General Science (Physics, Chemistry & Everyday Life)

1📚🧾 AccountsNutrition

Consider the following pairs:

- A. Vitamin A: Anaemia
- B. Vitamin C: Skin Diseases
- C. Vitamin D: Rickets
- D. Vitamin B1: Beri Beri

Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Vitamin D deficiency causes Rickets (C is correct) and Vitamin B1 deficiency causes Beri Beri (D is correct). Vitamin A deficiency causes Night Blindness (Anaemia is due to iron deficiency), and Vitamin C deficiency causes Scurvy.

وٹامن D کی کمی سے ہڈیوں کی بیماری ریکٹس (Rickets) ہوتی ہے اور وٹامن B1 کی کمی سے بیری بیری (Beri Beri) ہوتی ہے۔ لہذا C اور D جوڑے درست ہیں۔

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2📚⚗️ ChemistryChemistry

Food cans are coated with tin instead of zinc due to:

Explanation

Zinc is more reactive than tin. It can react with acids present in food items and make them toxic, whereas tin is less reactive and safe for food contact.

زنک قلعی (tin) سے زیادہ ردعمل ظاہر کرنے والی (reactive) دھات ہے۔ یہ کھانے میں موجود تیزابوں سے عمل کر کے زہریلے مرکبات بنا سکتی ہے، جبکہ ٹن محفوظ رہتا ہے۔

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3📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Consider the following pairs:

- A. Power: Watts
- B. Current: Volt
- C. Frequency: Hertz
- D. Resistance: Ampere

Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Power is measured in Watts (A is correct) and Frequency in Hertz (C is correct). Current is measured in Amperes (not Volts) and Resistance in Ohms (not Amperes).

پاور کی اکائی واٹ (Watts) ہے اور فریکوئنسی کی اکائی ہرٹز (Hertz) ہے۔ کرنٹ کی اکائی ایمپیئر ہوتی ہے اور ریزسٹنس کی اوہم۔ اس لیے A اور C درست ہیں۔

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4📚⚗️ ChemistryChemistry

Consider the following pairs of elements and their chemical symbols:

- a. Sodium: 3. Na
- b. Carbon: 4. C
- c. Sulphur: 1. S
- d. Cobalt: 2. Co

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

The correct symbols are: Sodium (Na) -> a-3, Carbon (C) -> b-4, Sulphur (S) -> c-1, Cobalt (Co) -> d-2.

صحیح علامات مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: سوڈیم (Na) -> a-3، کاربن (C) -> b-4، سلفر (S) -> c-1، اور کوبالٹ (Co) -> d-2۔

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5📚🧾 AccountsTaxation

GST is a consumption of goods and service tax based on:

Explanation

GST is a destination-based tax on consumption of goods and services, meaning the tax revenue goes to the consuming state rather than the producing state.

جی ایس ٹی (GST) ایک منزل پر مبنی (destination-based) ٹیکس ہے، یعنی ٹیکس وہاں جمع ہوتا ہے جہاں اشیاء یا خدمات استعمال ہوتی ہیں۔

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6📚📝 EnglishConditionals

Choose the correct option to fill in the blank:

If I had left early like everyone else did, I ___ sitting here now listening to all this rubbish.

Explanation

This is a mixed conditional sentence. It uses past perfect in the if-clause ('If I had left early...') and would/wouldn't + base verb in the main clause to describe a present result of a past event: 'I wouldn't be sitting here now'.

یہ ایک مخلوط شرطیہ جملہ (mixed conditional) ہے۔ ماضی کے فیصلے کا اثر اب دکھانے کے لیے 'wouldn't be' استعمال ہوگا۔

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7📚🔢 MathStatistics

Secondary data is primarily sourced from:

Explanation

Secondary data refers to data that was collected by someone else in the past (e.g., publications, census reports, public databases). Personal interviews, experiments, and original surveys collect primary data.

ثانوی ڈیٹا (Secondary data) وہ ڈیٹا ہوتا ہے جو پہلے سے دستیاب ہو جیسے کہ عوامی ڈیٹا بیس (databases)۔ انٹرویوز اور تجربات پرائمری ڈیٹا ہیں۔

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8📚🔢 MathStatistics

An economist estimated that a commodity Y had a price index of 10, calculated for 1993 with a base year of 1990, and a quantity index of 0.5 when calculated for 1990 with a base year of 1993. What is the Fisher Ideal Value Index for 1993 with the base year taken to be 1990?

Explanation

Price Index for 1993 with base 1990 (

P_{01}

) = 10. Quantity Index for 1990 with base 1993 (

Q_{10}

) = 0.5. Quantity Index for 1993 with base 1990 (

Q_{01}

) = 1 /

Q_{10}

= 1 / 0.5 = 2. Value Index =

P_{01}

$Q_{01}$ = 10 2 = 20.

حساب: پرائس انڈیکس = 10۔ کوانٹٹی انڈیکس (1990/1993) = 0.5۔ کوانٹٹی انڈیکس (1993/1990) = 1/0.5 = 2۔ ویلیو انڈیکس = پرائس انڈیکس کوانٹٹی انڈیکس = 10 2 = 20۔

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9📚📊 EconomicsEconomics

Which five-year plan of India was based on the Mahalanobis model?

Explanation

The Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961), drafted by Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, focused on rapid industrialization and heavy basic industries.

بھارت کا دوسرا پانچ سالہ منصوبہ (1956-1961) مہالانوبس ماڈل (Mahalanobis model) پر مبنی تھا، جس میں بھاری صنعتوں پر زور دیا گیا تھا۔

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10📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

The thrust on a rocket is in:

Explanation

According to Newton's Third Law of Motion, the downward ejection of exhaust gases (action) creates an equal and opposite upward reaction force (thrust) on the rocket, which acts in the same direction as the rocket's motion.

نیوٹن کے حرکت کے تیسرے قانون کے مطابق، گیسوں کا نیچے کی طرف اخراج راکٹ پر اوپر کی طرف قوت پیدا کرتا ہے، جو راکٹ کی حرکت کی سمت (same direction) میں ہوتی ہے۔

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11📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

What causes the twinkling of stars?

Explanation

The twinkling of stars is caused by the atmospheric refraction of starlight as it passes through different layers of air with continuously changing refractive indices.

ستاروں کا چمکنا (twinkling) زمین کے ماحول میں ستاروں کی روشنی کے انعطاف یا ریفریکشن (Atmospheric refraction) کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔

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12📚🧾 AccountsGeneral Science

Who invented the Light Bulb?

Explanation

Thomas Alva Edison patented the first commercially practical incandescent light bulb in 1879.

بجلی کے بلب کی ایجاد کا سہرا تھامس ایڈیسن (Thomas Edison) کے سر ہے، جنہوں نے 1879 میں اسے پیٹنٹ کروایا تھا۔

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13📚🧬 BiologyBiology

The Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine (popularly called BCG vaccine) is used to prevent which of these diseases?

Explanation

BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used to protect against Tuberculosis (TB).

بی سی جی (BCG) کا ٹیکہ بنیادی طور پر تپ دق یا ٹی بی (Tuberculosis) کی روک تھام کے لیے لگایا جاتا ہے۔

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14📚🧬 BiologyBiology

Name the hardest material present in the human body:

Explanation

Tooth Enamel, which covers the crown of the tooth, is the hardest and most mineralized substance in the human body.

دانتوں کی سب سے بیرونی تہہ اینمل (Enamel) انسانی جسم کا سب سے سخت ترین مادہ ہے۔

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15📚⚗️ ChemistryChemistry

Which is the most malleable metal?

Explanation

Gold is the most malleable (and ductile) metal. It can be beaten into extremely thin gold sheets (gold leaf) without breaking.

سونا (Gold) دنیا کی سب سے زیادہ نرم اور ورق پذیر (malleable) دھات ہے، جسے کوٹ کر انتہائی باریک چادریں بنائی جا سکتی ہیں۔

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16📚⚗️ ChemistryChemistry

What is dry ice?

Explanation

Dry ice is the common name for solid Carbon Dioxide (

CO_2

). It is used as a cooling agent because it sublimates directly from solid to gas.

خشک برف یا ڈرائی آئس (dry ice) دراصل ٹھوس کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ (Solid Carbon dioxide) کو کہا جاتا ہے۔

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17📚⚗️ ChemistryChemistry

What is the common name of Calcium Hypochlorite?

Explanation

Calcium Hypochlorite (

Ca(OCl)_2

) is the chemical name for Bleaching Powder, widely used for disinfecting water and bleaching.

کیلشیم ہائپوکلورائٹ (

Ca(ClO)_2

) کا عام گھریلو نام بلیچنگ پاؤڈر (Bleaching powder) ہے۔

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18📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

The washing machine works on the principle of which of the following?

Explanation

A washing machine works on the principle of centrifugation. High-speed spinning creates centrifugal force that separates water from clothes.

واشنگ مشین سینٹری فیوجیشن (Centrifugation) کے اصول پر کام کرتی ہے، جس میں گھماؤ کی وجہ سے کپڑوں سے پانی الگ ہوتا ہے۔

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19📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

'Short-sight' in the human eye can be corrected by using a proper:

Explanation

Short-sightedness (Myopia) occurs when light focuses in front of the retina. It is corrected using a Concave (diverging) lens to push the focus back onto the retina.

نزدیک نظری یا مایوپیا (Short-sight) کو دور کرنے کے لیے مقعر عدسہ یعنی کانکیو لینس (Concave Lens) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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20📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Science

The prime work of investigating officer is based on which of the following principle?

Explanation

Locard's Principle of Exchange states that 'every contact leaves a trace', which forms the fundamental basis of crime scene investigation.

لوکارڈ کا تبادلے کا اصول (Locard's Principle of Exchange) کہتا ہے کہ 'ہر رابطہ ایک نشان چھوڑتا ہے'، جو کرائم سین کی تفتیش کی بنیادی بنیاد ہے۔

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21📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Science Principles

Which of the following are the basic principles of forensic science?

i. Principle of Exchange
ii. Principle of comparison
iii. Principle of Analysis

Explanation

Forensic science is based on several laws and principles, including the Principle of Exchange (Locard), the Principle of Comparison, and the Principle of Analysis.

فارنسک سائنس کئی قوانین اور اصولوں پر مبنی ہے، بشمول تبادلے کا اصول (Principle of Exchange)، موازنہ کا اصول (Comparison)، اور تجزیہ کا اصول (Analysis)۔

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22📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Psychology

Which of the following techniques are used to observe psychosomatic changes?

i. Polygraphy
ii. Psychological Stress Evaluator
iii. Brain fingerprinting

Explanation

Polygraphy and the Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE) measure physiological responses (autonomic nervous system activity) related to psychological stress (psychosomatic changes). Brain fingerprinting measures cognitive brainwaves (P300), which are cognitive/recognition-based rather than psychosomatic/emotional.

پولی گرافی اور سائیکولوجیکل اسٹریس ایلوایٹر (PSE) نفسیاتی تناؤ سے متعلق جسمانی تبدیلیوں (psychosomatic changes) کی پیمائش کرتے ہیں۔ برین فنگر پرنٹنگ دماغی لہروں (P300) کی پیمائش کرتی ہے جو علمی شناخت پر مبنی ہے۔

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23📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFingerprints

Which of the following are the principles of fingerprint analysis?

i. Universal
ii. Individual
iii. Classifiable

Explanation

The core scientific principles/laws of fingerprint analysis are that fingerprints are Individual (unique to each person) and Classifiable (based on systematic ridge patterns). While prints are virtually universal to humans, 'Universal' is not defined as a core principle of fingerprint identification compared to individuality and classifiability.

فنگر پرنٹ تجزیہ کے بنیادی اصول یہ ہیں کہ انگلیوں کے نشانات انفرادی (Individual) ہوتے ہیں اور انہیں باقاعدہ پیٹرن کے تحت درجہ بند (Classifiable) کیا جا سکتا ہے۔

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24📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Administration

The Directorate of Forensic Science Services was bifurcated from BPR & D based on the recommendations of

i. Malimath Committee
ii. Padmanabhaiah Committee
iii. National Human Rights Commission

Explanation

The bifurcation of the Directorate of Forensic Science Services (DFSS) from the Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPR&D) in 2002 was based on the recommendations of the Padmanabhaiah Committee on Police Reforms and the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).

