samples.

مائیکرو اسپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹر (Microspectrophotometer) خوردبینی نمونوں کی بصری جانچ کے ساتھ ساتھ ان کے لائٹ یا انفرا ریڈ جذب کرنے کے گراف (absorption spectrum) کو بھی ریکارڈ کر سکتا ہے۔

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77📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologySemen Analysis

Which of the following is the major protein present in seminal fluid at concentrations of 0.5-2.0 mg/mL?

Explanation

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA or p30) is present in seminal fluid at concentrations of 0.5–2.0 mg/mL, serving as a key marker for semen detection. Semenogelins are present in much higher concentrations (10-20 mg/mL).

پروسٹیٹ سپیسیفک اینٹیجن (PSA) منی (semen) میں 0.5 سے 2.0 ملی گرام فی ملی لیٹر کی مقدار میں پایا جانے والا ایک اہم پروٹین ہے، جو منی کے فارنسک ٹیسٹ میں استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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78📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologySemen Analysis

What compound acts as the substrate in the Fast Blue B test for semen detection?

Explanation

In the Brentamine (Fast Blue B) test, alpha-naphthyl phosphate acts as the substrate for acid phosphatase, releasing alpha-naphthol which reacts with the dye to form a purple color.

سیمن کی شناخت کے فاسٹ بلیو بی ٹیسٹ میں الفا نیفتھائل فاسفیٹ (a-naphthyl phosphate) سبسٹریٹ کے طور پر کام کرتا ہے جس پر ایسڈ فاسفیٹیز انزائم اثر کرتا ہے۔

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79📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologySpermatozoa Staining

Match the column of the part of spermatozoa to the colour stained in Christmas tree staining.

Explanation

In the Christmas Tree Stain (nuclear fast red/picroindigocarmine), the acrosomal cap is pink (i-q), the nucleus is red (ii-r), the tail is green (iii-s), and the midpiece is blue (iv-p).

کرسمس ٹری اسٹیننگ میں: نطفہ کا بالائی حصہ یعنی ایکروسومل کیپ گلابی (i-q)، مرکزہ یعنی نیوکلیئس سرخ (ii-r)، دم سبز (iii-s)، اور درمیانی حصہ نیلا (iv-p) رنگ اختیار کرتا ہے۔

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80📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyVaginal Secretions

What are the predominant bacteria in the vagina of women of reproductive age?

Explanation

Lactobacillus species are the dominant members of the vaginal microbiota in healthy women of reproductive age, keeping the pH acidic to protect against infections.

تولیدی عمر کی خواتین کی اندام نہانی میں سب سے زیادہ پائے جانے والے فائدہ مند بیکٹیریا لیکٹوبیسیلی (Lactobacilli spp) ہیں، جو تیزابی ماحول برقرار رکھتے ہیں۔

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81📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyImmunology

Which among the following terms would be aptly defined as a foreign substance that is capable of eliciting antibody formation in a host cell and combining with the antibody?

Explanation

An antigen is traditionally defined as a foreign substance that can trigger an immune response (eliciting antibodies) and bind specifically with those antibodies.

اینٹیجن (Antigen) کی تعریف یہ ہے کہ یہ کوئی بھی بیرونی مادہ ہو سکتا ہے جو جسم میں داخل ہونے پر اینٹی باڈیز کی پیداوار کو متحرک کرے اور ان کے ساتھ جڑ سکے۔

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82📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyForensic Botany

Cannabis plants are often grown indoors illegally. Their pollen can be collected as evidence from the cracks and crevices of the indoor environment by investigative team long after the plantation has been shifted or eradicated. What type of pollination does Cannabis exhibit?

Explanation

Cannabis is an anemophilous (wind-pollinated) plant, producing lightweight pollen that disperses easily and lingers in cracks and indoor spaces.

بھنگ کا پودا (Cannabis) ہوا کے ذریعے پولینیشن (Anemophilous) کرتا ہے، اسی لیے اس کے پولن ہوا میں اڑ کر طویل عرصے تک آس پاس کی دراڑوں میں جمع رہتے ہیں۔

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83📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyWildlife Conservation

According to IUCN Red List, Endangered species are defined as

Explanation

Under IUCN criteria, Endangered (EN) species are those facing a very high risk of extinction due to a population decline of 50% to 70% or more over 10 years.

آئی یو سی این (IUCN) کے مطابق، معدومی کے خطرے سے دوچار (Endangered) انواع وہ ہیں جن کی آبادی گزشتہ 10 برسوں میں 50 سے 70 فیصد یا اس سے زیادہ کم ہو چکی ہو۔

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84📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesForensic Biology

In what region of the spermatozoa is the mitochondria placed?

Explanation

The mitochondria are spirally arranged in the midpiece of the spermatozoon, providing energy (ATP) for sperm motility.

نطفہ (spermatozoa) کے مڈ پیس (Mid piece) والے حصے میں مائٹوکونڈریا واقع ہوتے ہیں جو اسے تیرنے یا حرکت کرنے کے لیے توانائی فراہم کرتے ہیں۔

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85📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesWildlife Forensics

Establishing geographical location of a wildlife species is crucial to legislative actions. How can this be achieved?

Explanation

To enforce regional protections (such as CITES appendices or regional laws), identifying the breeding/reproductive population of origin is the primary way to establish the geographic origin of a specimen.

جنگلی حیات کے تحفظ کے قوانین کے تحت کسی نمونے کے اصل جغرافیائی مقام کا تعین اس کی تولیدی آبادی (reproductive population) کی شناخت کر کے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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86📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesForensic Entomology

Which of the following statements are TRUE?

i. Insect colonisation occurs slower if body is completely burnt.
ii. Insect colonisation is influenced by the biogeoclimatic zone
iii. Exposure to sunlight causes faster depletion of resources by the insects.

Explanation

All statements are true: Charring limits/slows early fly colonization (i); different climate zones affect insect species (ii); and sunlight speeds up larval metabolism and carcass depletion (iii).

تینوں بیانات درست ہیں: جلی ہوئی لاش پر کیڑوں کا حملہ آہستہ ہوتا ہے (i)؛ مختلف آب و ہوا کے زون کیڑوں کے حملے پر اثر انداز ہوتے ہیں (ii)؛ اور دھوپ میں کیڑے تیزی سے وسائل کو ختم کرتے ہیں (iii)۔

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87📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesForensic Entomology

Arrange the sequence of steps you will perform as a forensic entomologist in an outdoor crime scene:

i. Collection of live adult flies
ii. Collection of soil temperatures under the body after its removal
iii. Photography, notations of the overall crime scene from a safe distance
iv. Collection of insects on the body

Explanation

First photograph the scene (iii), catch flying adult insects before they disperse (i), collect crawling insects/maggots from the remains (iv), and lastly collect soil temperatures beneath the body once it is moved (ii).

صحیح ترتیب: جائے وقوعہ کی دور سے تصویر کشی (iii) -> اڑنے والے کیڑوں کو پکڑنا (i) -> لاش پر موجود رینگنے والے کیڑے جمع کرنا (iv) -> لاش ہٹانے کے بعد مٹی کا درجہ حرارت لینا (ii)۔

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88📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesDrowning

During autopsy of a body found in a lake, diatoms were found in the bone marrow. Which of the following assumptions is most valid?

Explanation

Diatoms entering the bone marrow requires active circulation, proving that the victim aspirated water containing diatoms while still alive.

ہڈی کے گودے میں ڈائیٹمز ملنے سے ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ پانی سانس کے ذریعے جسم میں تب گیا تھا جب مقتول زندہ تھا (active circulation)، یعنی یہ ڈوبنے کی تصدیق کرتا ہے۔

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89📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesWildlife Protection

Appendix II of CITES includes

Explanation

Appendix II of CITES lists species that are not currently threatened with extinction but may become so unless trade is strictly regulated.

آئی یو سی این اور سائٹس (CITES) کے ضمیمہ II میں وہ انواع شامل ہیں جو فی الحال معدوم نہیں ہو رہیں لیکن ان کے کاروبار کو کنٹرول نہ کیا گیا تو وہ اس خطرے سے دوچار ہو سکتی ہیں۔

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90📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesSerology

In Ouchterlony assay, what would the appearance of a Y-shaped precipitin reaction indicate?

Explanation

In the Ouchterlony double diffusion assay, a Y-shaped precipitin pattern (with a spur) indicates partial identity (shared epitopes but distinct ones as well).

اوچٹرلونی ڈبل ڈیفیوژن ٹیسٹ میں، Y شکل کی پریسیپیٹن لائن بننا جزوی مماثلت (Partial identity) کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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91📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesForensic Entomology

If the Accumulated Degree Hours (ADH) in three days is 3672, then how many ADH of 70 degree are there in these 3 days?

Explanation

To find the corresponding hours at a constant 70 degrees: Hours = ADH / Temp = 3672 / 70 = 52.45 hours.

حساب لگانے کے لیے: گھنٹے = کل ADH تقسیم درجہ حرارت؛ یعنی 3672 / 70 = 52.45 گھنٹے۔

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92📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesForensic Entomology

State which of the statements are true?

i. Insects can indicate movement of body from rural to urban areas
ii. Insect colonisation patterns help determine wound sites
iii. Unwrapped and wrapped carcasses will show similar insect colonisation patterns
iv. In general, more beetles are found in the indoor environment, and more flies outdoors.

Explanation

Statements i (rural vs. urban species) and ii (wounds attract unusual egg-laying) are true. Wrapping delays colonization, and fly and beetle distribution varies based on decomposion stage, not simply indoor/outdoor.

پہلا اور دوسرا بیان درست ہے: کیڑے لاش کو دیہی سے شہری علاقے میں منتقل کرنے کی نشاندہی کر سکتے ہیں (i) اور کیڑوں کا جھرمٹ زخموں کی جگہ کا تعین کرنے میں مدد دیتا ہے (ii)۔

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93📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesForensic Entomology

What is the most accurate way of storing live larval samples for entomological identification?

Explanation

Rearing live larvae to adults is the most accurate way to identify species. Rearing requires placing them in a container with a pupation medium (like soil or sawdust) and meat/food wrapped in foil or a pouch to keep it fresh.

کیڑوں کی درست شناخت کے لیے انہیں زندہ پال کر بڑا کرنا سب سے بہترین طریقہ ہے، جس کے لیے مٹی اور خوراک والے ہوادار ڈبے (Option D) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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94📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesForensic Odontology

Which of the following is NOT a tooth characteristic used for age estimation using Gustafson's method?

Explanation

Gustafson's method utilizes six criteria: Attrition, Periodontosis, Secondary dentin formation, Cementum apposition, Root resorption, and Transparency of the root. Primary dentine formation is not a criteria.

گسٹافسن کے طریقہ کار (Gustafson's method) میں دانت کی پائیداری، جڑ کے گھساؤ اور سیکنڈری ڈینٹین بننے کو ناپا جاتا ہے، پرائمری ڈینٹین (Primary dentine) بننا اس کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔

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95📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyForensic Odontology

What is the outer covering of the tooth root called?

Explanation

Cementum is the specialized calcified substance covering the outer surface of the root of a tooth.

دانت کی جڑ کے بیرونی حفاظتی خول کو سیمنٹم (Cementum) کہا جاتا ہے، جبکہ دانت کے اوپر چمکدار انیمل چڑھا ہوتا ہے۔

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96📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyFecal Stains

Urobilinoids can be converted to urobilin zinc salt that fluoresces under ALS of 450 nm. This method can be used to spot -

Explanation

The Edelman test converts urobilinoids present in feces to a green fluorescent zinc-urobilin complex, serving as a test for fecal stains.

فضلہ یا پاخانے کے دھبوں (Fecal stains) کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے کیمیائی عمل کے ذریعے زنک یورو بلین نمک بنا کر نیلی روشنی (ALS) میں چمکایا جاتا ہے۔

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97📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologySaliva Analysis

Which of the following can distinguish between human salivary amylase and human pancreatic amylase?

Explanation

Antihuman salivary amylase antibodies (used in lateral flow tests like RSID-Saliva) specifically target salivary amylase and do not cross-react with pancreatic amylase.

منہ کے تھوک والے امائلیز اور لبلبے (pancreas) کے امائلیز کے درمیان فرق کرنے کے لیے اینٹی ہیومن سلائیوری امائلیز اینٹی باڈی (Option C) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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98📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyImmunology

Match the column:

Explanation

The correct immunoglobulin match is: IgA is a dimer in secretions (i-q); IgE is involved in allergies (ii-s); IgG crosses the placenta (iii-r); IgM is the primary response antibody (iv-p).

امیونوگلوبولن کا صحیح جوڑ: IgA ایک ڈائمر ہے (i-q)؛ IgE الرجی سے لڑتا ہے (ii-s)؛ IgG نال (placenta) کو پار کر سکتا ہے (iii-r)؛ اور IgM انفیکشن کے خلاف پہلا ردعمل ہے (iv-p)۔

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99📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyForensic DNA

Which of the following DNA markers shows maternal inheritance?

Explanation

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited exclusively from the mother because mitochondria are supplied by the egg cell, not the sperm.

مائٹوکونڈریل ڈی این اے (Mitochondrial DNA) مادی طور پر یعنی صرف ماں کی طرف سے منتقل ہونے والی موروثی وراثت کی ایک مثال ہے۔

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100📚Organic & StereochemistryCrime Scene Management

What is not the responsibility of an First Responder?

Explanation

The first responder's priority is life safety (first aid), securing the scene, and arresting suspects if present. Collection of transient evidence is typically done by forensic specialists, although they must preserve it.

فرسٹ ریسپونڈر کا بنیادی کام زخمیوں کو طبی امداد دینا، ملزم کو پکڑنا اور جائے وقوعہ کو محفوظ کرنا ہے۔ شواہد کو اکٹھا کرنا (Collection) فارنسک ٹیم کا کام ہے، فرسٹ ریسپونڈر کا نہیں۔

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101📚Organic & StereochemistryCrime Scene Management

What is not a search method employed for outdoor crime scene?

Explanation

Supervision method is not a physical search pattern. Spiral, Grid, Line/Strip, and Zone methods are standard forensic search patterns used for crime scenes.

سپر ویزن کا طریقہ (Supervision method) کوئی سائنسی سرچ پیٹرن نہیں ہے۔ اسپائرل، گرڈ اور لائن میتھڈ کرائم سین کی تلاش کے مقبول طریقے ہیں۔

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102📚Organic & StereochemistryForensic Science

A forensic scientist becomes an expert by the virtue of

Explanation

Under Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, a forensic scientist qualifies as an expert through education/knowledge, specialized training, and practical experience/practice.

قانونِ شہادت کے تحت، ایک فارنسک سائنسدان اپنے علم، مسلسل مشق، تربیت اور تجربے (All of the above) کی بنیاد پر عدالت میں ایک ماہر (expert) بنتا ہے۔

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103📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsStatistics

______ is defined as the difference between the value of the extreme items of a series

Explanation

Range is the simplest measure of dispersion, defined as the difference between the maximum (largest) and minimum (smallest) values in a data set.

رینج (Range) سے مراد کسی ڈیٹا سیریز کی سب سے بڑی اور سب سے چھوٹی قیمتوں کے درمیان کا فرق ہوتا ہے۔

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104📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsNarcotics

What is an example of synthetic cannabinoid?

Explanation

Spice (or K2) is a common street name for herbal mixtures sprayed with synthetic cannabinoids.

اسپائس (Spice) مصنوعی کینابینوئڈز (synthetic cannabinoids) کی ایک مقبول ترین مثال ہے جسے عام طور پر جڑی بوٹیوں پر چھڑک کر نشے کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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105📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsNDPS Act

Disposal of seized narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is defined under what section of NDPS Act

Explanation

Section 52A of the NDPS Act deals with the disposal of seized narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

این ڈی پی ایس ایکٹ کی دفعہ 52A کے تحت پکڑے گئے نشہ آور مواد اور منشیات کو ضائع کرنے (disposal) کا طریقہ کار بیان کیا گیا ہے۔

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106📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsExplosives

"Booby trap" type of TED is designed to function when

Explanation

A booby trap is an explosive device (IED) designed to be triggered unknowingly by the victim performing a specific, routine action (like opening a door or lifting an object).

بوبی ٹریپ (Booby trap) ایک ایسا بم دھماکہ خیز آلہ ہوتا ہے جو تب چلتا ہے جب شکار خود نادانستہ طور پر اسے چلانے کا کوئی عمل (جیسے دروازہ کھولنا) کرتا ہے۔

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107📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyLegal Acts

Explosive, their definition, composition and punishment is described in

Explanation

The Explosive Substances Act, 1908 of India defines explosive substances, deals with punishments for causing explosions, and possessing explosives under suspicious circumstances.

بھارت کا 'دی ایکسپلوسو سبسٹینس ایکٹ 1908' دھماکہ خیز مواد کی تعریف، ان کی تیاری اور دھماکہ کرنے پر دی جانے والی سزاؤں سے متعلق ہے۔

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108📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyCrime Scene Management

Primary evaluation as done by the First Responder should include

Explanation

A first responder's initial assessment (primary evaluation) must establish the size/scope of the incident, identify what emergency services are needed, and evaluate hazard/safety concerns.

فرسٹ ریسپونڈر کی ابتدائی تشخیص (Primary evaluation) میں حادثے کا دائرہ کار، درکار ہنگامی خدمات اور جائے وقوعہ پر موجود خطرات کی جانچ (All of the above) شامل ہونی چاہیے۔

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109📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyChemical Tests

Roussin's Test is used to identify' alkaloid of

Explanation

Roussin's crystals test (yielding characteristic crystalline forms under microscopic view) is a microchemical test specifically used to identify nicotine.

روسنز ٹیسٹ (Roussin's Test) کا استعمال خاص طور پر نکوٹین (Nicotine) الکلائڈ کی خوردبینی شناخت کے لیے کرسٹل بنانے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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110📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopySpectroscopy

Morphine in acidic medium shows an max at

Explanation

Morphine in an acidic aqueous solution (0.1 N HCl) exhibits a characteristic UV absorption maximum (lambda max) at approximately 285 nm (often shifting to ~298 nm in alkaline medium).

تےزابی میڈیم (acidic medium) میں مارفین کا الٹرا وائلٹ سپیکٹرم 285 نینو میٹر (nm) پر اپنی سب سے زیادہ جذب کرنے کی صلاحیت (lambda max) دکھاتا ہے۔

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111📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyChromatography

Dragendorff's Reagent gives what colour in response to alkaloids on TLC

Explanation

Dragendorff's reagent (potassium bismuth iodide) yields bright orange-red or orange-brown spots when it reacts with alkaloids on a TLC plate.

ٹی ایل سی (TLC) پلیٹ پر الکلائڈز پر ڈریگینڈورف ری ایجنٹ (Dragendorff's Reagent) چھڑکنے سے نارنجی (Orange) رنگ کے نشانات بنتے ہیں۔

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112📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyAntidotes

Antidote for Morphine or Opioid overdose in emergency?

Explanation

Naloxone is a rapid-acting opioid antagonist used to reverse life-threatening respiratory depression in acute opioid/morphine overdose.

مارفین یا کسی بھی افیون سے بنے نشے کے اوور ڈوز کے لیے ہنگامی علاج اور اینٹی ڈوٹ نیلکسون (Naloxone) ہے۔

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113📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyFood Toxicology

Infant Botulism is mostly caused by Contaminated:

Explanation

Infant botulism occurs when an infant ingests spores of Clostridium botulinum, which are commonly found in contaminated raw honey. Hence honey is forbidden for infants under 1 year.

بچوں میں بوٹولزم (Infant Botulism) کی بیماری عام طور پر جراثیم آلود شہد (Honey) کھانے کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

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114📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyMedical Jurisprudence

Apoplexy is the term used for

Explanation

Historically in forensic MCQ banks, apoplexy refers to cerebral congestion or hemorrhage causing sudden loss of consciousness.

فارنسک ایم سی کیو کے مطابق، اپوپلیسی (Apoplexy) کا لفظ روایتی طور پر دماغ میں خون کے جماؤ یا دماغی بھیڑ (Cerebral congestion) کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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115📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyToxicology Extraction

Which of the following poisons can be detected in the viscera in a decomposed body?

Explanation

Yellow phosphorus and metallic/elemental poisons can resist putrefaction and be detected in the viscera of highly decomposed bodies (organophosphates degrade quickly).

مٹی میں گل سڑ جانے والی لاش کے اعضاء سے بھی فاسفورس (Phosphorous) اور دھاتی زہروں کا پتہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے کیونکہ یہ سڑنے کے عمل سے تباہ نہیں ہوتے۔

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116📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyAntidotes

N-acetyl penicillamine is used in the treatment of poisoning by

Explanation

N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine is a chelating agent used specifically as an antidote in mercury poisoning.

این-ایسیٹائل پینسلیمائن (N-acetyl penicillamine) کا استعمال پارے یعنی مرکری (Mercury) کے زہر کے علاج میں کیا جاتا ہے۔

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117📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyToxicology Preservation

No preservative need to be added to any of the specimens collected for chemical analysis that can be dispatched to the laboratory immediately and analysis can be done within

Explanation

If the biological viscera samples can reach the forensic lab and be analyzed within 24 hours, no chemical preservatives are strictly required, provided cold chain is maintained.

اگر حاصل کیے گئے حیاتیاتی نمونوں کو فوری طور پر لیبارٹری بھیجا جائے اور ان کا تجزیہ 24 گھنٹے (24 hours) کے اندر ممکن ہو، تو کسی کیمیکل پریزرویٹو کو ملانے کی ضرورت نہیں ہوتی۔

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118📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry

Predict the number of Fe-Fe bonds in [(eta^5-C_5H_5)Fe(CO)]_2 molecules using the 18 electron rule:

Explanation

The formula represents the cyclopentadienyl iron dicarbonyl dimer [CpFe(CO)2]2 (with a typo in the exam paper missing the 2 after CO). Under the 18-electron rule, each Fe atom contributes 8e^-, Cp contributes 5e^-, two CO ligands contribute 4e^-, totaling 17e^-. To satisfy the 18-electron rule, there must be exactly 1 Fe-Fe single bond.

اس کمپاؤنڈ [CpFe(CO)2]2 میں لوہے (Fe) کا ہر ایٹم 18 الیکٹران کا قاعدہ پورا کرنے کے لیے آپس میں ایک Fe-Fe بانڈ (One) بناتا ہے۔

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119📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryAnalytical Extractions

Reversed phase SPE separates analytes based on their

Explanation

Reversed-phase Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) utilizes a non-polar stationary phase and a polar mobile phase, separating analytes based on differences in their polarities.

ریورس فیز سالڈ فیز ایکسٹریکشن (Reversed phase SPE) میں سالوینٹس کو ان کی قطبیت یعنی پولرٹی (Polarity) کی بنیاد پر الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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120📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryAnalytical Extractions

______ technique involves the use of a fiber coated with an extracting phase, that can be a liquid (polymer) or a solid (sorbent)

Explanation

Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) uses a fine fiber coated with a polymer extraction phase to adsorb volatile and semi-volatile analytes directly from headspaces.

سالڈ فیز مائیکرو ایکسٹریکشن (SPME) میں ایک خاص کوٹیڈ ریشہ یا فائبر (fiber) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے جو محلول سے مطلوبہ کیمیکلز کو جذب کرتا ہے۔

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121📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryChromatography

When the velocity of the mobile phase is increased the transverse and longitudinal mobile diffusion?

Explanation

According to the Van Deemter equation, longitudinal diffusion (B-term, which is B/u) decreases as the mobile phase velocity (u) increases, because the analyte spends less time diffusing along the column.

وین ڈیمٹر مساوات کے مطابق، جب موبائل فیز کی رفتار بڑھائی جاتی ہے تو طولانی ڈفیوژن یعنی لانگیچیوڈنل ڈفیوژن کم (Decreases) ہو جاتا ہے۔

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122📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryChromatography

Which of the following is the disadvantage of nitrogen, which can be used as carrier gas in gas chromatography?

Explanation

Nitrogen acts as a heavier carrier gas compared to Helium or Hydrogen, leading to reduced sensitivity or slower analysis speed in mass spectrometers and specific GC detectors.

گیس کرومیٹوگرافی میں نائٹروجن کو کیریئر گیس کے طور پر استعمال کرنے کا نقصان یہ ہے کہ یہ کچھ ڈیٹیکٹرز میں حساسیت کو کم (Reduced Sensitivity) کر دیتی ہے۔

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123📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryChemical Bonding

Which of the following species has the highest electronegativity?

Explanation

Electronegativity increases with increasing s-character of the hybrid orbital. Nitrogen is naturally more electronegative than Carbon, and sp-hybridized Nitrogen (50% s-character) has the highest electronegativity among the choices.

الیکٹرونیگیٹیویٹی ایس-کریکٹر (s-character) بڑھنے سے بڑھتی ہے۔ نائٹروجن کی الیکٹرونیگیٹیویٹی کاربن سے زیادہ ہوتی ہے، اور ایس پی (sp) ہائبرڈائزڈ نائٹروجن کی الیکٹرونیگیٹیویٹی سب سے زیادہ ہوتی ہے۔

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124📚Computer Hardware & Operating SystemsNetworking Devices

Which of the following is NOT true with respect to a transparent bridge and a router?

Explanation

The statement in Option B is reversed: a bridge works at Layer 2 and uses MAC addresses, whereas a router works at Layer 3 and uses IP addresses. Therefore, Option B is NOT true.

دوسرا بیان (B) غلط ہے کیونکہ برِج میک (MAC) ایڈریس کا استعمال کرتا ہے اور راؤٹر آئی پی (IP) ایڈریس کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔

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125📚Computer Hardware & Operating SystemsIP Addressing

The length of address in IPv6 is

Explanation

An IPv6 address has a length of 128 bits, providing a vastly larger address space compared to the 32-bit address space of IPv4.

آئی پی ورژن 6 (IPv6) ایڈریس کی لمبائی 128 بٹس ہوتی ہے۔

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126📚Computer Hardware & Operating SystemsCryptographic Protocols

Typically, _____ can receive application data from any application layer protocol, but the protocol is normally HTTP.

Explanation

Both SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) reside at the transport/session layer and can secure any application-layer protocol, although HTTP is the most common use case (resulting in HTTPS).

ایس ایس ایل (SSL) اور ٹی ایل ایس (TLS) دونوں ہی کسی بھی ایپلی کیشن لیئر پروٹوکول سے ڈیٹا حاصل کر سکتے ہیں، حالانکہ عام طور پر یہ ایچ ٹی ٹی پی (HTTP) ہوتا ہے۔

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127📚Computer Hardware & Operating SystemsEmail Security

One security protocol for the e-mail system is

Explanation

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an email encryption protocol that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. SSL/TLS are general transport protocols, and IPSec operates at the network layer.

ای میل سیکیورٹی کے لیے پی جی پی (Pretty Good Privacy) پروٹوکول کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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128📚Computer Hardware & Operating SystemsCryptography

In asymmetric key cryptography, the private key is kept by

Explanation

In asymmetric (public key) cryptography, the public key is shared widely, while the corresponding private key must be kept secret exclusively by the receiver to decrypt messages.

غیر متناسب (asymmetric) کرپٹوگرافی میں پرائیویٹ کی (private key) صرف وصول کنندہ (Receiver) کے پاس رکھی جاتی ہے۔

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129📚Computer Hardware & Operating SystemsNetworking

PDU stands for

Explanation

PDU stands for Protocol Data Unit, which represents a single unit of information transmitted among peer entities of a computer network (e.g. segments in TCP, packets in IP, frames in Ethernet).

پی ڈی یو (PDU) کا مخفف پروٹوکول ڈیٹا یونٹ (Protocol data unit) ہے۔

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130📚Computer Networks & Internet SecurityLinux Commands

Identify the command which is used to create Linux File systems.

Explanation

The `mkfs` (make filesystem) command in Linux is used to build a specific filesystem (like ext4) on a partition or storage device.

لینکس میں نیا فائل سسٹم بنانے کے لیے mkfs (make file system) کمانڈ استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔

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131📚Computer Networks & Internet SecurityLinux Commands

Which of the following commands is used to display and create files?

Explanation

The `cat` command (short for concatenate) in Unix-like systems is commonly used to display file content, merge files, or create new files using redirection operators (e.g. `cat > file.txt`).

لینکس میں فائلوں کو دکھانے اور بنانے کے لیے 'cat' کمانڈ کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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132📚Computer Networks & Internet SecurityLinux Commands

Which Linux command is used to see all the hidden files?

Explanation

In Linux, running `ls -a` (list all) displays all files and directories in the directory, including hidden files (those starting with a dot).

لینکس میں چھپی ہوئی (hidden) فائلوں کو دیکھنے کے لیے 'ls -a' کمانڈ کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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133📚Computer Networks & Internet SecurityNetwork History

Identify the first network which was based on TCP/IP protocol.

Explanation

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) adopted the TCP/IP protocol suite on January 1, 1983, becoming the first network to operate on TCP/IP.

دنیا کا پہلا نیٹ ورک جو ٹی سی پی/آئی پی (TCP/IP) پروٹوکول پر مبنی تھا، ارپانیٹ (ARPANET) تھا۔

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134📚Computer Networks & Internet SecurityNetwork Protocols

Choose among the following which is a bit-oriented protocol.

Explanation

HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) is a bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol. SSL, HTTP, and HTTPS are character/byte-oriented application/transport protocols.

ایچ ٹی ڈی ایل سی (HDLC) ڈیٹا لنک لیئر کا ایک بٹ اورینٹڈ (bit-oriented) پروٹوکول ہے۔

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135📚Computer Networks & Internet SecurityRouting Protocols

What is routing algorithm used by OSPF routing protocol?

Explanation

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a Link-State routing protocol that uses the link-state routing algorithm (Dijkstra's SPF algorithm) to find the shortest path.

او ایس پی ایف (OSPF) پروٹوکول نیٹ ورک روٹنگ کے لیے لنک اسٹیٹ (Link state) الگورتھم کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔

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136📚Computer Networks & Internet SecuritySubnetting

What is the subnetwork address for a host with the IP address 200.10.5.68/28?

Explanation

A /28 prefix corresponds to subnet mask 255.255.255.240. Binary bitwise AND of host octet 68 (01000100) and mask 240 (11110000) gives 64 (01000000). Thus, the subnet address is 200.10.5.64.

ہوسٹ آئی پی 200.10.5.68/28 کے سب نیٹ کا پتہ 200.10.5.64 بنتا ہے کیونکہ 28 بٹ کا سب نیٹ ماسک 255.255.255.240 ہے۔

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137📚Computer Networks & Internet SecurityIP Addressing

To test the IP stack on your local host, which IP address would you ping?

Explanation

The IP address 127.0.0.1 is the standard loopback address reserved to test the TCP/IP protocol stack on the local host.

اپنے لوکل ہوسٹ کے نیٹ ورک اسٹیک کو چیک کرنے کے لیے لوپ بیک ایڈریس 127.0.0.1 پر پنگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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138📚Digital Evidence & Data RecoveryNetworking Organizations

IANA stands for

Explanation

IANA stands for Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, a standard standards body responsible for global coordination of IP addressing, DNS root zone management, and protocol symbols.

آئی اے این اے (IANA) کا مخفف انٹرنیٹ اسائنڈ نمبرز اتھارٹی (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) ہے۔

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139📚Digital Evidence & Data RecoveryComputer Architecture

Components that provide internal storage to the CPU are

Explanation

Registers are high-speed internal storage locations directly built inside the CPU to store data, instructions, and intermediate results during processing.

سی پی یو (CPU) کے اندر عارضی اور تیز ترین اسٹوریج فراہم کرنے والے حصوں کو رجسٹرز (Registers) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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140📚Digital Evidence & Data RecoveryNetwork Services

FTP uses port number _____ for control connection.

Explanation

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) uses TCP port 21 to establish and manage control connections (sending commands), while port 20 is used for data transfer.

ایف ٹی پی (FTP) کنٹرول سیشن قائم کرنے کے لیے پورٹ نمبر 21 کا استعمال کرتا ہے، جبکہ ڈیٹا ٹرانسفر پورٹ 20 پر ہوتا ہے۔

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141📚Digital Evidence & Data RecoveryNetworking

How many digits of the Data Network Identification Code (DNIC) identify the country?

Explanation

A DNIC is a 4-digit number. The first three digits represent the Country Code (Data Country Code - DCC), and the fourth digit specifies the data network within that country.

ڈیٹا نیٹ ورک آئیڈینٹی فکیشن کوڈ (DNIC) کے پہلے تین ہندسے (First three digits) ملک کی شناخت کرتے ہیں۔

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142📚Digital Evidence & Data RecoveryComputer Architecture

The number of cycles of operations performed by a processor per second is called its

Explanation

The clock speed (or clock rate) measures the number of cycles a CPU executes per second, typically measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz).

پروسیسر کے ایک سیکنڈ میں کام کرنے کے چکروں (cycles) کی تعداد کو کلاک اسپیڈ (clock speed) کہتے ہیں۔

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143📚Digital Evidence & Data RecoveryCyber Attacks

Which of the below is a popular victim of cyber attackers looking to gain the IP address of a target or victim user?

Explanation

Websites are common tools used by attackers to log visitor connections. By redirecting victims to a specific web server, attackers can easily capture and inspect the victim's source IP address in server access logs.

حملہ آور عام طور پر صارفین کا آئی پی ایڈریس حاصل کرنے کے لیے ویب سائٹس (Websites) کو نشانہ بناتے ہیں یا خود جعلی ویب سائٹ بناتے ہیں۔

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144📚Digital Evidence & Data RecoveryCyber Attacks

_____ are piece of programs or scripts that allow hackers to take control over any system.

Explanation

Exploits are code, scripts, or programs written by hackers that take advantage of specific software or hardware vulnerabilities to compromise and gain unauthorized control over a target system.

وہ پروگرام یا اسکرپٹس جن کے ذریعے ہیکرز کسی سسٹم کی خامی کا فائدہ اٹھا کر اس پر کنٹرول حاصل کرتے ہیں، ایکسپلوئٹس (Exploits) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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145📚Cryptography & Network SecurityDigital Evidence

A logon record tells us that, at a specific time:

Explanation

A digital logon record strictly verifies only that the specific user account credentials were used to authenticate/login. It cannot physically prove who was typing behind the keyboard.

لاگ ان ریکارڈ صرف یہ بتاتا ہے کہ کسی سسٹم میں داخلے کے لیے اس مخصوص اکاؤنٹ کا استعمال (The account was used) کیا گیا تھا، یہ اصل انسان کی حتمی تصدیق نہیں کرتا۔

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146📚Cryptography & Network SecurityCyber Attacks

In _____ attack, the attacker doesn't actively take ever another user to perform the attack.

Explanation

In a spoofing attack, the attacker simply mimics the identity (e.g. IP spoofing) without taking over or hijacking an active user's existing connection.

اسپوفنگ (Spoofing) حملے میں حملہ آور کسی چالو سیشن پر قبضہ کرنے کی بجائے صرف ایک بھروسہ مند اکاؤنٹ یا آئی پی کا روپ دھارتا ہے۔

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147📚Cryptography & Network SecurityIntrusion Detection Systems

What are characteristics of stack-based IDS?

Explanation

Stack-based IDSs are integrated directly into the host TCP/IP stack, allowing them to watch packets as they are processed through the network layer stack.

اسٹیک بیسڈ آئی ڈی ایس (IDS) ٹی سی پی/آئی پی اسٹیک کے ساتھ گہرائی سے جڑا ہوتا ہے اور وہاں سے گزرنے والے پیکٹس کی نگرانی کرتا ہے۔

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148📚Cryptography & Network SecuritySQL Injection

_____ is time-based SQL injection attack.

Explanation

Time-based SQL injection is a subtype of Blind SQL Injection. It forces the database to pause/wait for a specific time before responding, letting attackers infer database structure.

ٹائم بیسڈ ایس کیو ایل انجیکشن دراصل بلائنڈ ایس کیو ایل انجیکشن (Blind SQL Injection) کی ایک شکل ہے۔

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149📚Cryptography & Network SecuritySQL Injection

Which will be useful to detect SQL Injection attacks?

Explanation

An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) inspects incoming network payloads against known attack signatures to detect malicious activities, including SQL Injection attacks.

نیٹ ورک میں ایس کیو ایل انجیکشن حملوں کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے انٹروژن ڈیٹیکشن سسٹم (Intrusion Detection System) انتہائی مفید ہے۔

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150📚Cryptography & Network SecurityWireless Calculations

A TDMA system uses 25 MHz for the forward link, which is broken into radio channels of 200, kHz. If 8 speech channels are supported on a single radio channel, how many simultaneous users can be accommodated?

Explanation

Number of radio channels = 25 MHz / 200 kHz = 25,000 / 200 = 125. Since each channel supports 8 users, total simultaneous users = 125 * 8 = 1000.

حل کرنے پر: 25 میگا ہرٹز کو 200 کلو ہرٹز کے چینلز میں تقسیم کرنے سے 125 چینلز ملتے ہیں، اور ہر چینل پر 8 صارفین کے لحاظ سے کل 1000 صارفین بنتے ہیں۔

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151📚Cyber Law, IT Act & Digital ForensicsCyber Crimes

Which among the following characteristics are correct about cyberstalking?

Explanation

Cyberstalking is specifically defined as the use of the Internet, email, or other electronic communication devices to stalk or harass another person.

سائبر اسٹاکنگ (cyberstalking) کا مطلب انٹرنیٹ یا الیکٹرانک آلات کا استعمال کر کے کسی شخص یا گروہ کو ہراساں کرنا ہے۔

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152📚Cyber Law, IT Act & Digital ForensicsSocial Engineering

Part of the social media sites are the various games & third-party applications which helps _____ to get access to your data.

Explanation

Malicious games and third-party apps on social networks are frequently deployed by cyber-criminals to harvest user profile data and spread malware.

سوشل میڈیا پر گیمز اور فریق ثالث (third-party) کی ایپلی کیشنز اکثر سائبر مجرموں (Cyber-criminals) کو آپ کا ڈیٹا چرانے میں مدد کرتی ہے۔

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153📚Cyber Law, IT Act & Digital ForensicsStatistics

What is the variance of a constant 'x'?

Explanation

The variance measures dispersion. A constant does not vary, so its deviation from its mean is always zero, resulting in a variance of 0.

چونکہ کسی مستقل قیمت (constant) میں کوئی تبدیلی نہیں ہوتی، اس لیے اس کا تغیر یا ویرینس (variance) ہمیشہ صفر (0) ہوتا ہے۔

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154📚Cell Biology & Molecular GeneticsBiometrics

Automated Multi-modal Biometric Identification System (AMBIS) has which of the following biometrics?

Explanation

The Automated Multi-modal Biometric Identification System (AMBIS) integrates multiple biometric identifiers, including fingerprints, palmprints, face/iris scans, to assist law enforcement agencies in identifying suspects.

آٹومیٹڈ ملٹی ماڈل بائیومیٹرک آئیڈینٹیفیکیشن سسٹم (AMBIS) میں فنگر پرنٹس، پام پرنٹس اور آئیرس (iris) اسکین شامل ہوتے ہیں، جو مجرموں کی شناخت میں مدد کرتے ہیں۔

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155📚Cell Biology & Molecular GeneticsEvidence Collection

What is an exemplar?

Explanation

An exemplar (or reference sample) is a legally collected specimen of known origin (e.g. handwriting sample or DNA from a suspect) used to compare against the questioned evidence collected from the crime scene.

ایگزمپلر (Exemplar) سے مراد وہ معلوم نمونہ (known source) ہے جس کا موازنہ کرائم سین سے ملنے والے نامعلوم یا سوالیہ نمونے (questioned sample) سے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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156📚Cell Biology & Molecular GeneticsCrime Scene Management

Consider the following duties of the first responding officer.
i. Barricade the crime scene
ii. Compile data from the scene
iii. Attend to any injured people/survivors
iv. Remove and detain witnesses/suspects from crime scene
Arrange the duties in chronological order starting from the first duty

Explanation

The first priority of the responding officer is to preserve life by attending to the injured (iii). The next step is to secure the individuals at the scene by detaining witnesses/suspects (iv), followed by securing the physical scene by barricading (i), and finally documenting and compiling initial scene data (ii).

سب سے پہلے زخمیوں کو طبی امداد فراہم کرنا (iii)، پھر گواہوں یا مشتبہ افراد کو قابو کرنا (iv)، پھر کرائم سین کو بیریکیڈ کر کے سیل کرنا (i) اور آخر میں ڈیٹا اکٹھا کرنا (ii) ترجیحی ترتیب ہے۔

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157📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyEvidence Packaging

Consider the following statements about the packaging of evidence:
i. Biological samples such as bloody cloth have to be packaged in an airtight container while it's wet
ii. Samples suspected of containing accelerants from arson scenes should be packaged in airtight metal cans
iii. All the evidence collected from the crime scene should be packaged in one common container for ease of transportation
iv. Biological samples should be air-dried at room temperature and before packaging in breathable paper bags
Which of the above statements are true/correct?

Explanation

Arson evidence containing volatile accelerants must be stored in airtight metal cans to prevent evaporation (ii). Biological samples (like bloodstains) must be air-dried first and stored in breathable paper bags to prevent mold and bacterial degradation (iv). Packaging wet samples in airtight containers (i) or combining all samples (iii) causes contamination and degradation.

آتش زنی کے نمونوں کو ہوا بند دھاتی ڈبوں میں رکھنا چاہیے تاکہ اڑنے والے کیمیکل ضائع نہ ہوں (ii)۔ حیاتیاتی نمونوں کو کمرے کے درجہ حرارت پر سکھا کر سانس لینے والے کاغذی تھیلوں میں رکھنا چاہیے (iv)۔ اس لیے بیانات ii اور iv درست ہیں۔

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158📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyCriminology

A serial offender is suspected of victimizing young teenage girls by mutilating their breasts. What will be the signature/style by which the culprit is killing his victims be called?

Explanation

The method of committing a crime is called Modus Operandi (M.O.). While mutilation is a psychological signature, of the choices provided, 'Modus operandi' is the only valid legal/criminological term matching criminal behavioral patterns.

کسی مجرم کے جرم کرنے کے مخصوص طریقے یا اسٹائل کو قانونی اصطلاح میں موڈس آپرینڈی (Modus operandi) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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159📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyForensic Ethics

Which of the following is the ethical responsibility of a forensic scientist?

Explanation

Forensic scientists are ethically bound to maintain absolute objectivity (unbiased scientific analysis) and keep all case information completely confidential.

فارنزک سائنسدان کی بنیادی اخلاقی ذمہ داری غیر جانبدارانہ رائے رکھنا اور معلومات کے تحفظ (confidentiality) کو یقینی بنانا ہے۔

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160📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyPresumptive Testing

What is a presumptive test?

Explanation

A presumptive test is a highly sensitive but non-specific screening test. It is used to quickly screen samples and suggest the potential presence of a substance (e.g. blood, semen, drugs), but requires a confirmatory test for confirmation.

پریزمپٹیو ٹیسٹ (presumptive test) ایک ابتدائی اسکریننگ ٹیسٹ ہوتا ہے جو کسی مادے کی ممکنہ موجودگی کی جانچ کرتا ہے لیکن حتمی تصدیق (confirmation) نہیں کرتا۔

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161📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyArson and Explosives

Consider the following guidelines for the collection of evidence on an explosive scene
i. Collect samples in airtight glass jars without rubber liners
ii. Fill the container with evidence suspected to have accelerant full up to the brim with no space.
iii. Use breathable paper bags to collect debris with suspected explosive residue
iv. Use an activated charcoal strip placed inside the container to absorb volatile fumes from the sample
Which of the above statements is true/correct?

Explanation

Explosive debris and accelerants must be packaged in clean, airtight glass jars or metal cans without rubber liners (i) to prevent organic contamination and evaporation of volatile gases. Activated charcoal strips are placed inside the container to absorb these volatile organic compounds for headspace analysis (iv). Breathable bags (iii) allow gases to escape, and filling to the brim (ii) leaves no headspace for vapor collection.

دھماکہ خیز مواد کے ذرات کو ہوا بند شیشے کے جار میں بغیر ربڑ لائنر کے رکھنا چاہیے (i)۔ چارکول سٹرپ کا استعمال ہوا میں موجود کیمیائی گیسوں کو جذب کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے (iv)۔ کاغذی تھیلوں سے گیسیں اڑ سکتی ہیں اور برتن کو اوپر تک بھرنے سے گیس جمع ہونے کی جگہ نہیں بچتی۔ اس لیے i اور iv درست ہیں۔

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162📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyForensic Serology

On a suspected homicide crime scene, which of the following chemicals is used for the chemiluminescence of blood?

Explanation

Luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione) is a chemical compound that exhibits chemiluminescence (glows blue) when it reacts with the iron found in hemoglobin.

کرائم سین پر خون کے چھپے ہوئے نشانات کو چمکانے (chemiluminescence) کے لیے لیومینول (Luminol) کیمیکل کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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163📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyCrime Scene Sketching

Which of the following sketches shows a side view for example perspective of a wall looking from the side?

Explanation

An elevated sketch (or elevation view) depicts a vertical plane, showing a side-on view of the scene, such as a wall containing bullet holes or blood spatter patterns.

ایلیویٹڈ ویو (Elevated view) وہ خاکہ ہے جو کرائم سین کا سائیڈ ویو دکھاتا ہے، جیسے دیوار پر موجود گولیوں یا خون کے نشانات۔

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164📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyForensic Law

Inquiry into the cause of death by Magistrate is covered in which of the following?

Explanation

Section 176 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) deals with inquiry by a Magistrate into the cause of death in cases such as custodial deaths, suspicious deaths, or deaths of women within seven years of marriage.

ضابطہ فوجداری (CrPC) کی دفعہ 176 کے تحت مجسٹریٹ موت کی وجوہات کی انکوائری (inquest) کرتا ہے۔

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165📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyForensic Ethics

Consider the following ethics of a forensic expert:
i. Be subjective in validated scientific analysis
ii. Be objective in their analysis
iii. Employ validated methods of analysis
iv. Give personal opinions on the suspect of the crime
Which of the above statements are true/correct?

Explanation

A forensic expert is ethically required to remain strictly objective (ii) during their analysis and always employ scientifically validated analytical methods (iii). Subjective bias (i) and personal opinions (iv) violate scientific and legal standards.

فارنزک ماہر کے اخلاقیات کے مطابق، اسے اپنے تجزیے میں مکمل طور پر معروضی (objective) ہونا چاہیے (ii) اور ہمیشہ توثیق شدہ سائنسی طریقے (validated methods) استعمال کرنے چاہئیں (iii)۔ ذاتی آراء دینا یا غیر معروضی ہونا اخلاقیات کے خلاف ہے۔ اس لیے ii اور iii درست ہیں۔

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166📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyForensic Medicine

Consider the following statements regarding who can conduct an autopsy in India.
i. A trained Magistrate
ii. A Registered Medical Practitioner in forensic medicine
iii. Coroner
iv. A doctor with B.A.M.S degree
Which of the above statements are true/correct?

Explanation

In India, an autopsy (post-mortem examination) can only be performed by a Registered Medical Practitioner (holding a valid MBBS degree or specialization in Forensic Medicine/MD). Magistrates and coroners only conduct inquests/inquiries, and B.A.M.S. doctors (Ayurvedic practitioners) are generally not authorized to perform forensic autopsies.

ہندوستان میں پوسٹ مارٹم یا آٹوپسی صرف فارنزک میڈیسن میں رجسٹرڈ میڈیکل پریکٹیشنر (MBBS/MD) ہی کر سکتا ہے۔ مجسٹریٹ انکوائری کرتے ہیں اور بی اے ایم ایس (B.A.M.S) ڈاکٹروں کو فارنزک پوسٹ مارٹم کی اجازت نہیں ہوتی۔ اس لیے صرف بیان ii درست ہے۔

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167📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyMicroscopy

Michel Levy chart is referred in which of the following microscopy while examining birefringent evidence?

Explanation

The Michel-Lévy interference color chart is used in polarized light microscopy to determine the birefringence of a specimen (like synthetic fibers or minerals) based on thickness and retardation.

مائیکل لیوی چارٹ (Michel Levy chart) کا استعمال پولرائزڈ لائٹ مائیکروسکوپ (Polarized light microscope) میں روشنی کی دوہری عکاسی (birefringence) کے مطالعے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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168📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyMicroscopy

The Stereo microscope has a different optical path for each eye to view which gives rise to?

Explanation

A stereomicroscope (dissecting microscope) provides two separate optical paths, presenting slightly different angles of the specimen to each eye, which produces a three-dimensional (3D) visual effect.

اسٹیریو مائیکروسکوپ (Stereo microscope) میں دونوں آنکھوں کے لیے الگ الگ آپٹیکل پاتھ ہوتے ہیں، جس سے نمونے کی سہ جہتی (3-dimensional) تصویر دکھائی دیتی ہے۔

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169📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyMicroscopy

What is the lens in a compound microscope closest to the specimen called?

Explanation

The lens closest to the specimen in a light or compound microscope is called the objective lens, which gathers light and focuses the image of the specimen.

کمپاؤنڈ مائیکروسکوپ میں وہ لینس جو سلائیڈ یا نمونے کے سب سے قریب ہوتا ہے، آبجیکٹو لینس (Objective lens) کہلاتا ہے۔

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170📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyMicroscopy

The UV or blue light is used to focus on evidence sample in which of the following microscopes?

Explanation

A fluorescence microscope uses high-intensity ultraviolet or blue excitation light to illuminate the specimen, exciting fluorescent dyes or autofluorescent components to emit lower-energy light.

فلوروسینس مائیکروسکوپ (Fluorescence microscope) میں نمونے پر یو وی (UV) یا نیلی روشنی ڈالی جاتی ہے تاکہ وہ چمک اٹھے۔

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171📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyStatistics

Consider the following pairs:
i. Mean - Most occurring value in a sample
ii. Mode - Value of the middle one of a number of vectors ordered in increasing magnitude
iii. Median - An arithmetic average of all values
iv. Standard deviation - Measure of dispersion around mean
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Only pair iv is correctly matched. The Mean is the arithmetic average (iii is incorrect), Mode is the most frequently occurring value (i is incorrect), and Median is the middle value of a sorted dataset (ii is incorrect).

صرف چوتھا بیان درست ہے کہ اسٹینڈرڈ ڈیوی ایشن (Standard deviation) اوسط کے ارد گرد پھیلاؤ کی پیمائش ہے۔ حسابی اوسط کو مین کہتے ہیں (iii غلط ہے)، سب سے زیادہ آنے والی قدر کو موڈ کہتے ہیں (i غلط ہے) اور درمیانی قدر کو میڈین کہتے ہیں (ii غلط ہے)۔

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172📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyBiochemistry

Fetal hemoglobin is made up of four protein chains. They are

Explanation

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the main oxygen transport protein in human fetuses, consisting of two alpha (a) chains and two gamma (g) chains (a2g2). Adult hemoglobin (HbA) contains two alpha and two beta (b) chains.

جنین کا ہیموگلوبن (Fetal hemoglobin) چار پروٹین چینز پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، جو کہ 2 الفا اور 2 گاما (gamma) زنجیریں ہوتی ہیں۔

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173📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyForensic Biology

Match the columns:

| Column 1 | Column 2 |
| --- | --- |
| i. Blood | a) Phadebas test |
| ii. Semen | b) Christmas tree staining |
| iii. Saliva | c) Nessler's test |
| iv. Urine | d) Takayama crystal assay |

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Blood is matched with Takayama crystal assay (d), Semen with Christmas tree staining for sperm heads (b), Saliva with Phadebas test for amylase (a), and Urine with Nessler's reagent test for urea/ammonia (c). This corresponds to option B.

خون کا ٹیسٹ ٹاکایاما کرسٹل ایسے ہے (i-d)، منی (semen) کا ٹیسٹ کرسمس ٹری سٹیننگ ہے (ii-b)، تھوک (saliva) کا ٹیسٹ فادیباس ٹیسٹ ہے (iii-a)، اور پیشاب کا ٹیسٹ نیسلر ٹیسٹ ہے (iv-c)۔ اس لیے آپشن B درست ہے۔

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174📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyGenetics

Which of the following regions of the Y chromosome does not participate in homologous recombination with the X chromosome?

Explanation

The MSY (Male-specific region of the Y chromosome) makes up about 95% of the Y chromosome and does not undergo homologous recombination with the X chromosome, unlike the Pseudoautosomal Regions (PAR1 and PAR2).

وائی کروموسوم کا ایم ایس وائی (MSY - Male specific region of Y) خطہ ایکس کروموسوم کے ساتھ ہومولوگس ری کمبینیشن (recombination) میں حصہ نہیں لیتا۔

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175📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyDNA Profiling

Arrange the steps of VNTR RFLP analysis in their proper sequence
i. Restriction digestion
ii. Probe hybridisation
iii. Gel electrophoresis
iv. Blotting

Explanation

The steps of VNTR RFLP analysis are: restriction digestion of genomic DNA (i), gel electrophoresis to separate fragments by size (iii), Southern blotting to transfer DNA to a membrane (iv), and probe hybridization to target specific VNTR loci (ii). This corresponds to i, iii, iv, ii.

وی این ٹی آر آریف ایل پی (RFLP) کا صحیح ترتیب ہے: سب سے پہلے ریسٹرکشن ڈائجیشن (i)، پھر جیل الیکٹروفورسس (iii)، پھر سدرن بلاٹنگ (iv) اور آخر میں پروب ہائبرڈائزیشن (ii)۔ اس طرح ترتیب i، iii، iv، ii بنتی ہے۔

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176📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyMolecular Biology

Match the column with respect to the different forms of DNA helical properties:

| Form | Base pairs per turn | Axial rise (nm) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| i. A-DNA | p. 10 | x. 0.34 |
| ii. B-DNA | q. 11 | y. 0.45 |
| iii. Z-DNA | r. 12 | z. 0.26 |

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

A-DNA has 11 bp/turn and an axial rise of 0.26 nm (i-q-z). B-DNA has 10 bp/turn and an axial rise of 0.34 nm (ii-p-x). Z-DNA has 12 bp/turn and an axial rise of 0.45 nm (iii-r-y). This corresponds to option D.

اے-ڈی این اے (A-DNA) میں 11 بیس پیئرز اور 0.26nm رائز ہوتا ہے (i-q-z)، بی-ڈی این اے (B-DNA) میں 10 بیس پیئرز اور 0.34nm رائز ہوتا ہے (ii-p-x)، اور زیڈ-ڈی این اے (Z-DNA) میں 12 بیس پیئرز اور 0.45nm رائز ہوتا ہے (iii-r-y)۔ اس طرح آپشن D درست ہے۔

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177📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesMolecular Biology

Which among the following radiolabelled probes show the highest sensitivity for DNA detection?

Explanation

Phosphorus-32 (32P) is a high-energy beta emitter that yields very high specific activity, making it the most sensitive radiolabel for DNA probe detection in hybridization assays.

ڈی این اے پروب کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے سب سے حساس ریڈیولابیلڈ پروب فاسفورس-32 (32P) ہے کیونکہ یہ بہت زیادہ توانائی والی بیٹا شعاعیں خارج کرتا ہے۔

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178📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesMolecular Biology

In ASO hybridisation for SNP analysis, what is the enzyme HRP conjugated to?

Explanation

In Allele-Specific Oligonucleotide (ASO) hybridization assays, probes are often biotinylated. The enzyme Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is conjugated to Streptavidin, which binds with extremely high affinity to the biotinylated probe.

اے ایس او (ASO) ہائبرڈائزیشن ٹیسٹ میں، ہارسرادش پراکسیڈیز (HRP) انزائم کو اسٹریپٹاوِڈن (Streptavidin) کے ساتھ جوڑا جاتا ہے جو بائیوٹین لگے ہوئے پروب سے جڑتا ہے۔

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179📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesGenetics

What is the most appropriate definition of Satellite DNA?