ڈائریکٹوریٹ آف فارنسک سائنس سروسز (DFSS) کو 2002 میں بی پی آر اینڈ ڈی سے الگ کرنا پدمنبھیا کمیٹی اور نیشنل ہیومن رائٹس کمیشن (NHRC) کی سفارشات پر مبنی تھا۔

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25📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine

The bluish-purple/purple-red discolouration of skin on dependent part of body after death is called as

Explanation

Post-mortem hypostasis (also called livor mortis or post-mortem lividity) is the pooling of blood in the dependent parts of the body due to gravity, causing a bluish-purple discoloration.

موت کے بعد کشش ثقل کے باعث خون کے نیچے کے حصوں میں جمنے سے جلد کا نیلا یا ارغوانی ہونا پوسٹ مارٹم ہائپوسٹیسس (Post mortem Hypostasis) یا لیور مورٹس کہلاتا ہے۔

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26📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

The Standard of Length is based on

Explanation

Since 1983, the meter has been defined internationally as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. This is based on the speed of light.

1983 سے، لمبائی کے بین الاقوامی معیار (میٹر) کی تعریف خلا میں روشنی کی رفتار (speed of light) کے تحت کی گئی ہے، یعنی روشنی ایک سیکنڈ کے ایک مخصوص حصے میں جتنا فاصلہ طے کرتی ہے۔

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27📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Match the following:

List-I
i. Microns
ii. Angstroms
iii. Fermi
iv. Kilometers

List-II
a. Distance between earth and moon.
b. Inter atomic distance in a solid
c. Size of nucleus.
d. Wavelength of infrared laser.

Explanation

The correct matching of length scales is: Microns corresponds to infrared laser wavelength (i-d); Angstroms corresponds to inter-atomic distances (ii-b); Fermi corresponds to nuclear size (iii-c); Kilometers corresponds to Earth-Moon distance (iv-a).

صحیح جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: مائیکرون (Microns) -> انفرا ریڈ لیزر طول موج (i-d)؛ اینگسٹرام (Angstroms) -> جوہروں کے درمیان فاصلہ (ii-b)؛ فرمی (Fermi) -> نیوکلیئس کا سائز (iii-c)؛ کلومیٹر -> زمین اور چاند کا فاصلہ (iv-a)۔

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28📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

A plane travelling north at 200m/s turns and then travels south at 200m/s. The change in its velocity is:

Explanation

Initial velocity = 200 m/s North. Final velocity = 200 m/s South (which is -200 m/s North). Change in velocity = Final - Initial = -200 - 200 = -400 m/s North, which is equal to 400 m/s South.

رفتار میں تبدیلی = آخری رفتار - ابتدائی رفتار۔ چونکہ سمت بدل گئی ہے: -200 - 200 = -400 میٹر فی سیکنڈ شمال، یعنی 400 میٹر فی سیکنڈ جنوب۔

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29📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Which of the following situations are possible?

i. A body having velocity east and acceleration west.
ii. A body having constant velocity and variable acceleration.
iii. A body having zero velocity and non-zero acceleration.

Explanation

Situation (i) is possible (e.g. decelerating vehicle moving East). Situation (iii) is possible (e.g. a ball at the top of its flight has zero velocity but non-zero gravitational acceleration). Situation (ii) is impossible because constant velocity implies acceleration must be strictly zero.

صورتحال (i) ممکن ہے (بریک لگانے پر گاڑی مشرق جا رہی ہو اور اسراع مغرب ہو)۔ صورتحال (iii) بھی ممکن ہے (مثلاً ہوا میں اوپر پھینکی گئی گیند جو اپنی زیادہ سے زیادہ بلندی پر رکتی ہے لیکن کشش ثقل کا اسراع جاری رہتا ہے)۔ صورتحال (ii) ناممکن ہے۔

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30📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Match the following:

List-I
i. kWh
ii. ampere
iii. volt
iv. watt

List-II
a. Electric Power.
b. Electric Energy.
c. Potential difference.
d. Electric Current.

Explanation

The correct units are: kWh measures Electric Energy (i-b); Ampere measures Electric Current (ii-d); Volt measures Potential Difference (iii-c); Watt measures Electric Power (iv-a).

صحیح یونٹس کا ملاپ: کلوواٹ آور (kWh) -> بجلی کی توانائی (i-b)؛ ایمپیئر -> برقی رو (ii-d)؛ وولٹ -> پوٹینشل ڈفرنس (iii-c)؛ واٹ -> الیکٹرک پاور (iv-a)۔

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31📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

A coulomb is same as

Explanation

Electric charge (Q) is current (I) multiplied by time (t). Therefore, 1 Coulomb = 1 Ampere × 1 Second.

برقی چارج کا فارمولا ہے: چارج = برقی رو * وقت۔ اس لیے، 1 کولمب (Coulomb) = 1 ایمپیئر سیکنڈ (Ampere second)۔

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32📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Arrange the following in the increasing chronological order of their occurrence:

i. Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction.
ii. Benjamin Franklin proves lightning is electricity.
iii. Nicolas Tesla develops AC current
iv. Thomas Edison develops DC current

Explanation

The chronological order is: Benjamin Franklin's lightning experiment (1752, ii) -> Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction (1831, i) -> Thomas Edison develops DC (1882, iv) -> Nikola Tesla develops AC (1888, iii). Thus, the order is ii, i, iv, iii.

صحیح تاریخی ترتیب ہے: بنجمن فرینکلن کا بجلی کا تجربہ (1752) -> مائیکل فیراڈے کی برق مقناطیسی انڈکشن (1831) -> تھامس ایڈیسن کا DC کرنٹ (1882) -> نکوولا ٹیسلا کا AC کرنٹ (1888)۔ یعنی 'ii, i, iv, iii'۔

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33📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Charge is distributed uniformly along a long straight wire. The electric field at 2cm from the wire is 20 newton/coulomb. The electric field at 4cm from the wire is:

Explanation

For an infinite line charge, the electric field (E) is inversely proportional to distance (r) from the wire: E = λ / (2πε₀r). As distance doubles (from 2cm to 4cm), the electric field halves (from 20 N/C to 10 N/C).

سیدھی برقی تار کی وجہ سے برقی میدان (E) فاصلے (r) کے معکوس متناسب ہوتا ہے۔ جب فاصلہ دوگنا ہو جاتا ہے (2cm سے 4cm) تو برقی میدان آدھا رہ جائے گا (20 N/C سے 10 N/C)۔

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34📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Match the following:

List-I
i. Biot-Savart Law
ii. Fleming's Left-hand rule
iii. Fleming's Right-hand rule
iv. Right hand thumb rule

List-II
a. Direction of induced current.
b. Direction of magnetic lines due to current.
c. Direction of force due to magnetic induction
d. Magnitude and direction of magnetic induction

Explanation

The correct matches are: Biot-Savart Law gives magnitude/direction of magnetic induction (i-d); Fleming's Left-hand rule gives the direction of force on a current in a magnetic field (ii-c); Fleming's Right-hand rule gives the direction of induced current (iii-a); Right hand thumb rule gives the direction of magnetic lines (iv-b).

صحیح جوڑ یہ ہیں: بائیوٹ ساورٹ قانون (i-d) -> برق مقناطیسی انڈکشن کی طاقت؛ فلیمنگ کا بائیں ہاتھ کا اصول (ii-c) -> قوت کی سمت؛ فلیمنگ کا دائیں ہاتھ کا اصول (iii-a) -> انڈیوسڈ کرنٹ کی سمت؛ دائیں ہاتھ کے انگوٹھے کا اصول (iv-b) -> مقناطیسی لہروں کی سمت۔

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35📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

If "r" is the distance of a moving charge, the magnitude of magnetic field produced by the charge is proportional to:

Explanation

According to the Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field produced by a moving charge is inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r) from the charge (B ∝ 1/r²).

بائیوٹ ساورٹ قانون کے مطابق، متحرک چارج سے پیدا ہونے والے مقناطیسی میدان کی طاقت فاصلے (r) کے مربع کے معکوس متناسب ہوتی ہے (B ∝ 1/r²)۔

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36📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Two electrons travelling with same speed. The magnetic field is zero at the mid-point between them. This means,

Explanation

By the right-hand rule, when two negative charges (electrons) travel at equal speed along parallel lines in the same direction, the magnetic fields they produce at the exact midpoint are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, cancelling each other out to zero.

جب دو الیکٹران مساوی رفتار سے متوازی لکیروں پر ایک ہی سمت (same direction) میں سفر کرتے ہیں، تو دائیں ہاتھ کے اصول کے مطابق ان کے بالکل درمیانی نقطے پر مقناطیسی میدان برابر اور مخالف سمت میں ہو کر صفر ہو جاتا ہے۔

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37📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

According to Faraday's Law, an induced emf is proportional to

Explanation

Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction states that the induced electromotive force (emf) in a closed circuit is directly proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.

فیراڈے کے قانون کے مطابق، بند سرکٹ میں پیدا ہونے والی برقی قوت (emf) مقناطیسی بہاؤ یا فلکس کی تبدیلی کی شرح (rate of change of magnetic flux) کے براہ راست متناسب ہوتی ہے۔

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38📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFootprints

Which of the following materials can be used for casting footprint impressions in snow

i. Molten wax
ii. Plaster of Paris solution
iii. Molten Sulphur.

Explanation

Molten sulfur and molten wax can be used to cast impressions in snow because they solidify rapidly without generating excessive heat that would melt the details. Plaster of Paris solution is water-based and generates heat during its setting process, which would melt the snow and destroy the print detail.

برف پر پاؤں کے نشانات کی کاسٹنگ کے لیے پگھلا ہوا گندھک (Molten Sulphur) اور پگھلی ہوئی موم (Molten wax) استعمال کی جاتی ہے کیونکہ یہ برف کو پگھلائے بغیر تیزی سے جم جاتی ہیں۔ پلاسٹر آف پیرس حرارت پیدا کر کے برف پگھلا دیتا ہے۔

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39📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFootprints

Match the following:

List-I
i. Casting track marks
ii. Lifting track marks
iii. Photograph of track marks
iv. Tracing track marks

List-II
a. Plastic sheet is preferable.
b. Easy to do under artificial light.
c. A bromide paper sheet can be used for.
d. Plasticine can be used for.

Explanation

The correct matches are: Casting track marks - Plasticine can be used (i-d); Lifting track marks - Bromide paper can be used (ii-c); Photograph - oblique/artificial light is helpful (iii-b); Tracing - plastic sheet is preferable (iv-a).

صحیح جوڑ یہ ہیں: ٹریک کی کاسٹنگ (Casting) -> پلاسٹیسین مٹی استعمال ہو سکتی ہے (i-d)؛ لفٹنگ (Lifting) -> برومائیڈ پیپر استعمال ہو سکتا ہے (ii-c)؛ فوٹوگرافی -> مصنوعی لائٹ میں آسان ہے (iii-b)؛ ٹریسنگ (Tracing) -> پلاسٹک شیٹ بہتر ہے (iv-a)۔

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40📚🔬 Forensic ScienceImpression Evidence

For collecting impression evidence, the first electrostatic dust lifting device was created by:

Explanation

Kato Masao, a Japanese police officer, developed the first formal electrostatic dust print lifting device around 1970, which improved on the static celluloid sheet concept of Sancyasu Toma.

دھول پر جوتوں کے نشانات اٹھانے کے لیے سب سے پہلا الیکٹرو اسٹیٹک ڈسٹ لفٹنگ ڈیوائس 1970 کے آس پاس جاپانی پولیس افسر کاٹو ماساو (Kato Masao) نے بنایا تھا۔

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41📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms

Which of the following statements are true for Breech face?

i. It is the area surrounding the firing pin hole.
ii. It seals the barrel from chamber side.
iii. It comes in close contact with the base of the cartridge.

Explanation

The breech face is the portion of the bolt or breech block that seals the rear of the chamber, surrounds the firing pin hole, and directly supports the base of the cartridge case during firing.

بریچ فیس (Breech face) وہ حصہ ہے جو فائرنگ پن کے سوراخ کے گرد ہوتا ہے، چیمبر کی طرف سے نالی کو بند کرتا ہے اور فائرنگ کے وقت کارٹریج کی بنیاد (base) سے جوڑتا ہے۔ اس لیے تینوں سچ ہیں۔

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42📚🔬 Forensic ScienceAmmunition

The active constituents of smokeless powder are?

i. Nitroglycerine.
ii. Nitrocellulose.
iii. Sulphur.

Explanation

Smokeless powder consists of Nitrocellulose (single-base) or Nitrocellulose and Nitroglycerine (double-base). Sulphur is a constituent of black powder, not smokeless powder.

بے دھواں بارود (smokeless powder) کے اہم اجزاء نائٹرو سیلولوز (Nitrocellulose) اور نائٹرو گلیسرین (Nitroglycerine) ہیں۔ گندھک (Sulphur) گن پاؤڈر (بلیک پاؤڈر) کا جزو ہے۔

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43📚🔬 Forensic ScienceExternal Ballistics

Drag becomes equal to the projectile's weight after which the projectile falls with a constant velocity known as

Explanation

When the downward force of gravity (weight) equals the upward air resistance (drag), the net force becomes zero, and the projectile falls at a constant terminal velocity.

جب ہوا کی رکاوٹ (drag) اور گولی کا وزن برابر ہو جائیں تو اسراع صفر ہو جاتا ہے اور گولی ایک مستقل رفتار سے گرتی ہے جسے ٹرمینل ویلاسٹی (Terminal velocity) کہتے ہیں۔

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44📚🔬 Forensic ScienceInternal Ballistics

Which of the following is not the factor affecting on the internal ballistics?

Explanation

Internal ballistics covers everything that happens inside the gun barrel before the bullet exits. Wind deflection occurs in flight, which is part of external ballistics.

اندرونی بیلسٹکس (internal ballistics) کا تعلق نالی کے اندر کے عمل سے ہوتا ہے۔ ہوا کا دباؤ یا جھکاؤ (Wind deflection) بیرونی بیلسٹکس کا حصہ ہے کیونکہ یہ نالی سے باہر اثر انداز ہوتا ہے۔

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45📚🔬 Forensic ScienceExternal Ballistics

The factor affects the path of the projectile are

i. Air resistance
ii. Force of gravity
iii. Spin

Explanation

The trajectory (path) of a bullet is affected by gravity (vertical drop), air resistance/drag (loss of speed), and gyroscopic spin (stabilization and drift).

گولی کے فضا میں راستے (trajectory) پر ہوا کی رکاوٹ، کشش ثقل (gravity)، اور گولی کے گھومنے کا عمل (spin) تینوں اثر انداز ہوتے ہیں۔

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46📚🔬 Forensic ScienceExternal Ballistics

Air resistance affects least to

Explanation

Boat-tailed bullets have a tapered base that reduces base drag and turbulence, experiencing the least overall air resistance compared to flat-base or round-nose designs.

بوٹ ٹیلڈ گولیاں (Boat tailed bullets) کا عقبی حصہ پتلا ہوتا ہے جو ہوا کے پیچھے بننے والے ویکیوم کو کم کرتا ہے، اس لیے ان پر ہوا کی رکاوٹ سب سے کم اثر کرتی ہے۔

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47📚🔬 Forensic ScienceExternal Ballistics

The tendency of a projectile to suck backward to fill up the vacuum is called as

Explanation

Base drag is the aerodynamic drag caused by the low pressure/vacuum area formed behind the flat base of a moving bullet, which pulls it backward.

گولی کے پیچھے پیدا ہونے والے ویکیوم یا کم دباؤ کے باعث پیچھے کی طرف کھنچنے کے عمل کو بیس ڈریگ (Base drag) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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48📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology

Under which of the following branches of forensic science are age estimations from skeletal remains (bones) carried out?

Explanation

Forensic Anthropology is the application of the anatomical science of anthropology and its various subfields in a legal setting, including estimating age, sex, stature, and ancestry from skeletal remains.

فارنسک انتھروپولوجی (Forensic Anthropology) انتھروپولوجی کے جسمانی سائنس کا قانونی متبادل ہے، جس میں ہڈیوں کے ڈھانچے سے عمر، جنس، قد اور نسل کا تخمینہ لگانا شامل ہے۔

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49📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Administration

The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) was started under the Ministry of Home Affairs in which of the following years?

Explanation

The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) was established in 1986 to empower Indian Police with information technology and criminal databases.

نیشنل کرائم ریکارڈز بیورو (NCRB) کا قیام 1986 میں وزارت داخلہ کے تحت عمل میں آیا تھا تاکہ پولیس کو جرائم کے ڈیٹا بیس اور معلومات سے لیس کیا جا سکے۔

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50📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Physics

Examination of soil is carried out in which of the following forensic science laboratory divisions?

Explanation

Forensic examination of soil, glass, paint, and fibers is typically handled by the Physics (or Trace Evidence) division of the Forensic Science Laboratory.

مٹی (soil)، شیشہ، پینٹ اور ریشوں کا فارنسک تجزیہ عام طور پر فارنسک سائنس لیبارٹری کے فزکس (Physics) یعنی طبیعیات کے شعبے میں کیا جاتا ہے۔

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51📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Databases

Consider the following pairs:

i. Fingerprint-AFIS
ii. DNA-IBIS
iii. Fired bullets - CODIS
iv. Paint-PDQ

Which of the components are matched correctly with their databases?

Explanation

AFIS is for fingerprints (i) and PDQ is for paint chemistry (iv). CODIS is the DNA database, and IBIS is for ballistics/fired bullets.

فنگر پرنٹ کے لیے AFIS استعمال ہوتا ہے (i) اور پینٹ کے لیے PDQ (iv)۔ جبکہ ڈی این اے کے لیے CODIS اور گولیوں کے لیے IBIS کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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52📚🧬 BiologyAlternate Light Source

The trace evidence sometimes fluoresces under UV light used at the crime scene. What is its range?

Explanation

The ultraviolet (UV) electromagnetic spectrum ranges from 100 nm to 400 nm.

بالائے بنفشی یعنی الٹرا وائلٹ (UV) شعاعوں کی طول موج کی حد 100 سے 400 نینو میٹر (nm) ہوتی ہے۔

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53📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

What is the part of the microscope under the stage which focuses light on the specimen called?

Explanation

The condenser is situated beneath the stage and functions to collect and focus light from the light source onto the specimen.

مائیکروسکوپ کی اسٹیج کے نیچے نصب وہ حصہ جو روشنی کو نمونے (specimen) پر مرکوز کرتا ہے، کنڈینسر (Condenser) کہلاتا ہے۔

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54📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

Which of the following microscopes are used to observe birefringent evidence like fibers?

Explanation

A polarizing light microscope utilizes polarized light to study the birefringent (optical refraction) properties of materials like fibers and minerals.

پولرائزنگ لائٹ مائیکروسکوپ کا استعمال ریشوں (fibers) جیسے بائر فرنجنٹ شواہد کا مطالعہ کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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55📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

Which of the following microscopes gives the forensic scientist power to observe as well as plot the infrared absorption spectrum of the material?

Explanation

A microspectrophotometer combines a microscope with a spectrophotometer, allowing the analysis of light absorption (like UV-Vis or IR spectra) of microscopic samples.

مائیکرو اسپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹر (Microspectrophotometer) خوردبینی نمونوں کی بصری جانچ کے ساتھ ساتھ ان کے لائٹ یا انفرا ریڈ جذب کرنے کے گراف (absorption spectrum) کو بھی ریکارڈ کر سکتا ہے۔

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56📚🧬 BiologySemen Analysis

What compound acts as the substrate in the Fast Blue B test for semen detection?

Explanation

In the Brentamine (Fast Blue B) test, alpha-naphthyl phosphate acts as the substrate for acid phosphatase, releasing alpha-naphthol which reacts with the dye to form a purple color.

سیمن کی شناخت کے فاسٹ بلیو بی ٹیسٹ میں الفا نیفتھائل فاسفیٹ (a-naphthyl phosphate) سبسٹریٹ کے طور پر کام کرتا ہے جس پر ایسڈ فاسفیٹیز انزائم اثر کرتا ہے۔

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57📚🧬 BiologyEpithelial Cells

Epithelial cell detection is often indicative of the presence of various body fluids. What stain can be used to distinguish between skin, oral and vaginal epithelial cells?

Explanation

Dane's staining method is used to differentiate skin (keratinized), oral, and vaginal epithelial cells based on color differences related to keratinization.

ڈینس اسٹیننگ (Dane's stain) کا استعمال جلد، منہ اور اندام نہانی کے ایپی تھیلیل خلیات کے درمیان ان کے کیراٹین کی بنیاد پر فرق کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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58📚🧬 BiologyVaginal Secretions

What are the predominant bacteria in the vagina of women of reproductive age?

Explanation

Lactobacillus species are the dominant members of the vaginal microbiota in healthy women of reproductive age, keeping the pH acidic to protect against infections.

تولیدی عمر کی خواتین کی اندام نہانی میں سب سے زیادہ پائے جانے والے فائدہ مند بیکٹیریا لیکٹوبیسیلی (Lactobacilli spp) ہیں، جو تیزابی ماحول برقرار رکھتے ہیں۔

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59📚🌍 General AwarenessImmunology

Which among the following terms would be aptly defined as a foreign substance that is capable of eliciting antibody formation in a host cell and combining with the antibody?

Explanation

An antigen is traditionally defined as a foreign substance that can trigger an immune response (eliciting antibodies) and bind specifically with those antibodies.

اینٹیجن (Antigen) کی تعریف یہ ہے کہ یہ کوئی بھی بیرونی مادہ ہو سکتا ہے جو جسم میں داخل ہونے پر اینٹی باڈیز کی پیداوار کو متحرک کرے اور ان کے ساتھ جڑ سکے۔

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60📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Botany

Which of the following statements pertaining to use of palynomorphs in forensics is INCORRECT?

Explanation

Finding diatoms in the stomach alone does not prove drowning, as diatoms can be swallowed with drinking water. Diatoms must be recovered from closed organs like bone marrow, brain, or liver to indicate drowning.

معدے میں ڈائیٹمز (diatoms) کی موجودگی اکیلے ڈوب کر مرنے کو ثابت نہیں کرتی کیونکہ یہ پینے کے پانی کے ذریعے بھی جا سکتے ہیں۔ ڈوبنے کو ثابت کرنے کے لیے ڈائیٹمز کا بند اعضاء جیسے ہڈی کے گودے میں پایا جانا ضروری ہے۔

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61📚🧬 BiologyDiatoms

What is the salicaceous outer covering of the diatom called?

Explanation

The silica-rich, hard outer cell wall of a diatom is called a frustule.

ڈائیٹم (diatom) کے بیرونی سخت اور شیشے جیسے خول کو فرسٹول (Frustule) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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62📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Botany

Cannabis plants are often grown indoors illegally. Their pollen can be collected as evidence from the cracks and crevices of the indoor environment by investigative team long after the plantation has been shifted or eradicated. What type of pollination does Cannabis exhibit?

Explanation

Cannabis is an anemophilous (wind-pollinated) plant, producing lightweight pollen that disperses easily and lingers in cracks and indoor spaces.

بھنگ کا پودا (Cannabis) ہوا کے ذریعے پولینیشن (Anemophilous) کرتا ہے، اسی لیے اس کے پولن ہوا میں اڑ کر طویل عرصے تک آس پاس کی دراڑوں میں جمع رہتے ہیں۔

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63📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

In what region of the spermatozoa is the mitochondria placed?

Explanation

The mitochondria are spirally arranged in the midpiece of the spermatozoon, providing energy (ATP) for sperm motility.

نطفہ (spermatozoa) کے مڈ پیس (Mid piece) والے حصے میں مائٹوکونڈریا واقع ہوتے ہیں جو اسے تیرنے یا حرکت کرنے کے لیے توانائی فراہم کرتے ہیں۔

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64📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology

Which of the following statements are TRUE?

i. Insect colonisation occurs slower if body is completely burnt.
ii. Insect colonisation is influenced by the biogeoclimatic zone
iii. Exposure to sunlight causes faster depletion of resources by the insects.

Explanation

All statements are true: Charring limits/slows early fly colonization (i); different climate zones affect insect species (ii); and sunlight speeds up larval metabolism and carcass depletion (iii).

تینوں بیانات درست ہیں: جلی ہوئی لاش پر کیڑوں کا حملہ آہستہ ہوتا ہے (i)؛ مختلف آب و ہوا کے زون کیڑوں کے حملے پر اثر انداز ہوتے ہیں (ii)؛ اور دھوپ میں کیڑے تیزی سے وسائل کو ختم کرتے ہیں (iii)۔

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65📚🧬 BiologyDrowning

During autopsy of a body found in a lake, diatoms were found in the bone marrow. Which of the following assumptions is most valid?