Explanation

Satellite DNA consists of highly repetitive, non-coding DNA sequences that are clustered and tandemly repeated in specific regions of the genome (extra-genic tandemly repeated DNA).

سیٹلائٹ ڈی این اے (Satellite DNA) کی سب سے بہترین تعریف یہ ہے کہ یہ جینز سے باہر مسلسل دہرائے جانے والا ڈی این اے (Extra-genic tandemly repeated DNA) ہے۔

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180📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesMolecular Biology

Regular DNA polymerases exhibit some activity below their optimal temperature, resulting in non-specific amplification. What type of PCR modification technique will help overcome this issue?

Explanation

Hot-start PCR is a technique that keeps the DNA polymerase inactive until the reaction mixture reaches the denaturation temperature, preventing non-specific primer binding and amplification at lower temperatures.

ہوشیار پی سی آر یا ہاٹ-اسٹارٹ پی سی آر (Hot-start PCR) کے ذریعے پولیمریز انزائم کو کم درجہ حرارت پر غیر فعال رکھا جاتا ہے تاکہ غیر ضروری ایمپلیفیکیشن سے بچا جا سکے۔

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181📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesBiochemistry

What are the components of an RNA nucleoside molecule?

Explanation

A nucleoside consists of a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA) and a nitrogenous base. A nucleotide contains a nucleoside plus a phosphate group.

آر این اے نیوکلیوسائڈ (nucleoside) رائبوز شوگر اور نائٹروجن بیس (Nitrogen base) سے مل کر بنتا ہے۔ اگر اس میں فاسفیٹ گروپ شامل ہو تو یہ نیوکلیوٹائڈ بن جاتا ہے۔

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182📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyForensic Biology

What component of the sweat can be used for performing a confirmatory assay?

Explanation

Dermcidin is an antimicrobial peptide expressed and secreted specifically by human eccrine sweat glands, serving as a highly specific biomarker for the identification of sweat.

پسینے کی تصدیقی جانچ (confirmatory assay) کے لیے ڈرمیسیڈن (Dermicidin) پروٹین کو بطور مارکر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، جو صرف پسینے کے غدود سے خارج ہوتا ہے۔

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183📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyBiochemistry

At what linkage does Human Salivary Amylase cleave in the starch molecule?

Explanation

Human salivary alpha-amylase is an endo-enzyme that specifically cleaves internal alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch and glycogen molecules.

انسانی تھوک کا ایمیلیز انزائم نشاستہ (starch) کے مالیکیول میں الفا-1,4 (a1->4) لنکیج کو توڑتا ہے۔

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184📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyDNA Profiling

A preferred procedure for analysing DNA in cases of sexual assault involving multiple unrelated perpetrators would be:

Explanation

In sexual assault cases, differential extraction is always required to separate the sperm cells from the female epithelial cells. Autosomal STR analysis is then performed on the sperm fraction to achieve maximum discrimination power, allowing the identification and individualization of each unrelated perpetrator.

متعدد نامعلوم مجرموں کے جنسی زیادتی کے کیسز میں سب سے پہلے ڈیفرینشل ایکسٹریکشن (Differential extraction) کر کے سپرم الگ کیے جاتے ہیں اور پھر جینیاتی انفرادیت معلوم کرنے کے لیے آٹوسومل ایس ٹی آر (autosomal STR) کا تجزیہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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185📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyMitochondrial DNA

What is the most polymorphic region in human mitochondrial DNA?

Explanation

The D-loop (displacement loop) or control region of human mitochondrial DNA contains the hypervariable regions (HV1, HV2, and HV3), which accumulate mutations rapidly and are the most polymorphic regions used for sequencing.

انسانی مائٹوکونڈریل ڈی این اے (mtDNA) کا سب سے زیادہ متغیر یا پولی مارفک خطہ ڈی-لوپ (D-loop) یا کنٹرول ریجن کہلاتا ہے۔

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186📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyGenetics

In maize, a dominant allele (A) is necessary for seed color, as opposed to colorless (a). Another gene has a recessive allele (w) that results in waxy starch, as opposed to normal starch (W). The two genes segregate independently. An AaWW plant is testcrossed. What are the phenotypes and relative frequencies of offspring?

Explanation

The testcross is AaWW x aaww. Since W is homozygous dominant (WW) in the first parent, all offspring receive a W allele and will have normal starch (Ww). The A gene cross (Aa x aa) yields 1/2 Aa (colored) and 1/2 aa (colorless). Thus, the phenotypic ratio is 1 (colored, normal starch) : 1 (colorless, normal starch).

ٹیسٹ کراس AaWW x aaww میں تمام بچوں کے پاس کم از کم ایک W ایلِیل ہوگا یعنی سب میں نارمل نشاستہ ہوگا۔ A جین کراس (Aa x aa) سے آدھے بچے رنگین (colored) اور آدھے بے رنگ (colorless) ہوں گے۔ اس طرح تناسب 1:1 ہوگا۔

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187📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyCell Biology

What region of a chromosome do mitotic and meiotic spindle fibers attach to?

Explanation

During cell division, the mitotic or meiotic spindle fibers attach to the centromere region of the chromosome, specifically at the kinetochore protein complex assembled there.

خلیہ کی تقسیم کے دوران تکلے کے ریشے (spindle fibers) کروموسوم کے سینٹرومیئر (Centromere) والے حصے سے جڑتے ہیں۔

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188📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyCell Biology

At what phase during the mitotic cell division, does the kinetochore microtubule begin to form?

Explanation

During prometaphase of mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle microtubules begin to attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes (forming kinetochore microtubules).

مائٹوسس (mitosis) تقسیم کے دوران، پرو میٹافیز (Prometaphase) مرحلے میں کائینیٹو کور مائکرو ٹیوبول بننا اور کروموسوم سے جڑنا شروع ہوتے ہیں۔

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189📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyCell Biology

What process do prokaryotic cells divide by?

Explanation

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) lack a nucleus and divide via binary fission (or simple fission), a process of asexual reproduction where the cell splits into two equal parts.

پروکیریوٹک خلیات (جیسے بیکٹیریا) سادہ تقسیم یعنی بائنری فیشن یا سمپل فیشن (Simple fission) کے ذریعے تقسیم ہوتے ہیں۔

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190📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyAnatomy

What part of the CNS is associated with vital reflexes such as heartbeat and respiration?

Explanation

The medulla oblongata (part of the brainstem in the Central Nervous System) contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers that regulate autonomic reflexes like heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing.

دماغ کا پچھلا حصہ میڈولا اوبلونگاٹا (Medulla oblongata) دل کی دھڑکن اور سانس لینے جیسے غیر ارادی افعال کو کنٹرول کرتا ہے۔

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191📚Handwriting Examination & ComparisonCrime Scene Management

What is the first step in managing a crime scene?

Explanation

Securing the scene is the immediate first step in crime scene management to prevent contamination, alteration, or loss of evidence.

کرائم سین کی حفاظت اور اسے بیریکیڈ کرنا سب سے پہلا لازمی قدم ہے تاکہ شواہد کو آلودگی، تبدیلی یا ضائع ہونے سے بچایا جا سکے۔

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192📚Handwriting Examination & ComparisonEvidence Integrity

What is the purpose of chain of custody in forensic investigations?

Explanation

The chain of custody is a chronological, detailed record documenting the collection, custody, control, transfer, analysis, and disposition of physical evidence to ensure its integrity in court.

چین آف کسٹڈی (Chain of custody) مادی شواہد کو اکٹھا کرنے، سنبھالنے، منتقل کرنے اور ان کا تجزیہ کرنے کا ایک مسلسل تحریری ریکارڈ ہوتا ہے تاکہ عدالت میں شواہد کی سالمیت اور قبولیت ثابت کی جا سکے۔

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193📚Handwriting Examination & ComparisonCrime Scene Roles

Who amongst the following is responsible for conducting and overseeing the investigation at a crime scene?

Explanation

The Investigating Officer (I.O.) has the primary legal responsibility to conduct, coordinate, and oversee the entire investigation process at a crime scene.

جائے وقوعہ (کرائم سین) پر تفتیش کے تمام مراحل کی نگرانی اور انتظام کرنے کا بنیادی قانونی فریضہ انویسٹی گیٹنگ آفیسر (I.O. / تفتیشی افسر) کا ہوتا ہے۔

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194📚Handwriting Examination & ComparisonCrime Scene Searching

Which of the following is not a method of crime scene searching?

Explanation

Grid, Zone (or Sector), and Spiral search are standard forensic search methods. 'Cube search' is not a recognized method in crime scene investigation.

گرڈ، زون اور اسپائرل تلاش کے باقاعدہ فارنزک طریقے ہیں، جبکہ 'کیوب سرچ' (Cube search) جائے وقوعہ پر تلاشی کا کوئی معروف یا تسلیم شدہ طریقہ نہیں ہے۔

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195📚Handwriting Examination & ComparisonCrime Scene Searching

Which of the following method of searching is most appropriate to be used for a plane crash site?

Explanation

For a very large, open, and complex site like a plane crash where debris is widely scattered, the Zone (or Sector) search method is most appropriate. The site is split into manageable sectors, and each is searched systematically.

طیارہ حادثہ (plane crash) جیسی بڑی اور وسیع جگہ پر جہاں ملبہ دور دور تک پھیلا ہوتا ہے، زون سرچ (Zone search) کا طریقہ سب سے موزوں ہے، جہاں علاقے کو چھوٹے زونز میں تقسیم کر کے الگ الگ ٹیموں کے ذریعے تلاش کی جاتی ہے۔

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196📚Handwriting Examination & ComparisonCrime Scene Management

What is the correct sequence of crime scene management?

Explanation

The correct logical order of evidence handling in forensic science is: Collection -> Packaging -> Forwarding -> Transportation -> Analysis. In Option C, this sequence is present (following the hyphenated typos in the exam booklet).

شواہد کی دیکھ بھال کا صحیح قانونی اور فارنزک تسلسل یہ ہے: شواہد اکٹھا کرنا (Collection)، پھر انہیں پیک کرنا (Packaging)، لیبارٹری کو بھیجنے کی منظوری/فارورڈنگ (Forwarding)، پھر ٹرانسپورٹ کرنا (Transportation)، اور آخر میں لیبارٹری میں تجزیہ کرنا (Analysis)۔

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197📚Handwriting Examination & ComparisonEvidence Packaging

What is the best way to package charred documents?

Explanation

Charred documents are extremely fragile. They should be carefully lifted and placed in a rigid corrugated box lined with a cotton base to absorb vibrations and prevent crumbling during transport.

جلے ہوئے کاغذات (Charred documents) انتہائی نازک ہوتے ہیں۔ انہیں خراب ہونے سے بچانے کے لیے روئی کے بستر (cotton base) والے سخت کارٹن یا نالیدار ڈبے (corrugated box) میں احتیاط سے رکھا جانا چاہیے۔

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198📚Handwriting Examination & ComparisonQuestioned Documents

What is the full form of ESDA?

Explanation

ESDA stands for Electrostatic Detection Apparatus, which is a specialized forensic instrument used to visualize and create a permanent record of indented writing impressions on paper.

ایس ڈی اے (ESDA) کا پورا نام الیکٹرو سٹیٹک ڈیٹیکشن اپریٹس (Electrostatic Detection Apparatus) ہے، جو کاغذ پر موجود دبی ہوئی لکھاوٹ (indentations) کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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199📚Handwriting Examination & ComparisonForensic Instrumentation

Match the following:
i. ESDA -> a. Analysis of Indentations
ii. Spectroscopy -> b. Analysis of 3-D image
iii. VSC -> c. Analysis of different inks
iv. Stereo microscope -> d. Composition of inks

Explanation

ESDA is used to analyze indentations (i-a). Spectroscopy determines chemical composition of inks (ii-d). VSC (Video Spectral Comparator) compares different inks under UV/IR light (iii-c). Stereo microscope provides a 3-dimensional magnified view of evidence (iv-b). This corresponds to option D.

صحیح ملاپ یہ ہے: ESDA دبی لکھاوٹ کے لیے (i-a)، Spectroscopy روشنائی کے اجزاء جاننے کے لیے (ii-d)، VSC مختلف روشنائیوں کے تقابل کے لیے (iii-c)، اور اسٹیریو مائیکروسکوپ تھری ڈی امیج حاصل کرنے کے لیے (iv-b)۔ یہ آپشن D میں ہے۔

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200📚Handwriting Examination & ComparisonHandwriting Analysis

Assertion (A): f and g are trizonal letters in English alphabets
Reason (R): Trizonal letters have an upper, middle and lower zone to baseline

Explanation

Assertion (A) is false because while 'f' is a trizonal letter (spans upper, middle, and lower zones), 'g' is a bizonal letter (spans only middle and lower zones). Reason (R) is true because it correctly defines a trizonal letter.

بیان (A) غلط ہے کیونکہ 'f' تو تینوں زونز (اوپری، درمیانی اور نچلے) میں لکھی جاتی ہے لیکن 'g' صرف دو زونز (درمیانی اور نچلے) میں آتی ہے۔ وجہ (R) بالکل صحیح ہے جو ٹریزونل حروف کی تعریف کرتی ہے۔ یعنی A غلط ہے اور R صحیح ہے۔

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201📚Handwriting Examination & ComparisonDynamic Signatures

The computerized pad which recognizes the signature based on speed, pressure and rhythm of signing is called-

Explanation

A Biometric Signature Pad (or digital signature pad) captures dynamic signature features such as stroke speed, pressure, direction, and rhythm for identity verification.

بایومیٹرک سگنیچر پیڈ (Biometric Signature Pad) دستخط کے وقت قلم کی رفتار، دباؤ اور تال (rhythm) کو ریکارڈ کر کے شناخت کی تصدیق کرتا ہے۔

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202📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionTypewriting analysis

Proportional spacing typewriter's characteristic feature gives:

Explanation

In proportional spacing typewriters, horizontal letter spacing varies; wider letters (like 'm' or 'w') are allocated more space than narrow letters (like 'i' or 'l').

پروپورشنل اسپیسنگ ٹائپ رائٹر (Proportional spacing typewriter) کی خاص بات یہ ہے کہ یہ ہر حرف کو اس کے سائز کے مطابق جگہ دیتا ہے، مثلاً 'w' کو 'i' سے زیادہ جگہ ملتی ہے۔

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203📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionQuestioned Documents

Match the following:
1. Handwriting comparison -> a. Speed and Rhythm
2. Disguised signature -> b. Master Pattern
3. Genuine signature -> c. Tracing
4. Type of forgery -> d. Pen-lifts and pen pauses

Explanation

Handwriting comparison relies on establishing the Master Pattern (1-b). Disguised signatures show hesitations like pen-lifts and pen pauses (2-d). Genuine signatures are characterized by natural speed and rhythm (3-a). Tracing is a type of forgery (4-c). This corresponds to option C.

صحیح ملاپ یہ ہے: لکھاوٹ کا موازنہ ماسٹر پیٹرن سے ہوتا ہے (1-b)، بھیس بدلے ہوئے دستخط میں قلم کا رکنا اور اٹھنا پایا جاتا ہے (2-d)، سچے دستخط میں رفتار اور تال ہوتی ہے (3-a)، اور ٹریسنگ جعل سازی کی ایک قسم ہے (4-c)۔

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204📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionQuestioned Documents

Match the following:
1. Study of handwriting characteristics -> a. Tracing
2. Non-destructive technique of document examination -> b. ESDA
3. Super-imposition of two signature samples -> c. Graphology
4. Analysis of indented writing -> d. Video Spectral Comparator

Explanation

The study of handwriting characteristics for personality analysis is Graphology (1-c). VSC is a non-destructive optical analysis tool (2-d). Superimposing two identical signatures suggests tracing (3-a). Indented writing is analyzed using ESDA (4-b). This matches option D.

صحیح ملاپ: لکھاوٹ کا مطالعہ گرافولوجی (1-c)، غیر تباہ کن طریقہ VSC (2-d)، دو دستخطوں کا ایک دوسرے کے اوپر بالکل فٹ بیٹھنا ٹریسنگ کی علامت ہے (3-a)، اور دبی لکھاوٹ کا تجزیہ ESDA سے ہوتا ہے (4-b)۔

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205📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionVSC Analysis

Statement A: VSC is often used to examine the alterations and obliterations made on a document
Statement B: VSC uses UV, IR and combination of other wavelength of light sources and filters

Explanation

Both statements are true. VSC (Video Spectral Comparator) is a vital tool for revealing document erasures, alterations, and obliterations by using multiple wavelengths of light (UV, visible, IR) and color filters to observe differences in ink luminescence.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔ وی ایس سی (VSC) کا استعمال دستاویز میں تبدیلیوں اور مٹائی گئی تحریر کو دیکھنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے، اور یہ ڈیوائس الٹرا وائلٹ، انفرا ریڈ اور دیگر روشنی کی طولِ موج (wavelengths) اور فلٹرز کا استعمال کرتی ہے۔

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206📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionStatistics

If the variance of the dataset is zero, what can be said about the values in the dataset?

Explanation

Variance measures how much values spread out from the mean. If the variance is zero, there is no dispersion at all, meaning all data values in the set are identical.

تغیر پذیری (variance) ڈیٹا کے پھیلاؤ کو ناپتی ہے۔ اگر تغیر پذیری صفر (zero) ہے، تو اس کا مطلب ہے کہ ڈیٹا میں کوئی پھیلاؤ نہیں ہے اور تمام اقدار بالکل ایک جیسی ہیں۔

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207📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionNormal Distribution

In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation of the mean?

Explanation

According to the empirical rule (68-95-99.7 rule) for a normal distribution, approximately 68.27% of the data falls within one standard deviation (±1σ) of the mean.

نارمل ڈسٹری بیوشن (Normal distribution) میں، تقریباً 68 فیصد ڈیٹا اوسط (mean) سے ایک سٹینڈرڈ ڈیوی ایشن (standard deviation) کے اندر آتا ہے۔

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208📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionANOVA Calculations

In an analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing the performance of three different study techniques, the mean scores are 75, 80, and 85 for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The overall mean is 80, and the total sum of squares is 300. What is the between-group sum of squares?

Explanation

The formula for Between-Group Sum of Squares (SSB) is SSB = sum of n_j (Mean_j - Overall_Mean)^2. Assuming equal group sizes (n = 1 for simplest representation): SSB = 1(75-80)^2 + 1(80-80)^2 + 1(85-80)^2 = (-5)^2 + 0^2 + 5^2 = 25 + 0 + 25 = 50.

گروپوں کے درمیان مجموعہِ مربعات (Between-group sum of squares) معلوم کرنے کے لیے، ہر گروپ کے اوسط کو مجموعی اوسط سے گھٹا کر اس کا مربع لیا جاتا ہے: (75-80)^2 + (80-80)^2 + (85-80)^2 = 25 + 0 + 25 = 50۔

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209📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionChi-Square Calculation

In a study of preferences among three different colors (red, blue, and green), the observed frequencies are 25, 30, and 15, respectively. If the expected frequencies are 20 for each color, what is the chi-square statistic for this test?

Explanation

Using Chi-Square formula: χ² = Σ (O - E)² / E. Red: (25 - 20)² / 20 = 25 / 20 = 1.25. Blue: (30 - 20)² / 20 = 100 / 20 = 5.0. Green: (15 - 20)² / 20 = 25 / 20 = 1.25. χ² = 1.25 + 5.0 + 1.25 = 7.5.

فارمولا χ² = Σ (O - E)² / E کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے: سرخ کے لیے (25-20)²/20 = 1.25، نیلے کے لیے (30-20)²/20 = 5.0، اور سبز کے لیے (15-20)²/20 = 1.25۔ کل حاصل: 1.25 + 5.0 + 1.25 = 7.5۔

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210📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionTypewriting Analysis

Which characteristic is often examined in the analysis of typewriting?

Explanation

In forensic typewriting analysis, examiners look closely at ribbon impressions (ink transfer details, ink composition, thread patterns) along with typeface alignment, spacing, and letter defects.

ٹائپ رائٹر کی تحریر کے تجزیے میں، ربن کے نقوش (ribbon impression) اور اس کے دھاگوں کے نشانات، روشنائی کے پھیلاؤ وغیرہ کا گہرائی سے معائنہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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211📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionPrinting Technology History

Arrange the following in ascending chronological order of their appearance:
i. Manual typewriter
ii. Laser printer
iii. Dot-Matrix printer
iv. Inkjet printer

Explanation

The chronological order is: i. Manual Typewriter (1860s/1870s) -> iii. Dot-Matrix Printer (1970) -> iv. Inkjet Printer (late 1970s/1980s) -> ii. Laser Printer (office commercialization in 1984, following mid-1970s inventions). This corresponds to option D.

صحیح تاریخی ترتیب یہ ہے: سب سے پہلے دستی ٹائپ رائٹر (Manual typewriter - i)، پھر ڈاٹ میٹرکس پرنٹر (Dot-Matrix - iii)، پھر انک جیٹ پرنٹر (Inkjet - iv)، اور آخر میں لیزر پرنٹر (Laser - ii)۔ یعنی i, iii, iv, ii۔

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212📚Ink, Paper & Printing AnalysisHandwriting Analysis

What is the design of letters which are fundamental to a writing system called?

Explanation

The copybook form represents the basic, standardized style of letters taught to beginners in a specific school system, serving as the starting point for individual writing habits.

حروف کا وہ بنیادی خاکہ یا ڈیزائن جو اسکولوں میں ابتدائی لکھاوٹ سکھانے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے، اسے کاپی بک فارم (Copybook form) کہتے ہیں۔

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213📚Ink, Paper & Printing AnalysisHandwriting Analysis

What is a blind loop in handwriting defined as?

Explanation

A blind loop in handwriting occurs when a curved loop letter (like 'e', 'g', or 'o') is completely filled with ink, rendering the inner white space of the loop invisible.

لکھاوٹ میں بلائنڈ لوپ (blind loop) سے مراد وہ گولائی دار حرف ہے جو روشنائی سے پوری طرح بھر جائے اور اس کا اندرونی خالی حصہ نظر نہ آئے۔

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214📚Ink, Paper & Printing AnalysisChemical Erasures

Which of the following technique can be utilised to decipher the ink writing erased with chemical erasure?

Explanation

A Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) is utilized to decipher chemical erasures by observing the document under UV or IR light, which triggers differential fluorescence in the chemical residue or altered paper fibers.

کیمیائی طریقے سے مٹائی گئی تحریر (chemical erasure) کو دوبارہ پڑھنے کے لیے وی ایس سی (VSC) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، کیونکہ کیمیکل کے اثرات مختلف روشنیوں کے تحت فلوروسینس دکھاتے ہیں۔

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215📚Ink, Paper & Printing AnalysisTypewriting Analysis

Which of the following is most likely to develop the individual characteristics when used a lot?

Explanation

Manual typewriters develop highly specific individual characteristics with use due to mechanical wear and tear, bending of serifs, misalignment of type bars, and clog damage.

دستی ٹائپ رائٹر (Typewriting) کے مستقل استعمال سے اس کے کل پرزوں اور حروف میں مکینیکل گھساؤ پیدا ہوتا ہے، جس سے اس کی لکھائی میں منفرد اور انفرادی علامات پیدا ہو جاتی ہیں۔

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216📚Ink, Paper & Printing AnalysisPrinter Analysis

The sequence of pages in the multipage laser-printed document could be determined from the position of which type of defect marks?

Explanation

Defects on the organic photoconductor (OPC) drum of a laser printer leave repetitive spots or marks on pages. Examining changes in these drum defect marks across pages can help determine printing sequence.

لیزر پرنٹر کے ڈرم پر پیدا ہونے والے باریک نقائص (Drum defect marks) ہر صفحے پر مخصوص فاصلے پر بار بار چھپتے ہیں، جن سے صفحات کی ترتیب کا اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے۔

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217📚Ink, Paper & Printing AnalysisHandwriting Analysis

A writer leaves 1.5 inches to the left margin. From the following, which are the spatial characteristics that margin belongs to?

Explanation

Marginal formatting and layout are classified under the spatial characteristics of page Arrangement (how writing is positioned relative to margins, edges, and paragraphs).

کاغذ پر حاشیہ (margin) چھوڑنا، اس کی جگہ اور چوڑائی لکھاوٹ کی ترتیب اور ہئیت یعنی ارینجمنٹ (Arrangement) کی خصوصیات میں شمار ہوتا ہے۔

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218📚Ink, Paper & Printing AnalysisCrime Scene Management

Following are the duties of the First officer arriving at the scene of crime, EXCEPT-
i. Taking notes of any vehicles leaving the scene
ii. Obtaining medical assistance if needed
iii. Check for hazardous or violent circumstances
iv. Leaves the crime scene to do a preliminary examination

Explanation

The first responding officer must secure the scene and must NOT leave the crime scene to conduct a preliminary examination elsewhere. Securing, checking for hazards, helping victims, and noting suspicious vehicles are correct duties, making 'iv' the exception.

جائے وقوعہ پر پہنچنے والے پہلے پولیس اہلکار کے فرائض میں یہ شامل نہیں ہے کہ وہ جائے وقوعہ کو چھوڑ کر کہیں اور ابتدائی معائنے کے لیے چلا جائے (صرف iv غلط ہے)۔

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219📚Ink, Paper & Printing AnalysisCrime Scene Management

Which of the following is NOT a key element of crime scene management?
i. Documentation
ii. Preservation of evidence
iii. Identifying and interviewing suspects
iv. Crowd control

Explanation

Crime scene management focuses on securing the scene, documenting it (i), and preserving evidence (ii). Identifying and interviewing suspects (iii) and overall crowd control (iv) are broader police investigation/security duties, making (iii) and (iv) the correct options that are NOT part of scene management.

کرائم سین مینجمنٹ کے بنیادی عناصر میں دستاویز سازی (documentation) اور شواہد کی حفاظت شامل ہے۔ مشتبہ افراد کی شناخت اور پوچھ گچھ (iii) اور ہجوم پر قابو پانا (iv) وسیع تر تفتیشی کام ہیں، کرائم سین مینجمنٹ کے نہیں (صرف iii اور iv درست ہیں)۔

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220📚Ink, Paper & Printing AnalysisTypewriting Analysis

Match the following:
a. Escapement -> i. Cylinder that serves as baking for paper and absorbs blow from typeface
b. Type-Ball -> ii. Typewriters that print 10 characters to the inch
c. Platen -> iii. Device containing all typefaces and which by tilting, prints type characters
d. PCA machines -> iv. Spacing along the line of typewriting (basic letter spacing)
[Unlabeled] -> v. Machine that prints 12 characters to the inch

Explanation

Escapement refers to carriage spacing movement (a-iv). Type-Ball is IBM Selectric's element containing characters (b-iii). Platen is the rubber backing cylinder (c-i). 'PCA' represents Pica typewriters printing 10 characters per inch (d-ii). This matches option B.

صحیح جوڑ: ایسکیپمنٹ کا مطلب افقی کیریج اسپیسنگ ہے (a-iv)، ٹائپ بال حروف والا گولا ہے (b-iii)، پلیٹن رولر سلنڈر ہے (c-i)، اور پیکا (Pica) مشین 10 حروف فی انچ چھاپتی ہے (d-ii)۔ یہ آپشن B میں ہے۔

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221📚Ink, Paper & Printing AnalysisForensic Instrumentation

What is the full form of ICP-MS?

Explanation

ICP-MS stands for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, a highly sensitive analytical technique used for elemental determination in forensic samples (such as glass and inks).

آئی سی پی-ایم ایس (ICP-MS) کا پورا نام انڈکٹولی کپلڈ پلازما ماس سپیکٹرمیٹری (Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) ہے، جو عناصر کی باریک ترین مقدار ناپنے کا جدید ترین سائنسی طریقہ ہے۔

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222📚Ink, Paper & Printing AnalysisPhysics Basics

Match the following:
i. Laws of Motion -> a. Velocity
ii. Scalar quantity -> b. Mass
iii. Linear Motion -> c. Displacement
iv. Vector quantity -> d. Moment of Inertia
v. Rotational Motion -> e. A body at rest remains at rest unless an external force is applied

Explanation

Laws of motion correspond to Newton's first law (i-e). Mass is a scalar quantity (ii-b). Moment of inertia is related to rotational motion (v-d). Displacement is a vector quantity (iv-a / iii-c). In option D, this is structured as: i-e, ii-b, iii-d (linear motion linked to inertia/mass concept in paper), iv-a (vector is velocity/displacement), v-c.

صحیح ملاپ: قوانین حرکت نیوٹن کا پہلا قانون ہے (i-e)، ماس اسکیلر مقدار ہے (ii-b)، مومنٹ آف انرشیا گھومنے والی حرکت سے وابستہ ہے (v-d)، اور سمتی مقدار میں ولاسٹی/ڈسپلیسمنٹ شامل ہیں (iv-a/iii-c)۔ یہ آپشن D میں فٹ بیٹھتا ہے۔

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223📚Typewritten & Printed DocumentsMechanics

What is the maximum velocity of a car of mass 100 kg can go round a level curve without skidding? (g=10m/s² µ between road and tyre = 0.6, Radius of curvature = 20m).

Explanation

The maximum velocity without skidding on a level road is v_max = sqrt(μ g R). Substituting the values: v_max = sqrt(0.6 10 20) = sqrt(120) ≈ 10.95 m/s. The closest safe integer speed is 10 m/s (12 m/s exceeds the limit).

کیر کے پھسلنے کے بغیر زیادہ سے زیادہ رفتار کا فارمولا v = sqrt(μ g R) ہے۔ قیمتیں رکھنے پر: v = sqrt(0.6 10 20) = sqrt(120) ≈ 10.95 میٹر فی سیکنڈ۔ سب سے قریبی اور محفوظ آپشن '10 m/s' ہے۔

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224📚Typewritten & Printed DocumentsLasers

(A): Laser light is monochromatic
(B): Coherence in laser light refers to wavelength consistency

Explanation

Both statements are correct. Laser light is monochromatic (consists of a single color/wavelength) and coherent (the light waves are in phase, maintaining spatial and temporal consistency).

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔ لیزر لائٹ یک رنگی (monochromatic) ہوتی ہے اور اس میں ربط یا کوہیرنس (coherence) پائی جاتی ہے، جس کا مطلب طولِ موج کی یکسانیت اور ہم آہنگی ہے۔

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225📚Typewritten & Printed DocumentsLaser Types

Match the following:
1. CO₂ lasers composed of -> a. Rare-earth ions
2. N₂ lasers operate in of EMR spectrum -> b. Visible region
3. Ar-ion laser emits light in of EMR spectrum -> c. Molecular gas
4. Glass lasers composed of -> d. Infra-Red region

Explanation

CO2 is a molecular gas laser (1-c). N2 laser operates in ultraviolet but is matched to infrared in paper options (2-d). Ar-ion laser emits visible blue-green light (3-b). Glass lasers are doped with rare-earth ions (4-a). This matches option A.

صحیح ملاپ: کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ لیزر مالیکیولر گیس سے بنتا ہے (1-c)، نائٹروجن لیزر EMR سپیکٹرم کے انفراریڈ (یا UV) زون میں چلتا ہے (2-d)، آرگن آئن لیزر نظر آنے والی روشنی پیدا کرتا ہے (3-b)، اور گلاس لیزر نایاب زمینی آئنوں پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے (4-a)۔

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226📚Typewritten & Printed DocumentsLaser Types

The HCl and HF lasers operate in the-

Explanation

Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) and Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) chemical lasers operate and emit light in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ایچ سی ایل (HCl) اور ایچ ایف (HF) کیمیائی لیزرز برقی مقناطیسی سپیکٹرم کے انفرا ریڈ (IR) زون میں کام کرتے ہیں۔

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227📚Typewritten & Printed DocumentsForensic Instrumentation

What does AAS stand for in context of spectroscopy?

Explanation

AAS stands for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, which is an analytical technique used to measure the concentration of metallic elements in a sample by measuring the light absorbed by free atoms.

اے اے ایس (AAS) کا پورا نام اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرم شناسی (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) ہے، جو نمونے میں دھاتی عناصر کی مقدار معلوم کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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228📚Typewritten & Printed DocumentsForensic Instrumentation

What is the full form of FTIR spectroscopy?

Explanation

FTIR stands for Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, a technique used to obtain an infrared absorption or emission spectrum of a solid, liquid, or gas for chemical identification.

ایف ٹی آئی آر (FTIR) کا پورا نام فورئیر ٹرانسفارم انفرا ریڈ سپیکٹرمیٹری (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy) ہے، جو کیمیکلز کے مالیکیولر ڈھانچے کی شناخت کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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229📚Typewritten & Printed DocumentsForensic Instrumentation

What are micro-spectrophotometers used for?

Explanation

Micro-spectrophotometers combine a microscope with a spectrophotometer, allowing forensic examiners to analyze the optical and spectral absorption features of microscopic samples (such as single ink lines or fibers).

مائیکرو سپیکٹرو فوٹو میٹرز کا استعمال خوردبینی یا انتہائی چھوٹے سائز کے نمونوں (جیسے دھاگے یا روشنائی کی باریک لکیر) کے سپیکٹرل خصوصیات کے تجزیے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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230📚Forensic Science & General KnowledgeForensic Instrumentation

GC-MS spectroscopy combines gas chromatography with-

Explanation

GC-MS combines Gas Chromatography (for separating mixture components) with Mass Spectrometry (for identifying the chemical structure of each separated component).

جی سی-ایم ایس (GC-MS) ٹیکنالوجی گیس کرومیٹوگرافی (علیحدگی کے لیے) اور ماس سپیکٹرمیٹری (شناخت اور ساخت معلوم کرنے کے لیے) کا مجموعہ ہے۔

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231📚Forensic Science & General KnowledgeForgery Types

Match the following:
i. Superimposition -> a. Simulated forgery
ii. Freehand forgery -> b. Copy-paste
iii. Practiced hand forgery -> c. By memory
iv. Lifted forgery -> d. Traced forgery

Explanation

Simulated forgery is practiced hand forgery (a-iii). Copy-paste forgery corresponds to lifted forgery (b-iv). Freehand forgery from memory without a model is c-ii. Traced forgery shows exact superimposition (d-i). This matches option D.

صحیح ملاپ: نقلی جعل سازی مشق شدہ ہاتھ سے کی جاتی ہے (a-iii)، کاپی پیسٹ لفٹڈ جعل سازی ہے (b-iv)، یادداشت سے کی جانے والی جعل سازی فری ہینڈ ہے (c-ii)، اور ٹریس کی گئی جعل سازی میں دونوں دستخط ایک دوسرے کے اوپر فٹ بیٹھتے ہیں (d-i)۔

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232📚Forensic Science & General KnowledgeSignature Examination

Which of the following are characteristics of a genuine signature?

Explanation

Genuine signatures are written with natural speed, flow, and consistent rhythm. Forged signatures tend to show hesitation, tremors, pen pauses, and unnatural pen lifts.

اصلی اور سچے دستخطوں کی اہم خصوصیات یہ ہیں کہ وہ قدرتی بہاؤ (flow)، تیز رفتاری (speed) اور ہموار تال (rhythm) کے ساتھ کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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233📚Forensic Science & General KnowledgeHandwriting Analysis

In forensic document examination, the presence of consistent letter formation and spacing is considered as:

Explanation

Consistent, unique habits of letter formation, slant, connection, and spacing are individual characteristics that distinguish one person's handwriting from another.

حروف کی مخصوص ساخت اور ان کے درمیان مسلسل یکساں فاصلہ رکھنا لکھاوٹ کی انفرادی خصوصیت (individual characteristic) مانی جاتی ہے جو ہر مصنف کی الگ ہوتی ہے۔

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234📚Forensic Science & General KnowledgePassport Security

What security feature is commonly used in passports to prevent tampering and forgery?

Explanation

Holograms (or holographic laminates) are placed over the biographical data page in passports to prevent alteration and copying of photo or details, making counterfeiting extremely difficult.

پاسپورٹ کے بائیو ڈیٹا پیج پر ہولوگرام (hologram) لگایا جاتا ہے تاکہ تصویر یا تفصیلات میں کوئی تبدیلی یا ٹیمپرنگ نہ کی جا سکے اور نہ ہی اس کی فوٹو کاپی بن سکے۔

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235📚Forensic Science & General KnowledgePrinter Analysis

What characteristic is commonly analyzed to differentiate between various printers in computer-printed documents?

Explanation

Computer printers use specific technologies (like inkjet nozzle arrays or laser raster patterns) that leave unique dot patterns and configurations, helping examiners identify the printer technology and model.

کمپیوٹر پرنٹرز سے چھپے ہوئے کاغذات کے تقابل کے لیے ڈاٹ پیٹرن (dot pattern) کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے، کیونکہ ہر پرنٹر کی پکسل یا نقطے لگانے کی تکنیک الگ ہوتی ہے۔

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236📚Forensic Science & General KnowledgePassport Security

What is the purpose of using UV printing in passports and travel documents?

Explanation

UV-activated fluorescent inks are invisible under normal light and do not show up when photocopied with standard color copiers, helping to prevent unauthorized photocopying and reproduction.

پاسپورٹس میں بالائے بنفشی (UV) پرنٹنگ کا مقصد فوٹو کاپی کو روکنا (prevent photocopying) ہے، کیونکہ یہ روشنائی عام روشنی میں پوشیدہ ہوتی ہے اور نقل کرنے پر ظاہر نہیں ہوتی۔

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237📚Forensic Science & General KnowledgeFinancial Fraud

In credit cards forgery investigations, what is often examined to determine the authenticity of a card, especially when comparing a genuine card with a suspected counterfeit?
1. Magnetic stripe data
2. Embossed characters
3. Signature panel

Explanation

To determine credit card authenticity, investigators analyze the magnetic stripe data, the size/alignment of embossed characters, and the security features of the signature panel. Thus, all 1, 2, and 3 are examined.

کریڈٹ کارڈ کی صداقت کی جانچ کے لیے کارڈ کے ابھرے ہوئے حروف (embossed characters)، دستخط کا پینل، اور مقناطیسی پٹی کا ڈیٹا (magnetic stripe) سب چیک کیے جاتے ہیں۔ یعنی 1، 2 اور 3 سب درست ہیں۔

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238📚Organic & StereochemistryLocard Principle

Locard's exchange principle can be applied to all of the following except

Explanation

Locard's Exchange Principle states that 'every contact leaves a trace' (transfer of physical material like fibers, tool marks, and soil). Blood spatter analysis is based on physics and geometry to reconstruct directionality of forces, not on the transfer of trace material.

لوکارڈ کے اصول کے مطابق 'ہر رابطہ ایک نشان چھوڑتا ہے' (جیسے فائبر، مٹی، یا ٹول مارکس کا منتقل ہونا)۔ خون کے چھینٹوں کے نمونے کا تجزیہ (blood spatter) طبیعیات اور ہندسیہ پر مبنی ہے، جو لوکارڈ کے تبادلے کے اصول کے دائرے میں نہیں آتا۔

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239📚Organic & StereochemistryForensic Law

Which of the following may result in inadmissibility of evidence in court?

Explanation

If an expert witness fails to prove their competence and specialized knowledge in the relevant field under Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, their opinion and evidence will be ruled inadmissible in court.

انڈین ایویڈینس ایکٹ کی دفعہ 45 کے تحت، اگر کوئی ماہر گواہ متعلقہ شعبے میں اپنی مہارت اور قابلیت ثابت کرنے میں ناکام ہو جائے، تو اس کی رائے اور پیش کردہ شواہد عدالت میں ناقابل قبول (inadmissible) قرار دیے جائیں گے۔

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240📚Organic & StereochemistryForensic Psychiatry

Which of the following rules/law is not associated with Criminal responsibility of mentally ill person:

Explanation

The Durham Rule and Curren's Rule are legal tests used to determine criminal insanity and responsibility. 'Black's Law' refers to Black's Law Dictionary, a reference book, not a rule of criminal responsibility.

ڈرہم رول اور کیرنز رول دماغی طور پر بیمار شخص کی مجرمانہ ذمہ داری (insanity tests) کے تعین سے متعلق ہیں۔ جبکہ 'بلیکس لا' (Black's Law) ایک مشہور قانونی لغت (dictionary) کا نام ہے، کوئی مجرمانہ قانون یا رول نہیں ہے۔

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241📚Organic & StereochemistryHistory of Forensics

In response to the rising demands of providing high technology to the crime investigation process, BPR&D established the first Forensic DNA Typing facility at CFSL, Calcutta, during

Explanation

The Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) established India's first Central DNA Typing Unit at the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL), Calcutta in 1998.

ہندوستان میں پہلی سنٹرل فارنزک ڈی این اے ٹائپنگ کی سہولت 1998 میں سنٹرل فارنزک سائنس لیبارٹری (CFSL) کلکتہ میں قائم کی گئی تھی۔

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242📚Organic & StereochemistryCrime Scene Documentation

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of Video recording of a crime scene?

Explanation

The primary function of videography is to provide a continuous, detailed, and comprehensive overview of the entire crime scene layout, showing spatial relationships between objects.

کرائم سین کی ویڈیو ریکارڈنگ (videography) کا بنیادی فائدہ یہ ہے کہ اس سے جائے وقوعہ اور وہاں موجود تمام شواہد کا ایک مربوط اور تفصیلی منظر (detailed view) حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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243📚Organic & StereochemistryMicroscopy

All of the following are the Basic Principles of Light Microscopy EXCEPT:

Explanation

The objective lens in a microscope magnifies (enlarges) the image of the specimen; it does not minimize it.

مائیکروسکوپ میں آبجیکٹو لینس (Objective lens) نمونے کی تصویر کو بڑا (magnify) کر کے دکھاتا ہے، اسے چھوٹا (minimize) نہیں کرتا۔ اس لیے بیانیہ B غلط ہے۔

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244📚Organic & StereochemistryExplosives Analysis

________ is universally accepted broad-spectrum solvent for majority of organic explosives such as RDX, HMX, TNT, PETN etc.

Explanation

Acetone is the universally preferred solvent in forensic laboratories for extracting organic explosives (like RDX, HMX, TNT, and PETN) from post-blast debris.

ایسیٹون (Acetone) آرگینک دھماکہ خیز مواد (جیسے RDX، TNT، PETN) کو دھماکے کے ذرات سے نکالنے یا تحلیل کرنے کے لیے کثرت سے استعمال ہونے والا سالونٹ ہے۔

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245📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsProbability

A table with all possible value of a random variable and its corresponding probabilities is called

Explanation

A probability distribution lists all possible outcomes of a random variable along with their respective mathematical probabilities of occurrence.

وہ جدول (table) جو کسی رینڈم متغیر (random variable) کے تمام ممکنہ نتائج اور ان کے حاصل ہونے کے امکانات (probabilities) کو دکھاتا ہے، اسے احتمال کی تقسیم (Probability Distribution) کہتے ہیں۔

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246📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsForensic Law

In what section of Indian Evidence Act is the definition of experts specified.

Explanation

Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, specifies that when the Court has to form an opinion upon a point of foreign law, science, art, or identity of handwriting or finger impressions, the opinions of persons specially skilled (experts) are relevant facts.

انڈین ایویڈینس ایکٹ (IEA) کی دفعہ 45 کے تحت عدالت میں سائنسی ماہرین (experts) کی رائے اور ان کی قانونی حیثیت کی تعریف واضح کی گئی ہے۔

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247📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsNDPS Act

Punishment for consumption of any narcotic drug and psychotropic substance is specified under.

Explanation

Section 27 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985, specifies the punishment for the illegal consumption of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.

این ڈی پی ایس ایکٹ (NDPS Act) کی دفعہ 27 کے تحت کسی بھی نشہ آور یا نفسیاتی مادے (narcotic drug) کے ذاتی استعمال یا پینے کی سزا مقرر کی گئی ہے۔

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248📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsScreening Tests

Duquenois-Levine test is the screening test for

Explanation

The Duquenois-Levine test is a classic, highly specific presumptive color test used to screen for cannabinoids in suspected cannabis plant materials.

ڈوکوینوئس-لیوائن ٹیسٹ (Duquenois-Levine test) بھنگ یا چرس (Cannabis) کے نمونوں کی تصدیق کے لیے کیا جانے والا بنیادی رنگین اسکریننگ ٹیسٹ ہے۔

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249📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsClandestine Labs

What is not part of the glassware encountered in a raid for clandestine narcotic lab?

Explanation

Round bottom flasks, separating funnels, and beakers are standard laboratory glassware. A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of liquids, not a piece of laboratory glassware.

گول پیندے والے فلاسک، سیپریٹنگ فنل اور بیکر کیمیائی عمل کے شیشے کے برتن (glassware) ہیں، جبکہ ہائیڈرو میٹر مائع کی کثافت (specific gravity) ناپنے کا آلہ ہے، شیشے کا برتن نہیں۔

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250📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsColor Tests

Formaldehyde and Sulphuric acid form a part of what reagent for spot examination of narcotics.

Explanation

Marquis reagent is prepared by mixing concentrated sulfuric acid with formaldehyde. It is widely used to screen for opiates (purple color) and amphetamines (orange/brown color).

مارکوئس ری ایجنٹ (Marquis Reagent) فارملڈیہائڈ اور مرتکز سلفیورک ایسڈ کے مرکب سے بنتا ہے، جو نشہ آور مواد کی موقع پر فوری شناخت کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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251📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsAnalytical Instrumentation

What technique is most preferred for the characterization of illicit drugs.

Explanation

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is the preferred analytical technique for the definitive characterization and confirmation of illicit drugs due to its high separation power and structural mass spectral identification.

کیمیائی لیبارٹری میں غیر قانونی منشیات کے حتمی تجزیے اور تصدیق کے لیے سب سے بہترین اور مستند طریقہ کار جی سی-ایم ایس (GC-MS) مانا جاتا ہے۔

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252📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyToxicology

Identify the alkaloid used as antidote against insecticides and nerve gases

Explanation

Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that is used clinically as an antidote to counteract the effects of poisoning by organophosphate insecticides and nerve agents.

ایٹروپین (Atropine) وہ الکلائڈ ہے جو آرگنو فاسفیٹ کیڑے مار دواؤں اور اعصابی گیسوں (nerve gases) کے اثرات کو زائل کرنے کے لیے اینٹی ڈوٹ (تریاق) کے طور پر کام کرتا ہے۔

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253📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyBiomolecules

How many polypeptide chains are present in Haemoglobin and creatine phosphokinase

Explanation

Hemoglobin is a tetramer consisting of four polypeptide chains (two alpha and two beta). Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is a dimer consisting of two polypeptide subunit chains (M and B). Therefore, the correct counts are four and two.

ہیموگلوبن میں چار (4) پولی پیپٹائڈ زنجیریں ہوتی ہیں جبکہ کریٹین فاسفوکائنیز (CPK) میں دو (2) زنجیریں ہوتی ہیں (جو مل کر ڈائمر بناتی ہیں)۔ اس لیے جواب چار اور دو ہے۔

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254📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopySecurity Instrumentation

What technique is most preferred for trace analysis of narcotics during security check.

Explanation

Handheld Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) is the preferred technology at security checkpoints (airports, border control) due to its high speed (seconds) and extreme sensitivity for trace vapors and residues of narcotics and explosives.

ہوائی اڈوں اور حفاظتی چوکیوں پر منشیات کے باریک ذرات کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے ہینڈ ہیلڈ آئی ایم ایس (IMS - Ion Mobility Spectrometry) آلے کو سب سے زیادہ ترجیح دی جاتی ہے۔

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255📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyAnalytical Chemistry

The chemical reagent from which solution of required concentration can be prepared is

Explanation

A primary standard is a highly pure, stable, and non-hygroscopic chemical reagent. A standard solution of exact concentration can be prepared directly by dissolving a known mass of it in a specific volume.

وہ انتہائی خالص اور مستحکم کیمیکل جس کی مدد سے معلوم حتمی ارتکاز کا محلول براہ راست تول کر بنایا جا سکے، اسے پرائمری اسٹینڈرڈ (Primary standard) کہتے ہیں۔

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256📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyAnalytical Chemistry

Dimethyl glyoxime is a reagent specific for the metal ion

Explanation

Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) reacts with Nickel(II) ions in basic medium to form a bright strawberry-red coordination complex, making it highly specific for nickel determination.

ڈائی میتھائل گلائی آکسائیم (DMG) نکل (Ni) کے آئنوں کے ساتھ ردعمل کر کے سرخ رنگ کا رسوب بناتا ہے، یہ نکل کی شناخت کے لیے مخصوص کیمیکل ہے۔

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257📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologySolvent Extraction

What is the optimum pressure range at which accelerated solvent extraction works

Explanation

Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) operates at high temperatures (50-200°C) under elevated pressure, typically between 10 to 15 MPa (100-150 bar), to keep the extraction solvent liquid above its atmospheric boiling point.

ایکسلیرٹیڈ سالونٹ ایکسٹریکشن (ASE) کے لیے دباؤ کی موزوں حد 10 سے 15 میگا پاسکل (10-15 MPa) ہوتی ہے تاکہ محلول مائع حالت میں برقرار رہے۔

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258📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologySample Preparation

What is the benefit of using salting out method during Headspace Extraction.

Explanation

Adding inorganic salts (salting out) increases the ionic strength of the aqueous phase, decreasing the solubility of polar organic analytes and driving them out of water into the headspace gas phase.

پانی والے نمونوں میں نمک ملانے (salting out) سے پانی میں موجود پولر مرکبات کی حل پذیری کم ہو جاتی ہے اور وہ گیس بن کر ہیڈ اسپیس (headspace) میں چلے جاتے ہیں، جس سے ان کا اخراج آسان ہو جاتا ہے۔

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259📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologySolid Phase Extraction

Select which is not a type of Solid Phase Extraction.

Explanation

Normal Phase, Reverse Phase, and Ion Exchange are standard modes of Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). 'Gel Affinity Phase' is not a recognized SPE type.

آئن ایکسچینج، نارمل فیز اور ریورس فیز ایس پی ای (SPE) کے باقاعدہ فیز ہیں، جبکہ 'جیل افینیٹی فیز' ایس پی ای کی کوئی باقاعدہ قسم نہیں ہے۔

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260📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyGas Chromatography

Headspace analysis is carried out in order to

Explanation

Headspace gas chromatography is a specialized technique used to analyze volatile organic compounds that partition from solid or liquid samples into the gas phase inside a sealed vial.

ہیڈ اسپیس تجزیہ (Headspace analysis) کا استعمال ٹھوس یا مائع نمونوں سے خارج ہونے والے اڑنے والے کیمیکلز (volatile compounds) کے بخارات کا گیس کرومیٹوگرافی سے معائنہ کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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261📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyHPLC

Which of the following(s) is/are the advantage of HPLC over traditional LPLC (low-pressure liquid chromatography)?

Explanation

HPLC offers significant advantages over low-pressure chromatography, including high speed, reusable high-pressure columns, greater sensitivity (PMT/diode array detectors), capability to analyze macromolecules/ionic species, and non-destructive sample recovery. Thus, all are advantages.

ایچ پی ایل سی (HPLC) کے پرانی کالم کرومیٹوگرافی پر تمام فوائد ہیں: زیادہ حساسیت، دوبارہ استعمال کے قابل کالم، میکرو مالیکیولر تجزیہ، اور نمونوں کو دوبارہ حاصل کرنے کی سہولت۔

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262📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyThin Layer Chromatography

Thin-layer chromatography can be used to analyse samples that are believed to contain explosives. In this technique, the parameter known as the retardation factor (RF) can be determined. Which of the following equates to the Rf value of a given component of the material analysed?

Explanation

The Retardation Factor (Rf) in TLC is calculated by dividing the distance traveled by the compound (spot) by the distance traveled by the solvent front from the starting origin line.

ٹی ایل سی (TLC) میں آر ایف قیمت (Rf value) کا فارمولا یہ ہے: اسپاٹ کا طے کردہ فاصلہ تقسیم سالونٹ فرنٹ کا طے کردہ فاصلہ۔ یعنی آپشن A صحیح جواب ہے۔

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263📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyHPLC Detectors

Following detector in HPLC generates structural and molecular weight information about the eluted solute:

Explanation

A mass detector (mass spectrometer in LC-MS) ionizes the molecules eluted from the HPLC column, generating mass-to-charge ratios that provide molecular weight and structural fragmentation details.

ایچ پی ایل سی کالم سے نکلنے والے مادوں کا ماس ڈیٹیکٹر (Mass detector / MS) کے ذریعے معائنہ کرنے پر مالیکیولر وزن اور ان کی اندرونی ساخت کا تفصیلی ڈیٹا حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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264📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryAAS

Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) is used in the following

Explanation

A Hollow Cathode Lamp is the specific light source used in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) to emit narrow-line radiation matching the electronic absorption band of the metal element being analyzed.

ہولو کیتھوڈ لیمپ (HCL) کا استعمال اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرمیٹری (AAS) میں مخصوص طولِ موج کی روشنی خارج کرنے کے لیے بطور لائٹ سورس کیا جاتا ہے۔

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265📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryGC Detectors

Hydrocarbons can be analysed on Gas chromatography using

Explanation

The Flame Ionization Detector (FID) is the standard and most widely used GC detector for organic compounds and hydrocarbons, as it responds to almost all carbon-containing molecules by burning them to produce ions.

ہائیڈرو کاربن یا آرگینک مرکبات کی گیس کرومیٹوگرافی کے لیے فلیم آئیونائزیشن ڈیٹیکٹر (FID) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، کیونکہ یہ کاربن کو جلا کر کرنٹ ناپتا ہے۔

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266📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryRaman Spectroscopy

The transition zone of Raman spectra is

Explanation

Raman spectroscopy relies on inelastic scattering of light, which induces transitions within the rotational and vibrational energy levels of a molecule's ground electronic state.

رمن سپیکٹرم (Raman spectra) میں سالمات (molecules) کے اندر برقی مقناطیسی لہروں کے تصادم کی وجہ سے لرزش اور گھومنے کے توانائی کے مداروں (vibrational and rotational levels) میں تبدیلی ہوتی ہے۔

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267📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryIR Spectroscopy

Which of the region of IR spectra appears between 1400-600 cm⁻¹?

Explanation

The region from 1400 cm⁻¹ to 600 cm⁻¹ in an infrared spectrum is called the fingerprint region. It contains complex, unique bending and rotational absorption bands specific to individual molecules.

انفرا ریڈ (IR) سپیکٹرم میں 1400 سے 600 سینٹی میٹر انورس (cm⁻¹) کا حصہ فنگر پرنٹ ریجن (Fingerprint region) کہلاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ ہر مالیکیول کے لیے منفرد ہوتا ہے۔

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268📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistrySpectroscopy Theory

In which of the following ways, absorption is related to transmittance?

Explanation

Absorbance (A) is defined mathematically as the negative logarithm (base 10) of transmittance (T): A = -log₁₀(T), or log₁₀(1/T).

نوری جذبیت (Absorbance) اور روشنی گزرنے کی شرح (Transmittance) کے درمیان تعلق یہ ہے کہ جذبیت ٹرانسمیٹینس کا منفی لاگرتھم (negative logarithm) ہوتی ہے (A = -log₁₀T)۔

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269📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryAAS

Atomizer is used in

Explanation

An atomizer (such as a nebulizer/burner flame or a graphite furnace) is used in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to convert the liquid sample into a cloud of ground-state free atoms.

ایٹمائزر (Atomizer) کا استعمال اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹری (AAS) میں نمونے کے محلول کو آزاد ایٹموں کی دھند یا گیس میں بدلنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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270📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistrySpectrophotometry

A detector that can be used in visible Spectrophotometry is

Explanation

A photovoltaic cell (or photodiode/photomultiplier tube) converts visible photons into an electrical current, making it a common optical detector in visible spectrophotometers.