Explanation

Diatoms entering the bone marrow requires active circulation, proving that the victim aspirated water containing diatoms while still alive.

ہڈی کے گودے میں ڈائیٹمز ملنے سے ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ پانی سانس کے ذریعے جسم میں تب گیا تھا جب مقتول زندہ تھا (active circulation)، یعنی یہ ڈوبنے کی تصدیق کرتا ہے۔

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66📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Botany

During processing of pollen samples from soil, what is the chemical used to remove silica?

Explanation

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is used in palynology to dissolve silicate minerals and release pollen grains from soil/sediment samples.

مٹی سے پولن (pollen) کے نمونے الگ کرنے کے عمل میں، مٹی میں موجود سلیکا (silica) کو گھولنے کے لیے ہائیڈروفلورک ایسڈ (HF) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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67📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology

State which of the statements are true?

i. Insects can indicate movement of body from rural to urban areas
ii. Insect colonisation patterns help determine wound sites
iii. Unwrapped and wrapped carcasses will show similar insect colonisation patterns
iv. In general, more beetles are found in the indoor environment, and more flies outdoors.

Explanation

Statements i (rural vs. urban species) and ii (wounds attract unusual egg-laying) are true. Wrapping delays colonization, and fly and beetle distribution varies based on decomposion stage, not simply indoor/outdoor.

پہلا اور دوسرا بیان درست ہے: کیڑے لاش کو دیہی سے شہری علاقے میں منتقل کرنے کی نشاندہی کر سکتے ہیں (i) اور کیڑوں کا جھرمٹ زخموں کی جگہ کا تعین کرنے میں مدد دیتا ہے (ii)۔

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68📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology

Adult flies are

Explanation

Adult blowflies are positively phototropic (attracted to light) and are active during daylight hours.

بالغ مکھیاں روشنی کی طرف راغب ہوتی ہیں یعنی وہ مثبت فوٹوٹروپک (Positively phototropic) خصوصیات کی حامل ہوتی ہیں۔

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69📚🧬 BiologySerology

What type of antigen reacts with an antibody to give agglutination reaction?

Explanation

Agglutination involves particulate or insoluble antigens (like red blood cells or bacteria) clumping together, while precipitation involves soluble antigens.

ایگلوٹینیشن (agglutination) میں اینٹی باڈی غیر حل پذیر یعنی پارٹیکولیٹ اینٹی جن (Insoluble antigen) کے ساتھ ردعمل کر کے گچھے بناتی ہے۔

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70📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology

Who is considered the "Father of Forensic Anthropology"?

Explanation

Thomas Dwight (1843-1911) was an American anatomist whose pioneering research on skeletal identification earned him the title of the Father of Forensic Anthropology.

تھامس ڈوائٹ (Thomas Dwight) کو فارنسک انتھروپولوجی کا بانی یا باپ (Father of Forensic Anthropology) مانا جاتا ہے۔

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71📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Odontology

What part of the tooth is an excellent source of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA?

Explanation

The dental pulp, located in the center of the tooth, is highly protected by the enamel and dentin and serves as an excellent source of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.

دانت کا اندرونی گودا یا پلمپ (Pulp) بیرونی ماحول سے محفوظ ہوتا ہے اور یہ نیوکلیئر اور مائٹوکونڈریل دونوں ڈی این اے حاصل کرنے کا بہترین ذریعہ ہے۔

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72📚🧬 BiologySemen Analysis

What is the excitation range of the Alternate Light Sources used for direct visualisation of seminal stains?

Explanation

Seminal stains fluoresce brightly under blue light in the range of 450–495 nm, visualized using orange barrier filters/goggles.

سیمن کے دھبوں کو براہِ راست دیکھنے کے لیے متبادل لائٹ سورس (ALS) کی نیلی روشنی یعنی 450 سے 495 نینو میٹر (nm) کی رینج استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔

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73📚⚗️ ChemistryNucleic Acids

Consider the following statements:

i. The sugar molecule in RNA is ribose
ii. The purine bases in RNA are cytosine and uracil
iii. RNA molecule is a single-stranded molecule.

Which of the statements are true?

Explanation

Statements i (ribose sugar) and iii (single-stranded) are true. Statement ii is false because cytosine and uracil are pyrimidine bases, not purines (which are adenine and guanine).

پہلا اور تیسرا بیان درست ہے: آر این اے میں رائبوز شوگر ہوتی ہے (i) اور یہ عام طور پر سنگل اسٹینڈرڈ ہوتا ہے (iii)۔ دوسرا بیان غلط ہے کیونکہ سائٹوسین اور یوراسل پائریمیڈین ہیں، پیورین نہیں س۔

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74📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

What solution is used for the temporary mounting of hair sample?

Explanation

Glycerin (or a glycerin-water mixture) is the standard medium used for the temporary mounting and microscopic examination of hair.

بالوں کے نمونوں کی خوردبینی جانچ کے لیے عارضی طور پر سلائیڈ تیار کرنے (temporary mounting) میں گلیسرین (Glycerin) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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75📚🧬 BiologySaliva Analysis

What cells detected during microscopic examination would indicate the presence of saliva?

Explanation

The presence of buccal squamous epithelial cells (shed from the inner lining of the cheek) during microscopic exam points to saliva.

لعاب دہن (saliva) کی خوردبینی جانچ کے دوران منہ کے گال کی جھلی سے جھڑے ہوئے خلیات یعنی بکل اسکواومس خلیات (Buccal squamous epithelial cells) پائے جاتے ہیں۔

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76📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic DNA

Which of the following DNA markers shows maternal inheritance?

Explanation

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited exclusively from the mother because mitochondria are supplied by the egg cell, not the sperm.

مائٹوکونڈریل ڈی این اے (Mitochondrial DNA) مادی طور پر یعنی صرف ماں کی طرف سے منتقل ہونے والی موروثی وراثت کی ایک مثال ہے۔

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77📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

Wet seminal stains on an clothing is preserved by

Explanation

Biological fluids like semen and blood must be air-dried at room temperature away from direct sunlight, and then packaged in a breathable paper bag to prevent bacterial growth.

کپڑوں پر موجود گیلے سیمن یا خون کے دھبوں کو پہلے سائے میں ہوا میں خشک (Air drying) کیا جاتا ہے اور پھر کاغذ کے لفافے میں محفوظ کیا جاتا ہے تاکہ وہ سڑ نہ جائیں۔

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78📚⚗️ ChemistryImpression Evidence

Which is not a component of a kit required for lifting footprint from a crime scene?

Explanation

FTK (Flinders Technology Key) card is used for collecting and preserving DNA samples, not footprints. Plaster of Paris, tape, and oblique lighting are standard footprint recovery materials.

ایف ٹی کے (FTK) کارڈ ڈی این اے نمونوں کو جمع کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے، جبکہ جوتوں یا پاؤں کے نشانات لینے کے لیے پلاسٹک آف پیرس اور ترچھی لائٹ (oblique light) کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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79📚⚗️ ChemistryAlternate Light Source

What type of evidence may fluoresce under an alternate light source?

Explanation

Semen and saliva contain biological substances (proteins/urea) that fluoresce strongly under UV/alternate light sources. Blood does not fluoresce directly but absorbs light (looks dark/black), but in many standard exam keys, semen, blood, and saliva are listed together as fluid traces detected by ALS.

متبادل لائٹ سورس (ALS) کے تحت جسمانی رطوبتیں جیسے سیمن، تھوک اور خون کی موجودگی کا پتہ ان کے چمکنے یا روشنی جذب کرنے کے عمل سے لگایا جاتا ہے۔

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80📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

Which of the following microscopes can have the maximum resolution

Explanation

A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) uses electrons instead of light, yielding resolutions up to 1-5 nm, which is far higher than optical microscopes.

اسکیننگ الیکٹران مائیکروسکوپ (SEM) کی ریزولیوشن روشنی کی بجائے الیکٹران بیم کے استعمال کی وجہ سے آپٹیکل خوردبین سے کہیں زیادہ ہوتی ہے۔

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81📚⚗️ ChemistryExplosives

Composition of triple base powders include

Explanation

Triple-base smokeless gunpowders consist of three main energetic materials: nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine.

ٹرپل بیس گن پاؤڈر (triple base powder) بنیادی طور پر نائٹرو سیلولوز، نائٹرو گلیسرین اور نائٹرو گوانیدین کے مرکب پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔

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82📚⚗️ ChemistryChemical Tests

Ehrlich reagent used for presumptive detection of LSD contains

Explanation

Ehrlich's reagent consists of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) in ethanol and hydrochloric acid. It turns purple in the presence of LSD.

ایل ایس ڈی (LSD) کی شناخت کے لیے استعمال ہونے والے ایرلچ ری ایجنٹ (Ehrlich reagent) میں پی-ڈائیمیتھائل امینو بینزالڈیہائڈ (p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) ہوتا ہے۔

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83📚⚗️ ChemistryChemical Tests

What alkaloid shows appearance of golden yellow needle with gold chloride and hydrochloric acid?

Explanation

Aconitine (the active alkaloid of Aconitum or Aconite) yields characteristic golden-yellow needles or crystalline rosettes when reacted with gold chloride in hydrochloric acid.

اکونائٹ (Aconite) الکلائڈ کو گولڈ کلورائیڈ اور ہائیڈروکلورک ایسڈ کے ساتھ ملانے پر سنہری پیلے رنگ کی سوئیاں جیسے کرسٹل بنتے ہیں۔

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84📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectroscopy

Morphine in acidic medium shows an max at

Explanation

Morphine in an acidic aqueous solution (0.1 N HCl) exhibits a characteristic UV absorption maximum (lambda max) at approximately 285 nm (often shifting to ~298 nm in alkaline medium).

تےزابی میڈیم (acidic medium) میں مارفین کا الٹرا وائلٹ سپیکٹرم 285 نینو میٹر (nm) پر اپنی سب سے زیادہ جذب کرنے کی صلاحیت (lambda max) دکھاتا ہے۔

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85📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology

Urine testing kit for the exposure to drugs is based on principle of

Explanation

Commercial rapid urine drug test kits utilize lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (Immunoassays) to detect drugs or their metabolites.

پیشاب میں منشیات کی فوری جانچ کے لیے استعمال ہونے والی کٹس ایمیونوایسے (Immunoassay) کے سائنسی اصول پر کام کرتی ہیں۔

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86📚⚗️ ChemistryCoal Chemistry

What type of coal has the lowest content of carbon?

Explanation

Lignite (often called brown coal) has the lowest carbon content (about 25-35%), whereas Anthracite has the highest carbon content (86-97%).

لگنائٹ (Lignite) کوئلے کی وہ قسم ہے جس میں کاربن کی مقدار سب سے کم (تقریباً 25 سے 35 فیصد) ہوتی ہے، اسے براؤن کوئلہ بھی کہتے ہیں۔

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87📚⚗️ ChemistryCarbohydrate Chemistry

alpha-D(+)-glucose and beta-D(+)-glucose are

Explanation

alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-glucose are cyclic monosaccharides that differ in configuration only at the hemiacetal carbon (C-1), making them anomers.

الفا-ڈی-گلوکوز اور بیٹا-ڈی-گلوکوز انومرز (Anomers) کی مثالیں ہیں کیونکہ ان کے کاربن نمبر 1 (hemiacetal carbon) پر ہائیڈروکسیل گروپ کی ترتیب الگ ہوتی ہے۔

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88📚⚗️ ChemistryCarbohydrate Chemistry

Glucose molecule react with X number of molecules of phenyl hydrazine to yield osazone. The value of X is

Explanation

One molecule of glucose reacts with exactly 3 molecules of phenylhydrazine to form glucose phenylosazone (osazone), aniline, and ammonia.

گلوکوز کا ایک مالیکیول فینائل ہائیڈرازین کے 3 مالیکیولز (Three) کے ساتھ ردعمل کر کے اوسازون (osazone) کرسٹل بناتا ہے۔

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89📚⚗️ ChemistryAmino Acids

The main principle behind Ninhydrin test is:

Explanation

The Ninhydrin test is a redox reaction where amino acids are oxidatively deaminated by ninhydrin (which is reduced to hydrindantin), forming a purple Ruhemann's complex.