نظر آنے والی روشنی (visible spectrum) کی پیمائش کرنے والے سپیکٹرو فوٹو میٹر میں فوٹو وولٹک سیل (Photovoltaic cell) یا فوٹو ڈائیوڈ کو بطور ڈیٹیکٹر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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271📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryIR Spectroscopy

Bolometer is used as detector in

Explanation

A bolometer is a highly sensitive thermal detector that measures the temperature rise caused by incident radiation. It is widely used in Infrared (IR) spectrophotometers.

بولو میٹر (Bolometer) ایک تھرمل ڈیٹیکٹر ہے جو حرارت کی لہروں کو محسوس کرتا ہے اور اس کا استعمال انفرا ریڈ (I.R.) سپیکٹرو فوٹو میٹر میں کیا جاتا ہے۔

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272📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryAAS

The pair of light source and atomizer resulting highest sensitivity to atomic absorption spectroscopic measurement is:

Explanation

Using a Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) provides the ideal narrow emission line matching the analyte. A graphite furnace (electrothermal) atomizer provides much higher atomization efficiency and sensitivity compared to flame atomization.

اے اے ایس (AAS) میں سب سے زیادہ حساسیت (sensitivity) حاصل کرنے کے لیے ہولو کیتھوڈ لیمپ اور گریفائٹ فرنس (graphite furnace) ایٹمائزر کا ملاپ بہترین ہے۔

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273📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistrySpectroscopy Theory

Which of the following is not a limitation of Beer Lambert's law, which gives the relation between absorption, thickness, and concentration?

Explanation

Beer-Lambert's law requires low concentration, monochromatic light, and neglects chemical associations/refractive shifts. Requiring a 'higher bandwidth' is not a limitation of the law; rather, using high-bandwidth (polychromatic) light causes deviations from the law.

بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کی شرائط کے مطابق، لائٹ سورس یک رنگی (monochromatic) ہونا چاہیے اور ارتکاز کم ہونا چاہیے۔ 'ہائی بینڈوڈتھ والی تابکاری' اس قانون کی کوئی حد یا ضرورت نہیں ہے۔

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274📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryMass Spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry requires the sample to be in:

Explanation

Mass spectrometry requires the analytes to be converted into gas-phase ions (vapor state) so they can be separated and filtered by electric and magnetic fields inside the mass analyzer.

ماس سپیکٹرمیٹری (Mass Spectrometry) میں گیس کے برقی چارج شدہ آئن بنائے جاتے ہیں، اس لیے ضروری ہے کہ نمونہ گیس یا بخارات کی شکل (Vapour state) میں لایا جائے۔

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275📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryMass Spectrometry Theory

The relationship between m/e and magnetic field H in a sector mass spectrometer is:

Explanation

In a magnetic sector mass spectrometer, the equation relating mass-to-charge ratio to the magnetic field is m/e = (r² * B²) / (2V). Thus, at constant accelerating voltage (V) and trajectory radius (r), m/e is directly proportional to B² (square of magnetic field).

کالمی ماس سپیکٹرمیٹر کی مساوات کے مطابق، چارج کے مقابلے میں ماس (m/e) مقناطیسی فیلڈ (B) کے مربع کے راست متناسب ہوتا ہے (m/e ∝ B²)۔

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276📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistrySpectrophotometry

At what Amax does nitrate ion show absorbance with brucine sulphate

Explanation

Nitrate ions react with brucine sulfate in a strong sulfuric acid medium to form a yellow-colored complex which exhibits a maximum light absorption (λmax) at 410 nm.

نائٹریٹ آئن جب بروسین سلفیٹ سے سلفیورک ایسڈ کی موجودگی میں ملتے ہیں تو پیلے رنگ کا مرکب بنتا ہے، جس کا زیادہ سے زیادہ جذباتی طولِ موج (λmax) 410 nm ہوتا ہے۔

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277📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryIR Spectroscopy

An FTIR instrument record a signal in the

Explanation

An FTIR spectrophotometer uses a Michelson interferometer to record an interferogram, which is a signal measured in the time (or optical path retardation) domain. This is subsequently converted to the frequency domain (spectrum) via Fourier transform.

ایف ٹی آئی آر (FTIR) سپیکٹرو میٹر بنیادی طور پر سگنل کو ٹائم ڈومین (Time domain / وقت کی بنیاد پر) میں ریکارڈ کرتا ہے، جسے بعد میں فریکوئنسی ڈومین میں تبدیل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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278📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistrySpectroscopy Instrumentation

Basic requirements of a monochromator are

Explanation

A monochromator, which isolates specific wavelengths of light, requires high resolution (separating close wavelengths), appropriate spectral range, and high dispersion (spreading wavelengths). Therefore, all are basic requirements.

مونوکرومیٹر (Monochromator) کے لیے یہ تمام چیزیں لازمی ہیں: ریزولوشن (باریکی سے الگ کرنا)، اسپیکٹرل رینج، اور ڈسپرشن (روشنی کا پھیلاؤ)۔ اس لیے جواب 'اوپر کے تمام' (All of the above) ہے۔

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279📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryIR Spectroscopy

Which of the following is not a source used in Mid Infrared Spectrophotometer?

Explanation

Nernst glowers, Globars, and Nichrome wires are standard light sources for the Mid-Infrared (mid-IR) region. High-pressure mercury arc lamps are used as light sources in the Far-Infrared (far-IR) region.

مڈ-انفراریڈ (Mid IR) سپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹر میں گلوبار اور نچھروم وائر استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔ ہائی پریشر مرکری آرک لیمپ (B) کا استعمال فار-انفراریڈ (Far-IR) زون میں ہوتا ہے، مڈ-انفراریڈ میں نہیں سن۔

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280📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryAAS

Which of the following is the function of the chopper in Atomic Absorption spectroscopy?

Explanation

The rotating chopper in AAS periodically blocks and passes the light from the hollow cathode lamp, converting the steady (DC) light into a pulsating (AC) light. This allows the detector/amplifier to filter out the steady thermal emission of the flame.

اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹری (AAS) میں چوپر (chopper) کا کام لیمپ کی مستقل روشنی کو وقفے دار یا نبض دار روشنی (pulsating light) میں بدلنا ہے تاکہ شعلے کی اپنی گرمی کی چمک خارج ہو سکے۔

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281📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationVehicle Accident Reconstruction

In the forensic examination of a vehicle, which amalgamation of characteristics among the following elements serves as critical evidence for determining both the speed and size attributes?

Explanation

Skid marks left on the road surface serve as critical evidence. The length of the skid marks allows investigators to estimate the vehicle's pre-braking speed (using friction coefficients), while the width, tread patterns, and track spacing within those skid marks provide crucial information about the vehicle's size and tire dimensions.

سڑک پر گاڑی کے گھسیٹنے کے نشانات (Skid marks) رفتار اور سائز دونوں کا تعین کرنے میں مدد کرتے ہیں۔ نشانات کی لمبائی سے گاڑی کی رفتار معلوم ہوتی ہے، جبکہ نشانات کی چوڑائی اور پیٹرن سے ٹائر اور گاڑی کے سائز کا پتا چلتا ہے۔

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282📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationNanotechnology

What is the primary characteristic of nanoparticles and nanotubes in the context of forensic science?

Explanation

Nanoparticles and nanotubes are characterized by their nanoscale dimensions. In general classification, they are categorized under microscopic size (sub-microscopic or nanoscale), making them invisible to the naked eye and requiring specialized microscopic techniques like SEM/TEM for analysis.

فارنزک سائنس میں نینو پارٹیکلز اور نینو ٹیوبز کی بنیادی خصوصیت ان کا انتہائی باریک یعنی خوردبینی سائز (microscopic size / nanoscale) ہونا ہے، جس کے تجزیے کے لیے اسکیننگ الیکٹران مائیکروسکوپ کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔

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283📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationLaser Physics

In laser physics, what term describes the phenomenon where the electric field vectors of the emitted photons have a constant phase relationship over time and space?

Explanation

Coherence describes the constant phase relationship of light waves. A constant phase relationship over time is specifically called temporal coherence, whereas over space it is spatial coherence. Since lasers display both, temporal coherence is often referenced for the phase stability over time.

لیزر طبیعیات میں، خارج ہونے والے فوٹونز کے درمیان وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ ایک مستقل فیز کا تعلق رکھنا وقتی ہم آہنگی (Temporal coherence) کہلاتا ہے۔

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284📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationGlass Analysis

What type of glass is commonly found in car windshields due to its ability to shatter into small, relatively harmless pieces?

Explanation

Tempered glass (safety glass) is designed to shatter into small, rounded, relatively harmless fragments (dicing) upon impact. Windshields are historically laminated (to prevent penetration), but the specific property of shattering into small harmless pieces belongs to tempered glass, which is used in side and rear windows.

ٹیمپرد شیشہ (Tempered glass) اثر پڑنے پر چھوٹے، نسبتاً بے ضرر ٹکڑوں میں ٹوٹ جاتا ہے۔ اگرچہ کار کے سامنے والے شیشے عام طور پر لیمینیٹڈ ہوتے ہیں، لیکن بے ضرر ٹکڑوں میں ٹوٹنے کی یہ خاصیت ٹیمپرد شیشے کی ہے۔

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285📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationToolmark Analysis

What is the term for the distinctive marks or characteristics produced by the irregularities, nicks, or wear on a tool?

Explanation

Irregularities, accidental nicks, and unique wear on a tool create specific marks that are unique to that particular tool. These are known as individual characteristics, which allow for positive identification.

کسی اوزار پر موجود منفرد خراشیں، ٹوٹ پھوٹ یا گھسنے کے نشانات جو صرف اسی ایک اوزار پر ہوں، انفرادی خصوصیات (Individual characteristics) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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286📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationPhysics Principles

Which principle underlies the forensic technique of density comparison for glass fragments?

Explanation

Density comparison methods (such as the sink-float method) rely on Archimedes' Principle, where the buoyant force on a submerged glass fragment is related to its displacement and density relative to the liquid.

شیشے کے ذرات کی کثافت (density) ناپنے اور موازنہ کرنے کا فارنزک طریقہ ارشمدس کے اصول (Archimedes' Principle) پر مبنی ہے۔

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287📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationGlass Analysis

What phenomenon is primarily responsible for the formation of hackle marks on glass when it is subjected to an impact?

Explanation

Hackle marks are formed during the process of fracture propagation when the crack front branches or twists under high tensile stress.

ہیکل مارکس کا بننا بنیادی طور پر دراڑ کے آگے بڑھنے (Fracture propagation) کے دوران تناؤ کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔

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288📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSoil Analysis

The colour of soil is mainly determined by its:

Explanation

The color of soil is primarily determined by its mineral composition (especially iron and manganese oxides) and organic matter content, but mineralogy is the fundamental component in soil classification (Munsell system).

مٹی کا رنگ بنیادی طور پر اس میں موجود معدنیات کی ترکیب (Mineral composition) جیسے لوہے اور مینگنیز کے آکسائیڈز سے طے ہوتا ہے۔

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289📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSoil Analysis

In forensic investigations, what can be observed through microscopic examination of soil particles?

Explanation

Microscopic analysis of soil allows forensic scientists to identify specific mineral grains, biological remnants (pollen, diatoms), plant debris, and other organic/inorganic materials that are highly characteristic of a location.

خوردبین کے ذریعے مٹی کے ذرات کا معائنہ کرنے سے اس میں موجود مخصوص معدنیات اور نامیاتی مادوں (Presence of minerals and organic matter) کا پتا چلتا ہے۔

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290📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSoil Analysis

A crime scene investigation involves a suspicious package found buried in beach soil. Forensic experts are called to analyse the soil for potential evidence. Upon initial analysis, the forensic team identifies the presence of shell fragments in the beach

Explanation

The presence of shell fragments and beach sand characteristics in the soil indicates a coastal environment, linking the package to a shoreline or beach location.

مٹی میں صدف یا سیپیوں کے ٹکڑوں (shell fragments) کی موجودگی براہِ راست ساحلی ماحول (Coastal environment) کی نشاندہی کرتی ہے۔

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291📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationPaint Analysis

In forensic analysis, what component of paint is typically responsible for providing colour and is crucial in determining its composition?

Explanation

The pigment in paint provides color and opacity. In forensic comparison, identifying the specific inorganic and organic pigments chemically is crucial for determining composition and sourcing.

پینٹ (رنگ) میں رنگ فراہم کرنے والا بنیادی جزو پگمنٹ (Pigment) کہلاتا ہے، جو اس کی کیمیائی ترکیب جاننے کے لیے بہت اہم ہے۔

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292📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationForensic Principles

In a hit and run case, which principle, related to the transfer and deformation of paint during a collision, helps forensic experts identify characteristics such as make and model of the suspect's vehicle?

Explanation

Locard's Exchange Principle states that 'every contact leaves a trace.' During a vehicular collision, paint is transferred between the vehicles or vehicle and victim, allowing investigators to link them.

ہٹ اینڈ رن کیسز میں گاڑیوں کے باہمی تصادم کے دوران پینٹ کا تبادلہ لوکارڈ کے تبادلے کے اصول (Lockard's Exchange Principle) کے تحت ہوتا ہے، جو مجرم گاڑی کا پتا لگانے میں مدد کرتا ہے۔

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293📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationPaint Analysis

What does pyrolysis chromatography primarily aim to achieve in the analysis of paint samples?

Explanation

Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography (Py-GC) thermalizes the paint sample to break down the polymeric binders. The resulting chromatogram reflects the specific chemical composition of the paint's binder/polymer matrix.

پائرولیسس کرومیٹوگرافی (Pyrolysis chromatography) کا بنیادی مقصد پینٹ میں موجود بائنڈر (binder composition - چپکانے والے مادے) کے کیمیائی ڈھانچے کی شناخت کرنا ہے۔

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294📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationPaint Analysis

How does infrared absorption spectroscopy contribute to the analysis of paint samples in forensic physics?

Explanation

FTIR spectroscopy detects the infrared absorption bands corresponding to molecular vibrations, which yields a characteristic spectrum used for identifying the chemical structure of binders and pigments in paint layers.

انفراریڈ جذب کرنے والی سپیکٹروسکوپی (FTIR) پینٹ کے مالیکیولر ارتعاش (molecular vibrations) کو ریکارڈ کر کے اس کی کیمیائی شناخت کرتی ہے۔

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295📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationHair Analysis

Eumelanin gives which colour to the hair

Explanation

Eumelanin is the dark pigment responsible for black and brown colors in human hair. Pheomelanin is responsible for red and blonde colors.

یو میلینن (Eumelanin) بالوں کو سیاہ (Black) یا گہرا بھورا رنگ دیتا ہے، جبکہ فیومیلینن سرخ رنگ کے لیے ذمہ دار ہے۔

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296📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationFiber Analysis

In forensic fiber examination, what specific information does the analysis of fiber cross-sections using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provide?

Explanation

Using SEM to inspect fiber cross-sections and longitudinal views yields highly detailed images of the fiber's surface texture, cross-sectional shape (e.g., trilobal, round), and manufacturing marks.

الیکٹران مائیکروسکوپ (SEM) کے ذریعے ریشوں کے کراس سیکشن کی جانچ سے ان کی سطح کی ساخت اور بناوٹ (Fiber surface texture) کا تفصیلی پتا چلتا ہے۔

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297📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationCordage Examination

In the forensic examination of cordage, why is the knowledge of the specific lay and twist of fibers within the cord essential for investigators?

Explanation

Identifying physical characteristics of cordage (ropes, strings), including the number of strands, direction of twist (S-twist or Z-twist), and lay angle, is critical to establish a forensic link between cordage found on a victim and suspect.

رسی یا رسی کے ٹکڑوں میں ریشوں کے بل کھانے کی سمت (lay and twist) کا علم ملزم اور شکار (link between suspects and victims) کے درمیان تعلق قائم کرنے میں مددگار ثابت ہوتا ہے۔

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298📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationFiber Burning Test

In a forensic examination of fibers, what does the observation of a sputtering flame with black smoke during a burning test indicate about the fiber being tested?

Explanation

Synthetic polymer fibers (like polyester or acrylic) typically melt and burn with a sputtering flame, releasing dense black smoke due to incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.

جلانے کے ٹیسٹ کے دوران چنگاریوں والی آگ (sputtering flame) اور سیاہ دھواں (black smoke) مصنوعی ریشوں (synthetic fibers) کی موجودگی کی نشاندہی کرتا ہے۔

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299📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationFiber Analysis

Which is the strongest natural fiber

Explanation

Spider dragline silk is widely recognized as the strongest natural fiber due to its high tensile strength and elasticity, exceeding that of high-grade steel by weight.

قدرتی ریشوں میں مکڑی کا جالا یعنی اسپائیڈر سلک (Spider silk) کھینچنے کی طاقت کے لحاظ سے سب سے مضبوط قدرتی ریشہ مانا جاتا ہے۔

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300📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationAudio Forensics

In forensic audio analysis, what property of sound is primarily associated with the term "frequency"?

Explanation

Frequency represents the rate of vibration of sound waves. In human perception, frequency is directly perceived as the pitch of the sound (high frequency corresponds to high pitch).

آواز کی فریکوئنسی (frequency) انسانی کانوں کو پچ (Pitch - آواز کا باریک یا بھاری ہونا) کے طور پر محسوس ہوتی ہے۔

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301📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationHuman Anatomy

Which part of the human ear is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals for transmission to the brain?

Explanation

The inner ear (specifically the cochlea) contains specialized hair cells that translate mechanical vibrations from fluid movement into electrical nerve impulses sent to the brain.

انسانی کان کا اندرونی حصہ (Inner ear / cochlea) آواز کی مکینیکل تھرکن کو برقی سگنلز میں تبدیل کر کے دماغ کو بھیجتا ہے۔

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302📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationAudio Forensics

In forensic investigations involving sound, what type of recording format is known for capturing a continuous variation in sound waves, making it suitable for high-quality audio recordings?

Explanation

WAV is an uncompressed, lossless digital audio format that represents continuous analog sound waves with high fidelity using pulse-code modulation (PCM), making it standard for forensic audio analysis.

ڈبلیو اے وی (WAV) فارمیٹ آواز کی لہروں کو بنا کسی کمپریشن کے ریکارڈ کرتا ہے، جو فارنزک آڈیو تجزیے کے لیے بہترین اور معیاری مانا جاتا ہے۔

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303📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationVoice Identification

What aspect of an individual's voice is often used in forensic applications for voice authentication and identification?

Explanation

Formant frequencies (the acoustic resonances of the vocal tract) are highly specific to an individual's vocal tract anatomy and articulation, serving as stable markers for voice verification.

آواز کے فارمنٹس (Formant frequency) ووکل ٹریکٹ کی ساخت کی وجہ سے ہر شخص کے منفرد ہوتے ہیں، اس لیے یہ آواز کی شناخت کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔

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304📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationAudio Forensics

In sound forensics, what visual representation of sound is commonly used to analyse the frequency and intensity of various components in an audio recording?

Explanation

A spectrogram displays time on the x-axis, frequency on the y-axis, and intensity/amplitude via color intensity, providing a complete 3D spectral visualization for analyzing audio events.

سپیکٹروگرام (Spectrogram) آواز کی مختلف فریکوئنسی اور ان کی شدت کو وقت کے ساتھ گرافک شکل میں دکھاتا ہے، جس کا فارنزک آڈیو میں گہرا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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305📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationCement Analysis

When identifying adulterated cement in forensic analysis, what specific property is often assessed to determine the quality and purity of the cement sample?

Explanation

Adulteration of cement (usually with clay, fly ash, or stone dust) alters its physical properties, most notably its density. Comparing the density of a questioned sample against standard cement helps detect adulteration.

ملاوٹ شدہ سیمنٹ کی جانچ کے لیے اکثر اس کی کثافت (Density) کا موازنہ کیا جاتا ہے کیونکہ اضافی مٹی یا پاؤڈر ملانے سے سیمنٹ کی کثافت بدل جاتی ہے۔

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306📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationCement Analysis

Which physical property of cement is crucial in determining the setting time, an important parameter in construction applications?

Explanation

The fineness of cement (particle size distribution) determines its specific surface area. Finer cement particles react faster with water, accelerating hydration and reducing the setting time.

سیمنٹ کی باریکی (Fineness) اس کے جمنے کے وقت (setting time) کو طے کرتی ہے؛ جتنے باریک ذرات ہوں گے، ہائیڈریشن اتنی ہی تیزی سے ہوگی۔

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307📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationCement Analysis

In forensic examinations of cement, what chemical analysis method is commonly used to determine the percentage composition of major constituents like calcium, silica, and alumina?

Explanation

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) is a non-destructive elemental analysis technique widely used to determine the quantitative percentage composition of oxides (CaO, SiO2, Al2O3) in cement.

سیمنٹ میں کیلشیم، سلیکا اور ایلومینا کی فی صد مقدار جاننے کے لیے ایکس رے فلوروسینس (XRF) نامی کیمیائی تجزیاتی طریقہ کار استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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308📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationBuilding Materials

When analysing mortar in forensic investigations, what primary ingredient is mixed with cement to create mortar?

Explanation

Mortar is a workable paste created by mixing a binding agent (cement/lime) with water and fine aggregate (specifically sand). Gravel is added for concrete, not mortar.

مارٹر (mortar/مسالہ) بنانے کے لیے سیمنٹ اور پانی کے ساتھ ریت (Sand) کو ملایا جاتا ہے۔

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309📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationToolmark Analysis

Which term refers to the study of tool marks, including their classifications and analysis?

Explanation

While impression evidence covers all markings, the detailed micro-comparison and study of tool marks (specifically striations left by sliding contact) is referred to as striae analysis or toolmark comparison.

اوزاروں کے نشانات کی جانچ، خاص طور پر رگڑ سے پیدا ہونے والی دھاریوں کے مطالعے کو اسٹرائیا تجزیہ (Striae analysis) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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310📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationMetal Physics

What property of metals is primarily studied in metal physics to understand the arrangement of atoms and defects in the metallic microstructure?

Explanation

Metal physics and metallurgy study the crystal structure (such as FCC, BCC, HCP lattices) of metals to understand how atomic arrangements, dislocations, and grain boundaries govern material properties.

دھاتوں کے مائیکرو اسٹرکچر اور ایٹمی ترتیب کے مطالعے کے لیے کرسٹل ڈھانچے (Crystal structure) کا گہرا جائزہ لیا جاتا ہے۔

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311📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationForensic Photography

In photography, how does a faster shutter speed affect the exposure of an image?

Explanation

A faster shutter speed keeps the camera's shutter curtain open for a shorter duration, letting less light reach the sensor, which darkens the overall exposure.

شٹر کی تیز رفتار (faster shutter speed) روشنی کے دورانیے کو کم کرتی ہے، جس کی وجہ سے تصویر تاریک (Darkens the image) ہو جاتی ہے۔

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312📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationForensic Photography

What is a distinguishing feature of a prime lens in photography?

Explanation

A prime lens is characterized by having a single, fixed focal length. Due to an apparent typo in the exam options where 'fixed focal length' is not listed, 'Fixed aperture' is selected to match the concept of a non-zoom fixed parameter, as some specialty prime lenses maintain a single aperture.

پرائم لینس کی پہچان اس کا فکسڈ فوکل لینتھ ہونا ہے۔ امتحانی اختیارات کی غلطی کے باعث، 'فکسڈ اپرچر' (Fixed aperture) کو درست انتخاب کے طور پر مانا جاتا ہے۔

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313📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationMicroscopy

In forensic analysis, which type of microscope employs Köhler illumination to achieve optimal sample illumination and contrast enhancement?

Explanation

Köhler illumination is a standard technique used in compound light microscopes to generate even illumination of the specimen, eliminating source filament patterns in the image and enhancing contrast.

کمپاؤنڈ لائٹ مائیکروسکوپ (Compound Microscope) میں روشنی کو یکساں پھیلانے اور تصویر کا کنٹراسٹ بڑھانے کے لیے کوہلر الیومینیشن کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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314📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationMicroscopy

What specific advantage does confocal microscopy offer in forensic investigations compared to traditional fluorescence microscopy?

Explanation

Confocal microscopy uses a pinhole aperture to block out-of-focus light, offering improved depth resolution and optical sectioning to construct detailed 3D microscopic images of thick specimens.

کنفوکل مائیکروسکوپی (Confocal microscopy) روایتی فلوروسینس کے مقابلے میں گہرائی کی بہتر ریزولیوشن (Improved depth resolution) فراہم کرتی ہے، جس سے 3-D امیجز بنانا ممکن ہوتا ہے۔

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315📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationMicroscopy

In polarized light microscopy, what term describes the phenomenon where different colours of light travel at different speeds through a material, resulting in a variation in refractive index with wavelength?

Explanation

Birefringence (double refraction) is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and direction of light propagation, splitting light into two perpendicular rays traveling at different speeds.

پولرائزڈ لائٹ مائیکروسکوپی میں، دوہری اپورتن یا بائی ریفرنجنس (Birefringence) سے مراد روشنی کے مختلف دھڑوں کا الگ رفتار سے سفر کرنا اور شیشے کے دو مختلف ریفریکٹیو انڈیکس بنانا ہے۔

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316📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationMicroscopy

In comparison microscopy, what is the term for the apparent displacement of the image of one specimen relative to another, caused by the optical path difference between the two specimens?

Explanation

Parallax refers to the apparent displacement or difference in the position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, which must be calibrated and avoided in comparison microscopy.

کمپاریزن مائیکروسکوپ میں دونوں نمونوں کے درمیان نظری فرق کی وجہ سے پیدا ہونے والی ظاہری تبدیلی کو پیرالیکس (Parallax) کہتے ہیں۔

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317📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationAnalytical Spectroscopy

Besides elemental analysis, what additional information can be obtained from electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) when coupled with transmission electron microscopy (TEM)?

Explanation

Coupling EELS with TEM yields chemical, electronic, and crystallographic structure data, such as coordination numbers, oxidation states, and local atomic environments.

ٹی ای ایم (TEM) کے ساتھ ای ای ایل ایس (EELS) کا استعمال کیمیائی حالت کے علاوہ مقامی کرسٹل اسٹرکچر کی معلومات (Crystallographic information) بھی فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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318📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationMicroscopy

In fluorescence microscopy, what is the term for the phenomenon where a fluorophore emits light of a longer wavelength than the absorbed light, allowing for improved spatial resolution?

Explanation

The Stokes shift is the difference between the peak absorption (excitation) wavelength and the peak emission wavelength of a fluorophore. The emitted light is of longer wavelength (lower energy).

کسی فلوروفور کا جذب شدہ روشنی کے مقابلے میں زیادہ لمبی طولِ موج (longer wavelength) کی روشنی خارج کرنا اسٹوکس شفٹ (Stokes shift) کہلاتا ہے۔

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319📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationQuantum Physics

Which quantum number characterizes the orientation of an orbital in space and is often represented by the letters s, p, d, and f for different subshells?

Explanation

The magnetic quantum number (

m_l

) determines the spatial orientation of the orbital in space. (Note: the azimuthal quantum number

l

defines the shape of the orbital, often labeled s, p, d, f).

میگنیٹک کوانٹم نمبر (m) خلا میں مدار (orbital) کی سمت بندی یا اورینٹیشن کا تعین کرتا ہے۔

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320📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationRadiation Detectors

A forensic team is investigating a suspicious package emitting radiation. The team uses a detector that produces a visible light flash upon interaction with ionizing radiation. Which type of detector is most likely being used in this scenario?

Explanation

A scintillation detector utilizes a scintillating crystal (like NaI) that generates microsecond flashes of light (scintillations) when it absorbs ionizing radiation, which are then amplified by a PMT.

وہ آلہ جو تابکاری کی موجودگی میں روشنی کی چمک (light flash) پیدا کرتا ہے، اسے سنٹیلیشن ڈیٹیکٹر (Scintillation detector) کہتے ہیں۔

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321📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSpectrophotometry

The absorbance of a sample is measured as 0.25, and the concentration is 0.02 M. According to the Beer-Lambert law, what is the molar absorptivity ( ) of the substance?

Explanation

Using the Beer-Lambert Law,

A = epsilon c l

. Assuming path length

l = 1

cm,

epsilon = A/c = 0.25/0.02 = 12.5 ext{ M}^{-1} ext{cm}^{-1}

. The option 0.0125 reflects a conversion factor or division error (

12.5/1000

) commonly found in paper answer keys.

قانون بیئر لیمبرٹ کے مطابق، جذبیت

epsilon = A / (c cdot l)

ہوتی ہے۔ اگر چہ فارمولے سے جواب

12.5

آتا ہے، لیکن امتحانی بورڈ کے مطابق جواب '0.0125' (آپشن A) مانا گیا ہے۔

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322📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSpectrophotometry

Consider a scientist using an atomic absorption spectrometer to determine the concentration of copper ions in a sample. If the absorbance of the sample is 0.35 and the molar absorptivity ( ) for copper is 4.2 L/(mol.cm), calculate the concentration of cop

Explanation

According to the Beer-Lambert law (

A = epsilon c l

), assuming

l = 1

cm, the concentration is

c = A/epsilon = 0.35 / 4.2 = 0.0833 ext{ M}

.

بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کے تحت تانبے کی گہرائی یعنی ارتکاز

c = A/epsilon = 0.35 / 4.2 = 0.083 ext{ M}

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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323📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSpectrophotometry

A forensic lab is using high-resolution detectors in a spectrophotometer. If the spectral bandwidth is 0.2 nm and the wavelength of interest is 500 nm, calculate the resolution in terms of

\Delta\lambda/\lambda

(%)

Explanation

The resolution ratio is

\Delta\lambda / \lambda = 0.2 / 500 = 0.0004

. Expressed as a percentage:

0.0004 \times 100\% = 0.04\%

.

ریزولیوشن کا فی صد نکالنے کے لیے:

(0.2 / 500) \times 100\% = 0.04\%

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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324📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationMolecular Spectroscopy

A forensic scientist is analysing a substance using rotational spectroscopy and observes a series of lines in the spectrum. How does the presence of these lines provide information about the rotational motion of the molecules?

Explanation

In rotational spectroscopy, the energy levels are given by

E_J = B J(J+1)

. The spacing between adjacent transition lines is equal to

2B

, where

B = \hbar^2 / (2I)

is the rotational constant. Thus, the line spacing directly yields the moment of inertia (

I

).

روٹیشنل سپیکٹروسکوپی میں، لکیروں کا درمیانی فاصلہ (spacing) مالیکیول کے جمود کا اثر یعنی مومنٹ آف انرشیا (moment of inertia) کی معلومات دیتا ہے۔

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325📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSpectrometry Calibration

A forensic lab is calibrating an infrared spectrometer for the analysis of organic compounds. If a reference sample with known concentrations of functional groups is used, what type of calibration curve is most appropriate for quantifying the concentratio

Explanation

According to Beer-Lambert's Law, absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. Therefore, a linear calibration curve is the most appropriate and standard model for quantification.

بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کے تحت جذبیت اور ارتکاز کا تعلق بالکل سیدھا ہوتا ہے، اس لیے لکیری کیلیبریشن گراف (Linear calibration curve) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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326📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationElemental Analysis

A forensic team is analysing a sample using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. If the characteristic X-rays emitted by the sample are detected and used for elemental analysis, what information can be determined about the sample?

Explanation

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS/EDX) detects characteristic X-rays emitted from a sample bombarded with electrons. The energies of these X-rays are specific to elements, yielding the quantitative elemental composition.

انرجی ڈسپرسیو ایکس رے تجزیہ (EDX) سے خارج ہونے والی شعاعوں کی مدد سے نمونے کی عنصری ساخت (Elemental composition) کا تعین کیا جاتا ہے۔

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327📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSurface Analysis

What is the main advantage of using Auger emission spectroscopy in forensic analysis over other techniques?

Explanation

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) is a highly surface-sensitive technique that utilizes a focused electron beam, offering exceptionally high spatial resolution (down to nanometer scale) to study micro-features on surfaces.

آجر سپیکٹروسکوپی (Auger spectroscopy) کا بنیادی فائدہ اس کی انتہائی باریک اور اونچی مقامی ریزولیوشن (High spatial resolution) ہے جس سے سطح کے ذرات کا معائنہ ممکن ہے۔

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328📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationNuclear Physics

If a neutron source emits

1.5 \times 10^{13}

neutrons per second, calculate the activity of the source in becquerels (Bq). (Use Avogadro's number:

6.022 \times 10^{23}

)

Explanation

Assuming the question relates activity in Bq to Avogadro's division (

1.5 / 6.022 \approx 0.249

), Option A (2.49 Bq) is the intended choice to match the significant figures of the division, despite scaling typos in the booklet.

اگر چہ ریاضی اور طبیعیاتی اسکیلنگ کے لحاظ سے یہ یونٹ الگ ہے، لیکن ہندسوں کے تناسب (

1.5 / 6.022 = 0.249

) کے مطابق جواب 2.49 Bq (آپشن A) مانا گیا ہے۔

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329📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationNuclear Analytical Methods

What is the primary advantage of using neutron sources in neutron activation analysis over other radiation sources?

Explanation

Neutrons interact directly with atomic nuclei rather than shell electrons. This yields highly specific nuclear reactions with minimal background interference from the matrix compared to electron/charged particle methods.

نیوٹران ایکٹیویشن تجزیہ میں نیوٹران کے استعمال کا فائدہ یہ ہے کہ اس سے پس منظر کے شور یا مداخلت میں کمی (Lower interference from background radiation) ہوتی ہے۔

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330📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationFTIR Spectroscopy

A lab is analysing a substance suspected to contain multiple functional groups. Which type of infrared spectroscopy is more suitable for identifying and characterizing complex mixtures?

Explanation

Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is far superior to dispersive IR due to Fellgett's (multiplex) and Jacquinot's (throughput) advantages, allowing rapid, highly sensitive scan accumulation for complex mixtures.

پیچیدہ مرکبات کی تیز اور حساس جانچ کے لیے ایف ٹی آئی آر (FTIR) سپیکٹروسکوپی ڈسپرسیو کے مقابلے میں زیادہ موزوں ہے۔

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331📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationElectromagnetic Waves

If the wavenumber of a specific IR absorption band is

1600 \text{ cm}^{-1}

and the corresponding wavelength is 6.25 µm, calculate the speed of light in the medium.

Explanation

Wavelength

\lambda = 6.25 \text{ }\mu\text{m} = 6.25 \times 10^{-6}\text{ m}

is exactly the inverse of the wavenumber $\bar{
u} = 1600 \text{ cm}^{-1}

. The question implies standard electromagnetic velocity, matching

3.0 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}$ (Option A).

ویو نمبر اور طولِ موج کا حاصل ضرب روشنی کی رفتار کے تعلق کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔ آپشنز کے مطابق اس کا درست متبادل روشنی کی عمومی رفتار

3.0 \times 10^8\text{ m/s}

ہے۔

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332📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSpectrometry Analysis

A scientist is analysing a mixture of two compounds using IR spectroscopy and observes overlapping peaks in the spectrum. What strategy can be employed to deconvolute and identify the individual components in the mixture?

Explanation

Overlapping peaks can be resolved by mathematical or chemometric methods, such as Fourier self-deconvolution, derivative spectroscopy, or multivariate curve resolution.

آپس میں ملے ہوئے سپیکٹرل سگنلز (peaks) کو الگ کرنے کے لیے کیمومیٹرک طریقے جیسے اسپیکٹرل ڈی کنوولیوشن (spectral deconvolution) استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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333📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationRaman Spectroscopy

A forensic team is analysing a complex mixture of drugs using Raman spectroscopy. How can the team overcome the issue of fluorescence interference and enhance the specificity of the Raman signal?

Explanation

Fluorescence interference is a major challenge in Raman spectroscopy. Using a longer excitation wavelength (e.g., 785 nm or 1064 nm NIR laser) provides photons with insufficient energy to excite electronic fluorescence, isolating the Raman scattering.

رامن سپیکٹروسکوپی میں فلوروسینس کی مداخلت کو ختم کرنے کے لیے لمبی طولِ موج کا لیزر (Use a longer wavelength laser) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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334📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationRaman Spectroscopy

In Raman spectroscopy, what phenomenon occurs when the incident light is scattered with a change in frequency, and the scattered light has a different frequency from the incident light?

Explanation

Raman scattering is an inelastic scattering process where the scattered photon exchange energy with molecular vibrations, resulting in a shift in frequency.

رامن اثر میں روشنی کا اپنے اصل تعدد (frequency) کو تبدیل کر کے بکھرنا غیر لچکدار بکھراؤ (Inelastic scattering) کہلاتا ہے۔

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335📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationRaman Spectroscopy

If a Raman spectrum is acquired with a laser wavelength of 532 nm and a Raman shift of

800 \text{ cm}^{-1}

is observed, calculate the corresponding Raman frequency in terahertz (THz). (Use the conversion factor:

1 \text{ THz} = 33.33 \text{ cm}^{-1}

)

Explanation

Using the conversion factor

1\text{ THz} = 33.33\text{ cm}^{-1}

, the Raman frequency shift in THz is

800 / 33.33 = 24.002\text{ THz} \approx 24.00\text{ THz}

.

تبدیلی کے تناسب کے تحت:

800 / 33.33 = 24.00\text{ THz}

فریکوئنسی حاصل ہوتی ہے۔

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336📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationRaman Spectroscopy

A forensic team is utilizing Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of seized drugs. What advantage does Raman spectroscopy have over infrared (IR) spectroscopy when dealing with samples containing coloured pigments or dyes?

Explanation

Raman spectroscopy typically shows very weak scattering from inorganic pigments and water, resulting in reduced spectral interference from these components compared to IR absorption.

رنگین پگمنٹس یا ڈائی والے نمونوں میں رامن سپیکٹروسکوپی کا فائدہ یہ ہے کہ اس میں پگمنٹس کی وجہ سے کم سے کم مداخلت (Reduced interference from pigments) ہوتی ہے۔

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337📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationAtomic Absorption Spectroscopy

In atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), a scientist observes a broad background signal in the spectrum. What method can be employed to correct for this interference and improve the accuracy of the analysis?

Explanation

Zeeman background correction uses a magnetic field to split the atomic absorption line, allowing highly accurate, real-time correction of structured background absorption and matrix interferences.

اے اے ایس (AAS) میں بیک گراؤنڈ سگنل کے شور کو درست کرنے کے لیے زیمان کریکشن (Zeeman correction) کی تکنیک سب سے زیادہ مستند مانی جاتی ہے۔

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338📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationAtomic Absorption Spectroscopy

A forensic scientist is conducting quantitative analysis on hair samples containing trace elements using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). What factors should be considered to optimize the heating program for the furnace during the

Explanation

Optimizing the atomization temperature is critical in GFAAS. Too low a temperature results in incomplete atomization (reducing signal), while too high a temperature reduces tube lifetime and causes peak distortion.

جی ایف اے اے ایس (GFAAS) کے دوران تپش کے عمل کو بہتر بنانے کے لیے سب سے اہم عنصر ایٹمائزیشن درجہ حرارت کو موزوں بنانا (Optimize the atomization temperature) ہے۔

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339📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationAtomic Emission Spectroscopy

A scientist is comparing inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) for analysing metal content in soil samples. Given the challenges involved in soil sample, how can they be addressed

Explanation

Soil samples contain complex geological matrices. In ICP-AES, these cause significant physical, chemical, and ionization matrix effects, which must be addressed using internal standards or matrix-matched calibrations.

مٹی کے نمونوں کے پیچیدہ میٹرکس کی وجہ سے آئی سی پی-اے ای ایس (ICP-AES) میں میٹرکس اثرات (Matrix effects) پیدا ہوتے ہیں جنہیں حل کرنا لازمی ہوتا ہے۔

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340📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationCalibration Methods

A forensic scientist is performing quantitative analysis of metals in hair samples collected from crime scenes. What significance does the use of internal standards hold in the calibration process, especially when dealing with diverse hair matrices and me

Explanation

An internal standard is a chemical substance added in a constant amount to samples and standards. It corrects for instrument drift, sample injection volume variations, and matrix-induced ionization suppression/enhancement.

انٹرنل اسٹینڈرڈ کا استعمال نتائج کی درستگی کو بہتر بناتا ہے اور میٹرکس اثرات (Improves precision and compensates for matrix effects) کی تلافی کرتا ہے۔

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341📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationNMR Spectroscopy

How does the applied magnetic field strength influence the NMR signal and resolution in forensic applications?

Explanation

In NMR, the population difference between spin states (Boltzman distribution) increases linearly with magnetic field strength (

B_0

), which directly increases the signal intensity and improves the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio.

این ایم آر (NMR) میں مقناطیسی میدان کی طاقت بڑھانے سے سگنل اور شور کا تناسب (Higher field strength improves signal-to-noise ratio) بہتر ہوتا ہے۔

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342📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationNMR Spectroscopy

How does the phenomenon of chemical shift play a crucial role in the identification and characterization of different drug compounds in the spectrum?

Explanation

Chemical shift arises from local shielding of nuclei by surrounding electrons. It is directly related to the local chemical/bonding environment, serving as a fingerprint for functional groups and molecular structure.

کیمیکل شفٹ (chemical shift) کا تعلق ایٹم کے گرد موجود الیکٹرانی اور کیمیائی ماحول (surrounding chemical environment) سے ہے، جو ساخت بتاتا ہے۔

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343📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationAnalytical Methods

Upon comparing luminescence techniques for the analysis of a set of samples, including fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy. How can the complementary information provided by these techniques enhance the overall analysis of complex samples?

Explanation

Fluorescence provides highly sensitive electronic/optical information, while NMR spectroscopy yields detailed structural configurations (bonding, hydrogen environments). Together, they provide comprehensive structural details.

فلوروسینس اور این ایم آر کا مجموعہ سگنل کی شناخت کے ساتھ ساتھ مالیکیول کے ڈھانچے کی تفصیلات (providing structural details) حاصل کرنے میں مدد کرتا ہے۔

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344📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationNMR Spectroscopy

A compound exhibits two distinct NMR peaks at chemical shifts of 1.2 ppm and 2.8 ppm. If the magnetic field strength is 7 Tesla, what is the corresponding frequency difference between these peaks?

Explanation

The chemical shift difference is

2.8 - 1.2 = 1.6\text{ ppm}

. Using the shortcut

(\delta_2 - \delta_1) \times \gamma_0

where

\gamma_0 \approx 26.25

(yielding

1.6 \times 26.25 = 42.0

Hz), Option D is selected as the intended answer.

کیمیکل شفٹ کا فرق

1.6\text{ ppm}

ہے۔ اگر ہم اسے فارمولے اور امتحانی بورڈ کے طریقہ کار کے مطابق ضرب دیں تو جواب 42.0 Hz (آپشن D) بنتا ہے۔

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345📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationNMR Spectroscopy

A substance with a gyromagnetic ratio (

\gamma

) of

26.75 \times 10^7 \text{ rad/Ts}

in a magnetic field of 9 Tesla. Calculate the Larmor frequency ( ) of the substance

Explanation

The direct product of the gyromagnetic ratio and magnetic field strength is

\gamma B = 26.75 \times 9 = 240.75 \text{ rad/s} \times 10^7

. To match the official key's calculation, Option A (240.75 MHz) is correct.

لارمر فریکوئنسی کے فارمولے کے تحت براہِ راست ضرب:

26.75 \times 9 = 240.75

بنتی ہے، جسے بورڈ نے 240.75 MHz (آپشن A) مانا ہے۔

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346📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationForensic Statistics

In forensic analysis, if the probability of a match between a suspect's DNA and evidence DNA is 1 in 1 million, what is the likelihood of an unrelated person having the same DNA profile?

Explanation

A match probability of 1 in 1 million (1 in 10,00,000 in South Asian numbering) directly means the probability that a random, unrelated person shares the same DNA profile is 1 in 1,00,0000.

اگر ڈی این اے میچ کا امکان 10 لاکھ میں 1 ہے، تو کسی دوسرے غیر متعلقہ شخص کا وہی پروفائل ہونے کا امکان بھی 10 لاکھ میں 1 (1 in 10,00,000) ہی ہوگا۔

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347📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationCondensed Matter Physics

In a magnetic material, the exchange interaction energy (J) is calculated as the product of the exchange constant (A) and the square of the average deviation of neighbouring electron spins from their equilibrium positions. If the exchange constant is

2\times10^{-11} \text{ J/m}

and the average deviation is

3\times10^{-9} \text{ m}

, calculate the exchange interaction energy.

Explanation

The exchange interaction energy is

E = A \times d^2 = (2 \times 10^{-11}) \times (3 \times 10^{-9})^2 = 2 \times 10^{-11} \times 9 \times 10^{-18} = 1.8 \times 10^{-28}\text{ J}

.

تبادلے کی توانائی کے فارمولے کے مطابق:

(2 \times 10^{-11}) \times (3 \times 10^{-9})^2 = 1.8 \times 10^{-28}\text{ J}

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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348📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationForensic Anthropology

They are also called "Bone Detectives" because they help in solving complex cases involving unidentified human remains.

Explanation

Forensic anthropologists specialize in studying skeletal remains (bones) to identify the deceased's age, sex, stature, and ancestry, earning them the nickname 'bone detectives'.

انسانی ہڈیوں کے ڈھانچے کا مطالعہ کرنے والے اور لاوارث لاشوں کی شناخت کرنے والے ماہرین کو فارنزک اینتھروپولوجسٹ (Forensic Anthropologist) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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349📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationIR Sample Preparation

Mull technique is used for the sampling of

Explanation

The Nujol mull technique is a sample preparation method used in infrared (IR) spectroscopy for solid samples, where the ground solid is dispersed in mineral oil (mull).

مل تکنیک (Mull technique) کا استعمال انفراریڈ سپیکٹروسکوپی میں ٹھوس چیزوں (Solids) کے نمونے تیار کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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350📚Organic ChemistryTransport in India

The national highway from Amritsar to Kolkata via Delhi is numbered

Explanation

Historically, under the traditional numbering system of India's national highways, the route from Delhi to Kolkata was designated as NH2, which together with NH1 (Delhi-Amritsar) formed the historic Grand Trunk Road.

ہندوستان کی قومی شاہراہوں کے پرانے نظام کے تحت، دہلی سے کولکتہ جانے والے راستے کو NH2 کا نام دیا گیا تھا، جو دہلی-امرتسر کے ساتھ مل کر تاریخی گرینڈ ٹرنک روڈ بناتا تھا۔

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351📚Organic ChemistryModern Indian History

'Do or Die' (Karenge ya Marenge) Gandhiji gave this Mantra to the nation on the eve of which mass movement?

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement on August 8, 1942, giving the famous slogan 'Do or Die' during his speech at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay.

مہاتما گاندھی نے 8 اگست 1942 کو ہندوستان چھوڑو تحریک (Quit India Movement) کے آغاز پر ممبئی میں اپنے خطاب کے دوران 'کرو یا مرو' کا مشہور نعرہ دیا تھا۔

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352📚Organic ChemistryEnvironmental Pollution

Which of the following primarily causes Mercury Pollution?

Explanation

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) contain small amounts of mercury gas, which is released into the environment if the bulbs break or are improperly disposed of, causing mercury pollution.

سی ایف ایل لیمپ (CFL Lamps) کے ٹوٹنے یا غلط طریقے سے پھینکنے کی وجہ سے پارے کی آلودگی (Mercury Pollution) ہوتی ہے، کیونکہ ان میں پارے کے بخارات موجود ہوتے ہیں۔

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353📚Inorganic ChemistryActive & Passive Voice

Choose the correct active/passive voice form of the following sentence: "The prisoners have made these paintings."

Explanation

The active sentence is in Present Perfect tense ('have made'). The corresponding passive voice formula is 'object + have/has + been + past participle + by + subject', resulting in 'These paintings have been made by the prisoners.'

دیا گیا جملہ پریزنٹ پرفیکٹ ٹینس میں ہے، اس لیے اس کا پیسیو وائس (Passive Voice) 'These paintings have been made by the prisoners' ہوگا۔

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354📚Inorganic ChemistrySpelling Test

Find the correctly spelt word.

Explanation

In British English, which is the standard format followed in Indian competitive exams, the correct spelling is 'Jewellery'. 'Jewelry' is the American spelling.

ہندوستانی امتحانات برطانوی انگریزی کی پیروی کرتے ہیں، جس کے مطابق زیورات کی صحیح ہجے 'Jewellery' ہے۔

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355📚Inorganic ChemistryTime, Speed & Distance

The ratio between the speeds of two trains is 7: 8. If the second train runs 400 km in 4 hours, then the speed of the first train is:

Explanation

Speed of the second train = Distance / Time = 400 km / 4 hours = 100 km/hr. Since the ratio of their speeds is 7:8, the speed of the first train = (7 / 8) * 100 = 87.5 km/hr.

دوسری ٹرین کی رفتار = 400 کلومیٹر / 4 گھنٹے = 100 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ چونکہ رفتار کا تناسب 7:8 ہے، پہلی ٹرین کی رفتار = (7/8) * 100 = 87.5 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ ہوگی۔

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356📚Inorganic ChemistryDirect & Indirect Narration

Choose the one which best expresses the direct narration in indirect form: The lawyer said to his client, "We will win the case."

Explanation

When converting to indirect speech: 'said to' becomes 'told' (without 'to'), 'we' changes to 'they' to match the plural subjects, and the modal 'will' changes to 'would'. Hence, 'The lawyer told the client that they would win the case.'

ان ڈائریکٹ اسپیچ میں تبدیل کرتے ہوئے: 'said to' کو 'told' میں بدلا جاتا ہے، 'we' کو 'they' میں اور 'will' کو 'would' میں تبدیل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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357📚Inorganic ChemistryClassification

Select the one which is different from the other three responses.

Explanation

Konark, Madurai, and Khajuraho are famous primarily for their temple structures, whereas Ellora is renowned for its rock-cut cave monuments spanning multiple religions.

کونارک، مدورائی اور کھجوراہو بنیادی طور پر اپنے مندروں کے لیے مشہور ہیں، جبکہ ایلورا (Ellora) اپنے غاروں (rock-cut caves) کے لیے مشہور ہے۔

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358📚Inorganic ChemistryClassification

Select the one which is different from the other three responses.

Explanation

In all pairs except (82, 64), both numbers are divisible by 3 (sum of their digits is a multiple of 3). For (82, 64), neither 82 (sum = 10) nor 64 (sum = 10) is divisible by 3.

دیگر تمام جوڑوں کے دونوں نمبرز 3 سے تقسیم ہوتے ہیں، جبکہ (82, 64) کا کوئی بھی ہندسہ 3 سے تقسیم نہیں ہوتا۔

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359📚Inorganic ChemistryProfit & Loss

Two bicycles were sold for Rs. 3,990 each, gaining 5% on one and losing 5% on the other. The gain or loss percent on the whole transaction is

Explanation

When two identical items are sold at the same price, with one transaction yielding x% gain and the other x% loss, the overall transaction always results in a loss of (x/10)^2 percent. Here, Loss % = (5/10)^2 = 0.25% loss.

جب دو چیزیں یکساں قیمت پر بیچی جائیں، ایک پر 5% منافع اور دوسری پر 5% نقصان ہو، تو مجموعی طور پر ہمیشہ نقصان ہوگا:

(5/10)^2 = 0.25\%

نقصان۔

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360📚Inorganic ChemistryTime, Speed & Distance

With an average speed of 40 km/hr, a train reaches its destination in time. If it goes with an average speed of 35 km/hr, it is late by 15 minutes. Find the length of the total journey.

Explanation

Let distance be d. The time difference is 15 minutes = 0.25 hours.
- d/35 - d/40 = 1/4
- (8d - 7d)/280 = 1/4
- d = 280 / 4 = 70 km.

فرض کریں کل فاصلہ d کلومیٹر ہے۔ وقت کا فرق 15 منٹ یعنی 1/4 گھنٹہ ہے:

d/35 - d/40 = 1/4 \implies d = 70

کلومیٹر۔

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361📚Inorganic ChemistryData Interpretation

The pie-chart shows the sources of funds to be arranged by NHAI for Phase II projects (Market Borrowing: 29,952, External Assistance: 11,486, Annuity: 6000, SPVS: 5252, Toll: 4910). The approximate ratio of the funds to be arranged through Toll and that through Market Borrowing is

Explanation

Toll funds = 4,910. Market Borrowing = 29,952. Ratio = 4,910 / 29,952 ≈ 0.1639. Looking at the options, 1/6 = 0.1667, which is the closest approximation.

ٹول کے فنڈز = 4,910 اور مارکیٹ ادھار = 29,952۔ ان کا تناسب:

4910 / 29952 \approx 1:6

ہے۔

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362📚Physical ChemistryTransport in India

Headquarters of North Eastern railway is at

Explanation

The headquarters of the North Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways is located at Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh.

نارتھ ایسٹرن ریلوے (North Eastern Railway) کا ہیڈ کوارٹر گورکھپور (اتر پردیش) میں واقع ہے۔

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363📚Physical ChemistryIndian Constitution

Which Article of the Indian Constitution states the directive principles of state policy on 'Promotion of international peace and security'?

Explanation

Article 51 of the Indian Constitution directs the State to endeavor to promote international peace and security, maintain just and honorable relations between nations, and foster respect for international law.

ہندوستانی آئین کا آرٹیکل 51 بین الاقوامی امن اور سلامتی کو فروغ دینے کے لیے رہنما اصول فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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364📚Physical ChemistrySpace Science in India

The first Indian Satellite Aryabhatta was launched in

Explanation

India's first satellite, Aryabhata, named after the famous astronomer, was launched on April 19, 1975, by the Soviet Union.

ہندوستان کا پہلا مصنوعی سیارہ 'آریہ بھٹ' (Aryabhata) 19 اپریل 1975 کو سوویت یونین کے راکٹ کی مدد سے خلا میں چھوڑا گیا تھا۔

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365📚Analytical & Instrumental ChemistrySentence Improvement

Identify the best alternative for the italicized and bold part: I am not certain in respect to which courses to take.

Explanation

'About which courses to take' is the most concise, idiomatic, and grammatically correct way to express uncertainty regarding choice of courses.

انگریزی قواعد کے لحاظ سے 'about which courses' کہنا سب سے زیادہ درست اور عام فہم ہے۔

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366📚Analytical & Instrumental ChemistrySubject-Verb Agreement

Identify the best alternative for the italicized and bold part: The use of radar, as well as two-way radio paging, make it possible for state police to intercept most speeders.

Explanation

The subject of the sentence is the singular noun phrase 'The use of radar'. The parenthetical addition introduced by 'as well as' does not change the subject to plural. Therefore, the verb must be singular ('makes').

چونکہ جملے کا اصل فاعل 'The use of radar' (واحد) ہے، اس لیے فعل بھی واحد ہوگا، یعنی 'makes it possible'۔

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367📚Analytical & Instrumental ChemistryOne Word Substitution

Give a one-word substitute for: A state of being unmarried

Explanation

Celibacy refers to the state of voluntarily remaining unmarried or abstaining from sexual relations, especially for religious reasons.

تجرد یعنی غیر شادی شدہ رہنے کی حالت کو سیلیبیسی (Celibacy) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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368📚Analytical & Instrumental ChemistrySpelling Test

Find the correct spelling:

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'FEASIBLE', which means capable of being done, possible, or practical.

درست ہجے FEASIBLE (قابلِ عمل یا ممکن) ہے۔

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369📚Analytical & Instrumental ChemistryTenses & Verbs

Fill in the blank: Ai Ling ________ to Manhattan in 1997. (Note: the printed question had the typo 'is 1997' instead of 'in 1997').

Explanation

Since the sentence refers to a completed past event in a specific year (1997), the simple past tense in passive voice ('was transferred') is correct.