ننہائڈرن ٹیسٹ (Ninhydrin test) ریڈوکس ری ایکشن (Redox reaction) پر مبنی ہے جہاں امینو ایسڈ آکسیڈائز ہوتے ہیں اور ننہائڈرن خود ریڈیوس ہو کر جامنی رنگ بناتا ہے۔

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90📚⚗️ ChemistryLipid Chemistry

The greater the unsaturation of oil or a fat ______ is the iodine value.

Explanation

The iodine value measures the degree of unsaturation in a fat or oil; more double bonds react with more iodine, resulting in a greater iodine value.

کسی تیل یا چربی میں ڈبل بانڈز (unsaturation) جتنے زیادہ ہوں گے، اس کی آیوڈین ویلیو اتنی ہی زیادہ (Greater) ہوگی۔

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91📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

What do you mean by Phagocytosis?

Explanation

Phagocytosis is a cellular absorption/ingestion phenomenon where a cell engulfs solid particles or pathogens.

فیگوسائٹوسس (Phagocytosis) خلیات کے ذریعے بیرونی ذرات یا جراثیم کو ہضم کرنے یا جذب کرنے کا ایک عمل (Absorption phenomenon) ہے۔

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92📚⚗️ ChemistryAntidotes

Universal antidote is Activated Charcoal: Milk of Magnesia: Tannic Acid in the Ratio of?

Explanation

The classical Universal Antidote consists of a mixture of 2 parts Activated Charcoal, 1 part Milk of Magnesia, and 1 part Tannic Acid (Ratio 2:1:1).

یونیورسل اینٹی ڈوٹ (Universal antidote) میں ایکٹیویٹڈ چارکول، ملک آف میگنیشیا اور ٹینک ایسڈ کا تناسب 2:1:1 ہوتا ہے۔

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93📚⚗️ ChemistryAntidotes

Activated charcoal will bind all of the following EXCEPT:

Explanation

Activated charcoal does not effectively bind inorganic ions/electrolytes (like potassium, sodium, lithium), strong acids, bases, or alcohols.

ایکٹیویٹڈ چارکول پوٹاشیم (Potassium)، لیتھیم اور لوہے جیسے چھوٹے آئنز کو اپنے اوپر جذب نہیں کر پاتا، جبکہ تھیوفائیلین اور پیراسیٹامول کو جذب کر لیتا ہے۔

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94📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology

Smell of bitter almonds is seen in poisoning with

Explanation

Hydrocyanic acid (cyanide) poisoning is classically recognized by a characteristic smell of bitter almonds from the breath or tissues.

ہائیڈرو سائینک ایسڈ یا سائینائڈ (Hydrocyanic acid) کے زہر سے مرنے والے شخص کی لاش سے کڑوے بادام (bitter almonds) جیسی بو آتی ہے۔

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95📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology ADME

The most important factor that determines whether a substance will be well absorbed within the stomach is the:

Explanation

The acidic pH of the stomach determines the ionization state of a drug. Weak acids (non-ionized at low pH) are well-absorbed from the stomach, making pH the key factor.

معدے میں کسی دوا کے جذب ہونے کا سب سے اہم عنصر وہاں کی پی ایچ (pH) ہے، کیونکہ تیزابی پی ایچ میں کمزور تیزاب غیر آئنائزڈ ہو کر آسانی سے جذب ہو جاتے ہیں۔

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96📚⚗️ ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry

In linear nitrosyl NO acts as a/an:

Explanation

In inorganic complexes, a linear M-N-O system is formalistically treated as coordination of a NO+ ligand, which acts as a 3-electron donor to the metal.

لینیئر نائٹروسل (linear nitrosyl) کمپلیکس میں، نائٹرک آکسائیڈ (NO) میٹل کو تین الیکٹران عطیہ (Three electron donor) کرتا ہے۔

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97📚⚗️ ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry

The order of CO bond strength in the following metal hexacarbonyls is likely to be:

Explanation

CO bond strength is determined by metal-to-ligand backbonding. More negative charge on the metal increases pi-backdonation, weakening the C-O bond. Thus, V(CO)6^- has the weakest C-O bond, and Mn(CO)6^+ has the strongest C-O bond.

دھات پر جتنا زیادہ منفی چارج ہوگا، بیک بانڈنگ زیادہ ہوگی اور C-O بانڈ کمزور ہوگا۔ اس لیے CO بانڈ کی طاقت کی صحیح ترتیب: V(CO)6^- < Cr(CO)6 < Mn(CO)6^+ ہے۔

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98📚⚗️ ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry

Predict the number of Fe-Fe bonds in [(eta^5-C_5H_5)Fe(CO)]_2 molecules using the 18 electron rule:

Explanation

The formula represents the cyclopentadienyl iron dicarbonyl dimer [CpFe(CO)2]2 (with a typo in the exam paper missing the 2 after CO). Under the 18-electron rule, each Fe atom contributes 8e^-, Cp contributes 5e^-, two CO ligands contribute 4e^-, totaling 17e^-. To satisfy the 18-electron rule, there must be exactly 1 Fe-Fe single bond.

اس کمپاؤنڈ [CpFe(CO)2]2 میں لوہے (Fe) کا ہر ایٹم 18 الیکٹران کا قاعدہ پورا کرنے کے لیے آپس میں ایک Fe-Fe بانڈ (One) بناتا ہے۔

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99📚⚛️ PhysicsLasers

Laser is a type of light source which has the unique characteristics of

Explanation

Laser light possesses high monochromaticity (single wavelength), directionality (narrow beam), and coherence/penetration power.

لیزر (Laser) روشنی کی ایک ایسی شعاع ہے جس میں یک رنگی (monochromaticity)، ایک سمت میں چلنے کی صلاحیت (directionality) اور نفوذ پذیری (penetration) کی منفرد خصوصیات ہوتی ہیں۔

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100📚⚛️ PhysicsPhotochemistry

Photochemical process includes

Explanation

All listed processes are photochemical (driven by light absorption): photosynthesis in plants, vitamin D synthesis in skin, and photo-degradation of plastic polymers.

روشنی جذب ہونے سے ہونے والے کیمیائی عمل (Photochemical process) میں فوٹو سنتھیسز، وٹامن ڈی کی تیاری اور پلاسٹک کا خراب ہونا سبھی شامل ہیں (All A, B and C)۔

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101📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Extractions

Solvent extraction is a ______ analytical technique

Explanation

Solvent extraction is primarily a separation technique, but it is extensively utilized in qualitative identification and quantitative analysis (hence 'All A, B and C' is selected in standard chemistry answer keys).

سالونٹ ایکسٹریکشن (Solvent extraction) بنیادی طور پر علیحدگی (separation) کی تکنیک ہے لیکن یہ معیاری اور مقداری تجزیوں میں بھی استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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102📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Extractions

Reversed phase SPE separates analytes based on their

Explanation

Reversed-phase Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) utilizes a non-polar stationary phase and a polar mobile phase, separating analytes based on differences in their polarities.

ریورس فیز سالڈ فیز ایکسٹریکشن (Reversed phase SPE) میں سالوینٹس کو ان کی قطبیت یعنی پولرٹی (Polarity) کی بنیاد پر الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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103📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Extractions

______ is based on the working principle of acoustic cavitation

Explanation

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) utilizes high-frequency sound waves to create microbubbles in the solvent. The implosion of these bubbles (acoustic cavitation) ruptures cell walls to release target analytes.

الٹرا سونک ایکسٹریکشن (Ultrasonic extraction) آواز کی لہروں سے پیدا ہونے والے مائیکرو بلبلوں کے پھٹنے یعنی ایکوسٹک کیویٹیشن (acoustic cavitation) کے اصول پر کام کرتا ہے۔

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104📚⚗️ ChemistryAmino Acids

Example for Zwitterions is

Explanation

Glycine is an amino acid that exists as a zwitterion (containing both a positive ammonium charge and a negative carboxylate charge) at neutral pH.

گلائسین (Glycine) زویٹر آئن (Zwitterion) کی ایک اہم مثال ہے کیونکہ اس کے مالیکیول میں مثبت اور منفی دونوں چارجز ایک ساتھ پائے جاتے ہیں۔

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105📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

Paper chromatography is an example of

Explanation

Paper chromatography is primarily partition chromatography, where the stationary phase is water molecules bound within the cellulose paper fibers, and the mobile phase is a solvent.

پیپر کرومیٹوگرافی (Paper chromatography) بنیادی طور پر پارٹیشن کرومیٹوگرافی (Partition chromatography) کی ایک مثال ہے۔

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106📚⚗️ ChemistryNon Aqueous Solvents

Acetic acid in liquid ammonia behaves as

Explanation

Liquid ammonia is a basic solvent. It exerts a levelling effect on acids, making even weak acids like acetic acid behave as strong acids (fully deprotonated) compared to water.

مائع امونیا (liquid ammonia) ایک اساسی یا بیسک سالوینٹ ہے، جس کی وجہ سے کمزور ایسڈ جیسے ایسیٹک ایسڈ بھی اس میں پانی کے مقابلے میں ایک انتہائی مضبوط تیزاب (Stronger acid) کی طرح کام کرتا ہے۔

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107📚⚗️ ChemistryInorganic Chemistry

The reaction of BCl_3 with NH_4Cl gives product A which upon reduction by NaBH_4 gives product B. Product B upon reacting with HCl affords compound C, which is

Explanation

The reaction of BCl3 with NH4Cl yields trichloroborazine [ClBNH]3 (Product A). Reduction with NaBH4 gives borazine B3N3H6 (Product B). Borazine reacts with HCl in an addition reaction across the polar B-N bonds to yield B-trichloroborazine trihydrochloride Cl3B3N3H9 (Compound C).

اس کیمیائی عمل کے آخر میں بننے والا کمپاؤنڈ C دراصل ٹرائی کلورو بورازین ٹرائی ہائیڈرو کلورائیڈ ہے، جس کا فارمولا Cl3B3N3H9 ہے۔

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108📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptography

ECC stands for _____ in public key cryptography

Explanation

ECC stands for Elliptic Curve Cryptography, an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields, offering smaller keys with equivalent security to RSA.

ای سی سی (ECC) کا پورا نام ایلپٹک کرو کرپٹوگرافی (Elliptic curve cryptography) ہے۔

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109📚📜 HistoryNetwork History

Identify the first network which was based on TCP/IP protocol.

Explanation

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) adopted the TCP/IP protocol suite on January 1, 1983, becoming the first network to operate on TCP/IP.

دنیا کا پہلا نیٹ ورک جو ٹی سی پی/آئی پی (TCP/IP) پروٹوکول پر مبنی تھا، ارپانیٹ (ARPANET) تھا۔

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110📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsFirewalls

Which firewall remembers the information about the previously passed packets?

Explanation

Stateful firewalls monitor and keep track of the state of active network connections (using a state table) to filter incoming and outgoing packets based on connection history.

اسٹیٹ فل فائر وال (Stateful firewalls) اپنے پاس سے گزرنے والے پچھلے پیکٹس کی معلومات اور سیشن اسٹیٹ کو یاد رکھتی ہے۔

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111📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsFirewalls

Network layer firewall works as a

Explanation

A network layer firewall filters traffic based on network packet headers (IP addresses, protocol type, ports), functioning primarily as a packet filter.

نیٹ ورک لیئر فائر وال بنیادی طور پر پیکٹ فلٹر (Packet filter) کے طور پر کام کرتی ہے۔

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112📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsFirewalls

The security device which installed between two networks (internal network to outside network) for controlling the flow of traffic into and out of network is known as

Explanation

A firewall is a network security device that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on an organization's previously established security policies.

دو نیٹ ورکس کے درمیان ٹریفک کو کنٹرول کرنے کے لیے لگایا جانے والا حفاظتی آلہ فائر وال (Firewall) کہلاتا ہے۔

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113📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIP Addressing

Which of the following is a necessary part of the IPv6 datagram?

Explanation

The base header is a mandatory, fixed-size 40-byte header that must be present in every IPv6 datagram, whereas extension headers are optional.

آئی پی ورژن 6 (IPv6) ڈیٹا گرام میں بیس ہیڈر (Base header) کا ہونا لازمی ہے، جبکہ ایکسٹینشن ہیڈرز اختیاری ہوتے ہیں۔

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114📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsOperating Systems

Which of the following is not an operating system?

Explanation

Oracle is a multinational technology corporation known primarily for its Database Management System (DBMS), not an operating system. Linux, DOS, and Windows are OS.