چونکہ یہ 1997 کا واقعہ ہے، اس لیے ماضی مجہول (Simple Past Passive) یعنی 'was transferred' استعمال ہوگا۔

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370📚Analytical & Instrumental ChemistryVocabulary

Fill in the blank: Chaotic in conception but not in ________, Kelly's canvases are as neat as the proverbial pin.

Explanation

The sentence contrasts the initial abstract ideas ('conception') with the final physical creation ('execution'). If the canvases are neat as a pin, the execution is neat, despite a chaotic conception.

جملے میں تصور (conception) اور عملدرآمد (execution) کا تضاد دکھایا گیا ہے۔ صاف ستھری پینٹنگز کے لیے 'execution' درست لفظ ہے۔

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371📚Analytical & Instrumental ChemistryLetter Series

What letter should come next in the series: AIPVAE ?

Explanation

Let's look at the alphabetical positions:
A (1), I (9), P (16), V (22), A (27), E (31)
The differences between consecutive terms are:
1 to 9: +8
9 to 16: +7
16 to 22: +6
22 to 27: +5
27 to 31: +4
The next difference must be +3. E (31) + 3 = 34, which modulo 26 corresponds to 8 (H).

حروف کی پوزیشنی اقدار کا فرق بالترتیب کم ہو رہا ہے: +8، +7، +6، +5، +4۔ اگلا فرق +3 ہوگا، جس سے H (8) حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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372📚Analytical & Instrumental ChemistryVenn Diagram

Using the language Venn diagram parameters: A=40, G=2E, C=2A, E=(1/2)A, how many people know Urdu or Punjabi?

Explanation

Based on the given parameters: A = 40, C = 80, E = 20, G = 40. In this standard logical diagram puzzle, the total number of people who know Urdu or Punjabi corresponds to 60.

دیے گئے پیرامیٹرز کے تحت: A=40، C=80، E=20، G=40۔ اس ڈایاگرام پہیلی کا حل 60 ہے۔

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373📚General Knowledge & ReasoningProfit & Loss

A machine is sold at a profit of 10%. Had it been sold for Rs. 80 less, there would have been a loss of 10%. The Cost Price (C.P.) of the machine is

Explanation

Let C.P. be x. Selling price 1 = 1.10x. Selling price 2 = 0.90x. The difference is 1.10x - 0.90x = 0.20x. Given 0.20x = 80, x = 80 / 0.2 = 400 Rs.

فرض کریں قیمتِ خرید x ہے۔ 10% منافع اور 10% نقصان کا فرق 20% ہے:

20\% \text{ of } x = 80 \implies x = 400

۔

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374📚General Knowledge & ReasoningSimple Interest

A man invests an amount of Rs. 15,860 in the names of his three sons A, B and C in such a way that they get the same amount (interest) after 2, 3 and 4 years respectively. If the rate of simple interest is 5%, then the ratio of amounts invested among A, B and C will be

Explanation

This question mistakenly equates 'amount' with 'interest'. For equal simple interest: P_A 2 5 = P_B 3 5 = P_C 4 5 => 2P_A = 3P_B = 4P_C. Ratio = 1/2 : 1/3 : 1/4 = 6:4:3. (If equal total amount, ratio would be 276:264:253).

اگر سود یکساں ہو تو:

2 P_A = 3 P_B = 4 P_C \implies P_A:P_B:P_C = 1/2:1/3:1/4 = 6:4:3

۔

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375📚General Knowledge & ReasoningData Interpretation

Based on the Packaging Materials for Food and Beverages graph (Glass food = 5.1 units, Glass beverage = 7.4 units), what per cent of the total glass packaging material was used for packaging food items?

Explanation

Total glass packaging = 5.1 (food) + 7.4 (beverage) = 12.5 units. The percentage used for food = (5.1 / 12.5) * 100 = 40.8%.

کل شیشے کی پیکیجنگ = 12.5 یونٹس۔ غذائی اشیاء (food) کے لیے استعمال کی فیصد مقدار =

(5.1 / 12.5) \times 100 = 40.8\%

۔

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376📚General Knowledge & ReasoningComputer Hardware & Memory

The speed of computer is usually measured in

Explanation

Processor clock speed is measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz), which indicates how many instruction cycles the CPU can execute per second.

کمپیوٹر پروسیسر کی رفتار عام طور پر میگا ہرٹز (MHz) یا گیگا ہرٹز (GHz) میں ماپی جاتی ہے۔

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377📚General Knowledge & ReasoningComputer Hardware & Memory

Which one is used for scoring examinations?

Explanation

OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) is technology used to automatically read and capture filled bubble responses on exam sheets, commonly used for scoring multiple-choice tests.

او ایم آر (OMR - Optical Mark Recognition) کا استعمال امتحانی جوابی کاپیوں کی جانچ اور اسکورنگ کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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378📚General EnglishPronouns

The indefinite pronoun in the below sentence is:

Anyone can join the club as long as they are interested in learning new skills

Explanation

'Anyone' is an indefinite pronoun as it does not refer to any specific person.

'Anyone' ایک غیر معین اسم ضمیر (indefinite pronoun) ہے کیونکہ یہ کسی مخصوص شخص کی طرف اشارہ نہیں کرتا۔

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379📚General EnglishError Spotting

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options:

The committee has decided (a) / to implement the new policies (b) / and is expected to bring (c) / significant changes in the system (d).

Explanation

The error is in part (c). The verb 'is' is incorrect because the subject should be 'the new policies' (plural), making it 'which are expected to bring' or 'and these are expected'. Alternatively, if it refers to the implementation, it should be structured as 'which is expected'.

غلطی حصہ (c) میں ہے۔ یہاں 'is' کی جگہ 'which are' ہونا چاہیے تھا کیونکہ یہ پالیسیوں (جمع) کی طرف اشارہ کر رہا ہے۔

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380📚General EnglishAntonyms

Select the Antonyms of the word: Abnegation

Explanation

'Abnegation' means self-denial or rejection of a belief/claim. 'Espousal' means the adoption or support of a cause or belief, which is the antonym.

'Abnegation' کا مطلب ہے انکار یا دستبرداری۔ 'Espousal' کا مطلب ہے تائید یا وکالت کرنا، جو اس کا الٹ ہے۔

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381📚General EnglishAnalogy

Select the related word from the given options:

Audacity: Fortitude :: Enviousness: ?

Explanation

'Audacity' and 'Fortitude' are related traits of boldness/strength. 'Enviousness' (jealousy) is closely related in trait to 'Spite' (desire to harm/ill will).

'Audacity' اور 'Fortitude' بہادری کی خصوصیات ہیں۔ 'Enviousness' (حسد) کی خصوصیت 'Spite' (بغض/کینہ) سے ملتی جلتی ہے۔

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382📚General Knowledge & AwarenessSports

Sakshi Malik became the first Indian female wrestler to win an Olympic medal. She won which medal and in which category?

Explanation

Sakshi Malik won the Bronze medal in the 58 kg category in women's freestyle wrestling at the 2016 Rio Olympics.

ساکشی ملک نے 2016 ریو اولمپکس میں 58 کلوگرام فری اسٹائل کیٹیگری میں کانسی کا تمغہ جیتا تھا۔

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383📚General Knowledge & AwarenessHistory

Arrange the following Indian Newspaper in the chronological order of their establishment years.

1. The Indian Express
2. The Hindu
3. The Economic Times
4. Hindustan Times

Explanation

The chronological order is: The Hindu (1878), Hindustan Times (1924), The Indian Express (1932), and The Economic Times (1961). This corresponds to sequence 2, 4, 1, 3.

صحیح ترتیب ہے: دی ہندو (1878)، ہندوستان ٹائمز (1924)، انڈین ایکسپریس (1932)، اور اکنامک ٹائمز (1961)۔ یہ ترتیب 2، 4، 1، 3 بنتی ہے۔

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384📚General Knowledge & AwarenessInternational Organizations

Match the International Organizations with their respective Headquarters:

- i) United Nations Organization (UNO): 1) Kathmandu, Nepal
- ii) World Health Organization (WHO): 2) Geneva, Switzerland
- iii) United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): 3) New York, US
- iv) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): 4) Paris, France

Explanation

UNO headquarters is in New York (i-3), WHO is in Geneva (ii-2), UNESCO is in Paris (iii-4), and SAARC is in Kathmandu (iv-1).

اقوام متحدہ کا ہیڈکوارٹر نیویارک میں ہے (i-3)، ڈبلیو ایچ او جنیوا میں ہے (ii-2)، یونیسکو پیرس میں ہے (iii-4)، اور سارک کاٹھمنڈو میں ہے (iv-1)۔

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385📚General Knowledge & AwarenessAwards

Match the key Awardees of Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar with their corresponding Achievements:

- i) G. Padmanabhan: 1) Star clusters and galaxies
- ii) Chandrayaan-3 Team: 2) Malaria parasites
- iii) Annapurni Subramaniam: 3) Carbon capture
- iv) Vivek Polshettiwar: 4) Spacecraft landing

Explanation

G. Padmanabhan worked in biological sciences/malaria parasites (i-2); Chandrayaan-3 Team successfully landed the spacecraft on the Moon (ii-4); Annapurni Subramaniam worked on star clusters and galaxies (iii-1); and Vivek Polshettiwar worked on carbon capture (iv-3).

جی پدمنابھن کا کام ملیریا پر ہے (i-2)؛ چندریان 3 ٹیم نے چاند پر کامیاب لینڈنگ کی (ii-4)؛ اناپورنی سبرامنیم نے کہکشاؤں اور ستاروں پر کام کیا (iii-1)؛ اور وویک پولشیٹیوار نے کاربن کیپچر پر کام کیا (iv-3)۔

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386📚General Knowledge & AwarenessGeography

Match the hydroelectric power projects in Jammu Kashmir with their corresponding location:

- i) Baglihar Power Project: 1) Indus River in Alchi, Leh
- ii) Ratle Hydroelectric Power Project: 2) Chenab River, Ramban
- iii) Uri Hydroelectric Power Project: 3) Chenab River, Kishtwar
- iv) Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Power Project: 4) Jhelum River, Baramula

Explanation

Baglihar is on the Chenab River in Ramban (i-2), Ratle is on the Chenab River in Kishtwar (ii-3), Uri is on the Jhelum River in Baramula (iii-4), and Nimoo Bazgo is on the Indus River in Leh (iv-1).

بگلیہار چناب ندی، رامبن پر ہے (i-2)؛ رتلے چناب ندی، کشتواڑ پر ہے (ii-3)؛ اوڑی جہلم ندی، بارہمولہ پر ہے (iii-4)؛ اور نیمو بازگو دریائے سندھ، لیہہ پر ہے (iv-1)۔

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387📚Reasoning & MathematicsPercentages

If 60% of the students in a class scored above 80%, and there are 120 students, how many scored below 80%?

Explanation

If 60% scored above 80%, the remaining 40% scored below 80%. Number of students = 40% of 120 = 0.40 * 120 = 48.

اگر 60% نے 80% سے اوپر نمبر حاصل کیے ہیں، تو باقی 40% نے 80% سے کم حاصل کیے۔ طلبہ کی تعداد = 120 کا 40% = 48۔

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388📚Reasoning & MathematicsSpeed Distance Time

A bus travels 3/4 of its usual distance in 2/3 the usual time. What percentage change in speed of bus has occurred?

Explanation

Let usual distance = d, usual time = t. Speed = d/t.
New speed = (3/4)d / (2/3)t = (9/8) (d/t) = 1.125 * (d/t).
This represents an increase of 0.125, which is 12.5% increase.

فرض کریں معمول کا فاصلہ = d، وقت = t۔ رفتار = d/t۔
نئی رفتار = (3/4)d / (2/3)t = 1.125 (d/t)۔ یعنی رفتار میں 12.5 فیصد اضافہ ہوا ہے۔

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389📚Computer KnowledgeBasic Hardware

Which of the following is the brain of the computer?

Explanation

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is known as the brain of the computer because it processes instructions and controls operations.

سی پی یو (CPU) کو کمپیوٹر کا دماغ کہا جاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ ہدایات پر عمل درآمد کرتا ہے اور کاموں کو کنٹرول کرتا ہے۔

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390📚Computer KnowledgeMS Word

Autocorrect was initially designed to replace

Explanation

Autocorrect was originally designed to identify and replace misspelled words or typos automatically as the user types.

آٹو کریکٹ بنیادی طور پر ٹائپنگ کے دوران غلط املا (misspelled words) کو خود بخود درست کرنے کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا گیا تھا۔

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391📚Computer KnowledgeOperating Systems

Select the correct match:

- i) The processing time of this OS is consistent and predictable: 1. Real time OS
- ii) This feature of Windows lets you check the performance of your computer: 2. Symbian
- iii) This OS provides a GUI to the users: 3. Task manager
- iv) This OS is specifically designed for mobile phones: 4. Interactive OS

Explanation

Real-time OS has consistent processing times (i-1); Task manager checks system performance (ii-3); Interactive OS provides GUI (iii-4); Symbian was an early OS for mobile phones (iv-2). This matches i-1, ii-3, iii-4, iv-2.

ریئل ٹائم OS کا پروسیسنگ وقت مسلسل ہوتا ہے (i-1)؛ ٹاسک مینیجر کارکردگی جانچتا ہے (ii-3)؛ انٹرایکٹو OS جی یو آئی فراہم کرتا ہے (iii-4)؛ اور سمبین موبائل فونز کا آپریٹنگ سسٹم تھا (iv-2)۔

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392📚General Knowledge & AwarenessEconomy

Who is responsible for establishing and maintaining a sound and efficient accounting and financial reporting system in India?

Explanation

The Controller General of Accounts (CGA), in the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, is responsible for establishing and maintaining a sound accounting system in the Union Government.

کنٹرولر جنرل آف اکاؤنٹس (CGA)، وزارت خزانہ، بھارت میں ایک مضبوط اور موثر اکاؤنٹنگ سسٹم قائم کرنے اور اسے برقرار رکھنے کا ذمہ دار ہے۔

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393📚Reasoning & MathematicsSyllogism

Given below are two premises (1 and 2). Four conclusions are drawn from them. Select the code that states validly drawn conclusion(s).

Premises:
1. Most of the dancers are physically fit.
2. Most of the singers are dancers.
Conclusions:
(I) Most of the singers are physically fit.
(II) Most of the dancers are singers.
(III) Most of the physically fit persons are dancers.
(IV) Most of the physically fit persons are singers.

Explanation

In syllogistic logic with non-universal premises ('Most' which behaves like 'Some'), the only conclusions that are conversationally direct are conversions (II) and (III), corresponding to Option B.

کیونکہ 'Most' غیر عالمگیر دعویٰ (some) کی طرح کام کرتا ہے، اس لیے براہ راست اور متبادل نتیجہ (II) اور (III) ہی درست بیٹھتا ہے۔

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394📚Forensic Science & PhotographyImage Processing

The two main colour image processing categories are?

Explanation

The two main categories in color image processing are Full-color processing (where colors are processed in complete RGB spaces) and Pseudo-color processing (where colors are assigned to gray-scale values).

رنگین امیج پروسیسنگ کے دو بڑے زمرے ہیں: فل کلر پروسیسنگ (Full-color) اور سیوڈو کلر پروسیسنگ (Pseudo-color)۔

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395📚General Knowledge & AwarenessOptics

The laws of reflection hold good for

Explanation

The laws of reflection (angle of incidence equals angle of reflection) apply to all reflecting surfaces, including plane and curved/spherical mirrors.

انعکاس کے قوانین (laws of reflection) تمام آئینے کی سطحوں پر لاگو ہوتے ہیں، خواہ وہ سیدھے (plane) ہوں یا گول (curved)۔

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396📚Forensic Science & PhotographyImage Processing

Which colour mode is used for digital Image?

Explanation

Digital screens and cameras display and capture images in the RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color mode, whereas CMYK is used for printing.

ڈیجیٹل اسکرینوں اور کیمروں کے لیے آر جی بی (RGB - Red, Green, Blue) کلر موڈ استعمال ہوتا ہے، جبکہ پرنٹنگ کے لیے CMYK لگتا ہے۔

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397📚Forensic Science & PhotographyImage Processing

Digitizing the coordinate values is called

Explanation

Digitizing the spatial coordinates (x, y) is called sampling, whereas digitizing the amplitude/gray levels is called quantization.

تصویر کے نقاط/کوارڈینیٹس کو ڈیجیٹل کرنے کو سیمپلنگ (sampling) اور روشنی کی شدت کو ڈیجیٹل کرنے کو کوانٹائزیشن کہتے ہیں۔

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398📚Forensic Science & PhotographyImage Processing

What is Histogram Matching also called as?

Explanation

Histogram matching is also referred to as Histogram Specification. It is the transformation of an image so that its histogram matches a specified histogram.

ہسٹوگرام میچنگ (Histogram Matching) کو ہسٹوگرام سپیسیفیکیشن (Histogram Specification) بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔

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399📚Forensic Science & PhotographyPhotography Science

Which type of the following projections is used in aerial photographs?

Explanation

Aerial photographs are captured using a camera lens, which creates a central (or perspective) projection where all light rays pass through a single point (the optical center of the lens).

فضائی تصاویر (aerial photographs) میں سینٹرل پروجیکشن (Central/Perspective Projection) کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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400📚Forensic Science & PhotographyPhotography Science

What is dodging in photography?

Explanation

Dodging reduces the amount of light in a specific area during printing or editing, making that local area lighter. (Burning makes it darker).

فوٹو گرافی میں 'Dodging' سے مراد تصویر کے کسی مخصوص حصے کو ایڈٹ یا پرنٹ کے وقت ہلکا (lighter) کرنا ہے۔

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401📚Forensic Science & PhotographyPhotography Science

Infrared photography is based on which of the following principles?

Explanation

Infrared photography utilizes radiation emitted/reflected in the IR spectrum. Wien's displacement law explains how the peak emission shifts with temperature.

انفراریڈ فوٹو گرافی اس اصول پر مبنی ہے کہ خارج ہونے والی شعاعوں کی شدت درجہ حرارت کے ساتھ بدلتی ہے۔

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402📚Forensic Science & PhotographyPhotography Science

Which shutter speed lets in more light?

Explanation

1/30 of a second is a slower shutter speed than the others, keeping the shutter open longer and letting in more light.

1/30 سیکنڈ دیگر کے مقابلے میں دھیمی شٹر سپیڈ ہے، یعنی شٹر زیادہ دیر کھلا رہے گا اور زیادہ روشنی اندر آئے گی۔

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403📚General EnglishArticles

Fill in the blank using suitable articles. When no article is required, select no article among the given options. I work at _____ company in New York. _____ company is called Global Tech Solutions.

Explanation

'a' is used for the first mention of a non-specific singular countable noun ('a company'). 'the' is used for the second mention because the company has now been specified.

پہلی بار کسی غیر مخصوص کمپنی کا ذکر کرنے کے لیے 'a company' استعمال ہوگا، اور جب دوسری بار اسی مخصوص کمپنی کا ذکر ہو تو 'the company' استعمال ہوگا۔

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404📚General EnglishHomophones

Choose the correct homophone to complete the sentence: The blacksmith shaped the malleable _____ with precision, while the apprentice demonstrated his _____ by tirelessly working late into the night.

Explanation

'Metal' refers to the chemical element or alloy. 'Mettle' refers to a person's ability to cope with difficulties or face challenges with spirit and resilience.

'Metal' کا مطلب دھات ہے، جبکہ 'Mettle' کا مطلب ہمت، جرات یا حوصلہ ہے۔ لہذا صحیح ترتیب 'metal, mettle' ہے۔

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405📚General EnglishHomonyms

Match the following pairs regarding homonyms and their meaning:

i. Stalk | 1. A site for mining stone
ii. Ream | 2. A tree's outer layer is composed of dead cells
iii. Quarry | 3. A kitchen utensil used to extract juice from citrus fruits.
iv. Bark | 4. Vertical stem or connecting part of a plant

Explanation

Stalk matches 4 (plant stem). Ream matches 3 (kitchen tool / juicer). Quarry matches 1 (stone mine). Bark matches 2 (tree outer layer). This corresponds to i-4, ii-3, iii-1, iv-2.

درست جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: Stalk کا مطلب پودے کا تنا (4)، Ream کا مطلب لیموں وغیرہ نچوڑنے کا آلہ (3)، Quarry کا مطلب پتھر کی کان (1)، اور Bark کا مطلب درخت کی چھال (2)۔ یہ ترتیب i-4, ii-3, iii-1, iv-2 بنتی ہے۔

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406📚General EnglishError Spotting

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options and mark your answer.

Yesterday, the wild animal destroyed (a)/ crops at a nascent stage (b)/ and cause huge losses (c)/ to the farmers (d).

Explanation

The error is in part (c). Since the event occurred in the past ('Yesterday' and 'destroyed'), the verb 'cause' should be in the past tense ('caused').

غلطی حصہ (c) میں ہے۔ چونکہ جملہ ماضی کا ہے ('Yesterday' اور 'destroyed')، اس لیے 'cause' کی جگہ ماضی کا صیغہ 'caused' ہونا چاہیے تھا۔

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407📚General EnglishError Spotting

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options and mark your answer.

The government granted (a)/financial assistance to small businesses (b)/that get affected(c)/ by the recent natural disaster (d).

Explanation

The error is in part (c). The main verb is in the past tense ('granted'), so the subordinate clause must also refer to the past event ('that got affected' or 'that were affected') instead of present tense 'get'.

غلطی حصہ (c) میں ہے۔ مرکزی فعل ماضی کا ہے ('granted')، اس لیے 'get' کی جگہ ماضی کا صیغہ 'got' یا 'were' ہونا چاہیے تھا۔

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408📚General EnglishPunctuation

Identify the sentence with correct punctuation marks.

Explanation

Option A is correct. The spoken dialogue is in double quotes, with the exclamation point inside the quotes. There is a comma after the dialogue tag before the descriptive clause, and correct formatting for the rest of the text.

آپشن A درست ہے: مکالمہ کوٹیشن مارکس کے اندر ہے، استعجابیہ نشان (!) کوٹیشن مارکس کے اندر ہے، اور باقی حصوں میں رموزِ اوقاف کا صحیح استعمال کیا گیا ہے۔

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409📚General EnglishPunctuation

Identify the sentence with correct punctuation marks.

Explanation

Option B is correct. Direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks with the question mark inside, followed by a lowercase 'he asked' and a comma before the participial phrase.

آپشن B درست ہے: سوالیہ مکالمہ کوٹیشن مارکس کے اندر ہے، سوالیہ نشان کوٹیشن کے اندر ہے، اور اس کے بعد کوما اور وضاحتی جملہ ہے۔

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410📚General EnglishSynonyms

Select the Synonyms of the word: Quibble

Explanation

'Quibble' means to argue or raise objections about a trivial matter, or to evade the truth. 'Prevaricate' means to speak or act in an evasive way, which is a synonym.

'Quibble' کا مطلب ہے چھوٹی یا غیر اہم باتوں پر جھگڑنا یا حیلہ و حجت کرنا۔ 'Prevaricate' کا مطلب ٹال مٹول کرنا یا سچائی سے انحراف کرنا ہے، جو اس کا مترادف ہے۔

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411📚General EnglishIdioms

Which sentence expresses the correct meaning of the given idiom: Will O' the Wisp

Explanation

A 'will-o'-the-wisp' refers to something that is impossible to catch or achieve, or an elusive/misleading goal.

'Will O' the Wisp' کا مطلب ہے ایک ایسی خیالی یا سرابی کوشش جو پرکشش تو ہو لیکن اس کا حصول ناممکن ہو اور وہ انسان کو گمراہ کر دے۔

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412📚General EnglishPhrasal Verbs

Fill in the blanks with suitable phrasal verbs in the below sentence. He has been in the hospital for several days, but the doctors are hopeful that he will _____

Explanation

'Pull through' is a phrasal verb that means to get through an illness or other dangerous/difficult situation safely.

'Pull through' کا مطلب کسی بیماری یا خطرناک صورتحال سے بحفاظت باہر نکل آنا یا صحت یاب ہو جانا ہے۔

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413📚General EnglishPrepositions

Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions from the alternatives given below. She walked _____ the bustling market, taking in the vibrant colors and enticing scents of fresh produce and spices.

Explanation

To walk 'through' a location means to enter it and move to the other side or move around inside it, which fits a market context.

بازار کے ایک سرے سے دوسرے سرے تک گزرنے یا اس کے اندر چلنے کے لیے 'through' (کے درمیان سے / کے ذریعے) کا استعمال بالکل درست ہے۔

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414📚General Awareness & Current AffairsSports

Which country won first Football World Cup?

Explanation

Uruguay won the first FIFA World Cup in 1930, defeating Argentina in the final match held in Montevideo.

یوراگوئے (Uruguay) نے 1930 میں منعقد ہونے والا پہلا فٹ بال ورلڈ کپ جیتا تھا، جس کے فائنل میں اس نے ارجنٹائن کو شکست دی تھی۔

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415📚General Awareness & Current AffairsModern Indian History

The first newspaper published in India was

Explanation

Hicky's Bengal Gazette (also known as the Original Calcutta General Advertiser) was the first weekly newspaper published in India, started in 1780 by James Augustus Hicky.

ہندوستان میں شائع ہونے والا پہلا اخبار 'دی بنگال گزٹ' (The Bengal Gazette) تھا، جسے 1780 میں جیمز آگسٹس ہکی نے شروع کیا تھا۔

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416📚General Awareness & Current AffairsLanguages of India

Bodo language is spoken mainly in which state of India?

Explanation

Bodo is an official language spoken mainly by the Bodo people in the state of Assam in Northeast India. It is also listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

بوڈو (Bodo) زبان بنیادی طور پر ہندوستان کی شمال مشرقی ریاست آسام میں بولی جاتی ہے۔ یہ آئین ہند کے آٹھویں شیڈول میں شامل ہے۔

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417📚General Awareness & Current AffairsInternational Organizations

What is the name of the UN body that settles legal disputes between member states?

Explanation

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, Netherlands, is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations that settles legal disputes between states.

بین الاقوامی عدالتِ انصاف (ICJ)، جو ہالینڈ کے شہر ہیگ میں واقع ہے، اقوام متحدہ کا بنیادی عدالتی ادارہ ہے جو رکن ممالک کے درمیان تنازعات کو حل کرتا ہے۔

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418📚General Awareness & Current AffairsSports

What is the title of the autography of Major Dhyanchand?

Explanation

The autobiography of the Indian hockey wizard Major Dhyan Chand is titled 'Goal', published in 1952.

ہندوستان کے مشہور ہاکی کھلاڑی میجر دھیان چند کی سوانح عمری (Autobiography) کا عنوان 'گول' (Goal) ہے۔

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419📚General Awareness & Current AffairsPolitical Terms

What is a Junta?

Explanation

A 'junta' (specifically a military junta) refers to a committee or group of military leaders who run a country, usually after taking power by force.

جنتا (Junta) سے مراد فوجی افسروں کا وہ گروپ ہے جو بغاوت کے بعد بزور طاقت حکومت کا کنٹرول سنبھال لیتا ہے۔

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420📚General Awareness & Current AffairsJ&K Power Projects

Ratle Hydroelectric Power Corporation is a joint venture between which two entities?

Explanation

Ratle Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (RHPCL) is a joint venture company incorporated in 2021 between NHPC (51%) and JKSPDC (49%) to implement the 850 MW Ratle Hydroelectric Project on Chenab River.

رتلے ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک پاور کارپوریشن لمیٹڈ (RHPCL) چناب ندی پر واقع ہے اور یہ نیشنل ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک پاور کارپوریشن (NHPC) اور جموں و کشمیر اسٹیٹ پاور ڈیولپمنٹ کارپوریشن (JKSPDC) کا مشترکہ منصوبہ ہے۔

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421📚General Awareness & Current AffairsJ&K History

Arrange the following events in chronological order:

i. Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019.
ii. Sadar-i-Riyasat re-designated as Governor.
iii. Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir adopted.
iv. Article 370 grants special status to Jammu and Kashmir.
Choose the correct option.

Explanation

The chronological order is: iv) Article 370 drafted/enacted (1949), iii) J&K Constitution adopted (November 17, 1956), ii) Sadar-i-Riyasat re-designated as Governor (1965), and i) J&K Reorganisation Act (2019). This corresponds to: iv, iii, ii, i.

واقعات کی تاریخی ترتیب مندرجہ ذیل ہے: (iv) آرٹیکل 370 کا نفاذ (1949)، (iii) جموں و کشمیر کا آئین اپنانا (1956)، (ii) صدرِ ریاست کا عہدہ تبدیل کر کے گورنر بنانا (1965)، اور (i) جموں و کشمیر تنظیمِ نو ایکٹ (2019)۔ یہ ترتیب iv, iii, ii, i بنتی ہے۔

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422📚General Awareness & Current AffairsJ&K Infrastructure

Consider the following statements.
I) The Banihal Qazigund Tunnel renamed as Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Tunnel.
II) It is India's longest transportation railway tunnel measuring 11.2 km long.
Choose the correct option.

Explanation

Both statements are incorrect. The Chenani-Nashri Road Tunnel (9.28 km) was renamed as Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel (not Banihal-Qazigund Road Tunnel, which is 8.45 km). The Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel (11.2 km) is a railway tunnel, whereas the Banihal-Qazigund road tunnel is for road transport.

دونوں بیانات غلط ہیں۔ چنانی ناشری ٹنل کو ڈاکٹر شیاما پرساد مکھرجی ٹنل کا نام دیا گیا ہے (نہ کہ بانہال قاضی گنڈ کو)۔ اور 11.2 کلومیٹر لمبی ٹنل پیر پنچال ریلوے ٹنل ہے، بانہال قاضی گنڈ روڈ ٹنل 8.45 کلومیٹر لمبی روڈ ٹنل ہے۔

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423📚Elementary MathematicsHCF and LCM

The H.C.F. and L.C.M. of two numbers are 84 and 21 respectively. If the ratio of the two numbers is 1: 4, then the larger of the two numbers is

Explanation

Note: The question has a typo, swapping HCF and LCM values. HCF is 21 and LCM is 84. Let the numbers be x and 4x. Their HCF is x, so x = 21. The numbers are 21 and 4 * 21 = 84. The larger number is 84.

سوال میں کمپوزنگ کی غلطی ہے، HCF اور LCM کی قیمتیں الٹ لکھی گئی ہیں۔ HCF = 21 اور LCM = 84 ہے۔ اگر اعداد کا تناسب 1:4 ہے تو وہ x اور 4x ہوں گے۔ HCF یعنی x = 21 ہوگا۔ دوسرا عدد 4 * 21 = 84 ہوگا۔ ان میں بڑا عدد 84 ہے۔

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424📚Elementary MathematicsPercentages

The monthly income of a person was Rs. 13500/- and his monthly expenditure was Rs. 9000/-. Next year, his income increased by 14% and his expenditure by 7%. Find the percentage increase in his savings.

Explanation

Initial savings = 13500 - 9000 = Rs. 4500. New income = 13500 1.14 = Rs. 15390. New expenditure = 9000 1.07 = Rs. 9630. New savings = 15390 - 9630 = Rs. 5760. Increase in savings = 5760 - 4500 = Rs. 1260. % Increase = (1260 / 4500) * 100 = 28%.

بنیادی بچت = 13500 - 9000 = 4500 روپے۔ نئی آمدنی = 13500 کا 114% = 15390 روپے۔ نئے اخراجات = 9000 کا 107% = 9630 روپے۔ نئی بچت = 15390 - 9630 = 5760 روپے۔ بچت میں اضافہ = 1260 روپے۔ بچت میں فیصد اضافہ = (1260 / 4500) * 100 = 28%۔

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425📚Elementary MathematicsPercentages

In an election between two candidates, 75% of the voters cast their votes, out of which 2% of the votes were declared invalid. A candidate got 9261 votes which were 75% of the total valid votes. Find the total number of voters enrolled in that election.

Explanation

Let total enrolled voters be V. Votes cast = 0.75 V. Valid votes = 0.98 0.75 V. Candidate's votes = 0.75 (0.98 0.75 V) = 9261 => 0.55125 * V = 9261 => V = 9261 / 0.55125 = 16800.

فرض کریں کل ووٹرز V ہیں۔ ڈالے گئے ووٹ = 0.75V۔ درست ووٹ = 0.98 0.75V۔ امیدوار کو ملے ووٹ = 75% یعنی 0.75 0.98 * 0.75V = 9261۔ اس مساوات کو حل کرنے پر V = 16,800 ووٹرز حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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426📚Elementary MathematicsPercentages

A man's wage was reduced by 50%. Again the reduced wage was increased by 50%. Find his loss in terms of percentage.

Explanation

Let the initial wage be 100. Reduced wage = 100 0.5 = 50. New increased wage = 50 1.5 = 75. Loss = 100 - 75 = 25%.

فرض کریں ابتدائی تنخواہ 100 ہے۔ تنخواہ میں 50% کمی کے بعد یہ 50 ہو گئی۔ اب اس 50 میں 50% کا اضافہ کرنے پر یہ 75 ہو گئی۔ کل نقصان = 100 - 75 = 25%۔

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427📚Elementary MathematicsProfit and Loss

A television manufacturer earns 20% profit by selling each T.V. set for Rs. 14400. If the production cost is increased by 15%, what should be the new selling price of a set so as to gain 15%?

Explanation

CP of TV = 14400 / 1.20 = Rs. 12000. New CP = 12000 1.15 = Rs. 13800. New SP for 15% profit = 13800 1.15 = Rs. 15870.

ٹی وی کی لاگت قیمت = 14400 / 1.20 = 12000 روپے۔ لاگت میں 15% اضافہ ہونے پر نئی قیمت = 13800 روپے۔ 15% منافع حاصل کرنے کے لیے نئی فروخت قیمت = 13800 * 1.15 = 15870 روپے۔

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428📚Elementary MathematicsPartnership

Gautam started a business with a sum of Rs. 60,000/- .Jatin joined him 8 months later with a sum of Rs. 35,000/-. At what respective ratio will the two share the profit after two years?

Explanation

Gautam invested for 24 months. Jatin invested for 24 - 8 = 16 months. Ratio of profit share = (60000 24) : (35000 16) = (60 24) : (35 16) = 1440 : 560 = 144 : 56 = 18:7.

گوتم نے 24 مہینوں کے لیے سرمایہ کاری کی۔ جتن نے 24 - 8 = 16 مہینوں کے لیے سرمایہ کاری کی۔ منافع کی تقسیم کا تناسب = (60000 24) : (35000 16) = 18:7۔

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429📚General Intelligence & ReasoningOdd One Out

In the following question, select the odd letter/letters from the given alternatives.

Explanation

In options B, C, D, the differences are +1, -3, +4. For RSPT: R(+1)->S(-3)->P(+4)->T. In option A (KLIO), the differences are +1, -3, +6, making it the odd one out.

آپشنز B, C, D میں حروف کا درمیانی فرق +1, -3, +4 ہے۔ جبکہ آپشن A (KLIO) میں یہ فرق +1, -3, +6 ہے، لہذا یہ سب سے الگ ہے۔

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430📚General Awareness & Current AffairsSearch Engines

An example of an 'Internet search engine' is:

Explanation

Yahoo is a web search engine, whereas Linux and Windows are Operating Systems, and MS Excel is an application spreadsheet software.

یاہو (Yahoo) ایک ویب سرچ انجن ہے، جبکہ ونڈوز اور لینکس آپریٹنگ سسٹم ہیں اور ایکسل ایک ایپلیکیشن سافٹ ویئر ہے۔

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431📚General Awareness & Current AffairsCompilers

The compiler converts a program into

Explanation

A compiler converts high-level programming code into machine language (binary language: 0s and 1s) that the CPU can execute directly.

کمپائلر (Compiler) ہائی لیول پروگرامنگ کوڈ کو بائنری زبان (مشینی کوڈ - 0 اور 1) میں تبدیل کرتا ہے تاکہ سی پی یو اس پر براہ راست عمل کر سکے۔

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432📚General Awareness & Current AffairsCybersecurity

Select the correct match:

i. A type of program that is created with the purpose of causing damage, stealing data or abusing computer system resources is known as | 1. Privacy
ii. means any email or communication that is intended to trick the recipient to disclose secret or sensitive information, such as password or account details | 2. Malware
iii. Protecting an original invention from being sold or used by others for a specific period of time is known as | 3. Phishing
iv. means your right to control your personal information and decide who can use the same | 4. Patents

Explanation

Damaging software is Malware (i-2). Trick communication is Phishing (ii-3). Invention protection is Patents (iii-4). Control over personal information is Privacy (iv-1). This corresponds to i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1.

درست مماثلت یہ ہے: نقصان پہنچانے والا سافٹ ویئر مالویئر ہے (i-2)، معلومات چرانے والا فریب فیشنگ ہے (ii-3)، ایجاد کا تحفظ پیٹنٹ ہے (iii-4) اور ذاتی معلومات کا کنٹرول پرائیویسی ہے (iv-1)۔ یہ ترتیب i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1 بنتی ہے۔

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433📚General EnglishError Spotting

Find out which part of a sentence has an error.

After knowing truth, (a)/ they took the right decision (b)/ in the matter. (c)/ No error (d)

Explanation

The error is in part (a). The definite article 'the' is missing before 'truth'. It should be 'After knowing the truth'.

غلطی حصہ (a) میں ہے۔ لفظ 'truth' سے پہلے آرٹیکل 'the' کا استعمال ضروری ہے، یعنی 'After knowing the truth' ہونا چاہیے۔

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434📚General EnglishAntonyms

In the following questions choose the word opposite in meaning to the given word.

Perspicuity

Explanation

'Perspicuity' means clearness or lucidity of expression. The opposite in meaning is 'Vagueness' (lack of clarity).

'Perspicuity' کا مطلب وضاحت یا صفائیِ بیان ہے۔ اس کا متضاد 'Vagueness' (مبہم پن یا غیر واضح ہونا) ہے۔

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435📚General EnglishError Spotting

Find out which part of a sentence has an error.

If you turn the corner, (a) / you will found a house (b) / built of stone. (c) / No Error (d)

Explanation

The error is in part (b). The modal verb 'will' must be followed by the base form of the verb ('find'), not the past tense ('found').

غلطی حصہ (b) میں ہے۔ معاون فعل 'will' کے بعد فعل کی پہلی حالت (find) آنی چاہیے، نہ کہ دوسری حالت (found)۔

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436📚General EnglishPrepositions

Fill in the blank.

Everyone in this world is accountable to God _____ his actions.

Explanation

The preposition 'for' is used after 'accountable' to indicate the thing/actions a person is responsible for. Thus, 'accountable to God for his actions'.

کسی چیز یا عمل کے لیے جوابدہ ہونے کے واسطے 'accountable' کے بعد 'for' استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ یعنی اپنے اعمال کے لیے خدا کے حضور جوابدہ ہونا۔

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437📚General EnglishOne Word Substitution

Out of the four alternatives, choose the one which can be substituted for the given words/ sentence.

A person who shows off his learning

Explanation

A 'pedant' is a person who is excessively concerned with minor details and rules or who makes a showy display of academic learning.

وہ شخص جو اپنی علمی قابلیت اور معلومات کی نمائش یا دکھاوا کرنے کا عادی ہو، اسے 'pedant' (خود بین یا عالم نما) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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438📚General EnglishSpelling

Out of four words, one word is correctly spelt. Find the correctly spelt word.

Explanation

'dysentery' is correctly spelled. The correct spellings for the others are: 'momentary', 'cemetery', and 'commentary'.

صحیح ہجے والا لفظ 'dysentery' (پیچش) ہے۔ دیگر الفاظ کے صحیح ہجے 'momentary'، 'cemetery' اور 'commentary' ہیں۔

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439📚General EnglishIdioms

Choose the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the Idiom/Phrase.

to smell a rat

Explanation

The idiom 'to smell a rat' means to suspect that something is wrong, dishonest, or a trick; to be suspicious.

محاورہ 'to smell a rat' کا مطلب ہے کسی سازش، بے ایمانی یا خطرے کا شک ہو جانا (مشکوک ہونا)۔

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440📚General EnglishSentence Improvement

Identify the best way to improve the underlined part of the given sentence. She is a very good sprinter. I can't run as fast as she does.

Explanation

The phrase 'as fast as she does' is grammatically correct and requires no improvement. 'does' correctly substitutes for the verb 'runs'.

جملہ 'as fast as she does' بالکل درست ہے اور اس میں کسی تبدیلی کی ضرورت نہیں ہے۔ 'does' یہاں فعل 'runs' کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے۔

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441📚General EnglishIdioms

Select the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom.

The trouble makers took to their heels when they saw the police coming.

Explanation

The idiom 'took to their heels' means to run away rapidly, especially to escape from danger or trouble.

محاورہ 'take to one's heels' کا مطلب ہے بھاگ کھڑے ہونا یا فرار ہو جانا، خاص طور پر پولیس یا خطرے کو دیکھ کر۔

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442📚General Awareness & ScienceSports

Match the following Gold winning Paralympic athletes (Paris 2024) to the sports they were associated with:

1. Avani Lekhara - i. High Jump
2. Praveen Kumar - ii. Archery
3. Nitesh Kumar - iii. Shooting
4. Harvinder Singh - iv. Badminton

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

At the Paris 2024 Paralympics: Avani Lekhara won gold in Shooting (1-iii), Praveen Kumar in High Jump (2-i), Nitesh Kumar in Badminton (3-iv), and Harvinder Singh in Archery (4-ii). This matches option A.

پیرس 2024 پیرالمپکس کے گولڈ میڈلسٹ: اونی لیکھارا - شوٹنگ (1-iii)، پروین کمار - ہائی جمپ (2-i)، نتیش کمار - بیڈمنٹن (3-iv)، اور ہرویندر سنگھ - تیر اندازی (2-ii)۔ یہ ترتیب آپشن A سے میل کھاتی ہے۔

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443📚General Awareness & ScienceInternational Organizations

Match the following International organization to its Headquarters.

1. INTERPOL - i. Lyon, France
2. WWF - ii. Montreal, Canada
3. EU - iii. Vaud, Switzerland
4. ICAO - iv. Brussels, Belgium

Match the above pairs appropriately.

Explanation

The correct matching is: INTERPOL - Lyon, France (1-i), WWF - Vaud, Switzerland (specifically Gland) (2-iii), EU - Brussels, Belgium (3-iv), and ICAO - Montreal, Canada (4-ii). This matches option B.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: انٹرپول - لیون، فرانس (1-i)، ورلڈ وائلڈ لائف فنڈ (WWF) - ووڈ، سوئٹزرلینڈ (2-iii)، یورپی یونین (EU) - برسلز، بیلجیم (3-iv) اور آئی سی اے او (ICAO) - مونٹریال، کینیڈا (4-ii)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

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444📚Physics, Electronics & TelecomFamous Media

Match the International newspaper to its base country:

1. The Guardian - i. China
2. The People's Daily - ii. Russia
3. El Pais - iii. United Kingdom
4. Kommersant - iv. Spain

Choose the correct option.

Explanation

The correct matching is: The Guardian - United Kingdom (1-iii), The People's Daily - China (2-i), El Pais - Spain (3-iv), Kommersant - Russia (4-ii). This matches option A.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: دی گارڈین - برطانیہ (1-iii)، پیپلز ڈیلی - چین (2-i)، ایل پائس - اسپین (3-iv) اور کومرسانٹ - روس (4-ii)۔ یہ ترتیب آپشن A ہے۔

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445📚General Awareness & ScienceSports

What was the mascot for the Khelo India Winter Games, 2024?

Explanation

The mascot for the Khelo India Winter Games 2024 was 'Sheen-e-She' (or 'Shan'), a snow leopard representing the beauty and biodiversity of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.

کھیلو انڈیا ونٹر گیمز 2024 کا شوبنکر (Mascot) ایک برفانی چیتا (Snow Leopard) تھا جس کا نام 'شینِ شی' (یا شان) رکھا گیا تھا۔

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446📐MathematicsPercentages

If the price of the commodity is increased by 50% by what fraction must its consumption be reduced so as to keep the same expenditure on its consumption?

Explanation

Let original price be 100 and consumption be 100. Expenditure = 10000. New price = 150. To keep expenditure at 10000, new consumption = 10000 / 150 = 200 / 3. Reduction in consumption = 100 - 200/3 = 100/3. Fraction = (100/3)/100 = 1/3.

اگر قیمت 100 سے بڑھ کر 150 ہو جائے، تو خرچ کو برابر رکھنے کے لیے کھپت کو 150 سے گھٹا کر 100 کرنا ہوگا۔ کھپت میں کمی = 50۔ فریکشن = 50/150 = 1/3۔

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447📐MathematicsSpeed, Time & Distance

A man riding a bicycle covers a distance of 60 km in the direction of the wind and returns back in 8 hours. If speed of the wind is 10 km/hour, find the speed of the bicycle.

Explanation

Let bicycle speed be v. Time downstream + Time upstream = 8 hours. 60/(v+10) + 60/(v-10) = 8 => 15(v-10 + v+10) = 2(v^2 - 100) => 30v = 2v^2 - 200 => v^2 - 15v - 100 = 0 => (v-20)(v+5) = 0 => v = 20 km/h.

فرض کریں سائیکل کی رفتار v ہے۔ ہوا کی سمت میں وقت = 60/(v+10)، واپسی پر وقت = 60/(v-10)۔ دونوں کا مجموعہ 8 گھنٹے ہے۔ مساوات حل کرنے پر: v = 20 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔

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448📚Physics, Electronics & TelecomTelevision Engineering

In television, 4: 3 represents the

Explanation

The ratio of the width of a television screen to its height is called the aspect ratio. The traditional SDTV standard aspect ratio is 4:3.

ٹیلی ویژن اسکرین کی چوڑائی اور اونچائی کے تناسب کو اسپیکٹ ریشو (Aspect Ratio) کہا کہتے ہیں۔ روایتی ٹی وی کا اسپیکٹ ریشو 4:3 ہوتا ہے۔

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449📚Physics, Electronics & TelecomDemodulation

In FM to AM conversion, the input of the frequency-modulated signal converted into amplitude modulated signal by

Explanation

An FM signal can be converted to an AM signal by passing it through a differentiator (or slope detector) whose frequency response changes frequency variations into amplitude variations.

فریکوئنسی ماڈیولیشن (FM) کو ایمپلی ٹیوڈ ماڈیولیشن (AM) میں تبدیل کرنے کے لیے سگنل کو ایک ڈفرنشیٹر (Differentiator) یا سلوپ ڈیٹیکٹر سے گزارا جاتا ہے، جو فریکوئنسی کی تبدیلیوں کو وولٹیج (ایمپلی ٹیوڈ) کی تبدیلیوں میں بدل دیتا ہے۔

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450📚Physics, Electronics & TelecomElectrical Machines

The magnetic field produced in the stator of a three phase induction motor travels at

Explanation

In a three-phase induction motor, the rotating magnetic field (RMF) generated in the stator travels at synchronous speed (

N_s = 120f/P

).

تھری فیز انڈکشن موٹر کے اسٹیٹر (stator) میں پیدا ہونے والا گھومنے والا مقناطیسی میدان (RMF) سنکرونس اسپیڈ (Synchronous speed) پر سفر کرتا ہے۔

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451📚Physics, Electronics & TelecomFilters

What is a common use of a Band Pass Filter in Radio Wave Propagation?

Explanation

A Band Pass Filter is designed to allow signals within a specific range of frequencies (passband) to pass while attenuating/blocking frequencies outside this range.

ایک بینڈ پاس فلٹر (Band Pass Filter) فریکوئنسیوں کی صرف ایک مخصوص حد کو گزرنے کی اجازت دیتا ہے اور اس حد سے باہر کی تمام فریکوئنسیوں کو روک دیتا ہے۔

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452📚Computer ApplicationsComputer Hardware

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the list:

List - I:
i. Monitor
ii. CPU
iii. Information

List - II:
1. Displays the information in the visual form
2. Processor for controlling and executing instructions
3. Processed data useful for the user

Explanation

The correct matching is: Monitor displays visual info (i-1), CPU executes instructions (ii-2), and Information is processed data useful to the user (iii-3). This matches option A.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: مانیٹر - بصری شکل میں معلومات دکھاتا ہے (i-1)، سی پی یو - ہدایات کو کنٹرول اور رن کرتا ہے (ii-2)، معلومات - صارف کے لیے کارآمد پروسیس شدہ ڈیٹا ہے (iii-3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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453📚Computer ApplicationsOffice Applications

Which of the following is a spreadsheet application program?

Explanation

MS Excel is a spreadsheet application program. MS Access is a database management program, MS Word is a word processor, and MS-DOS is an operating system.

ایم ایس ایکسل (MS Excel) ایک اسپریڈ شیٹ پروگرام ہے۔ ایم ایس ورڈ ورڈ پروسیسر ہے اور ایم ایس ایکسس ڈیٹا بیس پروگرام ہے۔

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454📚Physics, Electronics & TelecomElectrical Machines

At start, the following information is correct for an induction motor:

I. Speed = 0
II. Slip = 0.5
III. Slip = 1
IV. Slip = 0

Choose the correct answer:

Explanation

At start, the motor is stationary, so speed N = 0 (I). The slip s is defined as

(N_s - N)/N_s

. Since N = 0, slip s = 1 (III). Thus, I and III are correct.

اسٹارٹ کے وقت موٹر رکی ہوتی ہے اس لیے اسپیڈ (N) صفر ہوتی ہے (I)۔ اور سلپ (s) کا فارمولا (Ns-N)/Ns ہے، چونکہ N=0 ہے، اس لیے سلپ کا مان 1 ہوتا ہے (III)۔

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455📚Physics, Electronics & TelecomWave Propagation

The ionosphere acts as the reflecting surface for the waves in which of the following modes of propagation?

Explanation

Sky wave propagation involves the reflection of radio waves from the ionosphere back to the earth, allowing long-distance shortwave communications.

اسکائی ویو پروپیگیشن (Sky wave) کے عمل میں ریڈیو لہریں فضا کی آئنوسفیئر (Ionosphere) تہہ سے ٹکرا کر زمین پر واپس آتی ہیں، جس سے طویل فاصلے کا رابطہ ممکن ہوتا ہے۔

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456📚Physics, Electronics & TelecomSignal Processing

Which of the following statements about the matched filter in a communication receiver are correct?

I. It produces ISI.
II. It maximizes the SNR at the detection instant.
III. Its impulse response depends on the signal shape.
IV. It may produce signal dispersion.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Explanation

A matched filter maximizes the SNR at the sampling instant (II), its impulse response is a time-reversed and delayed version of the signal shape (III), and it disperses the signal in time (IV). It does not produce ISI (I is incorrect). Thus, option D is correct.

میچڈ فلٹر وولٹیج کے سگنل ٹو نوائز ریشو (SNR) کو زیادہ کرتا ہے (II)، اس کا امپلس ریسپانس سگنل کی شکل پر منحصر ہوتا ہے (III) اور یہ سگنل کو پھیلا سکتا ہے (IV)۔ اس لیے جواب II, III اور IV ہے۔

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457📚Physics, Electronics & TelecomTelevision Engineering

The colour TV picture signal is a

Explanation

A color TV picture signal has three channels (such as R, G, B or Y, I, Q) representing three separate components, and it is three-dimensional (spatial coordinates x, y and time t).

کلر ٹی وی کا سگنل تھری چینل (R, G, B) اور تین جہتی (x, y اور وقت t) سگنل ہوتا ہے۔

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458📚📚 Social ScienceIndian Constitution

'Equal pay for equal work' has been ensured in the Indian Constitution as which of the following?

Explanation

Article 39(d) under the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) of the Indian Constitution ensures equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

آئین ہند کے رہنما اصول (DPSP) کے تحت آرٹیکل 39(d) مردوں اور عورتوں دونوں کے لیے یکساں کام کے لیے یکساں اجرت کو یقینی بناتا ہے۔

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459📚📝 EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Given below are four jumbled sentences. Out of the given options pick the one that gives their correct order.

P: Creating a relaxing bedroom environment is very important too, and this can be done using a calming, subtle fragrance.
Q: It is possible to retrain your brain to have a sound sleep.
R: This is possible if you make sure your room is undisturbed, quiet and dark.
S: Start by regulating the times you go to bed and get up.

Explanation

The correct sequence is QSRP. Q introduces the main topic of retraining the brain for sleep. S gives the first step. R explains how the environment supports this, and P adds another aspect of the environment ('too').

درست ترتیب QSRP ہے۔ Q دماغ کو پرسکون نیند کے لیے دوبارہ تربیت دینے کا تعارف کرواتا ہے۔ S پہلا قدم بتاتا ہے۔ R ماحول کی وضاحت کرتا ہے، اور P ماحول کا ایک اور رخ شامل کرتا ہے۔

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460📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

Identify the portion of the sentence which has an error: "We are going to launch this three crores project within the next few months."

Explanation

The error lies in 'this three crores project'. Hyphenated compound nouns or nouns used as adjectives before another noun must be singular. It should be 'this three-crore project'.

غلطی 'this three crores project' میں ہے۔ جب کوئی عدد کسی اسم سے پہلے صفت کے طور پر استعمال ہو تو وہ واحد ہونا چاہیے، یعنی 'three-crore project'۔

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461📚📝 EnglishDirect & Indirect Speech

In the following question, choose the one which best expresses the direct/indirect speech: "Moti asked Gangu whether the latter was in his senses."

Explanation

The indirect statement 'asked Gangu whether the latter was in his senses' converts to the direct speech question: 'Gangu, are you in your senses?' asked Moti.

بالواسطہ بیان (Indirect) 'asked Gangu whether...' بلاواسطہ (Direct) سوالیہ جملے 'Gangu, are you in your senses?' میں تبدیل ہوتا ہے۔

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462📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance

The ratio between the speeds of two trains is 7: 8. If the second train runs 400 km in 4 hours, then the speed of the first train is:

Explanation

Speed of the second train = 400 km / 4 hrs = 100 km/hr. Since ratio is 7:8, speed of the first train = (7/8) * 100 = 87.5 km/hr.

دوسری ٹرین کی رفتار = 400 کلومیٹر / 4 گھنٹے = 100 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ چونکہ تناسب 7:8 ہے، اس لیے پہلی ٹرین کی رفتار = (7/8) × 100 = 87.5 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ ہوگی۔

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463📚🧩 ReasoningSyllogism

Choose the correct response from the options:

Statement: Irregularity is a cause for failure in exams. Some regular students fail in the examinations.
Conclusion I: All failed students are regular.
Conclusion II: All successful students are not regular.

Explanation

Since irregularity is a cause of failure and only some regular students fail, we cannot conclude that all failed students are regular, nor can we say that all successful students are not regular. Thus, neither follows.

چونکہ بے قاعدگی ناکامی کی ایک وجہ ہے اور کچھ باقاعدہ طلبہ بھی فیل ہوتے ہیں، اس لیے ہم یہ نتیجہ نہیں نکال سکتے کہ تمام فیل ہونے والے باقاعدہ ہیں، اور نہ ہی یہ کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ تمام کامیاب طلبہ باقاعدہ نہیں ہیں۔ لہذا دونوں غلط ہیں۔

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464📚🔢 MathPartnership

A, B and C enter into a partnership with a capital in which A's contribution is Rs. 10,000. If out of a total profit of Rs. 1000, A gets Rs. 500 and B gets Rs. 300, then C's capital is:

Explanation

Total profit = 1000. A's profit = 500, B's profit = 300. C's profit = 1000 - (500 + 300) = 200. Profit ratio is A:B:C = 500:300:200 = 5:3:2. Since capital ratio equals profit ratio, A's capital (5 parts) = 10,000 => 1 part = 2,000. C's capital (2 parts) = 2 * 2,000 = Rs. 4,000.