اوریکل (Oracle) ایک ڈیٹا بیس اور سافٹ ویئر کمپنی ہے، یہ آپریٹنگ سسٹم نہیں ہے جبکہ ونڈوز اور لینکس آپریٹنگ سسٹمز ہیں۔

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115📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetwork Services

What is a single entrance for multiple connectivity's called?

Explanation

A directory service (like Active Directory) is a single, centralized database system that acts as a single point of entry to manage and connect multiple network services and users.

نیٹ ورک میں بہت سارے کنکشنز اور وسائل تک رسائی کے لیے استعمال ہونے والی واحد داخلی خدمت کو ڈائریکٹری سروس (Directory service) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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116📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsOperating Systems

Which of the following are the two parts of the file name?

Explanation

In standard computer operating systems, a file name consists of two parts: the base name and the extension, which indicates the file format (separated by a dot).

فائل کے نام کے دو اہم حصے اس کا نام اور اس کی ایکسٹینشن (Extension and name) ہوتے ہیں۔

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117📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLaw of Evidence

Photographs, videos, sound recordings, X-rays, maps drawing, graphs charts is a type of

Explanation

Illustrative evidence (or demonstrative evidence) includes items like charts, diagrams, drawings, videos, and photographs used by experts to illustrate and explain their verbal testimonies.

تصاویر، ویڈیوز اور نقشے وغیرہ عدالت میں گواہی کی وضاحت کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں، جنہیں السٹریٹو یعنی وضاحتی شواہد (Illustrative evidence) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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118📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIntrusion Detection Systems

What are characteristics of stack-based IDS?

Explanation

Stack-based IDSs are integrated directly into the host TCP/IP stack, allowing them to watch packets as they are processed through the network layer stack.

اسٹیک بیسڈ آئی ڈی ایس (IDS) ٹی سی پی/آئی پی اسٹیک کے ساتھ گہرائی سے جڑا ہوتا ہے اور وہاں سے گزرنے والے پیکٹس کی نگرانی کرتا ہے۔

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119📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCloud Security

Which of the following is the standard for interoperable cloud-based key management?

Explanation

KMIP (Key Management Interoperability Protocol) is a standard developed by OASIS to ensure interoperability between key management servers and clients.

کلاؤڈ میں کیز (Keys) کے انتظام کے لیے متفقہ پروٹوکول کے ایم آئی پی (KMIP) ہے۔

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120📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQL Injection

_____ is time-based SQL injection attack.

Explanation

Time-based SQL injection is a subtype of Blind SQL Injection. It forces the database to pause/wait for a specific time before responding, letting attackers infer database structure.

ٹائم بیسڈ ایس کیو ایل انجیکشن دراصل بلائنڈ ایس کیو ایل انجیکشن (Blind SQL Injection) کی ایک شکل ہے۔

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121📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking

ATM uses

Explanation

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) uses Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing (ATDM) to multiplex cell streams over physical links.

اے ٹی ایم (ATM) نیٹ ورک ڈیٹا کی منتقلی کے لیے اسینکرونس ٹائم ڈویژن ملٹی پلیکسنگ (Asynchronous time division multiplexing) کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔

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122📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking

An ATM switch at the boundary of the network usually uses _____ for routing.

Explanation

At the UNI boundary of an ATM network, switches translate and route cells using both Virtual Path Identifiers (VPIs) and Virtual Channel Identifiers (VCIs) to map connections.

نیٹ ورک کی سرحد پر موجود ATM سوئچ روٹنگ کے لیے VPI اور VCI دونوں کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔

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123📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQLite Databases

Which of the following is not a valid data type in SQLite?

Explanation

SQLite does not have a native DECIMAL storage class. It assigns it NUMERIC affinity. In contrast, TEXT, INTEGER, and FLOAT (mapped to REAL) are standard data types or classes.

ایس کیو لائٹ (SQLite) میں ڈیسیمل (DECIMAL) نام کا کوئی الگ اور مستقل ڈیٹا ٹائپ نہیں ہوتا، بلکہ اسے نیومیرک افینیٹی میں رکھا جاتا ہے۔

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124📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQLite Databases

Which of the following statements is true about SQLite encryption?

Explanation

Standard SQLite does not include encryption by default. It supports it through commercial add-ons like the SQLite Encryption Extension (SEE).

ایس کیو لائٹ انکرپشن کے بارے میں یہ درست ہے کہ یہ ایس ای ای (SEE) ایکسٹینشن کے ذریعے انکرپشن کو سپورٹ کرتا ہے۔

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125📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQLite Databases

Which of the following SQL statements is used to drop a trigger from SQLite?

Explanation

The standard SQL syntax to delete a trigger in SQLite is: `DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;`.

ایس کیو لائٹ میں کسی بھی ٹریگر کو ختم کرنے کے لیے 'DROP TRIGGER' کمانڈ استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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126📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Physics

Examination of tire marks is carried out in which of the following divisions of forensic science laboratory?

Explanation

Physical evidence such as tire marks, tool marks, glass fractures, soil, and fiber comparisons are typically analyzed in the Physics Division of a forensic science laboratory.

ٹائر کے نشانات، اوزاروں کے نشانات، اور شیشے کے ٹوٹنے کے نمونوں کا تجزیہ عام طور پر فارنزک سائنس لیبارٹری کے فزکس ڈویژن (Physics division) میں کیا جاتا ہے۔

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127📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Medicine

What does the term "Compos mentis" while giving a testimony or dying declaration mean?

Explanation

"Compos mentis" is a Latin term meaning 'of sound mind' or having full control of one's mental faculties, which is a key requirement for a valid testimony or dying declaration.

"Compos mentis" ایک لاطینی اصطلاح ہے جس کا مطلب 'صحیح دماغ' یا 'صحیح العقل' ہونا ہے، جو کہ نزعی بیان (dying declaration) کی قانونی قبولیت کے لیے ضروری ہے۔

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128📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Investigation

The trace evidence sometimes fluoresces under Alternate Light Source (ALS) used at the crime scene. What is its range?

Explanation

Alternate Light Sources (ALS) utilized at crime scenes generally operate within the visible and near-ultraviolet range (typically from 400 nm to 800 nm) to detect biological fluids, fibers, and other trace evidence via fluorescence.

کرائم سین پر متبادل روشنی کے ذرائع (ALS) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے جس کی رینج 400-800 نینو میٹر (nm) ہوتی ہے، جو فلوروسینس کے ذریعے حیاتیاتی شواہد تلاش کرنے میں مدد کرتی ہے۔

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129📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

Michel Levy chart is referred in which of the following microscopy while examining birefringent evidence?

Explanation

The Michel-Lévy interference color chart is used in polarized light microscopy to determine the birefringence of a specimen (like synthetic fibers or minerals) based on thickness and retardation.

مائیکل لیوی چارٹ (Michel Levy chart) کا استعمال پولرائزڈ لائٹ مائیکروسکوپ (Polarized light microscope) میں روشنی کی دوہری عکاسی (birefringence) کے مطالعے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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130📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

The Stereo microscope has a different optical path for each eye to view which gives rise to?

Explanation

A stereomicroscope (dissecting microscope) provides two separate optical paths, presenting slightly different angles of the specimen to each eye, which produces a three-dimensional (3D) visual effect.

اسٹیریو مائیکروسکوپ (Stereo microscope) میں دونوں آنکھوں کے لیے الگ الگ آپٹیکل پاتھ ہوتے ہیں، جس سے نمونے کی سہ جہتی (3-dimensional) تصویر دکھائی دیتی ہے۔

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131📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

What is the lens in a compound microscope closest to the specimen called?

Explanation

The lens closest to the specimen in a light or compound microscope is called the objective lens, which gathers light and focuses the image of the specimen.

کمپاؤنڈ مائیکروسکوپ میں وہ لینس جو سلائیڈ یا نمونے کے سب سے قریب ہوتا ہے، آبجیکٹو لینس (Objective lens) کہلاتا ہے۔

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132📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

The UV or blue light is used to focus on evidence sample in which of the following microscopes?

Explanation

A fluorescence microscope uses high-intensity ultraviolet or blue excitation light to illuminate the specimen, exciting fluorescent dyes or autofluorescent components to emit lower-energy light.

فلوروسینس مائیکروسکوپ (Fluorescence microscope) میں نمونے پر یو وی (UV) یا نیلی روشنی ڈالی جاتی ہے تاکہ وہ چمک اٹھے۔

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133📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Fetal hemoglobin is made up of four protein chains. They are

Explanation

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the main oxygen transport protein in human fetuses, consisting of two alpha (a) chains and two gamma (g) chains (a2g2). Adult hemoglobin (HbA) contains two alpha and two beta (b) chains.

جنین کا ہیموگلوبن (Fetal hemoglobin) چار پروٹین چینز پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، جو کہ 2 الفا اور 2 گاما (gamma) زنجیریں ہوتی ہیں۔

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134📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

What type of amylase does the human saliva constitute?

Explanation

Human saliva contains salivary alpha-amylase (ptyalin), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch.

انسانی لعاب (saliva) میں الفا-ایمیلیز (alpha-amylase) انزائم پایا جاتا ہے جو نشاستے کو توڑنے کا کام شروع کرتا ہے۔

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135📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

Match the columns:

| Column 1 | Column 2 |
| --- | --- |
| i. Blood | a) Phadebas test |
| ii. Semen | b) Christmas tree staining |
| iii. Saliva | c) Nessler's test |
| iv. Urine | d) Takayama crystal assay |

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Blood is matched with Takayama crystal assay (d), Semen with Christmas tree staining for sperm heads (b), Saliva with Phadebas test for amylase (a), and Urine with Nessler's reagent test for urea/ammonia (c). This corresponds to option B.

خون کا ٹیسٹ ٹاکایاما کرسٹل ایسے ہے (i-d)، منی (semen) کا ٹیسٹ کرسمس ٹری سٹیننگ ہے (ii-b)، تھوک (saliva) کا ٹیسٹ فادیباس ٹیسٹ ہے (iii-a)، اور پیشاب کا ٹیسٹ نیسلر ٹیسٹ ہے (iv-c)۔ اس لیے آپشن B درست ہے۔

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136📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

After 6 cycles of PCR amplification process, how many number of DNA copies would be generated under ideal conditions?

Explanation

Under ideal PCR conditions, DNA amplification is exponential, represented by 2^n, where n is the number of cycles. For 6 cycles, 2^6 = 64 copies are generated.

پی سی آر (PCR) میں نمونے کی تعداد 2^n کے تناسب سے بڑھتی ہے۔ 6 سائیکلز کے بعد ڈی این اے کاپیوں کی تعداد 2^6 = 64 ہوگی۔

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137📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

In agarose gel electrophoresis, what dye is used to visualise DNA?

Explanation

Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag in agarose gel electrophoresis to visualize DNA bands under ultraviolet light.

ایگاروز جیل الیکٹروفورسس میں ڈی این اے بینڈز کو دیکھنے کے لیے ایتھیڈیم برومائیڈ (Ethidium bromide) ڈائی کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، جو یو وی لائٹ میں چمکتا ہے۔

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138📚⚗️ ChemistryDNA Extraction

Arrange the steps of organic DNA extraction method in order
i. Ethanol precipitation
ii. Cellular lysis
iii. PCI treatment
iv. Gel electrophoresis

Explanation

The organic DNA extraction protocol follows this sequence: cellular lysis (ii) to break open cell membranes, Phenol-Chloroform-Isoamyl alcohol (PCI) treatment (iii) to separate proteins from DNA, ethanol precipitation (i) to concentrate DNA, and gel electrophoresis (iv) to analyze the quality/quantity of the isolated DNA.

ڈی این اے نکالنے (extraction) کا صحیح ترتیب یہ ہے: سب سے پہلے خلیات کو توڑنا (Cellular lysis - ii)، پھر پی سی آئی (PCI) ٹریٹمنٹ کے ذریعے پروٹین الگ کرنا (iii)، پھر ایتھنول پریسیپیٹیشن (i) اور آخر میں جیل الیکٹروفورسس (iv)۔

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139📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

Arrange the temperatures of Polymerase Chain Reaction in order according to the procedural steps of the reaction setup.
i. 72°C
ii. 60°C
iii. 92°C

Explanation

The typical steps in a PCR cycle are: Denaturation at ~92°C to 95°C (iii), Annealing of primers at ~50°C to 60°C (ii), and Extension of DNA at ~72°C (i). Hence, the order of temperatures is iii, ii, i.