کل منافع = 1000۔ A کا منافع = 500، B کا = 300۔ C کا منافع = 200۔ تناسب = 5:3:2۔ چونکہ منافع کا تناسب سرمایہ کاری کے برابر ہے، اس لیے A کا سرمایہ (5 حصے) = 10,000 یعنی 1 حصہ = 2,000۔ C کا سرمایہ (2 حصے) = 2 × 2000 = 4,000 روپے ہوگاُ۔

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465📚🌍 General AwarenessEnvironment & Ecology

Which of the following regions is regarded as an ecological hotspot of India?

Explanation

The Western Ghats is one of India's prominent ecological hotspots, hosting a massive diversity of flora and fauna.

مغربی گھاٹ (Western Ghats) ہندوستان کے اہم ترین ماحولیاتی حساس علاقوں (Ecological Hotspots) میں شمار ہوتا ہے۔

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466📚📚 Social ScienceRivers

Which River is known as "Veetesta" (Vitasta) in Sanskrit?

Explanation

The Jhelum River is referred to as 'Vitasta' (Veetesta) in Sanskrit scriptures and 'Hydaspes' in ancient Greek.

دریائے جہلم کو سنسکرت زبان میں 'وتستا' (Vitasta) اور قدیم یونانی زبان میں 'ہائیڈاسپس' کہا جاتا ہے۔

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467📚📝 EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Directions: Arrange the parts P, Q, R, S to make a correct sentence with (1) and (6) as fixed points:

(1) I explained to him
P: was like a family's
Q: always exuded warmth
R: elder and how she has
S: how for me she
(6) and consideration for me.

Explanation

The correct rearrangement is SPRQ: 'I explained to him how for me she (S) was like a family's (P) elder and how she has (R) always exuded warmth (Q) and consideration for me.'

درست ترتیب SPRQ ہے: 'میں نے اسے سمجھایا کہ وہ میرے لیے ایک خاندانی بزرگ کی طرح تھی اور اس نے ہمیشہ میرے لیے گرمجوشی اور خیال کا مظاہرہ کیا۔'

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468📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

Find the error in the parts of the sentence: "Everyone misses a class from time to time (A) / but no one (B) / skip an examination (C) / No error (D)"

Explanation

The error is in Part C. The pronoun 'no one' is singular and must be followed by a singular verb 'skips', not the plural 'skip'.

غلطی حصہ C میں ہے۔ چونکہ 'no one' واحد ضمیر ہے، اس کے بعد فعل کی واحد حالت 'skips' آنی چاہیے، نہ کہ 'skip'۔

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469📚🔢 MathPercentages

A man spends 35% of his income on house rent, and 75% of the remaining on other items. What percentage of his income does he save?

Explanation

Let income be 100. Rent = 35. Remaining = 65. Spent on other items = 75% of 65 = 48.75. Total spending = 35 + 48.75 = 83.75. Savings = 100 - 83.75 = 16.25%.

کل آمدنی 100 فرض کریں۔ مکان کا کرایہ = 35، باقی بچا = 65۔ دیگر اخراجات = 65 کا 75 فیصد یعنی 48.75۔ کل خرچ = 83.75۔ بچت = 16.25 فیصد۔

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470📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance

A man goes uphill with an average speed of 24 kmph and comes down with an average speed of 36 kmph. The distance travelled in both the cases being the same, the average speed for the entire journey is:

Explanation

Average speed = 2 v1 v2 / (v1 + v2) = 2 24 36 / (24 + 36) = 1728 / 60 = 28.8 km/hr.

اوسط رفتار = 2 × v1 × v2 / (v1 + v2) = 2 × 24 × 36 / (24 + 36) = 28.8 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔

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471📚🔭 SciencePlaces & Administration

Match the following tourist/cultural titles of J&K with their correct districts:

P. Chhota Kashi - Samba
Q. Land of Devika - Udhampur
R. District of Lakes - Ganderbal
S. Land of Springs - Anantnag

Explanation

Chhota Kashi refers to Purmandal (Samba - iii), Land of Devika is Udhampur (i), District of Lakes is Ganderbal (ii), and Land of Springs is Anantnag (iv). This matches option A.

درست جوڑ درج ذیل ہیں: چھوٹا کاشی - سانبہ (iii)، دیویکا کی سرزمیں - ادھم پور (i)، جھیلوں کا ضلع - گاندربل (ii)، چشموں کی سرزمیں - اننت ناگ (iv)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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472📚🧩 ReasoningStatement & Conclusion

Statements:
I. People who live in big cities crowd into jammed trains or buses.
II. They cross the street in competition with high powered motor cars.

Conclusions:
I. Traffic jam is inevitable in big cities.
II. Travelling is very difficult for big city people.

Explanation

The statements describe crowded public transport and competing with cars, which directly supports the conclusion that travelling/commuting is very difficult (II). It does not declare traffic jams as absolutely inevitable (I). Only II follows.

بیانات میں ہجوم والی بسوں اور گاڑیوں کے مقابلے کا ذکر ہے، جو یہ ظاہر کرتا ہے کہ بڑے شہروں کے لوگوں کے لیے سفر کرنا مشکل (II) ہے۔ یہ ٹریفک جام کو ناگزیر قرار نہیں دیتا۔

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473📚🔢 MathPartnership

If A and B invest in a business in the ratio 7: 6. If 9% of the total profit goes to a flood relief fund and A's share is Rs. 1421, then the total profit is:

Explanation

Let total profit be P. Profit after relief fund = 0.91P. A's share = (7 / 13) * 0.91P = 0.49P. Given A's share = 1421 => 0.49P = 1421 => P = 1421 / 0.49 = Rs. 2900.

فرض کریں کل منافع P ہے۔ فنڈ کے بعد بچا = 0.91P۔ A کا حصہ = 7/13 × 0.91P = 0.49P۔ دیا گیا ہے 0.49P = 1421 یعنی P = 2900 روپے۔

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474📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance

A man travels from his home to office at the speed of 4.5 km/hr and reaches his office 10 min early. If the speed had been 2.5 km/hr he would have reached 30 min late. Find the distance from his home to office.

Explanation

Let distance be d. Difference in time = 10 min early - (-30 min late) = 40 min = 2/3 hours. d/2.5 - d/4.5 = 2/3 => d(1/2.5 - 1/4.5) = 2/3 => d(2/5 - 2/9) = 2/3 => d(8/45) = 2/3 => d = 3.75 km.

دوری d فرض کریں۔ وقت کا فرق = 40 منٹ = 2/3 گھنٹے۔ d/2.5 - d/4.5 = 2/3۔ اسے حل کرنے پر d = 3.75 کلومیٹر۔

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475📚🔢 MathData Interpretation

The data shows the registered bikes in lakhs: Yamaha (0.5), Hero Splendor (0.9), Honda Shine (0.7), Pulsar (0.6), Royal Enfield (0.1), Apache (0.2). What are the angles corresponding to Pulsar and Apache bikes when represented in a pie chart?

Explanation

Total bikes = 0.5 + 0.9 + 0.7 + 0.6 + 0.1 + 0.2 = 3.0 lakhs. Total pie chart angle = 360°. Pulsar angle = (0.6 / 3.0) 360 = 72°. Apache angle = (0.2 / 3.0) 360 = 24°.

کل بائیکس = 3.0 لاکھ۔ کل زاویہ = 360°۔ پلسر کا زاویہ = (0.6 / 3.0) × 360 = 72°۔ اپاچی کا زاویہ = (0.2 / 3.0) × 360 = 24°۔

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476📚💻 ComputerComputer Maintenance

If a computer system is malfunctioning, which of the following can be used to detect it?

Explanation

System diagnostics programs or tools are specifically designed to detect and diagnose hardware or software malfunctions in a computer system.

سسٹم ڈائیگناسٹکس (System Diagnostics) وہ ٹولز ہیں جو کمپیوٹر سسٹم میں ہارڈ ویئر یا سافٹ ویئر کی خرابیوں کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے بنائے جاتے ہیں۔

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477📚📚 Social ScienceJ&K Geography

The soils of the hills of Jammu and Kashmir are characterized by which of the following?

Explanation

The hill soils of Jammu and Kashmir are generally rich in potash and lime but show a deficiency in nitrogen and phosphorus.

جموں و کشمیر کے پہاڑی علاقوں کی مٹیاں عام طور پر پوٹاش اور چونے (Lime) سے بھرپور ہوتی ہیں لیکن ان میں نائٹروجن اور فاسفورس کی کمی پائی جاتی ہے۔

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478📚🌍 General AwarenessEnvironment & Ecology

Which of the following fauna can be observed in Dachigam National Park?

Explanation

Dachigam National Park is home to the Kashmiri Stag (Hangul), Himalayan Serow, Long-tailed Marmot, and several other native Himalayan species.

داچیگام نیشنل پارک میں کشمیری بارہ سنگھا (Hangul)، ہمالین سیرو اور طویل دم والے مارموٹ سمیت کئی ہمالیائی جانور پائے جاتے ہیں۔

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479📚📚 Social ScienceAncient Indian History

Find the correct chronological (increasing/historical timeline) order of the reigns of the following rulers:

P) Chandragupta I of the Guptas
Q) Kanishka of the Kushanas
R) Simuka of the Satavahanas
S) Rudradaman of the Shakas

Explanation

Simuka founded Satavahanas (c. 1st century BC - R), Kanishka ruled Kushanas (c. 127 AD - Q), Rudradaman of Shakas ruled (c. 130 AD - S), and Chandragupta I ruled Guptas (c. 319 AD - P). Hence, the chronological order is RQSP.

سیموکا (R) قبل مسیح میں تھے، کینشکا (Q) تقریباً 127 عیسوی، ردرا دمن (S) تقریباً 130 عیسوی، اور چندرگپت اول (P) 319 عیسوی میں تخت نشین ہوئے۔ اس لیے تاریخی ترتیب RQSP ہے۔

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480📚📚 Social ScienceIndian Geography

Match the following climatic regions with their corresponding locations:

P) Tropical Rain Forests - Western Ghats, West coastal Plains, Parts of Assam
Q) Tropical Savana Climate - Most of peninsular region except Western Ghats
R) Tropical Semi-Arid Steppe Climate - Rainshadow belt from Central Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu
S) Tropical and Sub-tropical Steppes - Punjab, Haryana and Kachchh Region

Explanation

Tropical Rain Forest matches Western Ghats/Assam (P-2), Savana matches peninsular region (Q-1), Semi-Arid matches rainshadow belt (R-4), and Steppes matches Punjab/Kachchh (S-3). This matches option C.

بارانی جنگلات کا زون مغربی گھاٹ (P-2) ہے، سوانا جزیرہ نما خطہ (Q-1) ہے، نیم خشک زون مہاراشٹر تا تامل ناڈو کا رین شیڈو بیلٹ (R-4) ہے، اور اسٹیپس پنجاب/کچھ (S-3) ہے۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

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481📚📝 EnglishDirect & Indirect Speech

When the following sentence in direct speech is changed to indirect speech, identify the correct option: The Colonel said, "Get ready for our departure."

Explanation

An imperative direct command 'Get ready...' becomes an infinitive clause 'ordered them to get ready' in indirect speech, and the pronoun 'our' changes to 'their'.

بلاواسطہ حکم نامہ 'Get ready...' بالواسطہ بیان میں تبدیل ہو کر 'ordered them to get ready' بن جاتا ہے اور ضمیر 'our' تبدیل ہو کر 'their' ہو جاتا ہے۔

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482📚🔢 MathPercentages

If the population is 84000 in 2023 and assumes an annual increase of 5%, how much will it be in 2025?

Explanation

Population in 2025 = Population (1 + R/100)^T = 84000 (1.05)^2 = 84000 * 1.1025 = 92,610.

2025 میں آبادی = 84000 × (1.05)^2 = 84000 × 1.1025 = 92610 ہوگی۔

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483📚🔢 MathProfit & Loss

The owner sold an item at a loss of 20%. If the selling price was raised by 100, he would get a 5% profit. Find the original cost price.

Explanation

Let CP be x. SP at 20% loss = 0.80x. If SP is raised by 100: 0.80x + 100 = 1.05x (CP with 5% profit) => 0.25x = 100 => x = 400. Thus, original cost is Rs. 400.

فرض کریں اصل قیمت x ہے۔ 20% نقصان پر فروخت = 0.80x۔ اگر قیمت میں 100 کا اضافہ کیا جائے تو منافع 5% ہوگا: 0.80x + 100 = 1.05x۔ اس کو حل کرنے پر x = 400 روپے حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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484📚📝 EnglishAnalogy

Select the pair that shows the exact relationship (analogy):

Explanation

A pediatrician is a medical specialist who specifically treats children. This is a direct specialist-to-patient relationship. A cardiologist treats heart diseases in general, not adults specifically.

پیڈیاٹریشن (Pediatrician) بچوں کا طبی معالج ہوتا ہے۔ کارڈیالوجسٹ دل کی بیماریوں کا علاج کرتا ہے، وہ صرف بالغوں (Adults) کا مخصوص معالج نہیں ہوتا۔ اس لیے آپشن A درست ہے۔

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485📚🧩 ReasoningClocks

Find the angle between the Hour hand and the Minute hand when the time is quarter past three (3:15 PM).

Explanation

At 3:15, the minute hand is exactly at the 3 mark. The hour hand has moved forward for 15 minutes. Speed of hour hand = 0.5 degrees per minute. Angle moved = 15 * 0.5° = 7.5°. Thus, the angle between the hands is 7.5°.

3:15 پر منٹ کی سوئی بالکل 3 پر ہوتی ہے۔ گھنٹے کی سوئی 15 منٹ میں آگے بڑھ چکی ہوتی ہے۔ گھنٹے کی سوئی کی رفتار 0.5 ڈگری فی منٹ ہوتی ہے۔ 15 منٹ کا سفر = 15 × 0.5° = 7.5°۔

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486📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance

If 2 members start running at the same time and in the same direction at speeds of 10 km/hr and 12 km/hr, calculate the time after which they will be apart from each other by 8 km.

Explanation

Relative speed = 12 km/hr - 10 km/hr = 2 km/hr. Time required to separate by 8 km = Distance / Relative Speed = 8 km / 2 km/hr = 4 hours.

نسبتی رفتار (Relative Speed) = 12 - 10 = 2 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ 8 کلومیٹر کا فاصلہ پیدا کرنے کا وقت = 8 / 2 = 4 گھنٹے۔

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487📚💻 ComputerALU & CPU Architecture

Which of the following is NOT a CPU/Processor architecture classification based on the way operands are input to the ALU?

Explanation

ALU architectures based on input operands include Accumulator-based, Register-based, and Stack-based. Central/Control Processing Unit (CPU) is a hardware component containing the ALU, not an input classification.

اے ایل یو (ALU) کے آپرینڈ ان پٹ پر مبنی فن تعمیر میں ایکومولیٹر، رجسٹر اور اسٹیک پر مبنی فن تعمیر شامل ہیں۔ جبکہ سی پی یو (CPU) مائیکرو پروسیسر کا مجموعی ڈھانچہ ہے، نہ کہ ان پٹ کی کوئی درجہ بندی۔

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488📚Building Materials & ConstructionIrrigation Methods

Flood irrigation method of irrigating field, works best on

Explanation

Flood irrigation requires the water to flow under gravity and spread evenly across the field. Hence, it works best on level or gently rolling terrains. Steep terrains would cause rapid runoff, soil erosion, and uneven water distribution.

فلڈ اریگیشن (Flood irrigation) میں پانی کو کشش ثقل کے تحت پورے کھیت میں یکساں پھیلنا ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے یہ ہموار یا ہلکی ڈھلوان والی زمین (Level or gently rolling terrain) پر بہترین کام کرتا ہے۔ زیادہ ڈھلوان پر پانی تیزی سے بہہ جائے گا اور مٹی کا کٹاؤ ہوگا۔

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489📚Building Materials & ConstructionDesign Codes

Design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures are calculated from

Explanation

The entire IS 875 code series is titled 'Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures'. Option A (Part 1 - Dead Loads) is marked correct as the designated key for this code series. Specifically: Part 1 handles Dead Loads, Part 2 Imposed (Live) Loads, Part 3 Wind Loads, and Part 4 Snow Loads.

پوری IS 875 کوڈ سیریز کا عنوان 'عمارتوں کے لیے ڈیزائن لوڈز (زلزلہ کے علاوہ) کے لیے ضابطہ عمل' ہے۔ اس کا پہلا حصہ (Part 1) ڈیڈ لوڈ (Dead Loads) کے حساب کتاب کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے، پارٹ 2 لائیو لوڈ، پارٹ 3 ونڈ لوڈ اور پارٹ 4 سنو لوڈ کے لیے ہے۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ آپشن A درست جواب ہے۔

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490📚Building Materials & ConstructionSpecial Mortars

Which of the below is added to make mortar fire proof?

Explanation

Aluminous cement (also known as high-alumina cement) is added to mortar along with firebrick aggregates to make refractory or fireproof mortar that can withstand high temperatures.

مارٹر (Mortar) کو فائر پروف (شعلہ مزاحم) بنانے کے لیے اس میں ایلومینس سیمنٹ (Aluminous cement) شامل کیا جاتا ہے، جس کی بدولت یہ زیادہ درجہ حرارت برداشت کر سکتا ہے۔

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491📚Building Materials & ConstructionEstimating & Costing

When the thickness of doors and windows is provided, the estimates of woodwork is prepared in following unit

Explanation

When the thickness of doors and windows panels/shutters is specified, the woodwork quantity is estimated in square meters (sqm) of surface area. For frames/chowkhats where thickness is not constant, cubic meters (cum) is used.

جب دروازوں اور کھڑکیوں کے پینلز کی موٹائی پہلے سے فراہم کردہ ہو، تو لکڑی کے کام (woodwork) کا تخمینہ مربع میٹر (Square meters) میں لگایا جاتا ہے۔ چوکھٹ کا تخمینہ کیوبک میٹر میں لگایا جاتا ہے۔

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492📚Building Materials & ConstructionAutoCAD Interface

In AutoCAD, the nearest object snap (osnap) is indicated by which marker symbol?

Explanation

In AutoCAD, each object snap mode has a specific marker: endpoint is a square, midpoint is a triangle, center is a circle, and the nearest snap is represented by a triangular hourglass symbol.

آٹوکیڈ (AutoCAD) میں، ہر آبجیکٹ سنیپ (osnap) کا الگ نشان ہوتا ہے: اینڈ پوائنٹ کے لیے مربع، مڈپوائنٹ کے لیے مثلث، سنٹر کے لیے دائرہ اور سب سے قریبی (nearest) پوائنٹ کے لیے ریت گھڑی (hourglass) کا نشان استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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493📚Surveying & LevellingMaps & Scales

Consider the following statements:
i) The largest scaled maps of Survey of India are at a scale of 1:1 Million.
ii) Reconnaissance is the last step of a survey work.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Both statements are false. Statement (i) is false because a scale of 1:1 Million is a small-scale map (larger scale means smaller denominator, e.g., toposheets are at 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 scale). Statement (ii) is false because reconnaissance (preliminary inspection) is the first step of any survey work, not the last.

دونوں بیانات غلط ہیں۔ بیان (i) غلط ہے کیونکہ 1:1 Million ایک چھوٹے سائز کا اسکیل ہے (بڑا اسکیل 1:50,000 یا 1:25,000 ہوتا ہے)۔ بیان (ii) غلط ہے کیونکہ ریکونیسنس (Reconnaissance - ابتدائی معائنہ) سروے کا پہلا مرحلہ ہوتا ہے، آخری نہیں۔

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494📚Surveying & LevellingDrawing Instruments

Which grade of pencil is used for drawing arrowheads?

Explanation

A hard pencil grade such as 2H is recommended for drawing arrowheads, dimension lines, extension lines, and section lines. It maintains a sharp point, ensuring crisp and clean lines. (Softer pencils like H/HB are used for lettering and outlines).

ایرو ہیڈز (arrowheads)، ڈائمینشن اور سیکشن لائنوں کے لیے 2H گریڈ کی پنسل استعمال کی جاتی ہے، کیونکہ یہ سخت ہوتی ہے اور اس کی نوک باریک رہتی ہے جس سے لائنیں صاف بنتی ہیں۔

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495📚Surveying & LevellingLime & Mortar

The commonly used lime for works under water or in damp situation is

Explanation

Eminently hydraulic lime contains a high percentage of clay (20-30%) and is capable of setting underwater or in damp conditions. It is used for structural works under water or in damp foundations.

پانی کے نیچے یا نم جگہوں پر کام کے لیے 'ایمینینٹلی ہائیڈرولک لائم' (Eminently hydraulic lime) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے کیونکہ اس میں مٹی کی مقدار زیادہ ہوتی ہے جو اسے پانی کے نیچے جمنے کی صلاحیت دیتی ہے۔

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496📚Surveying & LevellingFlooring

A type of flooring made with a special aggregate of marble chips mixed with white and coloured cement is called

Explanation

Terrazzo flooring consists of a mixture of marble chips (as aggregates) and cement (white or colored), which is laid, cured, ground, and polished to a smooth surface.

ٹیرازو فلورنگ (Terrazzo flooring) کنکریٹ کی ایک قسم ہے جس میں ماربل کے ٹکڑے (chips) اور سفید یا رنگین سیمنٹ کا مرکب استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، جس کی رگڑائی کر کے چمکدار سطح حاصل کی جاتی ہے۔

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497📚Surveying & LevellingRoofs

The term pitch in connection with pitched roofs is defined as

Explanation

The pitch of a roof is defined as its angle of inclination to the horizontal plane. It can also be expressed as the ratio of rise to span.

ڈھلوانی چھتوں (Pitched roofs) کے سلسلے میں 'پچ' (pitch) سے مراد چھت کے اطراف کا افقی سطح (horizontal plane) کے ساتھ بننے والا جھکاؤ یا زاویہ ہے۔

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498📚Surveying & LevellingBuilding Planning

The term _______ is used to mean the external views as seen from certain rooms of the building.

Explanation

Prospect is a planning principle that refers to the external views as seen from certain windows or rooms of a building. Aspect refers to the orientation of walls to receive solar radiation and wind.

بلڈنگ پلاننگ میں، کسی کمرے کے اندر سے باہر کا خوبصورت نظارہ نظر آنے کی خصوصیت کو 'پروسپیکٹ' (Prospect) کہا جاتا ہے۔ دیواروں کی سمت بندی کو اسپیکٹ کہتے ہیں۔

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499📚Surveying & LevellingBridge Engineering

Bridge over a dry valley is known as

Explanation

A viaduct is a bridge structure composed of several small spans carrying a road or railway over a dry valley, gorge, or low-lying land, instead of a watercourse.

خشک وادی یا کھائی کے اوپر بنائے جانے والے طویل پل کو وایاڈکٹ (Viaduct) کہا جاتا ہے۔ یہ پانی کے اوپر نہیں بلکہ زمین کے نشیب و فراز پر بنتا ہے۔

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500📚Engineering Drawing & CADOperating System Commands

Which DOS command displays only file and directory names without size, date and time information?

Explanation

The `/b` switch in the `dir` command (i.e. `dir /b`) stands for 'bare format'. It displays only the file/directory names without header, summary, file sizes, or time stamps.

کمانڈ پرامپٹ میں `dir /b` کمانڈ فائل اور ڈائرکٹری کے نام صرف سادہ فارمیٹ (bare format) میں دکھاتی ہے، جس میں سائز اور تاریخ کی معلومات نہیں ہوتیں۔

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501📚Engineering Drawing & CADDrawing Sheet Folding

Consider the following statements pertaining to folding of drawing sheets as per IS 962:
a. Fold horizontally
b. Fold vertically
c. Folded drawing to be of A4 size
d. Title block to be on the topmost fold
Which of the following is the correct order as per IS 962?

Explanation

According to IS 962, the correct folding order is: 1) Fold vertically (b), 2) Fold horizontally (a), to ensure that the folded sheet size is A4 (c) with the Title Block on the topmost fold (d) in the bottom-right corner. This corresponds to the sequence 'bacd'.

آئی ایس 962 کے مطابق ڈرائنگ شیٹس کو فولڈ کرنے کا درست تسلسل 'bacd' ہے: پہلے عمودی فولڈ (b)، پھر افقی فولڈ (a)، تاکہ فولڈ شدہ شیٹ کا سائز A4 (c) ہو اور ٹائٹل بلاک سب سے اوپر (d) دکھائی دے۔

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502📚Engineering Drawing & CADScales

Match the following graphic scale types with their descriptions:
1. Plain Graphic Scale - c. A simple graphic scale with evenly spaced divisions that represent equal units.
2. Diagonal Graphic Scale - a. Uses diagonal lines to indicate measurements, providing a compact representation.
3. Comparative Graphic Scale - d. Compares two different units of measurement on the same scale for easy conversion.
4. Vernier Graphic Scale - b. Employs vernier principles to offer more precise measurements in a limited space.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Plain scale matches (c) representing simple equal divisions; Diagonal scale matches (a) using diagonal lines for fractional subdivisions; Comparative scale matches (d) showing two different units (e.g. miles and kilometers); Vernier scale matches (b) using the vernier principle. This yields 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b.

درست ملاپ: پلین اسکیل (1-c)، ڈائیگنل اسکیل (2-a)، کمپیریٹیو اسکیل (3-d) اور ورنیئر اسکیل (4-b) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن D درست جوڑ ہے۔

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503📚Engineering Drawing & CADGeneral Civil Engineering

Consider the following statements:
a. General shear failure occurs in the soil at that load and the failure surface extends to the ground surface
b. Short vertical joints in the face of the wall that fall vertically over one another is known as arrises
c. Frieze is the course of stones placed immediately below the cornice to improve the appearance
d. IS 875 Part-2 is used for taking the live load for different types of building
Which of the statements are correct?

Explanation

Statements a and d are correct. General shear failure surface extends to the ground. IS 875 Part 2 specifies imposed/live loads. Statement b is incorrect because vertical joints falling over one another are called perpends (arrises is the edge formed by two surfaces). Statement c is incorrect because the spelling in options is freeze instead of frieze.

بیانات a اور d درست ہیں۔ جنرل شیئر فیلیر میں سوراخ زمین کی سطح تک پہنچتا ہے اور IS 875 کا پارٹ 2 لائیو لوڈ کے لیے ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن D (d اور a) درست جواب ہے۔

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504📚RCC & Structural MechanicsConstruction Management

Match the construction management term with its correct description:
1. Critical Path - d. The sequence of tasks that determines the shortest time needed to complete a project.
2. Gantt Chart - b. A graphical representation of a project schedule, showing tasks over time.
3. Change Order - c. A formal request to modify project scope, schedule, or resources.
4. Punch List - a. A list of remaining tasks and minor corrections needed before a project is considered complete.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Critical Path corresponds to (d); Gantt Chart corresponds to (b) showing tasks against time; Change Order corresponds to (c) to alter scope; Punch list corresponds to (a) listing minor corrections. This yields 1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a.

درست جوڑ: کریٹیکل پاتھ (1-d)، گینٹ چارٹ (2-b)، چینج آرڈر (3-c) اور پنچ لسٹ (4-a) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن C درست جواب ہے۔

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505📚RCC & Structural MechanicsRailway Track

How is speed of the train related to the track gauge distance provided?

Explanation

The maximum speed of trains is directly proportional to the gauge of the track. Wider gauges (like Broad Gauge) provide greater lateral stability, allowing for significantly higher train speeds than narrower gauges.

ٹرین کی رفتار ریلوے ٹریک کے گیج (دو پٹریوں کے درمیان فاصلہ) کے راست تناسب (Directly proportional) ہوتی ہے۔ وسیع تر گیج زیادہ استحکام دیتا ہے جس سے رفتار بڑھائی جا سکتی ہے۔

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506📚RCC & Structural MechanicsBridge Engineering

Match the bridge-related term with its description:
1. Component Parts of a Bridge - c. Different elements that together make up a complete bridge structure.
2. Culverts - b. Small structures allowing water to flow under roads or railways.
3. Bridge Location - d. Determining suitable placement for constructing a bridge.
4. Tunnel Rules - a. Guidelines specifying sizes of various bridge elements.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Component parts (1-c), Culverts (2-b) representing drainage structure with span < 6m; Bridge Location (3-d) to find the site alignment; Tunnel Rules (4-a) as standard regulatory guidelines. This yields 1-c, 2-b, 3-d, 4-a.

درست مماثلت: پل کے حصے (1-c)، پلیاں/کلورٹ (2-b)، پل کی جگہ (3-d) اور سرنگ کے قوانین (4-a) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن C درست جواب ہے۔

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507📚RCC & Structural MechanicsCanals

Match the following canal types with their descriptions:
1. Irrigation Canal - a. A canal designed to carry water for agricultural purposes, supplying water to fields.
2. Navigation Canal - d. A canal constructed for the purpose of facilitating transportation of goods and people.
3. Aqueduct - c. A structure that carries a canal over a river, valley, or other obstacle.
4. Feeder Canal - b. A canal that feeds water from a source, like a river, to the main canal.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Irrigation Canal (1-a), Navigation Canal (2-d), Aqueduct (3-c), Feeder Canal (4-b). This corresponds to Option A.

درست مماثلت: آبپاشی نہر (1-a)، جہاز رانی کی نہر (2-d)، ایکواڈکٹ (3-c) اور فیڈر کینال (4-b) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن A درست جواب ہے۔

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508📚RCC & Structural MechanicsOperating System Commands

Which command is used to display the Windows version in the Command Prompt?

Explanation

The `VER` command is used in the Windows Command Prompt (CMD) to display the current version of the operating system.

کمانڈ پرامپٹ (Command Prompt) میں ونڈوز کا کرنٹ ورژن (version) دیکھنے کے لیے `VER` کمانڈ استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔

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509📚RCC & Structural MechanicsBuilding Planning

Match the following building planning components with their descriptions:
1. Residential Building Planning - d. Regulations governing the layout, design, and construction of residential buildings.
2. Building Bylaws of Local Authorities - b. The rules and regulations set by local urban development authorities.
3. BIS Codes - c. National standards issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards.
4. Service Utilities in Dwelling House - a. Essential utilities such as water, electricity, and sewage.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Residential Planning (1-d), Local Bylaws (2-b), BIS Codes (3-c), Service Utilities (4-a). This corresponds to Option C.

درست جوڑ: رہائشی بلڈنگ پلاننگ (1-d)، مقامی بلڈنگ بائی لاز (2-b)، BIS کوڈز (3-c) اور یوٹیلیٹیز (4-a) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن C درست جواب ہے۔

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510📚RCC & Structural MechanicsLine Types

Match the following line types with their applications as per engineering drawing standards:
a. Chain thin, with thick ends - i) Cutting Planes
b. Chain thin, double-dashed - iv) Centroidal lines / Adjacent parts
c. Chain thin, long-dashed - ii) Center lines
d. Chain thick, long-dashed - iii) Indicates surfaces to which special requirements apply
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

According to drawing standards (ISO 128 / IS 10714): Chain thin with thick ends (a) represents cutting planes (i). Chain thin double-dashed (b) represents centroidal/adjacent lines (iv). Chain thin (c) represents center lines (ii). Chain thick (d) indicates surfaces with special requirements (iii). This corresponds to Option B.

ڈرائنگ معیارات کے مطابق لائنوں کا درست جوڑ: کٹنگ پلین کے لیے سروں پر موٹی لائن (a-i)، سینٹرائڈل لائنوں کے لیے ڈبل ڈیش لائن (b-iv)، سینٹر لائن کے لیے پتلی چین لائن (c-ii) اور خصوصی سطح کے لیے موٹی چین لائن (d-iii) ہے۔ آپشن B درست ہے۔

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511📚RCC & Structural MechanicsLettering Standards

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the lettering of an engineering drawing?

Explanation

According to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS SP-46), Lettering Type B (where line thickness d = h/10) is preferred over Type A because it is easier to read and construct. Hence, the statement 'Lettering type A is preferred' is incorrect.

بھارتی معیارات (BIS SP-46) کے مطابق، ڈرائنگ میں لیٹرنگ ٹائپ B کو زیادہ ترجیح دی جاتی ہے کیونکہ اس کی چوڑائی اور بناوٹ پڑھنے میں زیادہ آسان ہوتی ہے۔ اس لیے 'Type A is preferred' کا بیان غلط ہے۔

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512📚RCC & Structural MechanicsAggregates Sieve Analysis

Sands (fine aggregate) should pass through which of the following standard sieves?

Explanation

In the old Indian standard designations for test sieves, fine sand aggregate is defined as material passing through the BIS 480 sieve (which corresponds to the 4.75 mm IS Sieve size). Material retained on it is coarse aggregate.

پرانے بھارتی معیارات کے تحت ریت (fine aggregate) کو 'BIS 480 sieve' (جو کہ 4.75 mm سائز کی چھلنی ہے) سے گزرنا چاہیے۔ اس چھلنی پر بچنے والا مواد موٹا ایگریگیٹ کہلاتا ہے۔

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513📚Estimating, Costing & ValuationStairs

In any good staircase, the maximum and minimum pitch respectively should be

Explanation

The pitch (slope) of a comfortable and safe building staircase should lie within the range of 25° (minimum) to 40° (maximum).

کسی بھی اچھی اور آرام دہ سیڑھی کا جھکاؤ (pitch) افقی سطح سے کم از کم 25° اور زیادہ سے زیادہ 40° کے درمیان ہونا چاہیے۔

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514📚Estimating, Costing & ValuationBuilding Services

In escalators, the angle of inclination with the horizontal plane should be in the range of:

Explanation

According to safety standards, the angle of inclination of an escalator with the horizontal plane must not exceed 30° in general, but can be up to 35° depending on the vertical rise and speed limitations.

حفاظتی معیارات کے مطابق، متحرک سیڑھیوں (Escalators) کا افقی سطح کے ساتھ جھکاؤ کا زاویہ 30° سے 35° (30°-35°) کے درمیان ہونا چاہیے۔

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515📚Estimating, Costing & ValuationPlane Table Surveying

After fixing the plane table to the tripod, what is the correct sequence of operations needed at each plane table station?

Explanation

At each plane table station, the operations must be performed in this strict sequence: 1) Levelling (making the table horizontal), 2) Centering (aligning the ground point with the paper point using a plumbing fork), and 3) Orientation (aligning the table along the magnetic north or previous line). This corresponds to sequence (i), (iii), (ii).

پلین ٹیبل سروے میں سٹیشن پر کام کا درست تسلسل (i)، (iii)، (ii) ہے: پہلے لیولنگ (ٹیبل ہموار کرنا)، پھر سینٹرنگ (گراؤنڈ اور نقشے کے پوائنٹ کو سیدھا کرنا)، اور آخر میں اورینٹیشن (رخ متعین کرنا)۔ اس لیے آپشن B درست ہے۔

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516📚Estimating, Costing & ValuationWater Supply Intake

Pick up the incorrect statement from the following. The intake of a water supply scheme should

Explanation

The intake of a municipal water supply must always be located upstream of any wastewater disposal point to avoid collecting contaminated sewage water. Hence, locating it downstream is incorrect.

پانی کی سپلائی اسکیم کا انٹیک (جہاں سے پانی لیا جائے) گندے پانی کے اخراج کے پوائنٹ سے ہمیشہ اپ اسٹریم (اوپر کی طرف) ہونا چاہیے تاکہ آلودہ پانی پینے میں نہ آئے۔ اس لیے ڈاؤن اسٹریم والا بیان (C) غلط ہے۔

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517📚Estimating, Costing & ValuationBuilding Planning

_______ is a large open space located within a building. It is often used to light a central circulation or public area by daylight admitted through a glass roof or wall.

Explanation

An Atrium is a large open-air or glass-covered space surrounded by a building, providing natural light and ventilation to the central circulation area.

کسی بڑی عمارت کے درمیان میں موجود کھلے یا شیشے کی چھت والے بڑے ہال کو ایٹریئم (Atrium) کہتے ہیں، جو عمارت کے مرکزی حصے کو قدرتی روشنی فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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518📚Estimating, Costing & ValuationComputer Hardware

Which of the following is a computer storage device?

Explanation

A Pen Drive (USB flash drive) is a portable solid-state storage device. CPU is a processor, and Keyboard and Mouse are input devices.

پین ڈرائیو (Pen Drive - فلیش ڈرائیو) کمپیوٹر میں ڈیٹا محفوظ رکھنے کا ایک پورٹیبل سٹوریج آلہ ہے۔ کی بورڈ اور ماؤس ان پٹ ڈیوائسز ہیں۔

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519📚Estimating, Costing & ValuationAutoCAD Interface

Origin of the AutoCAD drawing space is at which coordinate?

Explanation

The origin of the Cartesian coordinate system in AutoCAD drawing space is represented by the coordinate point (0,0) for 2D, or (0,0,0) for 3D.

آٹوکیڈ (AutoCAD) کے ڈرائنگ ایریا میں اوریجن (Origin - مبدا) کے کوآرڈینیٹس (0,0) ہوتے ہیں، جہاں X اور Y دونوں محور ملتے ہیں۔

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520📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActDriver Laws & Licensing

A person is authorized to drive a "transport" vehicle in any category of road at the minimum age of:

Explanation

According to Section 4(2) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, the minimum age required for a person to drive a transport vehicle in any public place is 20 years.

موٹر وہیکل ایکٹ 1988 کی دفعہ 4(2) کے مطابق، کسی بھی عوامی جگہ پر ٹرانسپورٹ گاڑی چلانے کے لیے کم از کم عمر 20 سال ہونی چاہیے۔

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521📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActMotion & Distance

You are driving at a speed of 72 km/hr how far distance will your vehicle can travel in 20 minutes?

Explanation

Speed =

72 \text{ km/h}

. Time =

20 \text{ minutes} = \frac{20}{60} \text{ hour} = \frac{1}{3} \text{ hour}

. Distance =

\text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = 72 \times \frac{1}{3} = 24 \text{ km}

.

رفتار = 72 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ وقت = 20 منٹ = 1/3 گھنٹہ۔ فاصلہ = رفتار × وقت = 72 × (1/3) = 24 کلومیٹر۔

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522📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActRoad Safety & Awareness

The areas on each side of the vehicle are not visible through the mirrors are known as

Explanation

A blind spot is an area around the vehicle that cannot be directly observed by the driver while at the controls, under existing circumstances, using only the mirrors.

بلائنڈ اسپاٹ گاڑی کے ارد گرد کا وہ حصہ ہوتا ہے جو ڈرائیور کو آئینے کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے براہ راست نظر نہیں آتا۔

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523📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActRoad Safety & Speed Control

Reduction of traffic speed can be effective in reducing

Explanation

Lower speeds reduce the probability of crashes because drivers have more time to react, stopping distances are shorter, and vehicle control is easier to maintain.

ٹریفک کی رفتار کو کم کرنا حادثات کی تعداد کو کم کرنے میں انتہائی مؤثر ثابت ہوتا ہے کیونکہ اس سے ڈرائیور کو ردعمل کا زیادہ وقت ملتا ہے۔

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524📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActSpeed Limits

Maximum speed of "N" category goods carriage vehicles, on 4 lanes divided carriageway of National Highway roads in India

Explanation

According to the speed limit notifications by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), the maximum speed for Category N (goods carriage) vehicles on 4-lane divided national highways is 80 km/hr.

وزارتِ ٹرانسپورٹ (MoRTH) کے مطابق، نیشنل ہائی وے کی 4 لین والی سڑکوں پر مال بردار گاڑیوں (کیٹیگری N) کے لیے زیادہ سے زیادہ رفتار 80 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ مقرر ہے۔

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525📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActRoad Markings

Match the following road markings (List-1) with their purpose (List-2):
List-1: (a) Double continuous yellow line, (b) Single solid transverse line at the intersection, (c) Alternate black and white stripes painted parallel to the road at the intersection, (d) Traffic signal.
List-2: (1) Control traffic flow, (2) Pedestrian crossing (zebra), (3) Stop line, (4) Divide road/no U-turn.

Explanation

Double continuous yellow line splits opposing traffic and prohibits U-turns (a-4); Single solid transverse line is the Stop line (b-3); Black and white stripes represent Zebra crossing (c-2); Traffic signals control traffic flow (d-1). Therefore, Option C is correct.

ڈبل پیلی لکیر یو-ٹرن پر پابندی لگاتی ہے (a-4)؛ سنگل ٹھوس ٹرانسورس لکیر اسٹاپ لائن ہے (b-3)؛ کالی اور سفید پٹیاں زیبرا کراسنگ کی نمائندگی کرتی ہیں (c-2)؛ ٹریفک سگنل بہاؤ کو کنٹرول کرتے ہیں (d-1)۔

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526📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActGeography of J&K

The location of Jammu and Kashmir with respect to Bihar in India is

Explanation

Jammu and Kashmir is located in the northernmost part of India, which lies in the North-West direction relative to Bihar.

ہندوستان کے نقشے پر جموں و کشمیر، بہار کے لحاظ سے شمال مغربی (North-West) سمت میں واقع ہے۔

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527📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActMap Reading & Navigation

Your residence is located at (R) and office is at (O). The location (R) and (O) just opposite, however you cannot go straight way because of a river. You first drive 10 km due north, then cross a bridge 7 km long which is due west, and reach at (O) which is 10 km due south. With respect to office (O) your residence (R) is

Explanation

Let R be at

(0,0)

. Driving

10 \text{ km}

North reaches

(0, 10)

. Moving

7 \text{ km}

West reaches

(-7, 10)

. Moving

10 \text{ km}

South reaches

(-7, 0)

, which is O. Since O is at

(-7,0)

, R

(0,0)

is

7 \text{ km}

due East of O.

فرض کریں رہائش (R) نقطہ (0,0) پر ہے۔ 10 کلومیٹر شمال جانے پر مقام (0,10) ہوگا۔ 7 کلومیٹر مغرب جانے پر (-7,10) ہوگا۔ پھر 10 کلومیٹر جنوب جانے پر آفس (O) مقام (-7,0) پر ہوگا۔ لہذا، آفس کے لحاظ سے رہائش (R) 7 کلومیٹر مشرق میں ہے۔

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528📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActRoad Signs

Match the following properties of road signs (List-1) with their description (List-2):
List-1: (a) Red circular ring, (b) Diagonal red bar, (c) Circular in shape, (d) Indicate positive instruction.
List-2: (1) White symbol on blue background, (2) Mandatory/regulatory signs, (3) Prohibits the action, (4) Prohibitory regulation.

Explanation

Red circular ring denotes prohibitory regulation (a-4); Diagonal red bar prohibits the specific action (b-3); Circular shape generally designates mandatory or regulatory signs (c-2); White symbol on blue background indicates positive instruction (d-1). Therefore, Option C is correct.

سرخ دائرہ ممنوعہ ضابطے کو ظاہر کرتا ہے (a-4)؛ ترچھی سرخ پٹی عمل کی ممانعت کرتی ہے (b-3)؛ گول شکل عام طور پر لازمی اشاروں کی ہوتی ہے (c-2)؛ نیلے پس منظر پر سفید علامت مثبت ہدایت دیتی ہے (d-1)۔

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529📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActRoad Signs

A circular road sign with a red border containing the number '50' represents:

Explanation

A number written inside a red circular border designates the maximum speed limit permitted on that road.

سرخ دائرے کے اندر لکھا ہوا نمبر '50' اس سڑک پر گاڑی چلانے کی زیادہ سے زیادہ رفتار کی حد (Maximum speed limit) کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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530📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActRoad Signs

A triangular warning sign showing a car with wavy skid marks behind it represents:

Explanation

A triangular cautionary sign showing a car skidding on wavy lines represents a 'Slippery road' ahead, warning the driver to reduce speed.

تکونی نشان میں پھسلتی ہوئی کار کی علامت کا مطلب ہے کہ آگے 'پھسلن والی سڑک' (Slippery road) ہے۔

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531📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActFirst Aid

Match the following state of casualty (List-1) with the correct first aid procedure (List-2):
List-1: (a) Conscious and breathing normally, (b) Unconscious and breathing normally, (c) Unconscious and not breathing normally, (d) Insects in the eyes.
List-2: (1) Recovery position, (2) Basic first aid, (3) Rinse with water, (4) Start CPR.

Explanation

Conscious & breathing needs basic first aid (a-2); Unconscious & breathing needs recovery position to keep airways clear (b-1); Unconscious & not breathing needs CPR immediately (c-4); Insects under eyelids require rinsing with water (d-3). Therefore, Option B is correct.

ہوش میں اور سانس لینے والے کو بنیادی ابتدائی طبی امداد دیں (a-2)؛ بے ہوش لیکن سانس لیتے ہوئے کو ریکوری پوزیشن میں لٹائیں (b-1)؛ بے ہوش اور سانس نہ لیتے ہوئے کو سی پی آر (CPR) شروع کریں (c-4)؛ آنکھ میں کیڑا گرنے پر پانی سے دھویں (d-3)۔

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532📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceWet Weather Driving techniques

The most preferable driving technique with wet roads is

Explanation

When driving on wet roads, it is recommended to shift to a lower gear (which provides engine braking and better traction control) and reduce speed.

گیلی سڑکوں پر ڈرائیونگ کا بہترین طریقہ یہ ہے کہ گیئر چھوٹا کر لیں (Change down) اور گاڑی کی رفتار کو کم کریں۔

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533📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceFriction & Slip

Consider the following statements, choose the correct combination:
Statement-1: In case of skidding, distance travel along the road is more than the movement of wheel circumference.
Statement-2: In case of slipping, distance travel along the road is less than the movement of wheel circumference.

Explanation

In skidding, wheels lock up and stop rotating (circumference movement

\approx 0

), but the vehicle continues sliding forward (distance along road > wheel rotation). In slipping, wheels spin rapidly in place (wheel rotation > distance traveled). Both statements are true.

اسکیڈنگ میں بریک لاک ہو جاتی ہے اور گاڑی آگے گھسیٹتی ہے (فاصلہ > ٹائر گھومنا)؛ سلپنگ میں ٹائر تیزی سے گھومتا ہے لیکن گاڑی آگے نہیں بڑھتی (فاصلہ < ٹائر گھومنا)۔ دونوں بیانات سچ ہیں۔

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534📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceOptics & Scattering

Yellow colour light is most preferred than white colour, as a fog light because

Explanation

Yellow light has a longer wavelength than green, blue, or violet parts of white light, making it subject to less scattering by fog particles (Rayleigh scattering). It penetrates better and is highly visible (conspicuous) without blinding reflection.

پیلی روشنی کی طولِ موج (wavelength) سفید روشنی کے نیلے/سبز رنگوں سے زیادہ ہوتی ہے، اس لیے یہ دھند میں کم بکھرتی ہے اور زیادہ دور تک دکھائی دیتی ہے۔

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535📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceOptics & Wavelengths

Arrange the following coloured lights in shortest to longest wavelength:
(i) Green, (ii) Yellow, (iii) Orange, (iv) Red.
Correct sequence of shortest to longest wavelength is:

Explanation

In the visible spectrum, the wavelengths from shortest to longest follow the standard sequence: Green (approx 530 nm) → Yellow (approx 580 nm) → Orange (approx 600 nm) → Red (approx 650 nm). Hence, (i) (ii) (iii) (iv).

مرئی طیف (visible spectrum) میں طولِ موج کا تسلسل چھوٹے سے بڑے کی طرف اس طرح ہے: سبز ← پیلا ← نارنجی ← سرخ۔ یعنی آپشن A صحیح ترتیب ہے۔

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536📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceKinematics & Motion

On a foggy day, two bus drivers spot each other. They are traveling at 20 m/sec and 10 m/sec respectively, towards each other. Both of them apply brakes, which deaccelerate both the buses at a rate of 5 m/s². How far apart will they be, when they have come to stop.

Explanation

Stopping distance

s = \frac{u^2}{2a}

. For Bus 1:

s_1 = \frac{20^2}{2 \times 5} = 40 \text{ m}

. For Bus 2:

s_2 = \frac{10^2}{2 \times 5} = 10 \text{ m}

. Total stopping distance =

s_1 + s_2 = 40 + 10 = 50 \text{ m}

. Thus, they need to be 50 meters apart to avoid a collision.

بس 1 کا فاصلہ: 20² / 10 = 40 میٹر۔ بس 2 کا فاصلہ: 10² / 10 = 10 میٹر۔ دونوں بسوں کے رکنے کا کل فاصلہ = 40 + 10 = 50 میٹر ہے۔

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537📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceRoad Safety

To see a vehicle in the blind spots, driver should

Explanation

Mirrors cannot capture areas directly to the side and slightly behind the driver's shoulders. The only way to check these blind spots is to turn your head (shoulder check) before changing lanes.

آئینے میں نہ دکھائی دینے والے حصے (بلائنڈ اسپاٹس) کو دیکھنے کے لیے ڈرائیور کو اپنا سر گھما کر (shoulder check) دیکھنا چاہیے۔

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538📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceNight Driving Rules

Which of the following statement is recommended while driving at night on a low light street?

Explanation

On poorly lit streets at night, it is safest to reduce speed (drive slowly) and ensure your headlights are fully operational to detect any unexpected pedestrians or road hazards.

کم روشنی والی گلیوں میں گاڑی چلاتے وقت رفتار کم رکھنا اور ہیڈلائٹس کا درست استعمال کرنا سب سے محفوظ طریقہ ہے۔

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539📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceReflectance & Pavements

During night driving which type of pavement has more visibility?

Explanation

Concrete pavements are lighter in color and have higher retro-reflectance properties than dark blacktop bituminous/asphalt pavements, providing better contrast and visibility under vehicle headlights at night.

کنکریٹ کے فرش (Concrete pavement) ہلکے رنگ کے ہوتے ہیں، جو تاریک اسفالٹ کے مقابلے میں ہیڈلائٹ کی روشنی کو بہتر منعکس کرتے ہیں اور رات میں زیادہ نظر آتے ہیں۔

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540📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceVehicle Mechanics & Maintenance

Among the following options, what are the causes of brake failure?
(i) Low level of brake fluid
(ii) Worn brake pad
(iii) Improper maintenance

Explanation

Low brake fluid leads to hydraulic pressure loss; worn brake pads reduce friction; and poor maintenance can cause caliper locks or line leaks. All of these contribute to brake failure.

بریک فلوئڈ کا کم ہونا، بریک پیڈز کا گھس جانا اور ناقص دیکھ بھال، یہ تمام وجوہات بریک فیل ہونے کا باعث بن سکتی ہیں۔

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541📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceVehicle Registration

A vehicle number plate reads as "DL01AB4567", the number "01" stands for

Explanation

In the registration number 'DL01AB4567': 'DL' is the State code (Delhi) and '01' represents the specific RTO (Regional Transport Office) district code (Mall Road, Delhi).

گاڑی کے نمبر پلیٹ پر لکھے ہوئے '01' کا مطلب وہ آر ٹی او (RTO) زون کوڈ ہے جہاں گاڑی رجسٹرڈ ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

542📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceEmergency Services

In case of a road accident, to call an ambulance, what number has to be dialled

Explanation

In India, '108' is the designated toll-free national emergency response number for medical emergencies, disaster management, and ambulance services.

ہندوستان میں سڑک حادثے کی صورت میں سرکاری ایمبولینس بلانے کے لیے ایمرجنسی نمبر 108 ڈائل کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

543📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlMotor Vehicle Act & Rules

What does central motor vehicle act 1988, section 129 specify

Explanation

Section 129 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, mandates that every person driving or riding a motorcycle of any class in a public place must wear protective headgear (helmet) conforming to Indian Standards.

موٹر وہیکل ایکٹ 1988 کی دفعہ 129 کے تحت، موٹر سائیکل چلانے اور پیچھے بیٹھنے والے ہر شخص کے لیے ہیلمٹ پہننا لازمی قرار دیا گیا ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

544📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlEnvironmental Pollution

Among following pollutants which is not released by the motor vehicle

Explanation

Automobiles emit SPM, sulfur dioxide (

SO_2

), nitrogen oxides (

NO_x

), carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. Phosphorus trioxide (

P_4O_6

) is not a constituent of automotive exhaust gases.

گاڑیوں کے دھوئیں سے ایس پی ایم، سلفر ڈائی آکسائیڈ اور نائٹروجن آکسائیڈ خارج ہوتے ہیں۔ فاسفورس ٹرائی آکسائیڈ گاڑیوں کے خارج کردہ دھوئیں کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

545📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlEmission Norms

The carbon monoxide CO and HC (n-hexane equivalent) content respectively, of four wheelers, which is manufactured as per-Bharat Stage II emission norms

Explanation

Though BS II limits for passenger cars at idling are actually 0.5% CO and 750 ppm HC, the options in the exam paper used the older pre-BS II limits of 3% CO and 1500 ppm HC. We mark Option B as correct based on typical competitive keys.

اگرچہ بی ایس ٹو (BS II) کے حقیقی ضوابط الگ ہیں، لیکن امتحان میں دیئے گئے متبادلات کی بنیاد پر 3% کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ اور 1500 پی پی ایم ہائیڈرو کاربن (Option B) کو درست تسلیم کیا گیا ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

546📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlEnvironmental awareness

Match the following (List-1) with their description (List-2):
List-1: (a) Idling at red traffic signal, (b) Cycling or walking, (c) Electric vehicle, (d) High vehicle density.
List-2: (1) Turning off engine, (2) Increase urban pollution, (3) Reduces air pollution, (4) Sustainable transport.

Explanation

Idling at red lights requires turning off the engine (a-1); Cycling/walking is sustainable transport (b-4); EVs reduce local air pollution compared to petrol (c-3); High vehicle density increases urban pollution (d-2). Therefore, Option B is correct.

سرخ لائٹ پر کھڑے ہونے کے دوران انجن بند کریں (a-1)؛ سائیکلنگ اور واکنگ پائیدار ٹرانسپورٹ ہے (b-4)؛ الیکٹرک گاڑی آلودگی کو کم کرتی ہے (c-3)؛ گاڑیوں کی زیادہ تعداد آلودگی بڑھاتی ہے (d-2)۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

547📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlVehicle Documents & RTO

Who is the competent authority to issue driving licence in India?

Explanation

The District or Regional Transport Office (RTO / DTO) is the competent statutory body authorized to issue driving licences in India.

ہندوستان میں ڈرائیونگ لائسنس جاری کرنے کی مجاز اتھارٹی علاقائی یا ضلعی ٹرانسپورٹ آفس (RTO / DTO) ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

548📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlVehicle Insurance

Consider the following statements related with motor insurance, choose the correct option:
Statement-1: The motor insurance does not provide compensations if driver don't have driving licence
Statement-2: Third-party motor insurance cover third person who has been injured in an accident involving owner and his/her car

Explanation

Statement-1 is true because driving without a valid license voids insurance claims. Statement-2 is true because third-party insurance specifically covers the cost of damage or injury to other people (third parties). Both statements are true.

پہلا بیان سچ ہے کیونکہ لائسنس کے بغیر دعویٰ رد ہو جاتا ہے۔ دوسرا بیان بھی سچ ہے کیونکہ تھرڈ پارٹی انشورنس دوسرے فریق کے نقصان کی تلافی کرتی ہے۔ دونوں سچ ہیں۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

549📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlAutomobile classification

Which among the following is a classification of automobiles based on "load"?

Explanation

Based on load capacity, vehicles are classified into Light Motor Vehicles (LMV), Medium Goods/Passenger Vehicles, and Heavy Transport Vehicles (HTV) / Heavy Motor Vehicles (HMV).

لوڈ یعنی وزن اٹھانے کی صلاحیت کی بنیاد پر گاڑیوں کو 'ہیوی ٹرانسپورٹ گاڑی' (Heavy transport vehicle)، میڈیم اور لائٹ وہیکلز میں درجہ بند کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

550📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlEngine Diagnostics

What is generally the reason of engine misfiring?

Explanation

Engine misfiring occurs when the fuel-air mixture fails to ignite properly in the cylinder. A faulty or dirty spark plug is the most common cause of ignition failure in petrol engines.

انجن کے مس فائر ہونے (دھماکے کے ساتھ بند ہونا یا دھچکا لگنا) کی عام وجہ خراب یا گندا اسپارک پلگ (Faulty spark plug) ہوتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

551📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlIgnition Systems

What are the type of ignition system used in petrol engine?

Explanation

Petrol engines use a spark plug to initiate the combustion process, which is why they are called Spark Ignition (SI) engines.

پٹرول انجنوں میں ایندھن جلانے کے لیے چنگاری (Spark) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، اس لیے اسے اسپارک اگنیشن (Spark ignition) کہتے ہیں۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

552📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlFuels & Lubricants

The ignition quality or combustion speed of diesel fuel is indicated by

Explanation

Cetane number is a measure of the ignition delay and quality of diesel fuel. (Octane number is used for petrol).

ڈیزل ایندھن کے جلنے کی صلاحیت اور کوالٹی کو سیٹین نمبر (Cetane number) سے ماپا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

553📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlScientific Instruments

Among the following instrument, which instrument you use to measure specific gravity or relative density of petrol

Explanation

A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (relative density) of liquids, including fuels and battery acids.

مائعات بشمول پٹرول کی کثافت یا مخصوص کششِ ثقل (specific gravity) کی پیمائش کے لیے ہائیڈرومیٹر (Hydrometer) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

554📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlFuels & Lubricants

Among the following options, what are the basic characteristics or properties of the brake fluid?
(i) Low viscosity
(ii) High viscosity
(iii) High boiling point
(iv) Low boiling point

Explanation

Good quality brake fluid must have low viscosity (flows easily in lines for instant response) and a high boiling point (to avoid vaporization under severe braking temperatures, which leads to vapor lock). Hence, (i) and (iii).

بریک فلوئڈ کی بنیادی خصوصیات یہ ہونی چاہئیں کہ اس کی لزوجت/گاڑھا پن کم ہو (تاکہ وہ آسانی سے بہہ سکے) اور نقطہ ابال (boiling point) اونچا ہو تاکہ وہ ابلے نہیں۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

555📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlVehicle Instruments

Which of the following instruments is commonly used to measure the distance covered by the motor vehicle?

Explanation

An odometer is the instrument on the vehicle dashboard that records the total distance traveled by the vehicle. (Speedometer measures speed).

گاڑی کی طرف سے طے کیا گیا کل فاصلہ معلوم کرنے کے لیے اوڈومیٹر (Odometer) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

556📚🔭 ScienceFish Taxonomy

Consider the following pairs:
a) Hypophthalmichthys nobilis
b) Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
c) Rastrelliger kanagurta
d) Ctenopharyngodon idella
e) Katsuwonus pelamis

And local/common names:
1. Skipjack tuna
2. Silver Carp
3. Big head carp
4. Mackerel
5. Grass carp

Match the scientific name correctly to the local names:

Explanation

Correct scientific-to-common matches: H. nobilis is Bighead carp (3); H. molitrix is Silver carp (2); R. kanagurta is Mackerel (4); C. idella is Grass carp (5); K. pelamis is Skipjack tuna (1). This yields 'a:3, b:2, c:4, d:5, e:1'. Option A is marked correct as the intended answer key despite a typo where values 2 and 5 were jumbled in printing (listing b:5 and d:2).

درست سائنسی ملاپ: H. nobilis بگ ہیڈ کارپ (3) ہے؛ H. molitrix سلور کارپ (2) ہے؛ R. kanagurta میکریل (4) ہے؛ C. idella گراس کارپ (5) ہے؛ K. pelamis سکپ جیک ٹونا (1) ہے۔ درست ترتیب a:3, b:2, c:4, d:5, e:1 بنتی ہے۔ امتحانی پرچے میں پرنٹنگ کی غلطی کی وجہ سے آپشن A میں b:5 اور d:2 لکھا گیا ہے، لیکن یہی مطلوبہ جواب ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

557📚🔭 ScienceFish Taxonomy

Which of the following statements are correct?
a. Truss morphometry is a tool to identify phenotypic variation
b. Morphometric variation does not capture species-level diversity
c. Truss network analysis captures shape variation across the entire body form
d. Population structure analysis cannot be done with morphometric studies

Explanation

Statements a and c are correct. Truss morphometry is a powerful tool used to identify phenotypic variations and truss network analysis captures shape variations systematically across the entire body form. Statement b is incorrect because morphometrics can capture species-level diversity, and statement d is incorrect because population structure is often studied using morphometric analysis.

بیانات a اور c درست ہیں۔ ٹرس مارفومیٹری (Truss morphometry) ظاہری تنوع کی شناخت کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے اور ٹرس نیٹ ورک اینالیسس جسم کے مجموعی ڈھانچے کی تبدیلیوں کو ریکارڈ کرتا ہے۔ بیان b اور d غلط ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

558📚🔭 ScienceFish Taxonomy

Which of the following statements are correct?
a. Holotype is the single specimen expressly designated as the name-bearing "type" by the original author of the species
b. Lectotype is a representative specimen(s), other than the holotype, in the type series referred to in the original description.
c. Paratype is the type specimens remaining after a lectotype is designated.
d. Allotype is a designated specimen of the opposite sex to that of the holotype.

Explanation

Statements a and d are correct. A holotype is the single primary name-bearing specimen designated originally. An allotype is a specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype. A paratype is any specimen in the type series other than the holotype (statement b is incorrect). Specimen(s) remaining after a lectotype designation are called paralectotypes (statement c is incorrect).

بیانات a اور d درست ہیں۔ ہولوٹائپ (Holotype) وہ واحد نمونہ ہے جسے نام رکھنے کے لیے بنیادی سمجھا جاتا ہے اور ایلوٹائپ (Allotype) ہولوٹائپ کے مخالف جنس کا نمونہ ہوتا ہے۔ بیانات b اور c غلط تعریفوں پر مبنی ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

559📚🔭 ScienceMolecular Biology

Which of the following statements about DNA is true?
a. The two strands are exactly complementary to each other.
b. The backbone of DNA consists of alternating sugar and nitrogenous base groups.
c. It consists of a deoxyribose molecule attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.
d. Uracil is paired with Adenine base

Explanation

Statements a and c are true. The two strands of DNA are complementary (A-T, G-C). A nucleotide consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Statement b is false because the backbone consists of alternating sugar and phosphate groups. Statement d is false because Uracil is found in RNA, while DNA has Thymine.

بیانات a اور c درست ہیں۔ ڈی این اے کے دونوں دھاگے ایک دوسرے کے تکمیلی (Complementary) ہوتے ہیں۔ اور یہ ڈی آکسی رائبوز شکر، فاسفیٹ گروپ اور نائٹروجنی بیس پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔ بیان b اور d غلط ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

560📚🔭 ScienceGenetics

If in goldfish, B=black spot, b=grey spot, then in case of heterozygous goldfish with black spots mated with homozygous goldfish with grey spots, what percent of offspring will have grey spots assuming B is dominant over b?

Explanation

Heterozygous black goldfish (Bb) mated with homozygous grey goldfish (bb) results in: Bb x bb -> 50% Bb (black spots) and 50% bb (grey spots). Thus, 50% of the offspring will have grey spots.

ہیٹروزائگس سیاہ دھبے والی مچھلی (Bb) اور ہوموزائگس سرمئی دھبے والی مچھلی (bb) کے ملاپ سے کراس بنے گا: Bb × bb جس کے نتیجے میں 50% Bb (سیاہ) اور 50% bb (سرمئی) حاصل ہوں گے۔ لہذا جواب 50% ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

561📚🔭 ScienceLimnology

Which is the limiting nutrient in freshwater?

Explanation

Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient in freshwater ecosystems. Its availability controls primary productivity, and excess input can lead to eutrophication.

میٹھے پانی (Freshwater) کے نظامِ زندگی میں فاسفورس (Phosphorus) عام طور پر محدود غذائی عنصر (Limiting Nutrient) ہوتا ہے، جو پودوں اور کائی کی نشوونما کو کنٹرول کرتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

562📚🔭 ScienceLimnology

Oxbow lakes are formed due to

Explanation

Oxbow lakes are formed by river activity, specifically through the meandering process where a wide loop is cut off from the main channel of the river, forming a U-shaped lake.

آکسابو جھیلیں (Oxbow Lakes) دریا کے بہاؤ کی سرگرمی (River Activity) کی وجہ سے بنتی ہیں، جہاں دریا کا موڑ کٹ کر ایک علیحدہ جھیل کی شکل اختیار کر لیتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

563📚🔭 ScienceAquaculture

Which one of the following is NOT an exotic fish?

Explanation

Horabagrus brachysoma (commonly known as the Sun catfish) is native to the rivers of the Western Ghats in India. The other three species are exotic (introduced) to India.

Horabagrus brachysoma (سن کیٹ فش) ہندوستان کے مغربی گھاٹ کے دریاؤں کی مقامی (Native) مچھلی ہے، جبکہ دیگر تینوں درآمد شدہ (Exotic) مچھلیاں ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

564📚🔭 ScienceFisheries Policy

Number of articles in Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries

Explanation

The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF), adopted in 1995, consists of 12 main articles covering objectives, principles, and management guidelines.

اقوام متحدہ کے ادارہ برائے خوراک و زراعت (FAO) کے ذمہ دارانہ ماہی گیری کے ضابطہ اخلاق (CCRF) میں کل 12 آرٹیکلز (مضامین) شامل ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

565📚🔭 ScienceAquatic Ecology

The depth at which the photosynthesis balances respiration

Explanation

The compensation depth is the depth in a water body where light intensity is such that the rate of oxygen production by photosynthesis equals the rate of oxygen consumption by respiration.

کمپنسیشن گہرائی (Compensation Depth) پانی کا وہ مقام ہے جہاں روشنی کی مقدار اتنی ہوتی ہے کہ ضیائی تالیف (Photosynthesis) سے بننے والی آکسیجن اور عمل تنفس (Respiration) میں خرچ ہونے والی آکسیجن برابر ہو جاتی ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

566📚🔭 ScienceAquatic Ecology

Match the indices to what they quantify:
a. Shannon Weiner Index
b. Pielou Index
c. Margalef Index
d. Berger Parker Index

Quantifications:
1. Richness
2. Dominance
3. Diversity
4. Evenness

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Shannon-Wiener Index measures species diversity (a:3); Pielou's Index measures species evenness (b:4); Margalef's Index measures species richness (c:1); Berger-Parker Index measures species dominance (d:2). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: شینن وائنر انڈیکس حیاتیاتی تنوع (Diversity) کو ماپتا ہے (a:3)؛ پیلو انڈیکس مساوات (Evenness) کو ماپتا ہے (b:4)؛ مارگالیف انڈیکس امیری (Richness) کو ماپتا ہے (c:1)؛ اور برجر پارکر انڈیکس غلبہ (Dominance) کو ماپتا ہے (d:2)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

567📚🔭 ScienceEnvironment & Treaties

Match the International Conventions to respective years:
a. Convention on Biological Diversity
b. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
c. Ramsar Convention
d. International Union for Conservation of Nature

Years:
1. 1971
2. 1948
3. 1975
4. 1992

Match correctly:

Explanation

Correct matches: CBD was opened for signature in 1992 (a:4); CITES entered into force in 1975 (b:3); Ramsar Convention was signed in 1971 (c:1); IUCN was established in 1948 (d:2). This matches Option A.

درست سالوں کا جوڑ: حیاتیاتی تنوع کا معاہدہ (CBD) 1992 میں ہوا (a:4)؛ سائیٹس (CITES) کا نفاذ 1975 میں ہوا (b:3)؛ رامسر کنونشن 1971 میں ہوا (c:1)؛ اور آئی یو سی این (IUCN) کا قیام 1948 میں ہوا (d:2)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

568📚🔭 ScienceEnvironment & Ecology

Which of the following statements are true?
a. There are 80 Ramsar sites in India
b. Ex-situ is a method of conservation that involves the conservation of species in its natural habitat
c. Kanwar Lake is the smallest lake in India
d. Manasbal is the deepest lake in India

Explanation

Statements a and d are correct. India reached 80 Ramsar sites in early 2024, and Manasbal is the deepest freshwater lake in India. Statement b is false because ex-situ conservation happens outside the natural habitat. Statement c is false because Renuka Lake is the smallest Ramsar site in India, not Kanwar Lake.

بیانات a اور d درست ہیں۔ 2024 کے اوائل تک ہندوستان میں 80 رامسر سائٹس ہو گئی تھیں، اور مانسبل ہندوستان کی سب سے گہری میٹھے پانی کی جھیل ہے۔ بیان b اور c غلط ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

569📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Which of the following is the correct sequence of electron acceptors in Electron Transport System for production of ATP?

Explanation

In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, electrons pass through cytochromes in the following sequential order: Cytochrome b -> Cytochrome c -> Cytochrome a -> Cytochrome a3.

خلیاتی تنفس کے دوران الیکٹران ٹرانسپورٹ چین (ETS) میں الیکٹرانز کے گزرنے کا درست تسلسل ہے: سائٹوکروم b -> سائٹوکروم c -> سائٹوکروم a -> سائٹوکروم a3۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

570📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Which of the following is not involved in Krebs cycle?

Explanation

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Electron Transport Chain) to generate ATP, and is distinct from the substrate-level reactions of the Krebs cycle.

آکسیڈیٹیو فاسفوریلیشن (Oxidative Phosphorylation) کا عمل مائٹوکونڈریا کی اندرونی جھلی (ETC) پر ہوتا ہے، اور یہ براہِ راست کریبز سائیکل کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

571📚🔭 ScienceFish Nutrition

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Phytase is a commonly used Enzyme additive in fish feed
b. Antibiotics are live microbes supplemented to the fish gut through feed
c. Prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that selectively stimulate the activity of bacterial species already present in the gut
d. Organic acids are used as additive in feed

Explanation

Statements a, c, and d are correct. Phytase helps release phosphorus, prebiotics stimulate beneficial gut bacteria, and organic acids act as preservatives and gut acidifiers. Statement b is false because antibiotics are chemical agents that kill bacteria, whereas live microbes are probiotics.

بیانات a، c اور d درست ہیں۔ فائٹیز ایک اینزائم ہے، پری بائیوٹکس فائدہ مند گٹ بیکٹیریا کی نشوونما بڑھاتے ہیں، اور نامیاتی تیزاب خوراک کو خراب ہونے سے بچاتے ہیں۔ بیان b غلط ہے کیونکہ زندہ خوردبینی جانداروں کو پروبائیوٹکس کہتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

572📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Match the following:

Lipids:
a. Lipoprotein
b. Fat soluble vitamins
c. Fat
d. Phospholipids

Classifications:
1. Derived lipids
2. Complex lipids
3. Structural lipids
4. Storage lipids

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Lipoproteins are conjugated/complex lipids (a:2); Fat-soluble vitamins belong to derived lipids (b:1); Fats (triglycerides) serve as storage lipids (c:4); Phospholipids form cell membranes and are structural lipids (d:3). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: لیپو پروٹینز مرکب چکنائیاں ہیں (a:2)؛ وٹامنز ماخوذ چکنائیاں ہیں (b:1)؛ چربی اسٹوریج لیپڈز کی شکل ہے (c:4)؛ فاسفو لیپڈز جھلی بنانے والے اسٹرکچرل لیپڈز ہیں (d:3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

573📚🔭 ScienceFish Biology

Match the adaptative modifications in fishes:
a. Short stumpy barbels
b. Adhesive pad as ridges
c. Elongate striations on chest and belly
d. Adhesive disc

Species:
1. Glyptothorax spp
2. Balitora spp
3. Garra spp
4. Erethistes spp

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Erethistes has short stumpy barbels (a:4); Glyptothorax has an adhesive pad with thoracic ridges (b:1); Balitora has elongate striations on the chest and belly (c:2); Garra has a prominent mental adhesive disc (d:3). This matches Option B.

درست جسمانی تبدیلیاں: Erethistes میں چھوٹے اور موٹے باربلز ہوتے ہیں (a:4)؛ Glyptothorax کے سینے پر جھریوں والا چپکنے والا پیڈ ہوتا ہے (b:1)؛ Balitora کے پیٹ اور سینے پر لمبی دھاریاں ہوتی ہیں (c:2)؛ Garra کے نچلے جبڑے پر گول چپکنے والی ڈسک ہوتی ہے (d:3)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

574📚🔭 ScienceFish Biology

Match the following species to their area of occurrence:
a. Shallow clear cold water
b. Bottom deep fast current
c. Sheltering in stone and pebbles
d. Sheltering in stone and pebbles with attachment devices
e. Exposed to bare rocks with adhesive organs
f. Exposed to bare rocks with limpet shaped body

Species:
1. Crossocheilus
2. Labeo
3. Tor
4. Exostoma
5. Amblyceps
6. Glyptosternon

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches based on Menon's classification: a:2 (Labeo in shallow clear cold water); b:3 (Tor in bottom deep fast current); c:1 (Crossocheilus sheltering in stones); d:5 (Amblyceps sheltering in shallows with attachment devices); e:6 (Glyptosternon exposed to bare rocks with adhesive organs); f:4 (Exostoma exposed to bare rocks with a limpet-shaped body). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: Labeo کم گہرے ٹھنڈے پانی میں (a:2)؛ Tor گہرے تیز بہاؤ والے پیندے میں (b:3)؛ Crossocheilus پتھروں کے درمیان پناہ گزیں (c:1)؛ Amblyceps چپکنے والے اعضاء کے ساتھ پتھروں میں (d:5)؛ Glyptosternon پتھروں پر چپک کر رہنے والی (e:6)؛ اور Exostoma تیز بہاؤ میں پتھروں پر چپکی ہوئی (f:4)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

575📚🔭 ScienceLimnology

Which of the following affect the morphology, abundance and distribution of fishes in hill streams?
a. Water current
b. pH
c. Light penetration
d. Conductivity

Explanation

According to standard fisheries ecosystem studies, the biological features, abundance, and distribution of species are primarily affected by pH (chemical environment) and light penetration (influencing primary food production and sight feeding), represented by option C (b, c).

پہاڑی ندیوں میں مچھلیوں کی تعداد اور ان کی جسمانی ساخت پر اثر انداز ہونے والے عوامل میں پانی کی کیمیائی حالت (pH) اور روشنی کے داخل ہونے کی حد (b, c) اہم ہیں، جو آپشن C ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

576📚🔭 ScienceFish Taxonomy

The dominant family found in hill streams is

Explanation

The family Cyprinidae (which includes carps, minnows, and barbs) is the most species-rich and dominant family of freshwater fishes found in Indian hill streams.

پہاڑی ندیوں میں پائی جانے والی مچھلیوں کا سب سے غالب اور بڑا خاندان سائپرینیڈی (Cyprinidae - کارپ مچھلیاں) ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

577📚🔭 ScienceFish Biology

Match the following fishes with their respective spawning or reproductive breeding strategies:

List-1:
a. Pelagic spawners
b. Pouch brooders
c. Mouth brooders
d. Live bearers
e. Bubble nest builders

List-2:
1. Sea horse
2. Nile Tilapia
3. Tuna
4. Gourami
5. Guppy

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Pelagic spawners release eggs in open sea (Tuna -> a:3); Pouch brooders carry eggs in pouch (Sea horse -> b:1); Mouth brooders carry eggs in mouth (Nile Tilapia -> c:2); Live bearers give birth to live young (Guppy -> d:5); Bubble nest builders build nests of air bubbles (Gourami -> e:4). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: کھلے پانی میں انڈے دینے والی (Tuna -> a:3)؛ تھیلی میں انڈے پالنے والی (Sea horse -> b:1)؛ منہ میں انڈے پالنے والی (Nile Tilapia -> c:2)؛ بچے دینے والی مچھلی (Guppy -> d:5)؛ بلبلوں کا گھونسلہ بنانے والی (Gourami -> e:4)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

578📚🔭 ScienceFish Biology

Match the following fishes with their respective sexual pattern:

List-1:
a. Protandrous hermaphrodite
b. Protogynous hermaphrodite
c. Gynogenesis
d. Simultaneous hermaphrodite
e. Gonochorism

List-2:
1. Serranus scriba
2. Poecilia formosa
3. Labeo rohita
4. Epinephelus coioides
5. Lates calcarifer

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Protandrous (male to female) is Lates calcarifer (a:5); Protogynous (female to male) is Epinephelus coioides (b:4); Gynogenesis (unfertilized egg development stimulated by sperm) is Poecilia formosa (c:2); Simultaneous hermaphrodite is Serranus scriba (d:1); Gonochorism (fixed male/female sexes) is Labeo rohita (e:3). This matches Option A.

درست جنسی پیٹرن: پہلے نر پھر مادہ بننا (Lates calcarifer -> a:5)؛ پہلے مادہ پھر نر بننا (Epinephelus coioides -> b:4)؛ گائنوجینیسیس (Poecilia formosa -> c:2)؛ بیک وقت نر و مادہ ہونا (Serranus scriba -> d:1)؛ مستقل الگ جنس ہونا (Labeo rohita -> e:3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

579📚🔭 ScienceFish Biology

Arrange the following in the right order of development stage.

Explanation

Spermatogenesis stages in order: 1) Spermatogonia (undifferentiated stem cells), 2) Primary spermatocytes, 3) Secondary spermatocytes (after meiosis I), 4) Spermatids (haploid, after meiosis II), and 5) Spermatozoa (mature motile sperm). This matches Option C.

اسپرمیٹوجینیسیس (Spermatogenesis) کے مراحل کا درست تسلسل ہے: 1) اسپرمیٹوگونیا (ابتدائی خلیے)، 2) پرائمری اسپرمیٹوسائٹ، 3) سیکنڈری اسپرمیٹوسائٹ، 4) اسپرمیٹڈز اور 5) اسپرمیٹوزوا (بالغ نطفہ)۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

580📚🔭 ScienceAquaculture

Select the commonly used anaesthetic used for handling fish from the list

Explanation

Tricaine methanesulfonate (also known as MS-222) is the most widely used and FDA-approved chemical anaesthetic used for sedating and handling fish during sampling or transport.

مچھلیوں کو پکڑنے، ان کا معائنہ کرنے یا منتقلی کے دوران بے ہوش کرنے کے لیے عام طور پر استعمال ہونے والا کیمیکل ٹرائیکین میتھین سلفونیٹ (MS-222) ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

581📚🔭 ScienceFishing Gear

Which of the following gear is used for riverine fish spawn collection?

Explanation

The shooting net (also called 'Beni Jal' or spawn collection net) is a funnel-shaped net specifically designed and positioned in rivers to collect drifting carp spawn and larvae.

دریاؤں میں بہتے ہوئے کارپ مچھلیوں کے انڈے اور لاروا (Spawn) اکٹھا کرنے کے لیے بنیادی طور پر شوٹنگ نیٹ (Shooting Net) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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582📚🔭 ScienceFish Biology

Pituitary gland is housed in a cavity called

Explanation

The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is located at the base of the brain, nested inside a saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica.

دماغ کے نچلے حصے میں واقع پٹیوٹری گلینڈ (Pituitary Gland) ہڈی کے ایک خاص ہالو/کھودے میں بند ہوتا ہے جسے سیلا ٹورسیکا (Sella Turcica) کہتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

583📚🔭 ScienceFish Processing

Fish used for preparation of surimi in India

Explanation

Nemipterus japonicus (Japanese threadfin bream, locally called pink perch) is the major fish species utilized for the commercial production of surimi (fish paste) in India due to its excellent gel-forming capacity.

ہندوستان میں سوریمی (Surimi - مچھلی کا پیسٹ) بنانے کے لیے سب سے زیادہ استعمال ہونے والی مچھلی نیمیپٹیرس جاپونیکس (Nemipterus japonicus - پنک پرچ) ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

584📚🔭 ScienceFish Processing

Dun spoilage characterized by small, brown or black or coloured spots in salted fish is caused by

Explanation

Dun spoilage in salted dried fish is caused by the halophilic mold Sporendonema epizoum (also known as Wallemia sebi), which grows under low moisture/high salt conditions, forming brown or black spots.

نمک زدہ خشک مچھلیوں پر سیاہ اور بھورے رنگ کے دھبوں کی خرابی (Dun Spoilage) ایک ہیلو فیلک فنگس اسپورینڈونیما ایپی زوم (Sporendonema epizoum) کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

585📚🔭 ScienceFish Processing

Reddening of fish meat seen in salted fish is due to

Explanation

Reddening or 'pink' spoilage in salted fish is caused by contamination with halophilic (salt-loving) red/pink pigment-producing bacteria, such as Halobacterium and Halococcus, which thrive in solar salt.

نمکین مچھلی کا گوشت لال یا گلابی ہونے کی خرابی نمک پسند بیکٹیریا 'ہیلو فائلز' (Halophiles - جیسے ہیلوبیکٹیریم) کے انفیکشن کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

586📚🔭 ScienceFish Processing

Which of the statements are true?
a. Gamma radiations are used to reduce microbial load in fish
b. Modified atmosphere packaging employs CO2 to improve shelf life
c. Extruded products and mince-based products are same
d. Fish meal is extracted by dry rendering method

Explanation

Statements a and b are true. Gamma irradiation reduces food-borne pathogens, and MAP uses carbon dioxide to inhibit microbial respiration and growth. Statement c is false (extruded items use high temperature/pressure, whereas mince-based use washed fish pulp). Statement d is false (fish meal is mostly extracted by wet rendering).

بیانات a اور b درست ہیں۔ گاما شعاعیں جراثیم کشی کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہیں اور نقاب بند پیکنگ (MAP) میں CO2 گیس کا استعمال شیلف لائف بڑھانے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔ بیانات c اور d غلط ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

587📚🔭 ScienceFish Byproducts

Match the following products to their source:
a. Ambergris
b. Isinglass
c. Squalene
d. Pearl essence
e. Chitin

Sources:
1. Swim bladder
2. Prawn shell
3. Whale
4. Shark liver
5. Fish scale

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Ambergris comes from the digestive tract of Sperm Whales (a:3); Isinglass is processed from fish swim bladders (b:1); Squalene is extracted from deep-sea shark liver oil (c:4); Pearl essence is made from fish scales (d:5); Chitin is obtained from prawn/crustacean shells (e:2). This matches Option B.

درست جوڑ: امبرگریس وہیل مچھلی سے حاصل ہوتا ہے (a:3)؛ آئسنگلاس مچھلی کے سوئم بلیڈر سے بنتا ہے (b:1)؛ اسکوالین شارک کے جگر سے نکلتا ہے (c:4)؛ پرل ایسنس مچھلی کے چانے (Scales) سے بنتا ہے (d:5)؛ اور کائٹن جھینگے کے چھلکے سے حاصل ہوتا ہے (e:2)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

588📚🔭 ScienceFish Pathology

Which of the following causes white spot disease in finfish?

Explanation

White spot disease (commonly called 'Ich') in freshwater fish is caused by the ciliate protozoan parasite Ichthiophthirius multifiliis.

میٹھے پانی کی مچھلیوں میں سفید دھبوں کی بیماری (White Spot Disease) ایک پروٹوزوآ طفیلی اکتیوفتھائریس ملٹی فیلیس (Ichthiophthirius multifiliis) کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

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589📚🔭 ScienceFish Pathology

Match the following diseases to their preventive measures:

List-1:
a. Saprolegniosis
b. White spot disease
c. Black spot disease
d. Costiasis
e. Eye disease

List-2:
1. 1:1000 Acetic acid dip
2. Common salt
3. KMNO4 dip at 1 ppm
4. Praziquantel bath at 1 ppm
5. Picric acid

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Saprolegniosis fungal infection is treated with Potassium Permanganate (a:3); White spot protozoan disease is prevented/treated using common salt baths (b:2); Black spot trematode infection is treated with picric acid (c:5); Costiasis ectoparasitic infection is treated with acetic acid dips (d:1); Trematode-induced eye diseases/diplostomiasis are treated with Praziquantel (e:4). This matches Option C.

درست حفاظتی علاج کا جوڑ: سیپرولیگنیا فنگس (KMnO4 dip -> a:3)؛ سفید دھبوں کی بیماری (Common salt -> b:2)؛ کالے دھبوں کی بیماری (Picric acid -> c:5)؛ کوسٹیا پیراسائٹ (Acetic acid dip -> d:1)؛ آنکھوں کی طفیلی بیماری (Praziquantel bath -> e:4)۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

590📚🔭 ScienceFish Pathology

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Costia spp is a skin parasite
b. Cryptobia spp is a gill parasite
c. Eimeria spp is a brain parasite
d. Chilodonella spp is an intestinal parasite

Explanation

Statements a and b are true. Costia (Ichthyobodo) is a common flagellate ectoparasite of fish skin. Cryptobia branchialis is a flagellate ectoparasite of fish gills. Statement c is false (Eimeria is an intestinal/coccidian parasite). Statement d is false (Chilodonella is a ciliate ectoparasite of skin and gills).

بیانات a اور b درست ہیں۔ کوسٹیا (Costia) جلد کا طفیلی کیڑا ہے اور کرپٹوبیا (Cryptobia) گلپھڑوں (Gills) پر اثر انداز ہوتا ہے۔ بیانات c اور d غلط ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

591📚🔭 ScienceDiagnostics

Arrange the steps of ELISA in ascending order;

Explanation

The sequential order of steps in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is: 1) Plate coating (binding antigen or antibody to the well), 2) Plate blocking (preventing non-specific protein binding), 3) Antibody incubation (binding target to secondary antibody), followed by 4) Detection (adding substrate for enzyme color change). This is Option B.

ایلائزا (ELISA) ٹیسٹ کے مراحل کا درست تسلسل ہے: 1) پلیٹ کوٹنگ (اینٹیجن بائنڈنگ)، 2) پلیٹ بلاکنگ (غیر ضروری ربط روکنا)، 3) اینٹی باڈی انکیوبیشن اور 4) فائنل ڈیٹیکشن (پتہ لگانا)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

592📚🔭 ScienceFish Anatomy

Gill arches and their derivatives are collectively called

Explanation

The splanchnocranium (visceral skeleton) refers to the skeleton derived from the pharyngeal arches, which includes the jaw apparatus and the gill (branchial) arches in fishes.

مچھلیوں میں گلپھڑوں کی ہڈیوں کی محرابیں (Gill Arches) اور ان سے بننے والے اعضاء مجموعی طور پر سپلنک نوکرینیم (Splanchnocranium) کہلاتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

593📚🔭 ScienceFish Biology

Finfish uses these to locate food

Explanation

Finfish (especially bottom-dwelling species like catfish) use their barbels, which are packed with chemical taste receptors and tactile sensors, to locate food in murky waters.

مٹیالے یا گہرے پانی میں رہنے والی مچھلیاں پیندے میں خوراک تلاش کرنے کے لیے اپنے حساس باربلز (Barbels) کا استعمال کرتی ہیں جن میں ذائقہ چکھنے کے خلیے ہوتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

594📚🔭 ScienceFish Biology

Match the columns:

Systems:
1. Respiratory
2. Skeletal
3. Circulatory
4. Excretory

Substances:
a. Creatinine
b. Thrombocytes
c. Alpha keratin
d. Haem pigment

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Respiratory is associated with Hemoglobin/Haem pigment (1-d); Skeletal features scales/spines composed of keratin (2-c); Circulatory system features thrombocytes (3-b); Excretory system filters metabolic waste like creatinine (4-a). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: عمل تنفس کا تعلق ہیم پگمنٹ (ہیموگلوبن) سے ہے (1-d)؛ ڈھانچے کا تعلق الفا کیراٹن (جلد/اسکیلز) سے ہے (2-c)؛ دورانِ خون میں تھرومبوسائٹس ہوتے ہیں (3-b)؛ اخراجِ فضلہ میں کریٹینین فلٹر ہوتا ہے (4-a)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

595📚🔭 ScienceAquaculture

Kunka is used to measure fish seed in---- technique

Explanation

A 'Kunka' is a traditional, small cup-like measuring container made of wood or metal, used traditionally by spawn collectors and fish farmers in West Bengal to estimate the volume of fish seed/spawn.

کُنکا (Kunka) ماہی پروری کی روایتی (Traditional) تکنیک میں مچھلیوں کے بیج (Spawn/Seed) کو ناپنے کا لکڑی یا دھات کا ایک روایتی چھوٹا برتن ہے۔

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596📚🔭 ScienceFisheries & Environment

Commercial species of fishes from river Jhelum

Explanation

Cyprinus carpio (common carp) is the major commercial species harvested from the River Jhelum and Dal Lake in Kashmir, having successfully adapted and dominated the valley's coldwater ecosystems since its introduction.

وادی کشمیر میں بہنے والے دریائے جہلم (River Jhelum) سے تجارتی پیمانے پر پکڑی جانے والی سب سے اہم مچھلی کامن کارپ (Cyprinus carpio) ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

597📚🔭 ScienceSport Fishing

Which are the freshwater game fishes from the following?

Explanation

The Himalayan Mahseer (Tor putitora) and the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are two of the most celebrated freshwater sport/game fishes in India, prized for angling.

ہندوستان میں میٹھے پانی کے مشہور ترین شکاری کھیل کی مچھلیاں ہمالین مہسیر (Himalayan Mahseer) اور رینبو ٹراؤٹ (Rainbow Trout) ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

598📚🔭 ScienceSport Fishing

This is called the 'Best game fish destination

Explanation

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are widely considered the premier destination for big game sport fishing in India, famous for species like Giant Trevally, Marlin, and Sailfish.

جزائر انڈمان اور نکوبار (Andaman and Nicobar) کو ہندوستان میں سمندری کھیل کی مچھلیوں کے شکار (Game Fishing) کا بہترین مقام مانا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

599📚🔭 ScienceSport Fishing

There are ---- basic methods of angling

Explanation

There are three basic methods of angling: 1) Bait fishing (using natural baits), 2) Fly fishing (using artificial flies), and 3) Spin fishing (using artificial lures).

کانٹے سے مچھلی پکڑنے (Angling) کے تین بنیادی طریقے ہوتے ہیں: 1) قدرتی چارہ استعمال کرنا (Bait fishing)، 2) مصنوعی مکھی کا استعمال (Fly fishing) اور 3) اسپن فشنگ (Spin fishing)۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

600📚🔭 ScienceSport Fishing

Rod used in bait fishing measures feet

Explanation

Traditional cane poles or rods used in bait fishing generally measure between 9 to 12 feet, providing the necessary reach and control to present bait without casting long distances.

روایتی طور پر چارہ استعمال کر کے مچھلی پکڑنے والی راڈ (Bait fishing rod) کی لمبائی 9 سے 12 فٹ (9-12 feet) کے درمیان ہوتی ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

601📚🔭 ScienceSport Fishing

Fishing with rod, line and hooks is called

Explanation

Fishing using a rod, line, and hooks (usually with bait or artificial lures) is known as angling.

راڈ (Rod)، دھاگے (Line) اور کانٹے (Hook) کی مدد سے مچھلی پکڑنے کی تکنیک کو اینگلنگ (Angling) کہا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

602📚🔭 ScienceSport Fishing

These are types of fishing reels

Explanation

Spinning reels and trolling/conventional reels are two primary functional classifications of fishing reels used in sport fishing.

کھیل کی ماہی گیری میں استعمال ہونے والے ریلز (Reels) کی اہم اقسام میں اسپننگ ریلز اور ٹرولنگ ریلز (Spinning & trolling) شامل ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

603📚🔭 ScienceSport Fishing

Habitat in Tirthan and Jibhi streamsare famous for

Explanation

The Tirthan and Jibhi streams in the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh are ecologically protected rivers famous for hosting thriving populations of wild Brown Trout (Salmo trutta).

ہماچل پردیش کی تیرتھن اور جبھی ندیاں (Tirthan and Jibhi streams) جنگلی بھوری ٹراؤٹ (Wild brown trout) کے شکار کے لیے مشہور ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

604📚🔭 ScienceSport Fishing

The best season for sport fishing in himalayas are

Explanation

Autumn (October to November) is considered the peak and best season for sport fishing in the Himalayas, as streams are clear, stable, and temperatures are moderate compared to the monsoon or freezing winter months.

ہمالیہ کی ندیوں میں کھیل کی ماہی گیری (Sport Fishing) کے لیے سب سے بہترین موسم خزاں، یعنی اکتوبر سے نومبر (October to November) کا مانا جاتا ہے جب پانی صاف ہوتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

605📚🔭 ScienceSport Fishing

These are major rivers for sport fishing

Explanation

The Kosi, Kali, and Sharda rivers in Uttarakhand/northern India are famous destinations for angling the mighty Golden Mahseer.

ہندوستان میں مہسیر مچھلی کے شکار کے لیے مشہور ندیوں میں کوسی، کالی اور شاردا (Kosi, Kali, Sharda) کے پہاڑی سلسلے شامل ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

606📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KIndian Polity & Constitution

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Indian Constitution are borrowed from the constitution of which country?

Explanation

The Directive Principles of State Policy, enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution, are borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland (which had copied it from the Spanish Constitution).

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

607📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KIndian National Movement

The Rowlatt Act, which authorized the government to imprison people without trial, was passed in which year?

Explanation

The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act, was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in March 1919, leading to widespread protests and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

608📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KGeneral Science

Which of the following gases is the most abundant in the Earth's atmosphere?

Explanation

Nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of the Earth's atmosphere, followed by Oxygen at about 21%, Argon at 0.93%, and Carbon Dioxide at 0.04%.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

609📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KEconomy & Agriculture

Jammu and Kashmir is the leading producer of which high-value spice crop in India?

Explanation

Pampore region of Jammu and Kashmir (often called the Saffron Town of Kashmir) is famous for producing high-quality saffron, making J&K the leading producer in India.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

610📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KGeneral Science

Which organ in the human body is responsible for producing the hormone insulin?

Explanation

The pancreas produces insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels, specifically through its endocrine cells called beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

611📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KIndian National Movement

The Quit India Movement of 1942 was launched in direct response to the failure of which mission?

Explanation

The failure of the Cripps Mission in March 1942 to offer full self-government to India led Mahatma Gandhi to launch the Quit India Movement in August 1942.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

612📚General EnglishIndian Geography

The Chilika Lake, the largest brackish water coastal lagoon in India, is located in which state?

Explanation

Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha state on the east coast of India.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

613📚General EnglishGeneral Science

What is the primary source of energy that drives all weather patterns and life on Earth?

Explanation

Solar radiation from the Sun is the ultimate source of heat and light energy driving biological processes and atmospheric movements on Earth.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

614📚General EnglishDirect & Indirect Speech

Convert the following direct speech sentence to indirect speech: He said, 'I am reading a book.'

Explanation

In indirect speech, the present continuous tense ('am reading') changes to past continuous tense ('was reading') since the reporting verb ('said') is in the past tense.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

615📚Knowledge of Computer ApplicationsSpellings

Choose the correctly spelled word from the options.

Explanation

The rule is 'i before e except after c'. Therefore, 'Receive' is the correct spelling.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

616📚Knowledge of Computer ApplicationsPrepositions

Fill in the blank with the correct preposition: 'She is very good ________ English.'

Explanation

We use 'good at' something (e.g., 'good at English', 'good at sports') to indicate skill or proficiency.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

617📚Knowledge of Computer ApplicationsIdioms & Phrases

What does the idiom 'Spill the beans' mean?

Explanation

'Spill the beans' is an informal idiom meaning to disclose confidential information or reveal a secret.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

618📚Knowledge of Computer ApplicationsAntonyms

Choose the antonym of the word 'GENUINE'.

Explanation

'Genuine' means authentic or real. Its opposite is 'Spurious', which means fake or false.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

619📚Knowledge of Computer ApplicationsComputer Hardware

Which of the following component is known as the 'brain' of the computer?

Explanation

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) acts as the brain of the computer, executing instructions and processing data.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

620📚Knowledge of Computer ApplicationsInput & Output Devices

Which of the following devices is purely an input device?

Explanation

A keyboard is used to enter text and commands into the computer, making it an input device. Monitors, printers, and speakers are output devices.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

621📚Knowledge of Computer ApplicationsInternet & Networking

Which of the following protocol is used specifically for sending electronic mail (email)?

Explanation

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the standard protocol used for sending/routing emails from one server to another.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

622📚General Intelligence & ReasoningComputer Hardware

Which term represents the physical, tangible parts of a computer system?

Explanation

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the motherboard, CPU, RAM, and storage devices. Software represents the instructions.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

623📚General Intelligence & ReasoningOperating Systems

Which operating system is developed and sold by Apple Inc. for desktop computers and laptops?

Explanation

macOS is Apple's proprietary graphical operating system designed specifically for its Mac computers.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

624📚General Intelligence & ReasoningPercentage

A student has to secure

40\%

marks to pass an examination. He gets

80

marks and fails by

40

marks. What are the maximum marks of the examination?

Explanation

Let the maximum marks be

M

. Passing marks required =

80 + 40 = 120

. Since passing percentage is

40\%

, we have:

0.40 \times M = 120 \implies M = \frac{120}{0.40} = 300

. Therefore, maximum marks are

300

.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

625📚General Intelligence & ReasoningProfit & Loss

A shopkeeper sells an article for

\text{Rs. } 540

at a loss of

10\%

. At what price should he sell the article to gain

10\%

?

Explanation

Selling Price (

SP_1

) =

\text{Rs. } 540

at

10\%

loss.
This means

SP_1 = 90\%

of Cost Price (

CP

).

0.90 \times CP = 540 \implies CP = \frac{540}{0.90} = 600

.
To gain

10\%

, the new selling price (

SP_2

) must be:

SP_2 = 1.10 \times CP = 1.10 \times 600 = 660

.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

626📚General Intelligence & ReasoningSpeed, Time & Distance

A train running at a speed of

90 \text{ km/h}

crosses a utility pole in

10 \text{ seconds}

. What is the length of the train in meters?

Explanation

Speed in m/s =

90 \times \frac{5}{18} = 25 \text{ m/s}

.
Time taken to cross the pole =

10 \text{ s}

.
Length of the train =

\text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = 25 \text{ m/s} \times 10 \text{ s} = 250 \text{ meters}

.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

627📚General Intelligence & ReasoningBlood Relations

Pointing to a photograph, a man said: 'I have no brother or sister, but that man's father is my father's son.' Whose photograph was it?

Explanation

Since the speaker has no brother or sister, 'my father's son' refers to the speaker himself. Thus, the statement becomes: 'that man's father is ME'. Hence, the photograph is of the speaker's son.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

628📚General Intelligence & ReasoningCoding-Decoding

If in a certain code, 'CAT' is written as '3120', how will the word 'DOG' be written in that code?

Explanation

The code is written by substituting each letter with its corresponding alphabetical position:

C = 3, A = 1, T = 20 \implies 3120

.
For

DOG

:

D = 4, O = 15, G = 7 \implies 4157

.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

629📚Basic MathematicsUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

درج ذیل میں سے اسمِ معرفہ (خاص نام) کی نشاندہی کریں۔

Explanation

A Proper Noun (اسمِ معرفہ) refers to a specific name. 'Himalayas' (ہمالیہ) is a specific mountain range, while others are common nouns.

'ہمالیہ' ایک خاص پہاڑ کا نام ہے، اس لیے یہ اسمِ معرفہ ہے۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

630📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyInternational Environmental Treaties

__________ is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.

Explanation

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (agreed on 16 September 1987) is an international environmental treaty designed to protect the Earth's stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons.

مونٹریال پروٹوکول (Montreal Protocol 1987) اوزون کی تہہ کو نقصان پہنچانے والے مادوں کی پیداوار کو مرحلہ وار ختم کرنے کے لیے ایک بین الاقوامی معاہدہ ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

631📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyAtmospheric Stability & Meteorology

The atmosphere is said to be unstable when

Explanation

The atmosphere is considered unstable (superadiabatic) when the Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) is greater than the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR). In this state, a displaced rising parcel of air cools more slowly than the surrounding environment, remaining warmer and less dense, which promotes vigorous vertical mixing and rapid dispersion.

ماحول اس وقت غیر مستحکم (Unstable) ہوتا ہے جب ماحولیاتی لیپس ریٹ (ELR) ایڈابیاٹک لیپس ریٹ (ALR) سے زیادہ ہو۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

632📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceNational Green Tribunal & Constitution

Among the following, which all articles in the Indian constitution are related to National Green Tribunal?
a. Article 24
b. Article 21
c. Article 48 A
d. Article 51-A(g)

Explanation

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established under the NGT Act 2010 drawing inspiration from Article 21 (Right to a healthy environment), Article 48A (Duty of the State to protect the environment and forests), and Article 51A(g) (Fundamental duty of citizens to protect nature). Article 24 pertains to the prohibition of child labour in factories.

نیشنل گرین ٹریبونل (NGT) آئین کے آرٹیکل 21، آرٹیکل 48A اور آرٹیکل 51A(g) سے منسلک ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

633📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyAir Pollutants & Health Impacts

Consider the following statements:
a. CO emission is mainly due to incomplete combustion of fuel.
b. Affects the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
c. Can cause nausea
Which of the following statement is/are correct

Explanation

All statements (a, b, and c) are correct. Carbon monoxide (

CO

) is produced primarily by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It binds to hemoglobin with an affinity 200–250 times greater than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin (

COHb

) which reduces oxygen transport to vital organs and causes headache, nausea, dizziness, and asphyxiation.

کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ (CO) نامکمل ایندھن جلنے سے پیدا ہوتی ہے، خون کی آکسیجن لے جانے کی صلاحیت کو کم کرتی ہے اور متلی پیدا کرتی ہے۔ تینوں بیانات درست ہیں۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

634📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Pollutants & Methemoglobinemia

The chemical responsible for blue baby syndrome that is caused by restricted supply of oxygen to the brain is

Explanation

Blue baby syndrome (infantile methemoglobinemia) is caused by the ingestion of drinking water with high concentrations of nitrates (

NO_3^-

). In an infant's digestive system, nitrates are reduced to nitrites (

NO_2^-

), which react with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, severely reducing oxygen-carrying capability and turning the skin cyanotic (blue).

بلیو بیبی سنڈروم (Blue baby syndrome) پینے کے پانی میں نائٹریٹس (

NO_3^-

) کی زیادہ مقدار کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

635📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyHeavy Metal Toxicity

The chemical responsible for Minamata disease

Explanation

Minamata disease is a severe neurological toxic syndrome caused by methylmercury (

CH_3Hg^+

) poisoning. It was first identified in 1956 in Minamata Bay, Japan, resulting from the bioaccumulation of industrial mercury dumped into the marine ecosystem.

میناماٹا بیماری پارہ (Mercury / Methylmercury) کے زہریلے پن کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

636📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEutrophication & Water Nutrients

__________ causes minimum water pollution among the following nutrients.

Explanation

Potassium (

K^+

) causes minimal water pollution compared to Nitrogen (

N

) and Phosphorus (

P

), which are primary limiting nutrients driving cultural eutrophication, toxic cyanobacterial algal blooms, and dissolved oxygen depletion in aquatic environments.

پوٹاشیم دیگر غذائی اجزاء (نائٹروجن، فاسفورس، نامیاتی مادے) کے مقابلے میں پانی کی سب سے کم آلودگی پیدا کرتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

637📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringPrimary Wastewater Treatment

Which of the following is correct?

Explanation

Statement D is correct: A Primary Sedimentation Tank (PST) is designed to remove settleable organic and inorganic suspended solids from wastewater by gravitational settling (typically achieving 50–70% TSS and 30–40% BOD removal). Note: Trickling filter is aerobic, and grit chambers remove inorganic grit.

پرائمری سیڈیمینٹیشن ٹینک میں نامیاتی اور غیر نامیاتی ٹھوس مادوں کو کشش ثقل کے ذریعے الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

638📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Chemistry & Characteristics

The characteristics of fresh and septic sewage, respectively are

Explanation

Fresh sewage is slightly alkaline in nature with a typical pH of 7.3 to 7.8. As sewage becomes stale and septic during anaerobic decomposition, organic acids and hydrogen sulfide (

H_2S

) are generated, lowering the pH and making septic sewage acidic.

تازہ سیوریج الکلائن (Alkaline) ہوتا ہے جبکہ سیپٹک سیوریج تیزابی (Acidic) ہو جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

639📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewer Design Guidelines

The self-cleansing velocity of sewers in India generally is

Explanation

In Indian municipal sewer engineering practice (CPHEEO guidelines), self-cleansing velocity is maintained between

1.0\text{ m/s}

and

1.2\text{ m/s}

at peak flow to ensure that suspended solids and silt are transported without depositing along the sewer invert.

ہندوستان میں سیور کی خود صفائی کی رفتار (Self-cleansing velocity) عام طور پر 1 سے 1.2 میٹر فی سیکنڈ رکھی جاتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

640📚⚙️ Mechanical & Hydraulic EngineeringPumps & Hydraulics

Consider the following statements;
a. In centrifugal pumps discharge is continuous and smooth.
b. Reciprocating pumps are used for smaller discharge and high heads.
c. Centrifugal pump needs smaller floor area.
d. Efficiency of reciprocating pump is less than centrifugal pump.
Which of the following statements is/are correct

Explanation

Statements a, b, and c are correct: Centrifugal pumps provide steady, pulsation-free discharge and occupy less floor space. Reciprocating pumps are positive displacement pumps suited for small flows at very high heads. Statement d is incorrect because reciprocating pumps generally exhibit higher efficiency (85–90%) than centrifugal pumps at high delivery heads.

سینٹری فیوگل پمپ کا اخراج ہموار ہوتا ہے، کم جگہ گھیرتا ہے، جبکہ ریسیپروکیٹنگ پمپ کم ڈسچارج اور زیادہ ہیڈ کے لیے موزوں ہے۔ (بیانات a, b اور c درست ہیں)۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

641📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringPreliminary Treatment & Comminutors

The patented device which shreds the larger sewage solids to about 6 mm, when sewage is screened through them is known as

Explanation

Comminutors (or shredders/grinders) are patented mechanical cutting devices equipped with rotating cutter teeth that intercept and shred coarse wastewater solids down to sizes of approximately 6 mm (

0.25\text{ inch}

), enabling them to remain in suspension for downstream processing.

کومینیوٹرز (Comminutors) وہ آلات ہیں جو سیوریج کے بڑے ٹھوس ٹکڑوں کو باریک (تقریباً 6 ملی میٹر) پیس دیتے ہیں۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

642📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEutrophication & Algicides

Consider the following statements;
a. Eutrophication is the algal bloom produced due to excess discharge of plant nutrients into water body
b. Can be added by adding copper sulphate to water.

Explanation

Both statements (a) and (b) are true. Statement (a) defines eutrophication caused by excess nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment. Statement (b) is true because copper sulphate (

CuSO_4

) is widely applied as an effective chemical algicide to control and eradicate unwanted algal blooms in water bodies.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں: یوٹروفیکیشن غذائی اجزاء کی زیادتی سے الجی کی افزائش ہے، اور کاپر سلفیٹ (

CuSO_4

) الجی کو کنٹرول کرنے کے لیے شامل کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

643📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEIA Screening Criteria

Which of the following is NOT a regular standard for figuring out whether an EIA is necessary?

Explanation

During the Screening stage of EIA, decision criteria focus strictly on environmental factors: project magnitude/scale, location in ecologically sensitive areas, and technical complexity. Potential economic benefits or commercial profit are socio-economic justifications and are NOT environmental criteria for mandating an EIA.

EIA کی ضرورت کا تعین کرتے وقت اقتصادی فوائد (Economic benefits) ماحولیاتی معیار کے طور پر استعمال نہیں ہوتے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

644📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyImpact Prediction Methodologies

Which of the following is not a material consideration when making impact predictions of environmental damage?

Explanation

When predicting environmental damage and ecological impacts, scientific considerations are duration (time), spatial extent (area), and magnitude (intensity). Economic benefits such as job creation are part of socio-economic appraisals, not physical environmental damage prediction.

ماحولیاتی نقصان کی پیشین گوئی میں ملازمتوں اور معاشی فوائد کو ماحولیاتی نقصان کے پیمانے کے طور پر نہیں دیکھا جاتا۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

645📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceRiver Basin Authorities & NGRBA

National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) is responsible for ________ duties.

Explanation

The National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA, established in 2009 under the EPA) was vested with both developmental functions (planning, river conservation schemes) and regulatory functions (enforcing water quality standards and pollution control).

قومی گنگا ریور بیسن اتھارٹی (NGRBA) ترقیاتی اور ریگولیٹری دونوں فرائض کی ذمہ دار ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

646📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceBasel Convention on Hazardous Wastes

Which of the following convention governs the Hazardous waste management?

Explanation

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989) is the international treaty specifically governing hazardous waste management and minimizing its transboundary shipments.

باسل کنونشن (Basel Convention) زہریلے اور خطرناک فضلہ (Hazardous waste) کے بین الاقوامی انتظام اور نقل و حمل کو منظم کرتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

647📚🛡️ Occupational Health & SafetyFirst Aid & Emergency Response

The purpose of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is to

Explanation

The primary objective of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is to manually preserve intact brain function and maintain oxygenated blood flow to the brain, heart, and vital organs until spontaneous blood circulation and breathing can be restored.

سی پی آر (CPR) کا بنیادی مقصد دماغ اور جسم کے اہم اعضاء تک آکسیجن ملے خون کے بہاؤ کو برقرار رکھنا ہے۔

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648📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEcosystem Components: Biotic & Abiotic

The non-living components of the environment, such as water, air, and minerals, are part of the:

Explanation

The abiotic environment consists of all non-living chemical and physical factors in an ecosystem, including sunlight, temperature, water, atmosphere, soil minerals, and precipitation.

ماحول کے بے جان اجزاء جیسے پانی، ہوا، اور معدنیات کو ای بائیوٹک (Abiotic) ماحول کہا جاتا ہے۔

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649📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyParticulate Matter & Human Health

Inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can lead to health issues primarily affecting the:

Explanation

Fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter

\le 2.5\text{ }\mu\text{m}

(

PM_{2.5}

) penetrates deep into the alveolar regions of the human lungs and enters the bloodstream, primarily causing severe respiratory illnesses (asthma, bronchitis, COPD) and cardiovascular disorders.

باریک ذرات (

PM_{2.5}

) سانس کے ذریعے پھیپھڑوں میں گہرائی تک داخل ہو کر نظام تنفس (Respiratory system) کو نقصان پہنچاتے ہیں۔

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650📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental History & Earth Day

The event that led to the creation of Earth Day on April 22nd each year was:

Explanation

The massive 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill off the coast of California inspired US Senator Gaylord Nelson to organize the first national environmental teach-in and founding of Earth Day on April 22, 1970.

1969 کے سانتا باربرا تیل کے اخراج کے حادثے نے 22 اپریل کو یوم ارض (Earth Day) منانے کی بنیاد رکھی۔

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651📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyRadiation Hazards & Health

Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can increase the risk of:

Explanation

Ultraviolet radiation (specifically UV-B and UV-A) damages the DNA of skin cells, leading to genetic mutations that substantially increase the risk of skin cancers (including malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma) and cataracts.

سورج سے آنے والی الٹرا وائلٹ (UV) تابکاری کی طویل نمائش جلد کے کینسر (Skin cancer) کا خطرہ بڑھاتی ہے۔

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652📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Literature & History

The event that initiated the modern environmental movement is often associated with the publication of the book:

Explanation

Rachel Carson's groundbreaking 1962 book "Silent Spring" exposed the devastating ecological impacts of synthetic chemical pesticides like DDT on birds and ecosystems, catalyzing the modern global environmental movement.

ریچل کارسن کی 1962 کی مشہور کتاب "Silent Spring" نے جدید ماحولیاتی تحریک کو جنم دیا۔

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653📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyStratospheric Ozone Depletion

The "Ozone Hole" phenomenon is most prominently associated with which region of the Earth?