پی سی آر (PCR) سائیکل کا درجہ حرارت اور ترتیب یہ ہے: سب سے پہلے ڈی نیچوریشن 92°C (iii)، پھر اینیلنگ 60°C (ii)، اور آخر میں ایکسٹینشن 72°C (i)۔ اس لیے ترتیب iii، ii، i ہوگی۔

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140📚🧬 BiologyAnatomy

Which of the following is an example of a sesamoid bone?

Explanation

A sesamoid bone is a bone embedded within a tendon. The patella (kneecap) is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body.

سیسامائڈ ہڈی (sesamoid bone) وہ ہڈی ہے جو ٹینڈن کے اندر ابھرتی ہے۔ پٹیلا (Patella - گھٹنے کی ہڈی) انسانی جسم میں اس کی سب سے بڑی مثال ہے۔

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141📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

Match the column with respect to the different forms of DNA helical properties:

| Form | Base pairs per turn | Axial rise (nm) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| i. A-DNA | p. 10 | x. 0.34 |
| ii. B-DNA | q. 11 | y. 0.45 |
| iii. Z-DNA | r. 12 | z. 0.26 |

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

A-DNA has 11 bp/turn and an axial rise of 0.26 nm (i-q-z). B-DNA has 10 bp/turn and an axial rise of 0.34 nm (ii-p-x). Z-DNA has 12 bp/turn and an axial rise of 0.45 nm (iii-r-y). This corresponds to option D.

اے-ڈی این اے (A-DNA) میں 11 بیس پیئرز اور 0.26nm رائز ہوتا ہے (i-q-z)، بی-ڈی این اے (B-DNA) میں 10 بیس پیئرز اور 0.34nm رائز ہوتا ہے (ii-p-x)، اور زیڈ-ڈی این اے (Z-DNA) میں 12 بیس پیئرز اور 0.45nm رائز ہوتا ہے (iii-r-y)۔ اس طرح آپشن D درست ہے۔

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142📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Which of the following reagents is used for the biochemical analysis of RNA?

Explanation

Orcinol reagent (Bial's test) is used for the quantitative/biochemical analysis of RNA because it reacts with the ribose sugar. DPA (diphenylamine) is used for DNA, Folin-Lowry for proteins, and Ninhydrin for amino acids.

آر این اے (RNA) کے بائیو کیمیکل تجزیہ کے لیے اورسینول (Orcinol) ری ایجنٹ کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ رائبوز شوگر کے ساتھ رنگ پیدا کرتا ہے۔

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143📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

Which among the following radiolabelled probes show the highest sensitivity for DNA detection?

Explanation

Phosphorus-32 (32P) is a high-energy beta emitter that yields very high specific activity, making it the most sensitive radiolabel for DNA probe detection in hybridization assays.

ڈی این اے پروب کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے سب سے حساس ریڈیولابیلڈ پروب فاسفورس-32 (32P) ہے کیونکہ یہ بہت زیادہ توانائی والی بیٹا شعاعیں خارج کرتا ہے۔

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144📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

The "REP" in REP-PCR stands for

Explanation

REP-PCR stands for Repetitive Element Sequence-Based PCR, which is used for genomic fingerprinting by targeting repetitive DNA sequences.

آر ای پی پی سی آر (REP-PCR) میں 'REP' کا مخفف ریپیٹیٹیو ایلیمنٹ (Repetitive Element) ہے۔

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145📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

During probe synthesis which of the following causes hairpin loop formation?

Explanation

Hairpin loops are secondary structures that form when single-stranded nucleotide sequences fold back on themselves due to complementary regions within the same molecule.

پروب کے اندر موجود تکمیلی خطوں (complementary regions) کی وجہ سے وہ خود پر مڑ کر ہیئر پن لوپ (hairpin loop) بنا لیتا ہے۔

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146📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

In ASO hybridisation for SNP analysis, what is the enzyme HRP conjugated to?

Explanation

In Allele-Specific Oligonucleotide (ASO) hybridization assays, probes are often biotinylated. The enzyme Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is conjugated to Streptavidin, which binds with extremely high affinity to the biotinylated probe.

اے ایس او (ASO) ہائبرڈائزیشن ٹیسٹ میں، ہارسرادش پراکسیڈیز (HRP) انزائم کو اسٹریپٹاوِڈن (Streptavidin) کے ساتھ جوڑا جاتا ہے جو بائیوٹین لگے ہوئے پروب سے جڑتا ہے۔

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147📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

Which of the following forensic genetic markers does NOT show length polymorphism?

Explanation

SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) show sequence polymorphism (single base substitutions), whereas STRs, VNTRs, and LINEs vary in the length of repeated segments (length polymorphism).

ایس این پی (SNP) میں لمبائی کی بنیاد پر فرق (length polymorphism) نہیں ہوتا، بلکہ اس میں صرف ایک نیوکلیوٹائڈ کی ترتیب بدلتی ہے (sequence polymorphism)۔

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148📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

What part of the hair contains nerves and capillaries that supply nutrients?

Explanation

The hair papilla, located at the base of the hair follicle bulb, contains blood vessels (capillaries) and nerves that supply nutrients to the cells for hair growth.

بالوں کے پپیلا (Hair papilla) میں خون کی شریانیں اور اعصاب ہوتے ہیں جو بالوں کی نشوونما کے لیے غذائیت فراہم کرتے ہیں۔

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149📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

In what way, the presence of plant peroxidases may affect the result of Kastle-Meyer assay?

Explanation

The Kastle-Meyer (KM) test is a catalytic color test for blood. Plant peroxidases can mimic hemoglobin's activity by catalyzing the oxidation of phenolphthalin to phenolphthalein, resulting in a false positive reaction.

کیسٹل میئر ٹیسٹ (خون کی جانچ) میں پودوں کے انزائمز (peroxidases) بھی ہیموگلوبن کی طرح رنگ پیدا کر سکتے ہیں، جس سے غلط مثبت (false positive) نتیجہ ملتا ہے۔

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150📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

Regular DNA polymerases exhibit some activity below their optimal temperature, resulting in non-specific amplification. What type of PCR modification technique will help overcome this issue?

Explanation

Hot-start PCR is a technique that keeps the DNA polymerase inactive until the reaction mixture reaches the denaturation temperature, preventing non-specific primer binding and amplification at lower temperatures.

ہوشیار پی سی آر یا ہاٹ-اسٹارٹ پی سی آر (Hot-start PCR) کے ذریعے پولیمریز انزائم کو کم درجہ حرارت پر غیر فعال رکھا جاتا ہے تاکہ غیر ضروری ایمپلیفیکیشن سے بچا جا سکے۔

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151📚🧬 BiologyDNA Preservation

Which of the following statements related to FTA paper stand true?
i. It is an absorbent cellulose-based paper
ii. It protects DNA from nuclease degradation
iii. It is stable at room temperature for several years
iv. It prevents bacterial growth

Explanation

FTA paper is a cellulose-based card containing chemicals that lyse cells, denature proteins, protect DNA from nuclease digestion, prevent bacterial growth, and allow long-term room temperature storage of blood or saliva samples.

ایف ٹی اے (FTA) پیپر سے متعلق تمام بیانات (i, ii, iii, iv) درست ہیں؛ یہ سیلولوز کا بنا ہوتا ہے، نیوکلیئز سے ڈی این اے کو بچاتا ہے، کمرے کے درجہ حرارت پر سالوں تک مستحکم رہتا ہے اور بیکٹیریا کی نشوونما کو روکتا ہے۔

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152📚🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling

TPOX locus used in the CODIS-based STR kits is an example of what type of STR marker?

Explanation

TPOX is a simple tetranucleotide repeat containing only one repeating sequence motif ([AATG]n) with no nonconsensus or complex structural variations.

ٹی پی او ایکس (TPOX) لوکس ایک سادہ ریپیٹ (Simple repeat) ہے جس میں صرف ایک دہرائی جانے والی نیوکلیوٹائڈ ترتیب ہوتی ہے۔

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153📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Rhodamine Red that is commonly used for the fluorescent labelling of DNA probes has an emission maximum at what wavelength?

Explanation

Rhodamine Red is a red fluorophore with an excitation maximum near 570 nm and an emission maximum at approximately 590 nm.

روڈامائن ریڈ (Rhodamine Red) فلوروسینٹ ڈائی کی زیادہ سے زیادہ اخراج کی طولِ موج (emission maximum) 590 نینو میٹر (nm) ہے۔

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154📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

Who developed the technique of PCR, which is now used extensively for DNA fingerprinting?

Explanation

Kary Mullis developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique in 1983, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993.

پی سی آر (PCR) تکنیک کو 1983 میں کیری ملس (Kary Mullis) نے تیار کیا تھا، جس کے لیے انہیں نوبل انعام ملا۔

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155📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

What are the components of an RNA nucleoside molecule?

Explanation

A nucleoside consists of a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA) and a nitrogenous base. A nucleotide contains a nucleoside plus a phosphate group.

آر این اے نیوکلیوسائڈ (nucleoside) رائبوز شوگر اور نائٹروجن بیس (Nitrogen base) سے مل کر بنتا ہے۔ اگر اس میں فاسفیٹ گروپ شامل ہو تو یہ نیوکلیوٹائڈ بن جاتا ہے۔

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156📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

The combining of multiple polypeptide chains in a large functional protein is called its

Explanation

The quaternary structure of a protein is the association of multiple individual polypeptide chains (subunits) into a single functional multi-subunit complex.

متعدد پولی پیپٹائڈ زنجیروں کے ملنے سے بننے والے پروٹین کے ڈھانچے کو کواٹرنری اسٹرکچر (Quaternary structure) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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157📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

What causes Barr body formation?

Explanation

A Barr body is an inactive, condensed X chromosome in female mammalian somatic cells, created during early development via X-chromosome inactivation (lyonization).

خواتین کے جسمانی خلیات میں ایک ایکس کروموسوم کو غیر فعال (X chromosome inactivation) کر دیا جاتا ہے، جو سکڑ کر بار باڈی (Barr body) بناتا ہے۔

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158📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

What fluid accounts for 60% of the seminal fluid?

Explanation

Seminal vesicle fluid constitutes approximately 60% to 70% of the total volume of human semen, containing fructose, prostaglandins, and proteins.

سیمن (semen) کے کل حجم کا تقریباً 60 فیصد حصہ سیمینل ویزیکل سیال (Seminal vesicle fluid) پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔

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159📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

What component of the sweat can be used for performing a confirmatory assay?

Explanation

Dermcidin is an antimicrobial peptide expressed and secreted specifically by human eccrine sweat glands, serving as a highly specific biomarker for the identification of sweat.

پسینے کی تصدیقی جانچ (confirmatory assay) کے لیے ڈرمیسیڈن (Dermicidin) پروٹین کو بطور مارکر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، جو صرف پسینے کے غدود سے خارج ہوتا ہے۔

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160📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

Which of the following statement is FALSE?

Explanation

In human hair, the cortex constitutes the bulk of the hair shaft, and the medulla is very narrow (occupying less than 1/3rd of the shaft's diameter). Therefore, the width of the cortex is much GREATER than the width of the medulla, making option C false.

انسانی بال میں کارٹیکس (cortex) کا حصہ میڈولا (medulla) سے بہت زیادہ بڑا ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے یہ کہنا غلط ہے کہ کارٹیکس کی چوڑائی میڈولا کی چوڑائی سے کم ہوتی ہے (C غلط ہے)۔

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161📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

A heme molecule is also called

Explanation

Heme is a coordination complex consisting of an iron atom in the ferrous state (Fe2+) coordinated to protoporphyrin IX, hence it is chemically referred to as ferroprotoporphyrin.

ہیم (heme) مالیکیول کو کیمیائی طور پر فیرو پروٹو پورفرین (Ferroprotoporphyrin) بھی کہا جاتا ہے کیونکہ اس میں آئرن Fe2+ حالت میں ہوتا ہے۔

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162📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

At what linkage does Human Salivary Amylase cleave in the starch molecule?

Explanation

Human salivary alpha-amylase is an endo-enzyme that specifically cleaves internal alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch and glycogen molecules.

انسانی تھوک کا ایمیلیز انزائم نشاستہ (starch) کے مالیکیول میں الفا-1,4 (a1->4) لنکیج کو توڑتا ہے۔

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163📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

What are the predominant lactate dehydrogenase isozymes present in menstrual blood?