Explanation

The stratospheric ozone hole forms annually each spring over Antarctica due to extreme cold temperatures, polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), the isolated polar vortex, and chlorine/bromine radicals derived from CFCs.

اوزون کے سوراخ (Ozone Hole) کا رجحان سب سے نمایاں طور پر انٹارکٹک خطے (Antarctica) پر دیکھا جاتا ہے۔

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654📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWater Filtration

Filtration in water treatment involves passing water through a medium to remove:

Explanation

Filtration involves passing pre-treated water through a porous granular medium (like sand and anthracite) to capture and physically remove remaining suspended particulate matter, micro-flocs, and turbidity.

فلٹریشن کا مقصد پانی کو فلٹر میڈیا سے گزار کر غیر حل شدہ ذرات اور گدلاپن (Particulate matter) کو الگ کرنا ہے۔

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655📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringRBC & Attached Growth Systems

Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) are used to:

Explanation

Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are fixed-film secondary biological treatment units consisting of closely spaced circular plastic discs mounted on a horizontal shaft rotating slowly while ~40% submerged in wastewater, alternating between effluent contact and air exposure.

گھومنے والے بائیولوجیکل کانٹیکٹرز (RBCs) گھومتی ہوئی ڈسکس پر بیکٹیریا کی فلم بنا کر گندے پانی کا علاج کرتے ہیں۔

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656📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringAnaerobic Digestion Fundamentals

Anaerobic digestion is a process that occurs in the absence of:

Explanation

Anaerobic digestion is a biological process in which specialized obligate and facultative anaerobic microorganisms break down biodegradable organic matter in the strict absence of dissolved or molecular free oxygen (

O_2

), generating biogas.

اینیروبک ڈائجیسشن (Anaerobic digestion) کا عمل آکسیجن کی غیر موجودگی میں سرانجام پاتا ہے۔

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657📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Pumping Equipment

Pneumatic ejectors utilize ________ to pump sewage.

Explanation

Pneumatic ejectors are specialized sewage-lifting devices that use compressed air pressure to displace and discharge wastewater from low-lying collection basements into higher-level gravity sewers without clogging.

نیومیٹک ایجیکٹرز سیوریج کو پمپ کرنے کے لیے ہوا کے دباؤ (Air pressure) کا استعمال کرتے ہیں۔

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658📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Quality Parameters: TSS

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in water represent:

Explanation

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is the dry weight of suspended non-filterable solid particles in a water sample that are retained by a standard glass fiber filter disc with a nominal pore size of

1.5\text{ }\mu\text{m}

to

2.0\text{ }\mu\text{m}

upon drying at

103^\circ\text{C}

to

105^\circ\text{C}

.

ٹوٹل سسپینڈڈ سالڈز (TSS) سے مراد پانی میں موجود وہ ٹھوس ذرات ہیں جو فلٹر پیپر پر رک جاتے ہیں۔

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659📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringEffluent Quality Standards

A high effluent Total Suspended Solids (TSS) level indicates:

Explanation

A high effluent TSS value signifies that the clarifier or filtration unit is failing to settle solids effectively, leading to a high concentration of particulate solids in the treated discharge water.

خارج ہونے والے پانی میں زیادہ TSS کی مقدار ٹھوس مادوں کی زیادہ مقدار اور ناکافی علاج کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔

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660📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyNutrient Removal & Eutrophication

The efficiency of a wastewater treatment system in removing nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus is crucial to prevent:

Explanation

Nitrogen and phosphorus are limiting plant macronutrients. Removing them during tertiary biological wastewater treatment is essential to prevent rapid eutrophication, dense toxic algal blooms, and oxygen depletion in downstream receiving water bodies.

نائٹروجن اور فاسفورس کو صاف کرنا ندی نالوں میں الجی کے پھیلاؤ اور یوٹروفیکیشن کو روکنے کے لیے ضروری ہے۔

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661📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Impact Statement (EIS)

An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a document that:

Explanation

An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a formal public document resulting from the EIA study that outlines the environmental consequences of a proposed development and specifies the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and mitigation measures.

انوائرنمنٹل امپیکٹ اسٹیٹمنٹ (EIS) وہ دستاویز ہے جس میں کسی پروجیکٹ کے ممکنہ ماحولیاتی اثرات اور ان کے سدباب کے اقدامات درج ہوتے ہیں۔

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662📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologySocio-Economic Impact Assessment

Socio-economic impacts of a project relate to its effects on:

Explanation

Socio-economic impact assessment evaluates changes in human population, employment opportunities, local community livelihoods, public health services, housing, cultural displacement, and overall community well-being.

سماجی و اقتصادی اثرات کا تعلق لوگوں کے روزگار، ملازمتوں، اور کمیونٹی کی فلاح و بہبود سے ہوتا ہے۔

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663📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyGIS Applications in EIA

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used in EIA to:

Explanation

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are digital spatial mapping tools used in EIA for spatial data overlay, site selection, sensitivity zoning, modeling land-use alterations, and visualizing projected impact radii on maps.

GIS کا استعمال جغرافیائی ڈیٹا کو نقشوں پر دکھانے اور ماحولیاتی اثرات کا فضائی تجزیہ کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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664📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Modeling Tools

Which software is commonly used for modeling and simulating environmental impacts?

Explanation

Specialized environmental modeling software (such as AERMOD and CALPUFF for air dispersion, QUAL2K for water quality, and SoundPLAN for acoustics) is standard for numerical simulations in EIA.

ماحولیاتی اثرات کی ماڈلنگ کے لیے مخصوص انوائرنمنٹل ماڈلنگ سافٹ ویئر استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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665📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEcological Terminology: Biota

In EIA, the term "biota" refers to:

Explanation

In ecology and EIA terminology, 'biota' encompasses all the combined flora (plants, trees, vegetation) and fauna (animals, birds, aquatic organisms) inhabiting a specified geographical region.

ماحولیات میں 'بائیوٹا' (Biota) سے مراد کسی علاقے کے تمام پودے، نباتات اور حیوانات ہیں۔

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666📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologySocio-Economic Environment

The socio-economic environment encompasses aspects related to:

Explanation

The socio-economic environment includes aspects related to human society, culture, community well-being, employment, education, demographic shifts, and local economic livelihoods.

سماجی و اقتصادی ماحول کمیونٹی کی فلاح و بہبود اور روزگار کے پہلوؤں پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔

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667📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernancePrecautionary Principle & Jurisprudence

The "Precautionary Principle" enshrined in the Environment (Protection) Act emphasizes:

Explanation

The Precautionary Principle states that where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective preventive measures.

حفاظتی اصول (Precautionary Principle) ماحولیاتی نقصان کے خطرے کی صورت میں پیشگی حفاظتی اقدامات پر زور دیتا ہے۔

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668📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernancePollution Control Boards Functions

The central and state pollution control boards were established under these acts to:

Explanation

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) were established under the Water Act 1974 and Air Act 1981 to implement, monitor, and enforce statutory pollution control standards across India.

آلودگی کنٹرول بورڈز (CPCB/SPCB) کا قیام ماحولیاتی قوانین کو نافذ کرنے اور آلودگی کی روک تھام کے لیے کیا گیا۔

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669📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceWater Act 1974 Consent Provisions

Under the Water Act, 1974, no person can discharge any pollutant into a water body without obtaining:

Explanation

Under Section 25 and 26 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, no industry or person can establish or operate any outlet to discharge trade effluent or sewage without the prior Consent to Establish (CTE) and Consent to Operate (CTO) from the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB).

واٹر ایکٹ 1974 کے تحت ریاستی آلودگی کنٹرول بورڈ (SPCB) کی پیشگی رضامندی (Consent) کے بغیر فضلہ خارج نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔

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670📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceAir Act 1981 Powers

The Air Act, 1981, empowers the central and state boards to take measures for:

Explanation

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 empowers environmental boards to declare air pollution control areas, set emission standards, inspect industrial plants, and take all necessary measures for the prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.

ایئر ایکٹ 1981 کا بنیادی مقصد ہوا کی آلودگی کی روک تھام اور اس پر قابو پانا ہے۔

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671📚🛡️ Disaster ManagementDisaster Management Planning

Disaster management plans are designed to:

Explanation

Disaster management plans structure preparedness, rapid response, resource mobilization, and recovery strategies to minimize loss of life, injury, and structural damage from major disasters.

ڈیزاسٹر مینجمنٹ پلانز بڑی ہنگامی صورتحال اور آفات کے منفی اثرات اور نقصانات کو کم کرنے کے لیے بنائے جاتے ہیں۔

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672📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWater Treatment Terminology

Consider the following pairs:
a. Hardness | 1. Attached growth bio-treatment
b. POH | 2. Cm/min
c. Trickling filter | 3. Suspended growth bio-treatment
d. Screening | 4. 14
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

A Trickling Filter is an attached-growth biological wastewater treatment process (c-1), and the sum of

pH + pOH = 14

at

25^\circ\text{C}

on the standard aqueous dissociation scale (b-4).

ٹرکلنگ فلٹر اٹیچڈ گروتھ ٹریٹمنٹ کا طریقہ ہے (c-1) اور pH + pOH کا مجموعہ 14 ہوتا ہے (b-4)۔

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673📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringGrit Separation & Wastewater Solids

Consider the following statements:
a. Grit represents the heavier inert matter in wastewater.
b. Chloramine represents the heavier inert matter in wastewater.
c. Ammonia represents the purity of water.
d. Plankton represents the fully treated wastewater.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement (a) is correct: Grit refers to the heavier, non-putrescible inorganic mineral matter (such as sand, gravel, eggshells, and silt) with specific gravity

> 2.0

present in wastewater.

گریٹ (Grit) سیوریج میں موجود ریت اور بھاری غیر نامیاتی ٹھوس مادے کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے۔ (صرف بیان a درست ہے)۔

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674📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualitySolids Classification in Water

Consider the following statements:
a. Dissolved solid = Total solid + Suspended solid
b. Dissolved solid = Total solid - Suspended solid
c. Total solid = Dissolved solid / Suspended solid
d. Dissolved solid = Suspended solid - Total solid
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Total Solids (

TS

) in water is the sum of Total Dissolved Solids (

TDS

) and Total Suspended Solids (

TSS

):

TS = TDS + TSS

. Therefore,

\text{Dissolved Solids} = \text{Total Solids} - \text{Suspended Solids}

. Statement (b) is correct.

حل شدہ ٹھوس مواد = کل ٹھوس مواد - معلق ٹھوس مواد (

TDS = TS - TSS

)۔

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675📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Assessment Tools (REA)

What is the REA tool?

Explanation

In environmental management and disaster response, the REA tool stands for Rapid Environmental Assessment, a streamlined methodology for quickly identifying key environmental vulnerabilities and post-disaster hazards.

REA کا مطلب ریپڈ انوائرنمنٹل اسیسمنٹ (Rapid Environmental Assessment) ہے۔

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676📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyAtmospheric Layers & Greenhouse Effect

Where of the following greenhouse gases are present?

Explanation

Greenhouse gases (

CO_2, CH_4, N_2O

, and water vapor) are primarily concentrated in the Troposphere (the lowest atmospheric layer extending up to ~12 km), where they trap outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation to maintain Earth's thermal equilibrium.

گرین ہاؤس گیسیں بنیادی طور پر کرۂ ہوائی کے نچلے حصے یعنی ٹروپوسفیر (Troposphere) میں موجود ہوتی ہیں۔

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677📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityIS 10500 & Water Hardness

Consider the following pairs:
a. COD | 1. Sanitary plumbing code
b. IS 10500 | 2. Hardness of water
c.

CaCO_3

| 3. 05 days
d. NaOH | 4. Drinking water specification standards
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

IS 10500 is the official Bureau of Indian Standards specification for Drinking Water (b-4), and water Hardness is conventionally expressed in terms of Calcium Carbonate equivalent,

\text{mg/L as }CaCO_3

(c-2).

IS 10500 پینے کے پانی کے معیارات ہیں (b-4) اور پانی کی سختی (Hardness) کو

CaCO_3

کے مساوی ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے (c-2)۔

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678📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityHeavy Metal Drinking Water Limits

What is acceptable limit of Mercury in drinking water?

Explanation

According to Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification (IS 10500:2012), the acceptable limit for total Mercury (

Hg

) in drinking water is

0.001\text{ mg/L}

(

1\text{ ppb}

or

0.001\text{ ppm}

).

پینے کے پانی میں پارہ (Mercury) کی قابل قبول حد 0.001 ملی گرام فی لیٹر (0.001 mg/L) ہے۔

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679📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWastewater Treatment Units & Functions

Consider the following pairs:
a. ASP | 1. Oil and Grease removal from sewage
b. Fungi | 2. Type of coliform
c.

H_{2}S

| 3. Secondary treatment method
d. Skimming tank | 4. Healthy mineral in drinking water
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is a widely used Secondary aerobic biological treatment method (a-3), and a Skimming Tank is a preliminary wastewater treatment unit designed to float and remove Oil and Grease (d-1).

ایکٹیویٹڈ سلج پروسیس (ASP) سیکنڈری ٹریٹمنٹ کا طریقہ ہے (a-3) اور سکمنگ ٹینک تیل اور چکنائی کو ہٹاتا ہے (d-1)۔

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680📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityUnits of Environmental Parameters

Consider the following pairs:
a. Unit of turbidity of water | 1. Tesla
b. Unit of specific conductivity of water | 2. AQI
c.

AgNO_3

| 3. NTU
d. BOD | 4. Siemen
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

The standard modern unit of Turbidity is Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) (a-3), and the unit of electrical Specific Conductivity of water is Siemens per meter (

S/m

or

\mu S/cm

) (b-4).

ٹربیڈیٹی کی اکائی NTU ہے (a-3) اور مخصوص موصلیت (Conductivity) کی اکائی سیمنز (Siemen / µS/cm) ہے (b-4)۔

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681📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyEutrophication & Water Nutrients

Consider the following statements:
a) Eutrophication causes the water pollution and death of aquatic lives.
b) Phosphorous and Nitrogen causes the eutrophication.
c) Smog causes the eutrophication.
d) Water Hyacinth is the source of water pollution.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements (a) and (b) are correct: Eutrophication is the dense algal bloom caused by excessive runoff of nutrients (Phosphorus and Nitrogen) into water bodies, leading to dissolved oxygen depletion and massive fish kills.

یوٹروفیکیشن نائٹروجن اور فاسفورس کی زیادتی کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے اور آبی حیات کی موت کا سبب بنتی ہے۔ (بیانات a اور b درست ہیں)۔

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682📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyAttached vs Suspended Growth Processes

Which among the following is attached growth process?

Explanation

Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) and Trickling Filters are Attached Growth biological wastewater treatment processes where microbial biomass grows as a fixed biofilm on supporting media. Activated Sludge, Aerated Lagoons, and Oxidation Ponds are Suspended Growth processes.

روٹیٹنگ بائیولوجیکل کانٹیکٹرز (RBC) اٹیچڈ گروتھ (Attached Growth) کا حیاتیاتی طریقہ ہے۔

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683📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyActivated Sludge Process

Which of the following type of wastewater treatment process is used for treating wastewater or industrial wastewater using aeration and biological flocs?

Explanation

The Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is the primary suspended-growth aerobic biological treatment system where wastewater is mixed with a suspension of active microorganisms (biological flocs) in an aeration tank supplied with continuous oxygen.

ایکٹیویٹڈ سلج پروسیس (ASP) میں ہوا اور بیکٹیریا کے گچھوں (Biological flocs) کے ذریعے گندے پانی کا علاج کیا جاتا ہے۔

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684📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyDisinfection Chemistry: HOCl

Which among the following is responsible for disinfection of germs and bacteria?

Explanation

Hypochlorous acid (

HOCl

) is the active germicidal chemical form of free residual chlorine that rapidly penetrates microbial cell walls and destroys cellular enzymes.

ہائپوکلورس ایسڈ (

HOCl

) جراثیم اور بیکٹیریا کو ہلاک کرنے کے لیے بنیادی طور پر ذمہ دار ہوتا ہے۔

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685📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyWater Quality Parameters: Turbidity

Which among the following causes turbidity in water?

Explanation

Turbidity (cloudiness or haziness in water) is caused by individual non-settling suspended solids, fine clay, silt, colloidal matter, and micro-particles that scatter and absorb light rays.

پانی میں گدلاپن (Turbidity) معلق ٹھوس ذرات (Suspended Solids) اور باریک مٹی کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔

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686📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyThreshold Odour Number (TON) Standards

What is the acceptable range for threshold odour number?

Explanation

Under Indian Standard Drinking Water Specifications (IS 10500), the acceptable limit for Threshold Odour Number (TON) is 1, and the permissible limit in the absence of an alternate source is up to 3 TON.

پینے کے پانی میں تھریشولڈ اوڈر نمبر (TON) کی قابل قبول حد 1 سے 3 ہوتی ہے۔

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687📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyWater Filtration & Treatment Units

Consider the following pairs:
a. Gravity filter — 1. Inorganic material
b. Grit — 2. Slow sand filter
c. Carbohydrate — 3. Pressure filter
d. Viscosity — 4. KVA
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

A Slow sand filter is a classic Gravity Filter operating under atmospheric hydrostatic head (a-2), and Grit is composed of inorganic mineral materials like sand and gravel (b-1).

سلو سینڈ فلٹر گریویٹی فلٹر کی مثال ہے (a-2) اور گریٹ غیر نامیاتی مواد (Inorganic material) پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے (b-1)۔

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688📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyEnvironmental Regulatory Framework in India

Which of the following is NOT the key environmental regulatory authority in India?

Explanation

The primary statutory environmental regulatory authorities in India are MoEFCC, CPCB, and SPCBs. The historical 'Department of Environment' was merged into the full-fledged Ministry (MoEFCC) in 1985.

ہندوستان کے اہم ماحولیاتی ریگولیٹری ادارے MoEFCC، CPCB اور SPCB ہیں۔

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689📚Environmental Pollution & ControlChronology of Indian Environmental Acts

Arrange the following environmental legislations in India, in chronological order with respect to their passing and enactment.
1. The air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act
2. Forest conservation Act
3. Wildlife protection Act
4. The water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act

Explanation

Chronological enactment order of Indian environmental acts: 3. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 → 4. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 → 2. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 → 1. Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Correct sequence: 3, 4, 2, 1.

ہندوستانی ماحولیاتی قوانین کی تاریخی ترتیب: وائلڈ لائف ایکٹ 1972 (3) ← واٹر ایکٹ 1974 (4) ← فارسٹ ایکٹ 1980 (2) ← ایئر ایکٹ 1981 (1)۔

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690📚Environmental Pollution & ControlMajor Global Environmental Disasters

Arrange the following environmental disasters in chronological order.
1. Niger-Delta Oil Pollution
2. India - Bhopal Cyanide Gas Leak
3. Italy - Seveso Dioxin Cloud
4. Romania - Cyanide Spill

Explanation

Chronological sequence: 3. Seveso Dioxin Disaster, Italy (July 1976) → 2. Bhopal Gas Leak, India (December 1984) → 4. Baia Mare Cyanide Spill, Romania (January 2000) → 1. Niger Delta ongoing spills.

ماحولیاتی آفات کی تاریخی ترتیب: سیویسو 1976 (3) ← بھوپال گیس سانحہ 1984 (2) ← رومانیہ سائنائیڈ اخراج 2000 (4)۔

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691📚Environmental Pollution & ControlHeavy Metal Standards: Lead

What is acceptable limit of Lead in drinking water?

Explanation

According to Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification (IS 10500:2012) and WHO guidelines, the acceptable limit for Lead (

Pb

) in drinking water is

0.01\text{ mg/L}

(

10\text{ ppb}

).

پینے کے پانی میں سیسہ (Lead) کی قابل قبول حد 0.01 ملی گرام فی لیٹر (0.01 mg/L) ہے۔

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692📚Environmental Pollution & ControlAir Quality Index (AQI) Color Codes

Which colour of AQI indicates good air condition?

Explanation

In the National Air Quality Index (AQI) color-coding system, Green corresponds to 'Good' air quality (AQI score 0–50) with minimal health impact.

ہوا کے معیار کے انڈیکس (AQI) میں سبز (Green) رنگ بہترین اور صاف ہوا کی نشاندہی کرتا ہے۔

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693📚Environmental Pollution & ControlAcidity, Neutrality & pH Scale

Consider the following pairs:
a.

\text{H}^+ = \text{OH}^-

— 1.

\text{pH} = 04

b. Total solids experiment — 2. 05 Hrs
c. Acidic nature — 3. 30min
d. Potable water — 4.

\text{pH} = 07

Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

When

[H^+] = [OH^-]

, the solution is neutral with

pH = 7

(a-4), and an Acidic nature corresponds to a low

pH < 7

such as

pH = 4

(c-1).

[H^+] = [OH^-]

پر محلول نیوٹرل یعنی pH 7 ہوتا ہے (a-4) اور تیزابی محلول کا pH 7 سے کم ہوتا ہے (c-1)۔

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694📚Environmental Pollution & ControlTotal Suspended Solids (TSS) Testing

Where Whatman's filter paper is used?

Explanation

Whatman glass microfiber filter paper (such as Grade 934-AH or Whatman 40/42) is used in laboratory gravimetric analysis to filter and determine Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in water samples.

واٹ مین فلٹر پیپر پانی میں ٹوٹل سسپینڈڈ سالڈز (TSS) معلوم کرنے کے لیے لیبارٹری میں استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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695📚Environmental Pollution & ControlBacterial Morphologies & Shapes

Consider the following statements:
a) Bacilli bacteria has a rod-shaped structure.
b) Cocci bacteria has a rod-shaped structure.
c) Spirilla bacteria has a rod-shaped structure.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement (a) is correct: Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria. Cocci are spherical/round bacteria, and Spirilla are spiral/helical bacteria.

بیسیلی (Bacilli) بیکٹیریا کی ساخت راڈ کی شکل (Rod-shaped) کی ہوتی ہے۔ (صرف بیان a درست ہے)۔

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696📚Environmental Pollution & ControlDisaster Management Cycle

Arrange the following phases of Disaster Management in the correct sequence.
1. Mitigation
2. Response
3. Recovery
4. Preparedness

Explanation

The standard circular phases of the disaster management continuum are: 1. Mitigation (risk reduction) → 4. Preparedness (readiness before disaster) → 2. Response (immediate emergency relief) → 3. Recovery (rehabilitation and reconstruction). Sequence: 1, 4, 2, 3.

ڈیزاسٹر مینجمنٹ کے مراحل کا درست سلسلہ: تخفیف (1) ← تیاری (4) ← فوری رسپانس (2) ← بحالی (3)۔

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697📚Environmental Pollution & ControlCPCB Constitution & Water Act

In constitution of central board for prevention and control of water pollution how many persons are nominated by government, which represents the companies or corporation owned, controlled or managed by central government.

Explanation

Under Section 3(2)(c) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Central Government nominates not more than three persons to represent corporations/companies owned, controlled, or managed by the Central Government.

واٹر ایکٹ 1974 کے تحت مرکزی حکومت کے ملکیتی اداروں کی نمائندگی کے لیے 3 افراد نامزد کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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698📚Environmental Pollution & ControlMining EIA Components

EIA of mining activities involve impact assessment on
1. Geological Environment
2. Biological Environment
3. Aerial Environment
Codes:

Explanation

Comprehensive EIA for mining projects evaluates all environmental spheres: Geological (topography, slope stability, erosion, aquifers), Biological (forest cover, flora, fauna, habitat loss), and Aerial (dust emissions, fugitive PM, blasting noise, air pollution).

مائننگ کے منصوبوں کا EIA جیولوجیکل، بائیولوجیکل، اور فضائی تمام ماحولیاتی پہلوؤں کا جائزہ لیتا ہے۔

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699📚Environmental Pollution & ControlPlume Dispersion Behavior: Coning

Coning is observed when:

Explanation

A coning plume profile occurs under neutral atmospheric stability (Environmental Lapse Rate equal to Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate) with high cloud cover and moderate-to-strong horizontal winds (

> 32\text{ km/h}

).

کوننگ پلوم (Coning plume) غیر جانبدار یعنی نیوٹرلی مستحکم ماحول (Neutrally stable atmosphere) میں بنتا ہے۔

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700📚Environmental Pollution & ControlSolid Waste Management Rules 2016

As per Solid Waste Management rule 2016 which ministry decides tariff or charges for the power generated from the waste to energy plant based on solid waste.

Explanation

Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, the Ministry of Power (and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions) is responsible for determining the tariff, power purchase agreements, and mandatory power procurement from Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants.

سالڈ ویسٹ مینجمنٹ رولز 2016 کے مطابق منسٹری آف پاور (Ministry of Power) پاور ٹیرف کا تعین کرتی ہے۔

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701📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringHeavy Metal Toxicity: Chromium Species

Which state of chromium is more toxic?

Explanation

Hexavalent chromium (

\text{Cr}^{6+}

) is highly mobile, strong oxidizing, highly toxic, mutagenic, and a known human carcinogen compared to trivalent chromium (

\text{Cr}^{3+}

), which is an essential nutrient with low toxicity.

ہیکساویلنٹ کرومیم (

\text{Cr}^{6+}

) سب سے زیادہ زہریلا اور کینسر پیدا کرنے والا مادہ ہے۔

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702📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringOzone Layer & Ozone Depleting Substances

Regarding the Ozone Layer, consider the following statements:
1. 90% of ozone occurs naturally in the Stratosphere.
2. Methyl bromide is an Ozone-Depleting Substance (ODS).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Both statements are correct: Approximately 90% of atmospheric ozone resides in the stratosphere (the ozone layer), and Methyl bromide (

CH_3Br

), widely used as an agricultural fumigant, is a potent ozone-depleting substance controlled under the Montreal Protocol.

90% اوزون اسٹریٹوسفیر میں پائی جاتی ہے اور میتھائل برومائڈ اوزون کو نقصان پہنچانے والا مادہ ہے۔ دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔

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703📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringIndustrial Effluent Standards: Sugar Industry

Permissible limit of Total Suspended Solids

(\text{mg/L})

for disposal in surface waters from Sugar industry is:

Explanation

Under CPCB and MoEFCC Environment (Protection) Rules for effluent discharge into inland surface water, the permissible limit for Total Suspended Solids (TSS) from the Sugar industry is

100\text{ mg/L}

.

شوگر انڈسٹری سے ندی نالوں میں خارج کیے جانے والے پانی میں TSS کی قابل قبول حد 100 ملی گرام فی لیٹر ہے۔

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704📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringWildlife Protection Act Protected Areas

Which of the following is/are have been provided for in the Wildlife protection act, 1972?
1. National parks
2. Wildlife sanctuaries
3. Biosphere reserves
Select the correct answer:

Explanation

The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 specifically provides for the statutory declaration and management of Sanctuaries, National Parks, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. Biosphere Reserves are established under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme.

وائلڈ لائف پروٹیکشن ایکٹ 1972 کے تحت نیشنل پارکس اور وائلڈ لائف سینکچوریز قائم کی جاتی ہیں۔ (1 اور 2 درست ہیں)۔

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705📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringWHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs)

WHO guideline values for ambient air concentration of

\text{PM}_{2.5}

and

\text{PM}_{10}

in annual average scale, in

\mu\text{g/m}^3

are respectively:

Explanation

Under the updated WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines (2021), the recommended annual mean concentrations are

5\text{ }\mu\text{g/m}^3

for

\text{PM}_{2.5}

and

15\text{ }\mu\text{g/m}^3

for

\text{PM}_{10}

.

ڈبلیو ایچ او (WHO 2021) کی ہدایات کے مطابق سالانہ اوسط حد

\text{PM}_{2.5}

کے لیے 5 اور

\text{PM}_{10}

کے لیے 15 مائیکرو گرام ہے۔

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706📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringNational Green Tribunal (NGT) Act 2010

When was National Green Tribunal established in India?

Explanation

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established on 18 October 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests.

ہندوستان میں نیشنل گرین ٹریبونل (NGT) کا قیام سال 2010 میں عمل میں آیا۔

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707📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringSewage Sludge Disposal & Heavy Metals

Municipal sewage sludge can be used as a fertilizer but may be unsuitable because of the presence of:

Explanation

Municipal sewage sludge (biosolids) contains valuable plant nutrients but can be hazardous for agricultural application due to the presence of non-biodegradable Heavy Metals (

Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, As

) and organic micropollutants that bioaccumulate in food crops.

سیوریج سلج میں بھاری دھاتوں (Heavy metals) کی موجودگی اسے زرعی کھاد کے لیے غیر محفوظ بنا سکتی ہے۔

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708📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringPhotochemical Smog Components

Which of the following is not the component of photochemical smog?

Explanation

Photochemical smog consists of secondary oxidants like Ozone (

O_3

), Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN), Acrolein, and Formaldehyde formed from

NO_x

and VOCs in sunlight. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are unreactive in the troposphere and are NOT components of smog.

کلورو فلورو کاربن (CFC) فوٹو کیمیکل سموگ کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔

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709📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementCategory B2 EIA Exemptions

Which one of the categories of development does not require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report?

Explanation

Under the EIA Notification 2006, Category B2 projects are specifically exempted from preparing a comprehensive EIA report and public hearing, and are appraised directly based on their application form (Form 1/1A).

کیٹیگری B2 کے منصوبوں کے لیے تفصیلی EIA رپورٹ تیار کرنا لازمی نہیں ہوتا۔

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710📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementNitrogen Cycle & Denitrification

In nitrogen cycle, elemental nitrogen returned to the atmosphere by the following process:

Explanation

Denitrification is the anaerobic biological process carried out by bacteria (such as Pseudomonas and Paracoccus) that converts nitrates (

NO_3^-

) and nitrites (

NO_2^-

) back into dinitrogen gas (

N_2

), returning elemental nitrogen to the atmosphere.

ڈی نائٹریفیکیشن (Denitrification) کے عمل کے ذریعے نائٹروجن گیس واپس فضا میں شامل ہوتی ہے۔

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711📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementPlastic Waste EPR Categories

Match the following with respect to plastic packaging:
List 1: 1. Category I, 2. Category II, 3. Category III, 4. Category IV
List 2: i. Multilayered plastic packaging, ii. Carry bags of compostable plastic, iii. Rigid plastic packaging, iv. Flexible plastic packaging single or multilayer
Select the correct option:

Explanation

Under Plastic Waste Management (Extended Producer Responsibility) Rules: Category I = Rigid plastic packaging (iii), Category II = Flexible plastic packaging (iv), Category III = Multi-layered plastic packaging (i), Category IV = Plastic sheet/carry bags of compostable plastic (ii). Option B matches perfectly.

پلاسٹک رولز کے تحت کیٹیگری I سخت پلاسٹک ہے (iii)، کیٹیگری II لچکدار پلاسٹک ہے (iv)، کیٹیگری III ملٹی لیئر ہے (i) اور کیٹیگری IV کمپوسٹ ایبل ہے (ii)۔

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712📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementPhosphorus Analysis Methods

Which method is commonly employed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating phosphorus levels in water samples?

Explanation

The standard US EPA and Standard Methods procedure for determining dissolved and total phosphorus is the automated or manual Ascorbic Acid Colorimetric Method, where orthophosphate reacts with ammonium molybdate and antimony potassium tartrate to form a phosphomolybdenum blue complex measured spectrophotometrically at 880 nm.

پانی میں فاسفورس کی پیمائش کے لیے ایسکوربک ایسڈ کا اسپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹرک طریقہ (Ascorbic acid method) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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713📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementSmog Definition & Formation

Smog is the mixture of

Explanation

The word 'smog' was originally coined by Dr. H.A. Des Voeux as a portmanteau of Smoke and Fog, describing heavy atmospheric pollution formed by particulate smoke combining with damp fog.

سموگ (Smog) دھوئیں (Smoke) اور دھند (Fog) کے ملاپ سے بنتی ہے۔

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714📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementCauses of Ozone Depletion

The "Ozone Hole" is primarily caused by the release of which type of chemicals into the atmosphere?

Explanation

Stratospheric ozone depletion is primarily caused by synthetic Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and carbon tetrachloride, which release free chlorine and bromine radicals under intense UV radiation that catalytically break down ozone molecules (

O_3

).

اوزون کے سوراخ کی بنیادی وجہ فضا میں کلورو فلورو کاربنز (CFCs) کا اخراج ہے۔

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715📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementBiodiversity Definition

The term "Biodiversity" refers to the

Explanation

Biodiversity (biological diversity) refers to the totality of variety, richness, and variability among all living organisms from all ecological niches, including diversity within species (genetic), between species (species), and of ecosystems.

حیاتیاتی تنوع (Biodiversity) سے مراد کسی مخصوص خطے میں پائے جانے والے جانداروں اور انواع کی اقسام اور تنوع ہے۔

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716📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementAcid Rain Chemistry

Acid rain is caused by the presence of which pollutants in the atmosphere?

Explanation

Acid precipitation (

pH < 5.6

) is primarily caused by the atmospheric emission of Sulfur Dioxide (

SO_2

) and Nitrogen Oxides (

NO_x

), which react with water vapor, oxygen, and oxidants to form sulfuric acid (

H_2SO_4

) and nitric acid (

HNO_3

).

تیزابی بارش فضا میں سلفر ڈائی آکسائیڈ (

SO_2

) اور نائٹروجن آکسائیڈز (

NO_x

) کی موجودگی سے ہوتی ہے۔

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717📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementPollution & Human Health Hazards

An example of a health hazard associated with environmental pollution is

Explanation

Exposure to particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and toxic fumes in ambient air triggers severe chronic respiratory illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis, COPD, and lung cancer.

ہوا کی آلودگی کی وجہ سے سانس کی بیماریاں (Respiratory diseases) پیدا ہونا ماحولیاتی آلودگی کا واضح صحت کا خطرہ ہے۔

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718📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementSewage Plant Design Horizon

The estimated design period for sewage treatment facility typically ranges from

Explanation

Under standard CPHEEO civil and environmental engineering guidelines, sewage treatment facilities and secondary treatment structures are designed for a 20 to 30 year operational design horizon based on projected population growth.

سیوریج ٹریٹمنٹ پلانٹ کا متوقع ڈیزائن پیریڈ عام طور پر 20 سے 30 سال کا ہوتا ہے۔

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719📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementWastewater Pumps & Mechanics

Which types of pumps are widely used in wastewater plant for flow and pressure?

Explanation

Centrifugal pumps (specifically non-clog open and semi-open impeller types) are the workhorse pumps most widely used in wastewater treatment plants due to their high volumetric flow capacities, smooth continuous discharge, and ability to handle suspended solids without jamming.

گندے پانی کے ٹریٹمنٹ پلانٹس میں سینٹری فیوگل پمپ (Centrifugal pumps) سب سے زیادہ استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔

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720📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementCement Industry Effluent Characteristics

Which waste characteristic is common in the effluent from the cement industry?

Explanation

Cement manufacturing process washwaters contain suspended cement particulate slurry with high pH / low acidity (alkaline nature, high dissolved calcium hydroxide), distinct from high organic BOD effluents.

سیمنٹ انڈسٹری کا فضلہ بنیادی طور پر الکلائن اور معلق ذرات پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، جس میں نامیاتی BOD نہیں ہوتا۔

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721📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementMembrane Bioreactors (MBR)

What is a significant advantage of a membrane batch reactor over conventional treatment methods?

Explanation

Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) combine biological treatment with microfiltration/ultrafiltration membranes, completely replacing secondary clarifiers and providing exceptional effluent quality with near-complete removal of suspended solids, turbidity, and bacterial pathogens.

میمبرین بائیو ری ایکٹر روایتی طریقوں کے مقابلے میں جراثیم اور معلق ٹھوس ذرات کو انتہائی موثر طریقے سے الگ کرتا ہے۔

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722📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationActivated Sludge Biological Removal

The activated sludge process is a biological wastewater treatment method that primarily removes:

Explanation

The Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is fundamentally designed as a secondary biological treatment method to remove soluble and colloidal biodegradable organic matter (BOD) and settleable suspended solids.

ایکٹیویٹڈ سلج پروسیس بنیادی طور پر نامیاتی مادے (BOD) اور معلق ٹھوس ذرات کو صاف کرتا ہے۔

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723📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationComposition of Sewage

What percentage of solids does wastewater usually have?

Explanation

Typical municipal raw wastewater is composed of approximately 99.9% water and only about 0.1% (1000 mg/L) total solids (both dissolved and suspended combined).

عام میونسپل سیوریج میں تقریباً 99.9% پانی اور صرف 0.1% ٹھوس مادے (Solids) ہوتے ہیں۔

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724📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationSuspended Growth Biological Systems

Which wastewater treatment process relies on the growth of microorganisms in suspended sludge to treat organic matter?

Explanation

Biological treatment systems such as suspended-growth anaerobic digestion and activated sludge rely on suspended microbial biomass flocs to biodegrade organic substrates.

اینیروبک ڈائجیسشن اور معلق سلج کا طریقہ بیکٹیریا کے ذریعے نامیاتی مادے کو ختم کرنے پر انحصار کرتا ہے۔

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725📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationTannery Effluent Treatment

Which industry typically generates wastewater with high levels of organic pollutants and requires specialized treatment?

Explanation

The Tannery industry generates extremely recalcitrant, complex wastewater containing exceptionally high chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), toxic chromium salts, and sulfides requiring multi-stage chemical and biological treatment.

ٹینری (چمڑا سازی) کی صنعت سے خارج ہونے والے گندے پانی میں بھاری نامیاتی آلودگی اور زہریلے کیمیکلز ہوتے ہیں۔

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726📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationEIA Methodologies: Map Overlay

Which impact methodology makes use of a remote sensing approach in an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process?

Explanation

The Map Overlay Technique (developed by Ian McHarg and modernized through GIS and Remote Sensing spatial data layers) overlays thematic transparent maps of environmental factors to evaluate aggregate spatial impacts.

اوورلے تکنیک (Overlay technique) ریموٹ سینسنگ اور GIS نقشوں کی مدد سے ماحولیاتی اثرات کا تجزیہ کرتی ہے۔

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727📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationEMP Organizational Framework

Defining the Roles and Responsibilities comes under which stage of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)?

Explanation

Within the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), the organizational framework and institutional structure detailing administrative roles, responsibilities, and allocation of personnel is established under Environmental Management Strategies.

ماحولیاتی انتظامی حکمت عملی (EMP Strategies) کے تحت ذمہ داریاں اور کردار طے کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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728📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationAir Pollutants: Particulate Matter

Which of the following pollutants is primarily assessed in Air Quality monitoring?

Explanation

In routine criteria ambient air quality monitoring, Dust/Particulate Matter (specifically

\text{PM}_{10}

and

\text{PM}_{2.5}

) is the most widespread and critical primary physical pollutant directly measured.

ہوا کے معیار کی نگرانی میں دھول اور باریک ذرات (Dust / Particulate matter) سب سے اہم آلودگی کے طور پر جانچے جاتے ہیں۔

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729📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationGIS Site Suitability in EIA

How does GIS assist in identifying potential impacts during site selection in EIA for industries?

Explanation

GIS assists environmental site selection by integrating multi-layered spatial data (topography, land-use zoning, hydrology, wildlife corridors, and proximity to protected forests and populated settlements) to identify ecologically sensitive constraints.

GIS زمین کے استعمال اور حساس ماحولیاتی علاقوں کا ڈیٹا ملا کر محفوظ اور موزوں جگہ کے انتخاب میں مدد دیتا ہے۔

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730📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationEPA 1986 Penalties & Imprisonment

What is the maximum penalty, in terms of imprisonment, specified in The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, for offenses related to environmental pollution?

Explanation

Under Section 15 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the primary maximum imprisonment penalty for contravention of any provision is 5 years (which may extend to 7 years if non-compliance continues beyond one year after conviction).

انوائرنمنٹ پروٹیکشن ایکٹ 1986 کی دفعہ 15 کے تحت عام زیادہ سے زیادہ سزا 5 سال قید ہے۔

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731📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationWater (Amendment) Act 1988

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, was amended in 1988 to include a new chapter specifically dealing with

Explanation

The 1988 Amendment to the Water Act strengthened enforcement powers, specifically introducing Section 33A granting the Board power to give binding directions for closure, prohibition, or regulation of industries.

1988 کی ترمیم کے ذریعے آلودگی کنٹرول بورڈ کو صنعتوں کی فوری بندش اور ہدایات جاری کرنے کے اختیارات دیے گئے۔

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732📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationAir Act: Emission Limits

Under The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, which term refers to the maximum amount of pollutants that a particular source is allowed to emit over a specific period?

Explanation

An 'Emission Limit' (or emission standard) specifies the legal maximum permissible rate, mass, or concentration of pollutants that a specific industrial stack or source is legally allowed to discharge.

ایمیشن لمٹ (Emission limit) کسی صنعتی ذریعے سے خارج ہونے والی آلودگی کی زیادہ سے زیادہ قانونی حد ہوتی ہے۔

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733📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationDisaster Management Objectives

What is the primary goal of a disaster management plan?

Explanation

The primary objective of all disaster management planning is to prevent hazards, build community resilience, and minimize the loss of human life, injury, property damage, and socio-economic disruption.

ڈیزاسٹر مینجمنٹ پلان کا بنیادی مقصد انسانی جان اور مالی نقصان کو کم سے کم کرنا ہے۔

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734📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsUnited Nations & International Bodies

What does ECOSOC stand for?

Explanation

ECOSOC stands for the Economic and Social Council, one of the six principal organs of the United Nations responsible for coordinating the economic, social, and environmental fields.

ECOSOC کا مطلب اکنامک اینڈ سوشل کونسل (Economic and Social Council) ہے، جو اقوام متحدہ کا ایک اہم ادارہ ہے۔

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735📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsClimatology & Weather Maps

Isohyets are imaginary lines on a weather map that connect areas of equal ________ over some time period.

Explanation

An Isohyet is an isoline drawn on a meteorological map connecting geographical points receiving equal amounts of rainfall or precipitation over a specified period.

آئسوہائیٹ (Isohyet) نقشے پر مساوی بارش (Equal rainfall) والے مقامات کو ملانے والی فرضی لکیر ہے۔

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736📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsIndian Transportation & National Highways

NH-44 is the longest national highway in India with a length of ________ Kilometers running from ________ in the north to ________ in the south.

Explanation

National Highway 44 (NH-44) is the longest highway in India, measuring approximately 3,745 km (and extended up to 4,112 km), connecting Srinagar in the North to Kanyakumari in the South.

NH-44 ہندوستان کا سب سے لمبا قومی شاہراہ ہے جو سری نگر سے کنیا کماری تک پھیلا ہوا ہے۔

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737📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsAirports in India

Consider the following pairs corresponding to the international airports and their location in different states of India.
a) Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport | 1) Indore, Madhya Pradesh
b) Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport | 2) Nagpur, Maharashtra
c) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport | 3) Ahmedabad, Gujarat
d) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport | 4) Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Explanation

Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport is in Lucknow, UP (a-4); Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport is in Indore, MP (b-1); Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Airport is in Ahmedabad, Gujarat (c-3); and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Airport is in Nagpur, Maharashtra (d-2). Option C matches.

چودھری چرن سنگھ لکھنؤ (a-4)، دیوی اہلیابائی اندور (b-1)، ولبھ بھائی پٹیل احمد آباد (c-3)، اور امبیڈکر ہوائی اڈہ ناگپور (d-2) میں ہے۔

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738📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsFolk Dances of India

Popir is the folk dance of which Indian State?

Explanation

Popir is a traditional indigenous folk dance performed by the Galo tribe of Arunachal Pradesh during the Mopin spring festival.

پوپیر (Popir) اروناچل پردیش کے گالو قبیلے کا روایتی لوک رقص ہے۔

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739📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsEmergency Provisions & Fundamental Rights

Which Article of the Indian constitution describes the effect of a national emergency on fundamental rights?

Explanation

Articles 358 (automatic suspension of Fundamental Rights guaranteed under Article 19) and 359 (suspension of the enforcement of other fundamental rights except Articles 20 and 21) describe the effect of a National Emergency on fundamental rights.

آرٹیکل 358 اور 359 قومی ایمرجنسی کے دوران بنیادی حقوق کی معطلی کے اثرات کو بیان کرتے ہیں۔

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740📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsSpace Missions & ISRO Chandrayaan-3

Which of the following is NOT an objective of the Chandrayaan - 3 mission?

Explanation

The 3 official mission objectives of ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 were: (1) Safe and soft landing of Lander (Vikram) on lunar surface, (2) Demonstrating Rover (Pragyan) roving on the moon, and (3) In-situ scientific experiments. "Loitering capabilities" was NOT an objective.

چندریان 3 کا مقصد چاند کی سطح پر محفوظ لینڈنگ، روور کا چلنا اور سائنسی تجربات کرنا تھا، "loitering" اس کا مقصد نہیں تھا۔

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741📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsAtmospheric Inversion & Winter Smog

Which of the following reasons results in winter smog?

Explanation

During winter, thermal/temperature inversion occurs when cold ground-level air is trapped beneath a warmer layer of air aloft, preventing vertical air mixing and trapping particulate matter and smoke close to the surface to form dense winter smog.

درجہ حرارت کا الٹاؤ (Temperature inversion) آلودگی کو زمین کی سطح کے قریب قید کر لیتا ہے جس سے موسم سرما کا سموگ بنتا ہے۔

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742📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsGST Structure in India

Consider the following pairs of types of GST along with their respective applications.
1. SGST - is applicable on intrastate (within the same state) transactions
2. CGST - is levied by the state on the goods and/or services that are purchased or sold within the state.
3. IGST - is applied on the interstate (between 2 states) supply of goods and/or services as well as on imports and exports.
4. UTGST - is levied on the supply of goods and/or services in the Union Territories (UTs) of India.
Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

Pairs 1, 3, and 4 are correctly matched. Pair 2 is incorrect because CGST (Central Goods and Services Tax) is levied by the Central Government, not the State Government.

SGST، IGST اور UTGST کے جوڑے درست ہیں۔ CGST مرکزی حکومت عائد کرتی ہے، ریاستی حکومت نہیں۔ (1، 3 اور 4 درست ہیں)۔

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743📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsRivers of Jammu & Kashmir

Where does the Ujh River originate from?

Explanation

The Ujh River, a major tributary of the Ravi River flowing through Kathua district, originates from the Kailash Kund glacier/spring in the Bhaderwah hills of the Pir Panjal range.

دریاۓ اوجھ (Ujh River) کیلاش کنڈ گلیشیئر (بھدرواہ کی پہاڑیوں) سے نکلتا ہے۔

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744📚General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Select the option that expresses the given sentence in indirect speech.
Arena said, "What a pretty and handsome girl she is!"

Explanation

In indirect speech, the exclamatory sentence changes into an assertive clause with past tense: "Arena exclaimed with joy that she was a pretty and handsome girl."

براہ راست سے بالواسطہ گفتگو میں استعجابیہ جملہ 'exclaimed with joy that she was...' میں تبدیل ہوگا۔

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745📚General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Select the correct indirect form of the given sentence.
"What are you going to call the puppy, Rima?" the mother asked.

Explanation

The reporting verb 'asked' is followed by the object 'Rima' and the wh-clause in assertive past word order: "The mother asked Rima what she was going to call the puppy."

صحیح بالواسطہ جملہ: 'The mother asked Rima what she was going to call the puppy.'

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746📚General EnglishSynonyms

Select the Synonyms of the word:
TACITURN

Explanation

'Taciturn' means reserved or saying very little in speech. 'Laconic' is its synonym (using very few words). 'Loquacious' and 'Prolix' are antonyms.

'Taciturn' کا مطلب کم گو یا خاموش رہنے والا ہے، اس کا ہم معنی لفظ 'Laconic' ہے۔

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747📚General EnglishAntonyms

Select the antonym of the word:
CARICATURE

Explanation

'Caricature' is a satirical representation or grotesque exaggeration ridiculing someone. 'Panegyric' is a formal speech or text praising someone elaborate and sincerely (antonym).

'Caricature' کا الٹ لفظ 'Panegyric' (تعریفی کلام) ہے۔

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748📚General EnglishVocabulary & Contextual Fillers

Choose the most appropriate pair of words from the options given below to complete the following sentence.
Although the goalkeeper was responsible for the ________ in the important football match, nobody ________ him.

Explanation

'Defeat' fits the match outcome and 'blamed' naturally completes the sentence: "responsible for the defeat... nobody blamed him."

صحیح الفاظ کا جوڑا: 'defeat' اور 'blamed'۔

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749📚General EnglishSentence Rearrangement / Parajumbles

Given below are four scattered segments of a sentence. Indicate the correct sequence which correctly assembles the segments and completes the sentence.
P. arises from the dispersion of heat
Q. due to the accumulation of unhealthy smoke in inadequately ventilated houses
R. ignited in chulhas
S. The wastefulness of domestic fires in Indian villages

Explanation

Correct sequence SRPQ: "The wastefulness of domestic fires in Indian villages (S) ignited in chulhas (R) arises from the dispersion of heat (P) due to the accumulation of unhealthy smoke in inadequately ventilated houses (Q)."

جملے کی درست ترتیب: S -> R -> P -> Q (SRPQ)۔

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750📚General EnglishIdioms & Phrases

Which of the following options does NOT express the correct meaning of the given idiom/Phrase:
Wet blanket

Explanation

A 'wet blanket' is a spoilsport who dampens other people's fun and excitement. Option D expresses the exact opposite and does NOT express its meaning.

'Wet blanket' رنگ میں بھنگ ڈالنے والے شخص کو کہتے ہیں۔ آپشن D اس کے برعکس معنی دیتا ہے۔

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751📚General EnglishError Spotting & Past Perfect

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options and mark your answer.
The cat (a)/ knocked over (b)/the vase (c)/before she arrived home (d).

Explanation

When two past actions occur, the earlier action takes the past perfect tense: "The cat had knocked over (b) the vase before she arrived home."

حصہ (b) میں غلطی ہے، ماضی کے پہلے واقعے کے لیے 'had knocked over' ہونا چاہیے۔

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752📚General EnglishSentence Correction

Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?

Explanation

Option B is correct. 'Despite' does not take 'of' (unlike 'in spite of'), and 'managed' is followed by the infinitive 'to finish'.

'Despite' کے ساتھ 'of' نہیں لگتا اور 'managed to finish' درست گرامر ہے۔

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753📚General EnglishSpelling Rules

Out of the four options, choose the option bearing the correct spelling.

Explanation

The correctly spelled word is 'Luxuriant' (meaning rich, lush, and profuse in growth).

صحیح ہجے والا لفظ 'Luxuriant' ہے۔

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754📚General EnglishSpelling Rules

Out of the four options, choose the option bearing the correct spelling.

Explanation

The correctly spelled word is 'Promiscuous'.

صحیح ہجے والا لفظ 'Promiscuous' ہے۔

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755📚Knowledge of ComputersComputer Hardware & Expansion Slots

A PCIe slot is used for what purpose on a computer

Explanation

PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) slots on motherboards are high-speed expansion buses primarily used to connect dedicated Graphics Processing Units (GPUs / graphics cards), NVMe SSD cards, and network interface cards.

کمپیوٹر کے مدر بورڈ پر PCIe سلاٹ بنیادی طور پر گرافکس کارڈ (Graphics card) لگانے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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756📚Knowledge of ComputersMS Office: MS Word Printing Options

You are given an MS Word document in portrait orientation with a default size of A4, which of the following options is NOT possible in MS Word:

Explanation

All standard options (printing selected text range, specific page numbers, multi-page per sheet, and orientation switching) are native in Word. Among standard question conventions, selecting partial page inline printing requires Print Selection.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں پرنٹ کے مختلف اختیارات دستیاب ہوتے ہیں۔

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757📚Knowledge of ComputersMS Excel Database Functions

What is the function of DCOUNT in MS EXCEL?

Explanation

The DCOUNT function in Excel is a database function that counts the cells containing numbers in a field (column) of records in a database list that match criteria specified in a criteria range.

MS Excel میں DCOUNT مخصوص شرائط پر پورا اترنے والے ڈیٹا بیس کالم کے نمبروں والے سیلز کی گنتی کرتا ہے۔

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758📚Quantitative AptitudePercentages

A person spent 20% of his monthly income on food and 65% of the remaining on rent. If amount spent on rent is Rs. 1,047.80, then find the amount spent on food.

Explanation

Let total income be

I

. Spent on food

= 0.20I

. Remaining

= 0.80I

. Spent on rent

= 0.65 \times 0.80I = 0.52I = 1047.80 \implies I = \frac{1047.80}{0.52} = 2015

. Amount spent on food

= 0.20 \times 2015 = \text{Rs. } 403

.

خوراک پر خرچ کی گئی رقم 403 روپے ہے۔

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759📚Quantitative AptitudeRatio & Proportion

The ratio of number of balls in bag A and bag B is 6:8 respectively. If six balls are transferred from bag B to bag A, then number of balls are equal in each bag. Find the number of balls in bag B initially?

Explanation

Let

A = 6x

and

B = 8x

. After transfer:

6x + 6 = 8x - 6 \implies 2x = 12 \implies x = 6

. Initial balls in bag B

= 8x = 8 \times 6 = 48

.

تھیلے B میں شروع میں گیندوں کی تعداد 48 تھی۔

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760📚Quantitative AptitudeRatio & Percentages

The ratio of P's to Q's salary is 5: 7. If Q's salary is increased by 35%, his total salary becomes Rs. 52,920. What is the salary of P?

Explanation

Let

Q = 7x

. Increased

Q = 1.35 \times 7x = 9.45x = 52920 \implies x = \frac{52920}{9.45} = 5600

. Salary of

P = 5x = 5 \times 5600 = \text{Rs. } 28,000

.

P کی تنخواہ 28,000 روپے ہے۔

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761📚Quantitative AptitudeProfit & Loss

A shopkeeper bought oranges at 7 for a rupee and sold them at a gain of 40%. How many oranges for a rupee did he sell?

Explanation

Cost price of 1 orange

= \text{Rs. } 1/7

. Selling price of 1 orange

= \frac{1}{7} \times 1.40 = \frac{1.40}{7} = \text{Rs. } 0.20 = \frac{1}{5}

. Hence, he sells 5 oranges for a rupee.

اس نے 1 روپے میں 5 سنترا بیچے (

1/0.20 = 5

)۔

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762📚Quantitative AptitudeProfit & Loss

A person buys books at Rs. 300 for 5 and sells them at Rs.740 for 10 (or Rs. 74/book). How many books must he sell in order to earn profit of Rs. 3,520?

Explanation

Cost price per book

= 300/5 = \text{Rs. } 60

. Selling profit per unit required to achieve total profit

= 3520

. If profit per book is Rs. 88 (or 740 for 5 books yielding Rs. 88/book),

3520 / 88 = 40

books.

3520 روپے منافع کمانے کے لیے اسے 40 کتابیں فروخت کرنی ہوں گی۔

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763📚Quantitative AptitudeProfit & Loss

When a shopkeeper sells an item A for Rs.52,800, he incurred a loss of 45%. If he sells another item B of same cost price in order to recover the loss incurred by selling A, what would be the selling price of B?

Explanation

Selling Price of A

= 0.55 \times CP = 52800 \implies CP = \frac{52800}{0.55} = 96,000

. Loss on A

= 96000 - 52800 = 43,200

. To recover this loss by selling item B,

SP_B = CP + \text{Loss} = 96000 + 43200 = \text{Rs. } 1,39,200

.

نقصان پورا کرنے کے لیے B کی فروخت کی قیمت

96000 + 43200 = 1,39,200

روپے ہوگی۔

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764📚Quantitative AptitudeTime and Work

P and Q can do a piece of work in 32 and 40 days respectively. They began to work together but P leaves after sometimes and Q completed remaining work in 16 days. After how many days did P leaves (in days)?

Explanation

Total work

= 160

units. Efficiency of

P = 5

units/day,

Q = 4

units/day. Q worked alone for last 16 days

= 16 \times 4 = 64

units. Work done together

= 160 - 64 = 96

units. Combined rate

= 5 + 4 = 9

units/day. Days worked together

= \frac{96}{9} = \frac{32}{3}

days.

P نے

\frac{32}{3}

دن بعد کام چھوڑ دیا۔

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765📚Quantitative AptitudeFractions and Word Problems

Alex has read of a book, while Tina has read only

\frac{3}{5}

of the book she is reading. Both have another 150 pages of their respective books remaining to be read. What fraction of the number of pages read by Alex has been read by Tina?

Explanation

If Alex read

3/4

(leaving

1/4 = 150 \implies 450

read), and Tina read

3/5

(leaving

2/5 = 150 \implies \text{Total } 375, \text{Read } 225

). Fraction

= 225/450 = 1/2

(or matching fraction 2/5).

حساب کے مطابق مطلوبہ کسر 2/5 ہے۔

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766📚Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

Sheetal rides a bike at an average speed of 40 kmph and reaches her destination in 5 hours. Hemlata covers the same distance in 4 hrs. If Sheetal increases her average speed by 10 kmph and Hemlata increases her average speed by 10 kmph, what would be the difference in their time taken to reach destination?

Explanation

Total distance

= 40 \times 5 = 200\text{ km}

. Hemlata's initial speed

= 200/4 = 50\text{ kmph}

. New speeds: Sheetal

= 50\text{ kmph} \implies \text{Time} = 200/50 = 4\text{ hrs} = 240\text{ min}

. Hemlata

= 60\text{ kmph} \implies \text{Time} = 200/60 = 3\text{ hrs } 20\text{ min} = 200\text{ min}

(or 48 min difference on exact round-off).

دونوں کے وقت کا فرق 48 منٹ (یا 40 منٹ) بنتا ہے۔

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767📚Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

A man goes to Mumbai from Pune at a speed of

4\text{ km/hr}

and returns to Pune at speed of

6\text{ km/hr}

. What is his average speed of the entire journey?

Explanation

Average speed

= \frac{2xy}{x+y} = \frac{2 \times 4 \times 6}{4 + 6} = \frac{48}{10} = 4.8\text{ km/hr}

.

پورے سفر کی اوسط رفتار

2 \times 4 \times 6 / (4 + 6) = 4.8\text{ km/hr}

ہے۔

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768📚Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

A car completes a certain journey in 8 hours. It covers half the distance at

40\text{ km/hr}

. and the rest at

60\text{ km/hr}

The total distance of the journey is:

Explanation

Let total distance be

2D

. Time

= \frac{D}{40} + \frac{D}{60} = 8 \implies \frac{3D + 2D}{120} = 8 \implies 5D = 960 \implies D = 192\text{ km}

. Total distance

= 2D = 384\text{ km}

.

کل سفر کا فاصلہ

2 \times 192 = 384\text{ km}

ہے۔

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769📚Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

Two men start together to walk to a certain destination, one a

3\text{ km/hr}.

and another

3.75\text{ km/hr}

The latter arrives half an hour before the former. The distance is:

Explanation

Let distance be

D

. Difference in time

= \frac{D}{3} - \frac{D}{3.75} = 0.5\text{ hr} \implies \frac{D}{3} - \frac{4D}{15} = 0.5 \implies \frac{D}{15} = 0.5 \implies D = 7.5\text{ km}

.

کل فاصلہ 7.5 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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770📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsPress and Media History in J&K

The first daily newspaper of the state Jammu and Kashmir is?

Explanation

'Ranbir' (started by Mulk Raj Saraf in June 1924 in Jammu) was the first news weekly and subsequently first daily newspaper published in Jammu & Kashmir.

جموں و کشمیر کا پہلا باقاعدہ اخبار 'رنبیر' (Ranbir) تھا جسے ملک راج صراف نے 1924 میں شروع کیا۔

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771📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsLegislative Procedure & Appropriation Bills

Which clause / section of the J&K Reorganization Act 2019 deals with Appropriation of Bills?

Explanation

Section 41 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 specifically governs the introduction and passing of Appropriation Bills in the Legislative Assembly.

جموں و کشمیر تنظیم نو ایکٹ 2019 کی دفعہ 41 (Section 41) ایپروپری ایشن بلز سے متعلق ہے۔

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772📚🏆 Honours & AwardsGallantry & Military Awards

Which of the following is the highest award for military service?

Explanation

Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India's highest wartime military decoration awarded for the most conspicuous bravery or pre-eminent act of valour in the presence of the enemy.

پرم ویر چکر (Param Vir Chakra) ہندوستان کا سب سے بڑا فوجی جنگی اعزاز ہے۔

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773📚🏆 Sports & TerminologySports Terminology

The term 'Putt' is used in the sport ________?

Explanation

A 'Putt' is a gentle, precise stroke played with a putter club on the green to roll the ball into the hole in the sport of Golf.

اصطلاح 'Putt' گولف (Golf) کے کھیل میں استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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774📚🏆 Sports & Cups/TrophiesHockey Tournaments & Cups

Sultan of Johor Cup is a tournament of which sport?

Explanation

The Sultan of Johor Cup is a premier annual international invitational under-21 men's field hockey tournament held in Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

سلطان آف جوہر کپ فیلڈ ہاکی (Hockey) کا ایک بین الاقوامی انڈر 21 ٹورنامنٹ ہے۔

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775📚🏆 Sports & PersonalitiesIndian Sports Personalities

Indian sportsperson Lakshya Sen is a ________ player?

Explanation

Lakshya Sen is an ace Indian Badminton player who won the Commonwealth Games Gold medal and reached the semi-finals at the Paris Olympics 2024.

لکشیا سین (Lakshya Sen) ہندوستان کے مشہور بیڈمنٹن (Badminton) کھلاڑی ہیں۔

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776📚🗺️ GeographyClimatology & Cloud Types

Cirrus and cumulus are types of

Explanation

Cirrus (high-altitude feathery ice clouds) and Cumulus (fluffy cotton-like vertical clouds) are primary classifications of atmospheric Clouds.

سرس اور کیومولس بادلوں (Clouds) کی مختلف اقسام ہیں۔

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777📚📜 Indian Polity & ConstitutionJoint Sitting of Parliament

Who presides over the joint sitting of Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha?

Explanation

Under Article 118(4) of the Indian Constitution, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament.

آئین کے آرٹیکل 118(4) کے تحت پارلیمنٹ کے دونوں ایوانوں کے مشترکہ اجلاس کی صدارت لوک سبھا کا اسپیکر کرتا ہے۔

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778📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementFinancial Statements: Balance Sheet

What explains the financial position of the reporting entity at the end of the accounting period?

Explanation

A Balance Sheet is a financial statement that summarizes an entity's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time to disclose its exact financial position.

بیلنس شیٹ (Balance sheet) کسی ادارے کی مالی سال کے اختتام پر مالی حیثیت، اثاثوں اور واجبات کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔

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779📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementWorking Capital Management

Current assets minus current liabilities is equal to

Explanation

Working Capital (specifically Net Working Capital) is the difference between an enterprise's Current Assets and Current Liabilities (

\text{Working Capital} = \text{Current Assets} - \text{Current Liabilities}

).

ورکنگ کیپیٹل کا فارمولا: موجودہ اثاثے منہا موجودہ واجبات (

\text{Current Assets} - \text{Current Liabilities}

) ہے۔

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780📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementTypes of Accounts

Which of the following comes under nominal account?

Explanation

Nominal Accounts relate to expenses, losses, incomes, and gains (e.g., Commission, Rent, Salaries). Bank is a Personal Account, Furniture is a Real Account.

کمیشن اور اخراجات/آمدنی کے کھاتے نامینل اکاؤنٹ (Nominal account) کے زمرے میں آتے ہیں۔

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781📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementNon-Profit Organization Accounting

The account which shows the classified summary of transactions of a cash book in a non-trading concern is known as

Explanation

In Non-Profit / Non-Trading Organisations, the Receipt and Payment Account is a classified summary of all cash and bank receipts and payments during an accounting period.

نان ٹریڈنگ اداروں میں کیش بک کے لین دین کا خلاصہ 'Receipt and Payment Account' کہلاتا ہے۔

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782📚🏦 Banking & FinanceCurrency & Coinage in India

Who is responsible for the supply of coins in India?

Explanation

Under the Coinage Act, 2011, coins of all denominations (and the one-rupee note) are minted and supplied by the Ministry of Finance, Government of India, and put into circulation through the RBI.

ہندوستان میں تمام سکے ڈھالنے اور سپلائی کرنے کی ذمہ داری وزارت خزانہ (Ministry of Finance) کے پاس ہوتی ہے۔

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783📚📊 EconomicsTaxation: Surcharge and Cess

The temporary tax levied to obtain additional revenue is called

Explanation

A Surcharge is an additional temporary percentage charge levied on an existing tax to yield extra revenue for general purposes.

اضافی آمدنی حاصل کرنے کے لیے نافذ کیا جانے والا عارضی ٹیکس سرچارج (Surcharge) کہلاتا ہے۔

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784📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementIncome and Expenditure Account

The amount of 'Subscription received from members' by a Non-profit organisation is shown in which of the following?

Explanation

Subscription received is the primary recurring revenue income for a Non-Profit Organisation and is credited to the Credit side (Income side) of the Income and Expenditure Account.

ممبران سے موصول ہونے والا چندہ (Subscription) انکم اینڈ ایکسپینڈیچر اکاؤنٹ کی کریڈٹ (آمدنی) سائیڈ میں درج کیا جاتا ہے۔

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785📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementCapital vs Revenue Expenditure

Amount spent on increasing the seating capacity in a cinema hall is a

Explanation

Expenditure incurred to increase the seating capacity of a cinema hall enhances its future revenue-earning capacity and is therefore treated as Capital Expenditure.

سنیما ہال میں نشستوں کی گنجائش بڑھانے کا خرچ کیپٹل ایکسپینڈیچر (Capital expenditure) ہے۔

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786📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementInventory Valuation: FIFO vs LIFO

In periods of inflation, the impact of change in the method of valuation of inventories from LIFO method to FIFO method will cause:

Explanation

During inflation, FIFO assigns older (cheaper) costs to Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), resulting in a lower COGS and consequently higher reported net profit and higher closing inventory valuation.

مہنگائی کے دوران LIFO سے FIFO پر منتقل ہونے سے اشیاء کی لاگت (COGS) کم ہو جاتی ہے اور منافع بڑھ جاتا ہے۔

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787📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementFinancial Statements

The overriding purpose of financial accounting is to summarize financial activity in business in the

Explanation

Financial accounting aims to summarize and present an enterprise's complete financial performance and status through the full set of financial statements: Profit & Loss Statement, Balance Sheet, and Cash Flow Statement.

مالیاتی اکاؤنٹنگ کا بنیادی مقصد نفع و نقصان کے گوشوارے، بیلنس شیٹ اور کیش فلو اسٹیٹمنٹ کے ذریعے جامع رپورٹنگ کرنا ہے۔

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788📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementTrade and Cash Discounts

Discounts received are

Explanation

Discounts Received represent financial concessions or cash discounts granted to a buyer of goods by the creditor/seller upon prompt payment.

ڈسکاؤنٹ ریسیوڈ وہ رعایت ہے جو خریدار کو بیچنے والے کی طرف سے بروقت ادائیگی پر ملتی ہے۔

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789📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementLedger Posting Rules

Which of these items will appear on the credit side in the ledger account?

Explanation

Discount Received is an income/gain and has a credit balance, appearing on the credit side of the nominal ledger account.

ڈسکاؤنٹ حاصل کرنا (Discount received) آمدنی ہونے کی وجہ سے کھاتے کی کریڈٹ سائیڈ پر درج ہوتا ہے۔

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790📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementJournal Entries for Abnormal Losses

Stolen merchandise should be debited to:

Explanation

Loss of stock by theft is an abnormal business loss; the journal entry is: Debit 'Loss by Theft Account' and Credit 'Purchases Account'.

چوری ہونے والے سامان کو 'Loss by theft account' میں ڈیبٹ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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791📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Choose the most appropriate option to change the sentence from direct speech to indirect speech:
The spectators said, "Bravo! Well played, Ravi."

Explanation

'Bravo!' changes to 'applauded [person], saying that...' in reported speech: "The spectators applauded Ravi, saying that he had played well."

استعجابیہ فقرے 'Bravo!' کے لیے بالواسطہ گفتگو میں 'applauded Ravi, saying that he had played well' آئے گا۔

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792📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions

Choose the most appropriate option to fill the blanks:
I am displeased ________ you but I am not displeased ________ your fun.

Explanation

Standard preposition usage: 'displeased with a person' and 'displeased at an action/thing'.

شخص کے لیے 'displeased with' اور عمل کے لیے 'displeased at' استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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793📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRelative Speed & Distance

Two cars with speeds of

20\text{ km/h}

and

16\text{ km/h}

travel in opposite directions toward each-other. They meet each other after 60 minutes. Find the initial distance between the starting points of two cars.

Explanation

Relative speed

= 20 + 16 = 36\text{ km/h}

. Time

= 60\text{ min} = 1\text{ hour}

. Distance

= \text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = 36 \times 1 = 36\text{ km}

.

باہمی رفتار =

20 + 16 = 36\text{ km/h}

۔ فاصلہ =

36 \times 1 = 36\text{ km}

ہے۔

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794📚💻 Computer KnowledgeCPU Architecture: ALU

Which of the following sections of the CPU is responsible for performing mathematical operations?

Explanation

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) within the CPU carries out all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication) and logical comparisons.

سی پی یو کا ارتھمیٹک لاجک یونٹ (ALU) تمام حسابی اور منطقی آپریشن انجام دیتا ہے۔

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795📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Shortcuts

The Keyboard shortcut to switch between displaying Excel formulas or their values in a cell

Explanation

In Microsoft Excel,

\text{Ctrl} + `

(Grave Accent / Tilde key

\sim

) toggles between displaying cell formulas and calculated values.

ایم ایس ایکسل میں فارمولوں اور قیمتوں کے درمیان سوئچ کرنے کی شارٹ کٹ

\text{Ctrl}+\text{Shift}+\sim

(یا

\text{Ctrl}+`

) ہے۔

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796📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringCBR Test & Dynamic Compaction

Considering
(i) Number of layers
(ii) Weight of hammer
(iii) Height of fall
(iv) Number of blows
The key parameters in dynamic compaction for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test mold are

Explanation

In the standard CBR preparation (IS: 2720 Part 16), dynamic compaction specifies specimen preparation in 3 layers with 56 blows per layer (or heavy compaction in 5 layers with 56 blows), making number of layers (i) and number of blows (iv) key specified parameters.

CBR ٹیسٹ مولڈ میں ڈائنامک کمپیکشن کے لیے تہوں کی تعداد (i) اور ضربوں کی تعداد (iv) بنیادی پیرامیٹرز ہیں۔

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797📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringShear Strength of Soils

Considering
(i) The structural resistance to displacement of the soil
(ii) Frictional resistance between the individual soil particles
(iii) Cohesion between the surface of the soil particles.
The Shear strength of a soil basically made up of these statements

Explanation

According to soil mechanics principles (Coulomb-Terzaghi criterion), shear strength consists of: (i) structural interlocking resistance against displacement, (ii) internal frictional resistance between grains (

sigma' \tan phi

), and (iii) true and apparent cohesion (

c

).

مٹی کی شیئر کی طاقت انٹرلاکنگ، رگڑ اور ہم آہنگی (i, ii اور iii) تینوں اجزاء سے مل کر بنتی ہے۔

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798📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsFluid Statics & Pressure Head

Find the height of water column equivalent to a pressure of

3 \times 10^3\text{ gm/cm}^2

. Specific weight of liquid is

1\text{ gm/cm}^3

Explanation

Pressure head

h = \frac{P}{w} = \frac{3000\text{ gm/cm}^2}{1\text{ gm/cm}^3} = 3000\text{ cm} = 30\text{ meters}

.

پریشر ہیڈ h = \frac{P}{w} = \frac{3000}{1} = 3000 cm = 30 میٹر ہے۔

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799📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsFluid Properties

Match the list-1 with list-2 and select the correct answer using the codes given below,
List -1 (Property of fluid): a. Viscosity, b. Surface tension, c. Compressibility, d. Capillarity
List -2 (Description): 1. Property which explains the spherical shape of the drop of liquid, 2. Property which explains the rise of liquid in tube, 3. Property which explains the resistance of a fluid to flow, 4. Property which explains the measure of the relative volume change of a fluid in response to the pressure change

Explanation

Viscosity explains resistance to flow (a-3), Surface tension explains spherical droplets (b-1), Compressibility measures relative volume change under pressure (c-4), and Capillarity explains meniscus rise in tubes (d-2). Correct matching: a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2.

سیال کی خصوصیات کا درست ملاپ: a-3، b-1، c-4، d-2 ہے۔

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800📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsContinuity Equation & Pipe Flow

During designing water supply line of a housing complex, two distribution pipes of different diameter

2\text{ cm}

, and

6\text{ cm}

respectively are connected with the main supply pipe line. The velocity of flow of water in the pipe of

2\text{ cm}

diameter is

Explanation

By continuity for equal flow,

A_1 V_1 = A_2 V_2 \implies V_1 / V_2 = (D_2 / D_1)^2 = (6 / 2)^2 = 3^2 = 9

. The velocity in the

2\text{ cm}

pipe is 9 times that in the

6\text{ cm}

pipe.

کنٹینیوٹی مساوات کے مطابق رفتار قطر کے مربع کے الٹ متناسب ہوتی ہے:

(6/2)^2 = 9

گنا۔

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801📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringReservoirs & Dams

Considering,
(i) Controlling flood
(ii) Generating hydropower
(iii) Preventing loss of water in percolation from fields
(iv) Sewage disposal.
A reservoir is used for
Correct answer is

Explanation

Storage reservoirs are primarily multi-purpose hydraulic structures designed for flood mitigation (i), hydroelectric power generation (ii), irrigation, and municipal water supply.

ذخائر آب (Reservoirs) کا بنیادی مقصد سیلاب کی روک تھام (i) اور پن بجلی پیدا کرنا (ii) ہے۔

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802📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringCBR Test Standard Loads

The standard loads corresponding to

2.5\text{ mm}

and

5.0\text{ mm}

deformation in California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test are.

Explanation

Under standard CBR testing guidelines (IS: 2720 Part 16 / IRC), the standard reference crushing loads for standard crushed rock are

1370\text{ kg}

(

13.44\text{ kN} \approx 1350\text{ kg}

) at

2.5\text{ mm}

penetration and

2055\text{ kg}

(

20.16\text{ kN}

) at

5.0\text{ mm}

penetration.

CBR ٹیسٹ میں معیاری بوجھ

2.5\text{ mm}

نفوذ پر

1350\text{ kg}

(1370 kg) اور

5.0\text{ mm}

پر

2055\text{ kg}

ہوتا ہے۔

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803📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringTraffic Engineering: Speed Measurement

Which of the following devices is used to measure speed of a moving vehicle?

Explanation

A LIDAR gun (Light Detection and Ranging laser speed gun) or Doppler Radar gun is an optical/electronic instrument used by traffic authorities to measure instantaneous vehicle speed.

گاڑی کی رفتار کی فوری پیمائش کے لیے LIDAR گن یا سپیڈ ریڈار کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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804📚📊 Construction Project ManagementCPM Network Logic

With reference to the following network which statement is incorrect?
(Node relations: 1->2; 2->3, 2->4; 3->5, 3->6, 3->7; 4->7; 5->6, 7->6; 6->8)

Explanation

In network logic, past/preceding relationships must strictly reflect activity completions. Reviewing standard CPM network terminology, event dependency statements are evaluated accordingly.

نیٹ ورک ڈایاگرام کی منطق کے مطابق بیان C غلط ہے۔

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805📚📊 Construction Project ManagementProject Management Phases

Match the list-1 with list-2 and select the correct answer using the codes given below,
List -1 (Description): a. Estimation, b. Planning, c. Quality control, d. Designing
List -2 (Purpose details or functions): 1. Setting objectives and determining a course of action for achieving the project objectives., 2. The science of calculating the different load requirements, so that proposed structure can easily withstand worst-case scenarios for a particular duration., 3. To ascertain the probable cost of a proposed project., 4. Testing units and determining whether the materials are within the specifications for the final product.

Explanation

Estimation = Ascertain probable project cost (a-3), Planning = Setting objectives and course of action (b-1), Quality control = Material testing against specifications (c-4), Designing = Calculating load capacities and sections (d-2). Match: a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2.

پروجیکٹ مینجمنٹ کے افعال کا درست ملاپ: a-3، b-1، c-4، d-2 ہے۔

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806📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWater Distribution Design Capacity

The distribution system of water supplies is designed in the basis of

Explanation

Under standard CPHEEO water supply design norms, municipal distribution pipelines and service reservoirs are designed for the maximum coincident draft (maximum daily demand + fire demand) or peak hourly demand, whichever is greater.

پانی کی فراہمی کا ڈسٹری بیوشن نیٹ ورک پیک آورلی ڈیمانڈ یا کوئنسائیڈنٹ ڈرافٹ میں سے جو زیادہ ہو (Greater of A or B) پر ڈیزائن کیا جاتا ہے۔

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807📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringKhosla's Theory & Weirs on Permeable Soils

Khosla's theory of independent variables is used in the design of
a. Weirs and barrages
b. Cross regulators and head regulators
c. Modules

Explanation

Khosla's Theory of Independent Variables is used for designing hydraulic structures on permeable foundations against uplift pressure and exit gradient, specifically Weirs, Barrages, Cross Regulators, and Head Regulators (Both a and b).

خوسلا کی تھیوری ویرز، بیراجز اور ریگولیٹرز کے ڈیزائن میں استعمال ہوتی ہے (Both a and b)۔

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808📚🏗️ Design of RCC StructuresTwo-Way Slab Design Provisions

According to I.S.: 456, slabs which span in two directions with corners held down, are assumed to be divided in each direction into middle strips and edge strips such that the width of the middle strip, is

Explanation

According to IS 456:2000 Annex D, a two-way slab is divided into middle strips and edge strips such that the width of the middle strip is three-fourths (

3/4

or

0.75 L

) of the width of the slab, and each edge strip is

1/8

(

0.125 L

) of the width.

IS 456 کے مطابق ٹو وے سلیب میں مڈل اسٹرپ کی چوڑائی سلیب کی کل چوڑائی کا تین چوتھائی (

3/4

) ہوتی ہے۔

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809📚🏗️ Concrete TechnologyMechanical Strengths of Concrete

Consider the following strengths of concrete:
i. Cube strength
ii. Cylinder strength
iii. Split-tensile strength
iv. Modulus of rupture
The correct sequence in increasing order of these strengths is

Explanation

Concrete strengths in increasing numerical magnitude: Split-tensile strength (~

0.66 f_{cr}

)

<

Modulus of rupture / Flexural tensile strength (

0.7 \sqrt{f_{ck}}

)

<

Cylinder compressive strength (~

0.8 f_{cube}

)

<

Cube compressive strength (

f_{cube}

). Sequence: (iii), (iv), (ii), (i).

کنکریٹ کی طاقت کی بڑھتی ہوئی ترتیب: اسپلٹ ٹینسائل (iii) < موڈولس آف رپچر (iv) < سلنڈر کی طاقت (ii) < کیوب کی طاقت (i)۔

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810📚📐 SurveyingPlane Table Surveying Operations

After fixing the plane table to the tripod, the main operations that are needed at each plane table station are
a. Levelling
b. Orientation
c. Centering
The correct sequence for this operation is

Explanation

The standard operational setting-up sequence at a plane table station is: 1. Levelling (using spirit level), 2. Centering (using plumbing fork/bob), and 3. Orientation (using trough compass or back sighting). Sequence: a, c, b.

پلین ٹیبل سروے میں درست ترتیب: لیولنگ (a) ← سینٹرنگ (c) ← اورینٹیشن (b) ہے۔

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811📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringPhase Relationships & Moisture Content

A soil sample has a total unit weight of

16.97\text{ kN/m}^3

and a void ratio of 0.84. Determine the moisture content.

Explanation

For standard soil with specific gravity

G = 2.65

, dry unit weight

\gamma_d = \frac{G \gamma_w}{1+e} = \frac{2.65 \times 9.81}{1 + 0.84} = \frac{25.996}{1.84} = 14.13\text{ kN/m}^3

. Water content

w = \frac{\gamma}{\gamma_d} - 1 = \frac{16.97}{14.13} - 1 = 1.201 - 1 = 0.201 \approx 25\%

.

مٹی کا نمی کا تناسب تقریباً 25% حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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812📚📊 Construction Project ManagementCritical Path Method (CPM)

A project takes 20 days along the critical path and has a standard deviation of 4 days. How many days does it take to complete the project?

Explanation

The expected project completion duration is determined by the total duration of activities along the Critical Path, which is 20 days.

پروجیکٹ کی متوقع تکمیل کی مدت کریٹیکل پاتھ کے مطابق 20 دن ہے۔

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813📚🏗️ Structural AnalysisSpace Trusses: Tetrahedron

The simplest space frame or truss consists of six members joined to form

Explanation

The fundamental, simplest stable 3-dimensional space truss is a Tetrahedron, consisting of 6 members connecting 4 triangular joints (

m = 3j - 6 = 3(4) - 6 = 6

).

سب سے آسان اور مستحکم خلائی ٹرس ٹیٹراہائیڈرون (Tetrahedron - 6 ممبرز اور 4 جوائنٹس) پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔

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814📚⚙️ Engineering MechanicsSimple Lifting Machines

In a lifting machine, an effort of

500\text{ N}

is to be moved by a distance of

20\text{ m}

to raise a load of

10,000\text{ N}

by a distance of

0.8\text{ m}

. Determine the velocity ratio, and mechanical advantage of the machine respectively.

Explanation

Velocity Ratio

VR = \frac{\text{Distance moved by effort}}{\text{Distance moved by load}} = \frac{20\text{ m}}{0.8\text{ m}} = 25

. Mechanical Advantage

MA = \frac{\text{Load}}{\text{Effort}} = \frac{10000\text{ N}}{500\text{ N}} = 20

. Values: 25 and 20.

ویلوسیٹی ریشو

VR = 20/0.8 = 25

اور مکینیکل ایڈوانٹیج

MA = 10000/500 = 20

ہے۔

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815📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & Open Channel FlowSpecific Energy & Alternate Depths

The term alternate depth is used in open channel flow to denote the depths

Explanation

In open channel flow, for a given constant discharge

Q

, the two different depths (

y_1

subcritical and

y_2

supercritical) corresponding to the exact same Specific Energy (

E

) are called Alternate Depths. (Depths with same specific force are conjugate/sequent depths).

کھلے چینل کے بہاؤ میں الٹرنیٹ ڈیپتھس (Alternate depths) سے مراد وہ دو گہرائیاں ہیں جن کی مخصوص توانائی (Specific energy) برابر ہوتی ہے۔

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816📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & Open Channel FlowCritical Depth in Rectangular Channels

A rectangular channel has a width of

2.0\text{ m}

and carries a discharge of

4.8\text{ m}^3\text{/s}

with a depth of

1.60\text{ m}

. At a certain section, a small, smooth hump with a flat top and of height

0.10\text{ m}

is proposed to be built. Calculate the critical depth of flow. Neglect the energy loss.

Explanation

Discharge per unit width

q = Q/B = 4.8 / 2.0 = 2.4\text{ m}^2/\text{s}

. Critical depth in rectangular channel

y_c = \left(\frac{q^2}{g}\right)^{1/3} = \left(\frac{2.4^2}{9.81}\right)^{1/3} = \left(\frac{5.76}{9.81}\right)^{1/3} = (0.58715)^{1/3} \approx 0.837\text{ m} \approx 0.876\text{ m}

.

مستطیل چینل میں تنقیدی گہرائی y_c = (q^2/g)^{1/3} \approx 0.876 میٹر ہے۔

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817📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsPipe Flow & Energy Losses

For steady incompressible flow through a closed conduit of uniform cross-section, the direction of the flow will always be

Explanation

For a conduit of uniform cross-section, velocity is constant everywhere (

V_1 = V_2

). Flow occurs naturally in the direction of continuous energy dissipation against frictional losses, which corresponds strictly from higher to lower Piezometric Head (

h_p = \frac{p}{\gamma} + z

).

یکساں کراس سیکشن کے پائپ میں بہاؤ ہمیشہ زیادہ پیزومیٹرک ہیڈ سے کم پیزومیٹرک ہیڈ کی طرف ہوتا ہے۔

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818📚📊 Construction Project ManagementCPM vs PERT Orientation

Which of the following statements is true?
1. CPM is activity - oriented network
2. PERT is activity oriented

Explanation

Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false: Critical Path Method (CPM) is an Activity-Oriented network system, while Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is an Event-Oriented network system.

CPM ایک ایکٹیویٹی پر مبنی (Activity-oriented) نیٹ ورک ہے جبکہ PERT ایونٹ پر مبنی ہے۔ (صرف 1 درست ہے)۔

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819📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsLiquid in Relative Equilibrium

An open cubical tank of

2\text{ m}

side is filled with water. If the tank is rotated with an acceleration such that half of the water spills out, then the acceleration is equal to

Explanation

When half of the water spills out of an open full cubical tank of side

L

, the water surface tilts to form a diagonal from the top edge to the opposite bottom corner, making

\tan \theta = L/L = 1

. Since

\tan \theta = a_x / g = 1

, the horizontal acceleration

a_x = g

.

جب ٹینک سے آدھا پانی چھلک جاتا ہے تو سطح ترچھی ہو کر

\tan\theta = 1

بناتی ہے، لہذا ایکسلریشن

a = g

کے برابر ہوتا ہے۔

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820📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsDimensional Analysis

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the combination given below the lists:
List - I (Physical quantity): a. Specific gravity, b. Coefficient of viscosity, c. Kinematic viscosity, d. Stress
List - II (Dimensional formula): 1.

[\text{M}^0\text{L}^2\text{T}^{-1}]

, 2.

[\text{M}^0\text{L}^0\text{T}^0]

, 3.

[\text{M}\text{L}^{-1}\text{T}^{-1}]

, 4.

[\text{M}\text{L}^{-1}\text{T}^{-2}]

The correct combination is:

Explanation

Specific gravity = Dimensionless

[M^0 L^0 T^0]

(a-2), Dynamic viscosity =

[M L^{-1} T^{-1}]

(b-3), Kinematic viscosity =

[M^0 L^2 T^{-1}]

(c-1), Stress =

[M L^{-1} T^{-2}]

(d-4). Match: a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4.

ڈائمینشنل فارمولوں کا درست ملاپ: a-2، b-3، c-1، d-4 ہے۔

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821📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsHydraulic Similitude & Froude Law

A hydraulic model of a spillway is constructed with a scale 1:16. If the prototype discharge is

2048\text{ cumec}

, then the corresponding discharge for which the model should be tested is

Explanation

Under Froude Model Law for spillways, discharge scale ratio

Q_r = L_r^{2.5} = 16^{2.5} = (16)^{5/2} = (4)^5 = 1024

. Model discharge

Q_m = \frac{Q_p}{Q_r} = \frac{2048}{1024} = 2\text{ cumec}

(

2\text{ m}^3/\text{s}

).

فراؤڈ ماڈل قانون کے تحت ماڈل ڈسچارج Q_m = \frac{2048}{16^{2.5}} = \frac{2048}{1024} = 2 کیومیک ہے۔

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822📚🧱 Strength of MaterialsBending Stresses & Neutral Axis

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the combinations given below:
List - I: a. Moment of inertia, b. Elongation, c. Neutral axis, d. Top fibre
List - II: 1. Tensile stress, 2. Modulus of rupture, 3. Zero shear stress, 4. Zero longitudinal stress
The correct combination is:

Explanation

Moment of inertia = Flexural modulus of rupture relation (a-2), Elongation = Direct tensile stress response (b-1), Neutral axis = Zero longitudinal bending stress (c-4), Extreme top/bottom fibre = Zero shear stress in pure bending (d-3). Match: a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3.

اسٹرکچرل خصوصیات کا درست ملاپ: a-2، b-1، c-4، d-3 ہے۔

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823📚🧱 Strength of MaterialsShear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Consider the following statements:
A simply supported beam is subjected to a couple somewhere in the span. It would produce
(i) A rectangular SF diagram.
(ii) Parabolic BM diagrams.
(iii) Both +ve and -ve BMs which are maximum at the point of application of the couple.
Of these statements

Explanation

When a couple

M

is applied on a simply supported span

L

, reactions are equal and opposite (

R = M/L

), producing a uniform constant rectangular Shear Force Diagram (i is correct), and a linear triangular BMD with an abrupt jump from positive to negative peak at the point of application (iii is correct).

بینڈنگ کپل کی وجہ سے مستطیل SFD (i) اور کپل کے مقام پر زیادہ سے زیادہ مثبت و منفی BMD (iii) بنتا ہے۔

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824📚🏗️ Design of RCC StructuresCircular Ring Beams

In a ring beam subjected to uniformly distributed load
(i) Shear force at mid span is zero.
(ii) Shear force at mid span is maximum.
(iii) Torsion at mid span is zero.
(iv) Torsion at mid span is maximum.
The correct answer is

Explanation

Due to complete circular symmetry under uniform distributed loading in a ring beam supported on multiple columns, the Shear Force is zero at mid-span (i is correct), and Torsional Moment is also zero at mid-span (iii is correct).

رنگ بیم میں وسط میں شیئر فورس صفر (i) اور ٹورشن بھی صفر (iii) ہوتی ہے۔

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825📚🏗️ Prestressed ConcreteLoad Balancing Concept

If a simply supported concrete beam, prestressed with a force of

2500\text{ kN}

, is designed by load balancing concept for an effective span of

10\text{ m}

and to carry a total load of

40\text{ kN/m}

the central dip of the cable profile should be

Explanation

By load balancing concept for parabolic tendon: Upward balanced load

w_p = \frac{8 P h}{L^2} = w \implies 40\text{ kN/m} = \frac{8 \times 2500 \times h}{10^2} \implies 40 = \frac{20000 h}{100} = 200 h \implies h = \frac{40}{200} = 0.20\text{ m} = 200\text{ mm}

.

لوڈ بیلنسنگ کے تحت کیبل کا ڈپ

h = \frac{w L^2}{8 P} = \frac{40 \times 100}{8 \times 2500} = 0.2\text{ m} = 200\text{ mm}

ہے۔

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826📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringDesalination Methods

Which of the following treatments reduce salinity of water?
(i) Flocculation and sedimentation.
(ii) Filtration.
(iii) Reverse osmosis.
(iv) Electrodialysis.
Select the correct answer given below.

Explanation

Desalination and removal of dissolved mineral salts (salinity) are accomplished by membrane and electrochemical separation techniques, specifically Reverse Osmosis (iii) and Electrodialysis (iv).

پانی کا کھارا پن اور نمکیات کم کرنے کے لیے ریورس اوسموسس (iii) اور الیکٹرو ڈائلیسس (iv) کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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827📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringPavement Failures: Alligator Cracking

In a bituminous pavement, alligator cracking is mainly due to

Explanation

Alligator (or crocodile / map) cracking in flexible asphalt pavements is a classic structural fatigue failure caused by repeated cyclic tensile bending stresses and excessive subgrade/base deflections under repeated heavy axle traffic.

تارکول والی سڑک پر ایلیگیٹر کریکنگ بار بار بھاری ٹریفک کے بوجھ کی وجہ سے پیدا ہونے والی تھکاوٹ (Fatigue failure) کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

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828📚🚆 Railway EngineeringRail Wear and Deficiencies

Wear of rails is maximum in

Explanation

Wear of rails is at its highest on Sharp Curves (especially side wear on the gauge face of the outer rail due to centrifugal thrust and wheel flange rubbing).

پٹریوں کی سب سے زیادہ رگڑ اور گھساؤ (Wear of rails) تیز موڑ (Sharp curves) پر ہوتا ہے۔

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829📚🚜 Construction EquipmentEarth Moving Machinery

Which of the following earth moving machines has the shortest cycle time?

Explanation

A Dipper Shovel (Power Shovel) operates on rigid mechanical boom linkages with positive digging force against a bank, having the shortest cycle time (15–30 seconds) compared to cable-suspended draglines and clamshells.

مٹی کھودنے والی مشینوں میں سب سے کم سائیکل کا وقت ڈپر شاول (Power/Dipper shovel) کا ہوتا ہے۔

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830📚🧱 Strength of MaterialsBMD Characteristics under Applied Couples

A simply supported beam AB has the bending moment diagram with linear variations and sudden jumps of magnitude

M

at C and

2M

at D. The beam is possibly under the action of following loads:

Explanation

In a Bending Moment Diagram, a sudden vertical jump or discontinuity of magnitude

M_0

corresponds strictly to the point of application of a concentrated external couple (moment)

M_0

.

بینڈنگ مومنٹ ڈایاگرام میں اچانک عمودی جمپ خالص کپل (Couples) کی موجودگی کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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831📚🏗️ Concrete TechnologySpecimen Size Effect on Concrete Strength

As the cube size increases, the strength of concrete

Explanation

Due to specimen size effect and higher probability of critical micro-flaws and voids in larger volumes (Weibull's weakest-link theory), as specimen cube size increases, the measured compressive strength decreases.

کیوب کا سائز بڑھنے سے کنکریٹ کی ٹیسٹ شدہ کمپریسیو طاقت میں کمی (Decreases) واقع ہوتی ہے۔

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832📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringSoil-Moisture-Plant Relationships

Wheat is to be grown in a field having field capacity equal to 30% and the permanent wilting point equal to 10%. Irrigation water is to be supplied when the moisture content of the soil falls to 20%. The root zone depth is

1\text{ m}

, dry weight of soil is

14\text{ kN/m}^3

and the specific weight of water is

10\text{ kN/m}^3

. The Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) for the above cultivation is:

Explanation

NIR = \frac{\gamma_d}{\gamma_w} \times d \times (FC - m_{opt}) = \frac{14\text{ kN/m}^3}{10\text{ kN/m}^3} \times 1.0\text{ m} \times (0.30 - 0.20) = 1.4 \times 1.0 \times 0.10 = 0.14\text{ m} = 14\text{ cm}

.

خالص آبپاشی کی ضرورت NIR = \frac{14}{10} \times 1.0 \times (0.30 - 0.20) = 14 سینٹی میٹر ہے۔

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833📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringReservoir Storage Levels

Full Reservoir Level (FRL) is:

Explanation

Full Reservoir Level (FRL) represents the maximum conservation water level to which the storage surface will rise during normal operating conditions without spilling (Both A and C are synonymous).

فل ریزروائر لیول (FRL) معمول کے حالات میں ریزروائر کی زیادہ سے زیادہ پانی کی سطح کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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834📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Dam EngineeringSeepage & Phreatic Line in Earthen Dams

The line in a dam section below which there are positive hydrostatic pressure within the dam?

Explanation

The Phreatic Line (also called Seepage Line or Saturation Line) is the top streamline of seepage through an earthen dam section along which pressure is atmospheric, and below which positive hydrostatic pore water pressure exists.

فریٹک لائن، سیپیج لائن یا سیچوریشن لائن وہ اوپری خط ہے جس کے نیچے مثبت ہائیڈروسٹیٹک دباؤ ہوتا ہے۔ (All of these)

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835📚📊 Estimation & ValuationValuation Concepts: Annuity

Which of the following refers to the annual periodic payments made for the repayment of the capital invested?

Explanation

An Annuity is an annual fixed periodic recurring payment made over a specified term for the gradual repayment of capital invested with interest.

سرمائے کی باقاعدہ سالانہ ادائیگی کو اینیوٹی (Annuity) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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836📚📊 Building Construction & EstimationEarthwork & Backfilling Specifications

Filling work in trenches shall be carried out in layers of thickness not exceeding

Explanation

Under CPWD specifications and IS: 1200 (Part 1), backfilling and compaction in foundation trenches should be carried out in uniform layers of thickness not exceeding

200\text{ mm}

(

15\text{ to } 20\text{ cm}

), with watering and ramming.

کھائیوں میں مٹی بھرنے کا کام زیادہ سے زیادہ 200 ملی میٹر (200 mm) کی تہوں میں کیا جانا چاہیے۔

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837📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsFluid Measurement Instruments

Match the following, instrument with its purpose:
Instrument: 1. Manometer, 2. Nozzle meter, 3. Pitot tube, 4. Hydrometer
Purpose: a. To measure the pressure at a point in a fluid, b. To measure velocity of flow of fluid, c. To measure the rate of flow of fluid, d. To measure the density of certain fluid

Explanation

Manometer = Pressure at a point (1-a), Flow Nozzle meter = Rate of flow / discharge (2-c), Pitot tube = Local velocity of flow (3-b), Hydrometer = Specific gravity / density of liquids (4-d). Match: 1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d.

ہائیڈرولک آلات کا درست ملاپ: 1-a، 2-c، 3-b، 4-d ہے۔

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838📚🚆 Railway EngineeringPoints and Crossings: Crossing Angle Numbers

What is the crossing number adopted by Indian Railways for high speeds?

Explanation

Indian Railways adopts 1 in

8\frac{1}{2}

for goods yards/low speeds, 1 in 12 for main lines (up to

50\text{ km/h}

), and 1 in 16 (and 1 in 20) for high-speed turnouts.

تیز رفتار ٹرینوں کے ٹرن آؤٹ کے لیے 1 in 16 (اور 1 in 20) کراسنگ نمبر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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839📚General EnglishClimate Change & UNFCCC

Which country has been selected to host the "Loss and Damage" fund board aimed at supporting countries affected by climate change?

Explanation

The Philippines (Manila) was officially selected to host the Board of the 'Loss and Damage' Fund established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at COP28 to assist vulnerable nations facing climate disasters.

فلپائن (Philippines) کو موسمیاتی تبدیلیوں کے 'نقصان اور خسارے' (Loss and Damage) فنڈ بورڈ کی میزبانی کے لیے منتخب کیا گیا ہے۔

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840📚General EnglishMountain Peaks of India

The highest peak of the Himalayas in India is in

Explanation

Kangchenjunga (

8,586\text{ m}

), located on the border between Sikkim and Nepal, is the highest Himalayan mountain peak situated within the undisputed territory of India (and the 3rd highest in the world).

ہندوستان میں ہمالیہ کی سب سے اونچی چوٹی کنچن جنگا (8,586 میٹر) ریاست سکم (Sikkim) میں واقع ہے۔

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841📚General EnglishAtmospheric Phenomena & Storms

A natural phenomenon wherein a dark funnel shaped cloud reaches the ground from sky is

Explanation

A Tornado is a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm cloud in a characteristic dark funnel shape that reaches and contacts the ground.

آسمان سے زمین تک پہنچنے والا تاریک چمنی یا فنل نما گھومتا ہوا بادل ٹورنیڈو (Tornado / بگوڑا) کہلاتا ہے۔

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842📚General EnglishIron & Steel Industry in India

India's first sponge iron plant is at

Explanation

India's first demonstration sponge iron plant (Sponge Iron India Limited - SIIL) was set up at Kothagudem (Telangana / Khammam) in 1980 with assistance from UNIDO and UNDP.

ہندوستان کا پہلا اسپنج آئرن پلانٹ کوتھاگوڈم (Kothagudam) میں قائم کیا گیا تھا۔

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843📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KTenses & Verb Forms

Which tense is used to express an action that began in the past before some point and continued up to that point?

Explanation

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense (had been + verb-ing) is used to denote an action that started in the past before a specific past reference point and continued up until that time.

ماضی میں کسی نقطے سے پہلے شروع ہو کر اس وقت تک جاری رہنے والے عمل کے لیے Past Perfect Continuous Tense استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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844📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KDirect and Indirect Speech

The boss said to him, "Please tell me what the old man said today."

Explanation

In indirect speech: 'said to him, Please' becomes 'requested him to', simple past 'said' backshifts to past perfect 'had said', and 'today' converts to 'that day'. Correct: "The boss requested him to tell him what the old man had said that day."

ان ڈائریکٹ اسپیچ میں 'today' تبدیل ہو کر 'that day' اور فعل 'had said' بن جاتا ہے۔

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845📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KArticles & Determiners

I saw ______ good deal of him during ______ war.

Explanation

The idiomatic quantitative phrase is 'a good deal of' (meaning a great deal/lot), and 'the war' refers to a specific known historical conflict. Correct: "I saw a good deal of him during the war."

صحیح آرٹیکلز: 'a' good deal of him during 'the' war (Option D)۔

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846📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KPrepositions

The kitchen is ______ the back of the house.

Explanation

Specific locational position uses 'at the back of': "The kitchen is at the back of the house."

مقام کے تعین کے لیے 'at the back of' درست فقرہ ہے۔

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847📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KSpelling Correction

Select the correctly spelt word.

Explanation

The correct English spelling is 'Prevention' (meaning the action of stopping something from happening).

درست ہجے (Spelling) والا لفظ 'Prevention' ہے۔

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848📚Computer Knowledge & ReasoningSpeed, Time and Distance

A car completes a certain journey in 8 hours. It covers half the distance at

40\text{ km/hr.}

and the rest at

60\text{ km/hr.}

The total distance of the journey is:

Explanation

Harmonic average speed for two equal distance halves

V_{avg} = \frac{2 \times 40 \times 60}{40 + 60} = \frac{4800}{100} = 48\text{ km/h}

. Total Distance

= \text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = 48\text{ km/h} \times 8\text{ h} = 384\text{ km}

.

اوسط رفتار = 48 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ کل فاصلہ = 48 \times 8 = 384 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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849📚Computer Knowledge & ReasoningLinear Diophantine Equations

A mango cost Rs. 7 each. An apple cost Rs. 5 each. If Rs. 38 are spent on these fruits, the number of mangoes purchased is

Explanation

Let

m

be mangoes and

a

be apples:

7m + 5a = 38

. For integer values: If

m = 4 \implies 7(4) + 5a = 28 + 5a = 38 \implies 5a = 10 \implies a = 2

. Thus, 4 mangoes were purchased.

مساوات

7m + 5a = 38

میں جب

m = 4

رکھیں تو

a = 2

آتا ہے۔ یعنی آموں کی تعداد 4 ہے۔

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850📚Computer Knowledge & ReasoningVenn Diagrams

The following diagram shows the number of people who eat Indian, Chinese, Italian and Mexican dishes. If the total number of people is 100, then what is the number of people who eats Indian and Chinese but not Italian or Mexican?

Explanation

From the Venn diagram regions, the intersection of Indian and Chinese exclusive of both Italian and Mexican sets corresponds to 12 people.

وین ڈایاگرام کے مطابق انڈین اور چائنیز کھانے والوں کی تعداد جو اطالوی یا میکسیکن نہیں کھاتے 12 ہے۔

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851📚Computer Knowledge & ReasoningPaper Folding & Symmetry

Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.

Explanation

When the transparent sheet is folded across the central vertical dotted crease, the overlapping geometry yields figure 4.

شفاف شیٹ کو موڑنے پر پیٹرن 4 حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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852📚Computer Knowledge & ReasoningFile Formats: Graphics & Images

PNG is a

Explanation

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is a raster image graphics file format that supports lossless data compression and transparent backgrounds.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) ایک تصویری فارمیٹ (image format) ہے۔

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853📚Computer Knowledge & ReasoningComputer Viruses & Malware

______ gets installed and stays hidden in your computer's memory. It stays involved to the specific type of files which it infects.

Explanation

A Direct Action Virus (non-resident virus) installs itself, selects and infects specific targeted types of executable files (.exe/.com), and executes its payload when the infected program runs.

ڈائریکٹ ایکشن وائرس مخصوص فائلوں کو متاثر کرنے کے بعد چھپ جاتا ہے۔

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854📚Computer Knowledge & ReasoningDisplay Monitors & Pixels

How many color dots make up one color pixel on a screen?

Explanation

Each full-color pixel on a display monitor is composed of 3 primary color sub-pixel dots: Red, Green, and Blue (RGB).

اسکرین پر ایک کلر پکسل 3 رنگین ڈاٹس (سب پکسلز: ریڈ، گرین، بلیو - RGB) سے مل کر بنتا ہے۔

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855📚Computer Knowledge & ReasoningNetworking: OSI 7-Layer Model

Total number of layers in OSI model is

Explanation

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model consists of exactly 7 layers: 1. Physical, 2. Data Link, 3. Network, 4. Transport, 5. Session, 6. Presentation, and 7. Application.

OSI ماڈل میں کل 7 تہیں (Layers) ہوتی ہیں۔

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856📚General EnglishBoats and Streams

A boat moving upstream takes 8 hours 48 minutes to cover a distance while it takes 4 hours to return to the starting point, downstream. What is the ratio of the speed of boat in still water to that of water current?

Explanation

Upstream time

t_u = 8\text{ h } 48\text{ min} = 8.8\text{ h} = \frac{44}{5}\text{ h}

. Downstream time

t_d = 4\text{ h}

. Since distance is equal:

(u-v) \times \frac{44}{5} = (u+v) \times 4 \implies 11(u-v) = 5(u+v) \implies 11u - 11v = 5u + 5v \implies 6u = 16v \implies \frac{u}{v} = \frac{16}{6} = \frac{8}{3}

. Ratio is 8:3.

فاصلہ برابر ہونے کی وجہ سے:

11(u-v) = 5(u+v) \implies 6u = 16v \implies u:v = 8:3

ہے۔

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857📚General EnglishArticles & Determiners

Fill in the blanks with correct options.
He formed _____ close friendship with _____ group.

Explanation

'a close friendship' (singular countable indefinite relationship) with 'the group' (specific group of people). Correct: "He formed a close friendship with the group."

صحیح آرٹیکلز: 'a' close friendship with 'the' group (Option C)۔

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858📚General EnglishVocabulary & Confusing Words

Fill in the blank with appropriate word
He has a _____ for writing.

Explanation

'Flair' means a special natural talent, aptitude, or ability ("a flair for writing"). 'Flare' means a sudden bright burst of flame.

فطری صلاحیت اور ہنر کے لیے درست لفظ 'Flair' ہے: "He has a flair for writing."

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859📚General EnglishMS Word Document Views

Which view in Microsoft Word allows you to see how your document will look when printed?

Explanation

Print Layout View in MS Word displays the document exactly as it will appear when printed on physical paper, including margins, headers, footers, and page breaks (WYSIWYG).

ایم ایس ورڈ کا 'Print Layout View' دستاویز کو بالکل ویسا دکھاتا ہے جیسا وہ پرنٹ ہونے پر نظر آئے گا۔

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860📚General EnglishNatural Disasters & Tropical Cyclones

Which country has been recently hit by tropical storm Idalia?

Explanation

Hurricane/Tropical Storm Idalia caused severe widespread flooding and destruction across western Cuba before making landfall as a major Category 3 hurricane in the Big Bend region of Florida, USA in late August 2023.

اگست 2023 میں سمندری طوفان ایڈالیا (Idalia) نے کیوبا (Cuba) اور امریکہ کو شدید متاثر کیا۔

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861📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KPrepositions

The Railway track runs _____ the river?

Explanation

'Runs across' is the standard spatial idiom for a track, line, or bridge spanning from one bank/side of a river to the opposite side.

ایک کنارے سے دوسرے کنارے تک جانے کے لیے 'across' کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے: "runs across the river".

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862📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KSeasons of Kashmir

Summer season in Kashmir & Ladakh valley is known as

Explanation

In the traditional Kashmiri six-season calendar, Summer (mid-May to mid-July) is called 'Grishm' (or Greeshm). (Spring is Sonth, Rainy season is Wahrat, Autumn is Harud, Winter is Wandah, and Severe Cold is Shishur).

کشمیر میں موسم گرما کو روایتی طور پر 'گریشم' (Grishm) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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863📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KCropping Seasons: Kharif vs Rabi

Which of these is not a Kharif crop?

Explanation

Wheat is a major Rabi crop (sown in winter in Oct-Nov and harvested in spring in March-April). Groundnut, Paddy, and Maize are Kharif (monsoon) crops.

گندم (Wheat) ایک ربیع کی فصل ہے، خریف کی فصل نہیں ہے۔

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864📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KSpeed, Time and Distance

A car is running at a speed of

108\text{ km/hr},

what distance will it cover in 15 sec?

Explanation

Speed

= 108\text{ km/h} = 108 \times \frac{5}{18}\text{ m/s} = 30\text{ m/s}

. Distance

= \text{Speed} \times \text{Time} = 30\text{ m/s} \times 15\text{ s} = 450\text{ meters}

.

رفتار =

108 \times \frac{5}{18} = 30\text{ m/s}

۔ فاصلہ = 30 \times 15 = 450 میٹر ہے۔

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865📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KMS Excel Formulas

In A3 cell edit =A1+A2 refers to

Explanation

Entering `=A1+A2` in cell A3 calculates the mathematical sum of the values in cells A1 and A2 and displays the calculated result in cell A3.

سیل A3 میں `=A1+A2` فارمولا درج کرنے سے A1 اور A2 کی رقم کا مجموعہ A3 میں ظاہر ہوگا۔

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866📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KComputer Networking & Packet Switching

The internet uses are

Explanation

The Internet uses Packet Switching (TCP/IP), where data messages are broken down into discrete packets transmitted independently across network nodes and reassembled at the destination.

انٹرنیٹ پیکٹ سوئچنگ (Packet switching) ٹیکنالوجی کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔

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867📚Numerical & Reasoning AbilityPercentage Changes

If a car's price increased by 15%, and then decreased by 10%, what is the net percentage change in the price?

Explanation

Net change

= +15 - 10 - \frac{15 \times 10}{100} = +5 - 1.5 = +3.5\%

increase (nearest given option 2.5% / 3.5%).

خالص فیصد تبدیلی:

+15 - 10 - 1.5 = +3.5\%

اضافہ ہے۔

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868📚Numerical & Reasoning AbilityComputer Memory: Primary vs Secondary

Which of the following is not a secondary storage device?

Explanation

RAM (Random Access Memory) is primary, volatile, high-speed main working memory, whereas HDD, SSD, and USB flash drives are non-volatile secondary storage devices.

RAM پرائمری اور عارضی میموری ہے، سیکنڈری اسٹوریج ڈیوائس نہیں ہے۔

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869📚Basic Concepts of ComputersSet Theory & Percentages

In an examination, 34% of the candidates fail in Arithmetic and 42% in English. If 20% fail in Arithmetic and English, the percentage of those passing in both subjects is

Explanation

Total percentage failed in at least one subject

= 34\% + 42\% - 20\% = 56\%

. Percentage passing in both subjects

= 100\% - 56\% = 44\%

.

کسی ایک مضمون میں فیل ہونے والے =

34 + 42 - 20 = 56\%

۔ دونوں میں پاس ہونے والے =

100 - 56 = 44\%

ہیں۔

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870📚Basic Concepts of ComputersStatement and Conclusions

Statements: In a one-day cricket match, the total runs made by a team were 200. Out of these 160 runs were made by spinners.

Conclusions:
I. 80% of the team consists of spinners.
II. The opening batsmen were spinners.

Explanation

Runs scored by spinners cannot determine the team's numerical composition (Conclusion I is invalid) nor who opened the batting innings (Conclusion II is invalid). Neither conclusion follows.

اسکور کی بنیاد پر نہ ٹیم میں اسپنرز کا فیصد طے کیا جا سکتا ہے نہ اوپنرز کی شناخت، اس لیے کوئی نتیجہ فالو نہیں کرتا (Neither I nor II follows)۔

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871📚Basic Concepts of ComputersPage Layout & Orientation

Which of the following is an example of page orientation?

📝 Solved Questions on Percentages, Profit & Loss and Discount (4900)