Explanation

Menstrual blood exhibits higher activity levels of Lactate Dehydrogenase isozymes LDH4 and LDH5 compared to peripheral blood, which is useful for the identification of menstrual discharge.

ماہواری کے خون (menstrual blood) میں ایل ڈی ایچ-4 اور ایل ڈی ایچ-5 (LDH4, LDH5) آئیسوانزائمز سب سے زیادہ پائے جاتے ہیں۔

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164📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

What is examined in the hair root sheath for sex determination?

Explanation

For sex determination from hair roots, cells of the root sheath are stained and examined for the presence of a Barr body (which represents the inactive X chromosome in females).

بالوں کی جڑ کی جھلی (root sheath) میں بار باڈی (Barr body) کی جانچ کر کے جنس کا تعین کیا جاتا ہے کہ وہ عورت کا بال ہے یا مرد کا۔

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165📚🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling

A preferred procedure for analysing DNA in cases of sexual assault involving multiple unrelated perpetrators would be:

Explanation

In sexual assault cases, differential extraction is always required to separate the sperm cells from the female epithelial cells. Autosomal STR analysis is then performed on the sperm fraction to achieve maximum discrimination power, allowing the identification and individualization of each unrelated perpetrator.

متعدد نامعلوم مجرموں کے جنسی زیادتی کے کیسز میں سب سے پہلے ڈیفرینشل ایکسٹریکشن (Differential extraction) کر کے سپرم الگ کیے جاتے ہیں اور پھر جینیاتی انفرادیت معلوم کرنے کے لیے آٹوسومل ایس ٹی آر (autosomal STR) کا تجزیہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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166📚🧬 BiologyAnatomy

What is the major organic component of the bone matrix?

Explanation

Collagen (predominantly Type I collagen) constitutes about 90% of the organic matrix of bone, providing structural flexibility and tensile strength.

ہڈیوں کے نامیاتی مادے (organic matrix) کا تقریباً 90 فیصد حصہ کولیجن (Collagen) پروٹین سے بنا ہوتا ہے۔

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167📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

A diploid organism in which both the alleles are the same at a given locus, is said to be

Explanation

An individual or cell is homozygous at a given genetic locus when it carries identical alleles on homologous chromosomes.

جب کسی جاندار کے پاس ایک مخصوص لوکس پر دونوں ایلِیلز بالکل ایک جیسے ہوں تو اسے ہوموزائگس (Homozygous) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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168📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

What region of a chromosome do mitotic and meiotic spindle fibers attach to?

Explanation

During cell division, the mitotic or meiotic spindle fibers attach to the centromere region of the chromosome, specifically at the kinetochore protein complex assembled there.

خلیہ کی تقسیم کے دوران تکلے کے ریشے (spindle fibers) کروموسوم کے سینٹرومیئر (Centromere) والے حصے سے جڑتے ہیں۔

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169📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

At what phase during the mitotic cell division, does the kinetochore microtubule begin to form?

Explanation

During prometaphase of mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle microtubules begin to attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes (forming kinetochore microtubules).

مائٹوسس (mitosis) تقسیم کے دوران، پرو میٹافیز (Prometaphase) مرحلے میں کائینیٹو کور مائکرو ٹیوبول بننا اور کروموسوم سے جڑنا شروع ہوتے ہیں۔

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170📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

What is programmed cell death called as?

Explanation

Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms, characterized by morphological changes and cell disassembly without damage to neighboring cells.

خلیات کی پہلے سے طے شدہ یا پروگرام شدہ موت کو اپوپٹوسس (Apoptosis) کہا جاتا ہے، جبکہ حادثاتی موت کو نیکروسس کہتے ہیں۔

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171📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

During DNA replication, the two parental strands separate and each one acts as a template strand for new complementary strands. What is this model of DNA replication called?

Explanation

The semiconservative model of DNA replication, proven by Meselson and Stahl, shows that each newly replicated DNA double helix consists of one intact parental (old) strand and one newly synthesized strand.

ڈی این اے کی تقسیم کے ماڈل کو سیمی کنزرویٹو (Semiconservative) کہا جاتا ہے جہاں ہر نیا بننے والا جوڑا ایک پرانی اور ایک نئی زنجیر سے مل کر بنتا ہے۔

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172📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

What process do prokaryotic cells divide by?

Explanation

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) lack a nucleus and divide via binary fission (or simple fission), a process of asexual reproduction where the cell splits into two equal parts.

پروکیریوٹک خلیات (جیسے بیکٹیریا) سادہ تقسیم یعنی بائنری فیشن یا سمپل فیشن (Simple fission) کے ذریعے تقسیم ہوتے ہیں۔

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173📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

What are fatty acids containing more than one double bonds between the carbon atoms called?

Explanation

Fatty acids containing two or more carbon-carbon double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain are called polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).

وہ فیٹی ایسڈز جن میں کاربن ایٹموں کے درمیان ایک سے زیادہ ڈبل بانڈز پائے جائیں، پولی انسیچوریٹڈ فیٹی ایسڈز (Polyunsaturated fatty acids) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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174📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide sugar?

Explanation

Sucrose is a disaccharide sugar composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule. Fructose and galactose are monosaccharides, and cellulose is a polysaccharide.

سوکروز (Sucrose) ڈبل شوگر یعنی ڈائی سیکرائڈ (disaccharide) کی مثال ہے جو گلوکوز اور فرکٹوز سے مل کر بنتی ہے۔

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175📚🧬 BiologyAnatomy

What part of the CNS is associated with vital reflexes such as heartbeat and respiration?

Explanation

The medulla oblongata (part of the brainstem in the Central Nervous System) contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers that regulate autonomic reflexes like heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing.

دماغ کا پچھلا حصہ میڈولا اوبلونگاٹا (Medulla oblongata) دل کی دھڑکن اور سانس لینے جیسے غیر ارادی افعال کو کنٹرول کرتا ہے۔

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176📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

Which of the following statements are TRUE?
i. The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane
ii. The Golgi apparatus is a distinctive stack of flattened sacks called cristae
iii. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that digest cellular components.
iv. Mitochondria produce ATP molecules

Explanation

Statement i is true (ER membrane is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane), and statement iv is true (mitochondria synthesize ATP). Statement ii is false because Golgi sacs are called cisternae (cristae are inner mitochondrial membrane folds). Statement iii is false because lysosomes contain digestive/hydrolase enzymes, while peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes (like catalase).

پہلا اور چوتھا بیانات درست ہیں؛ اینڈوپلاسمک ریٹیکولم کی جھلی بیرونی نیوکلیئر جھلی سے جڑی ہوتی ہے (i) اور مائٹوکونڈریا اے ٹی پی (ATP) مالیکیول بناتا ہے (iv)۔ گالجی باڈی کی تھیلیوں کو سسٹرنی کہتے ہیں (ii غلط ہے) اور ہاضمے کا کام لائزوسومز کرتے ہیں (iii غلط ہے)۔ اس لیے آپشن A درست ہے۔

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177📚🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Packaging

What is the best way to package charred documents?

Explanation

Charred documents are extremely fragile. They should be carefully lifted and placed in a rigid corrugated box lined with a cotton base to absorb vibrations and prevent crumbling during transport.

جلے ہوئے کاغذات (Charred documents) انتہائی نازک ہوتے ہیں۔ انہیں خراب ہونے سے بچانے کے لیے روئی کے بستر (cotton base) والے سخت کارٹن یا نالیدار ڈبے (corrugated box) میں احتیاط سے رکھا جانا چاہیے۔

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178📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Sketching

Which of the following is not a method of crime scene sketching?

Explanation

Triangulation, baseline, and polar coordinates are valid measurement methods used in crime scene sketching. The 'strip method' is a crime scene searching method, not a sketching method.

ٹرائینگولیشن، بیس لائن اور پولر کوآرڈینیٹ خاکہ بنانے کے دوران فاصلہ ناپنے کے طریقے ہیں، جبکہ 'اسٹرپ طریقہ' تلاش (searching) کا طریقہ ہے، خاکہ بنانے کا نہیں۔

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179📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation

Match the following:
i. ESDA -> a. Analysis of Indentations
ii. Spectroscopy -> b. Analysis of 3-D image
iii. VSC -> c. Analysis of different inks
iv. Stereo microscope -> d. Composition of inks

Explanation

ESDA is used to analyze indentations (i-a). Spectroscopy determines chemical composition of inks (ii-d). VSC (Video Spectral Comparator) compares different inks under UV/IR light (iii-c). Stereo microscope provides a 3-dimensional magnified view of evidence (iv-b). This corresponds to option D.

صحیح ملاپ یہ ہے: ESDA دبی لکھاوٹ کے لیے (i-a)، Spectroscopy روشنائی کے اجزاء جاننے کے لیے (ii-d)، VSC مختلف روشنائیوں کے تقابل کے لیے (iii-c)، اور اسٹیریو مائیکروسکوپ تھری ڈی امیج حاصل کرنے کے لیے (iv-b)۔ یہ آپشن D میں ہے۔

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180📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis

Assertion (A): f and g are trizonal letters in English alphabets
Reason (R): Trizonal letters have an upper, middle and lower zone to baseline

Explanation

Assertion (A) is false because while 'f' is a trizonal letter (spans upper, middle, and lower zones), 'g' is a bizonal letter (spans only middle and lower zones). Reason (R) is true because it correctly defines a trizonal letter.

بیان (A) غلط ہے کیونکہ 'f' تو تینوں زونز (اوپری، درمیانی اور نچلے) میں لکھی جاتی ہے لیکن 'g' صرف دو زونز (درمیانی اور نچلے) میں آتی ہے۔ وجہ (R) بالکل صحیح ہے جو ٹریزونل حروف کی تعریف کرتی ہے۔ یعنی A غلط ہے اور R صحیح ہے۔

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181📚🔬 Forensic ScienceDynamic Signatures

The computerized pad which recognizes the signature based on speed, pressure and rhythm of signing is called-

Explanation

A Biometric Signature Pad (or digital signature pad) captures dynamic signature features such as stroke speed, pressure, direction, and rhythm for identity verification.

بایومیٹرک سگنیچر پیڈ (Biometric Signature Pad) دستخط کے وقت قلم کی رفتار، دباؤ اور تال (rhythm) کو ریکارڈ کر کے شناخت کی تصدیق کرتا ہے۔

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182📚🔬 Forensic ScienceVSC Analysis

Statement A: VSC is often used to examine the alterations and obliterations made on a document
Statement B: VSC uses UV, IR and combination of other wavelength of light sources and filters

Explanation

Both statements are true. VSC (Video Spectral Comparator) is a vital tool for revealing document erasures, alterations, and obliterations by using multiple wavelengths of light (UV, visible, IR) and color filters to observe differences in ink luminescence.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔ وی ایس سی (VSC) کا استعمال دستاویز میں تبدیلیوں اور مٹائی گئی تحریر کو دیکھنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے، اور یہ ڈیوائس الٹرا وائلٹ، انفرا ریڈ اور دیگر روشنی کی طولِ موج (wavelengths) اور فلٹرز کا استعمال کرتی ہے۔

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183📚🔬 Forensic ScienceOptical Examination

What is the purpose of using oblique lighting in document examination?

Explanation

Oblique (or side-angle) lighting casts shadows in the indentations and surface disturbances of paper, helping to reveal mechanical erasures, alterations, and indented writing.

ترچھی روشنی (Oblique lighting) کا استعمال کاغذ کی سطح پر موجود رگڑ، کھرچنے کے نشانات، مٹائی گئی تحریر اور دبی ہوئی لکھاوٹ کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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184📚⚗️ ChemistryChemical Erasures

Which of the following technique can be utilised to decipher the ink writing erased with chemical erasure?

Explanation

A Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) is utilized to decipher chemical erasures by observing the document under UV or IR light, which triggers differential fluorescence in the chemical residue or altered paper fibers.

کیمیائی طریقے سے مٹائی گئی تحریر (chemical erasure) کو دوبارہ پڑھنے کے لیے وی ایس سی (VSC) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، کیونکہ کیمیکل کے اثرات مختلف روشنیوں کے تحت فلوروسینس دکھاتے ہیں۔

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185📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation

Match the following:
1. ESDA -> a. Indentations
2. UV light source -> b. Physical matching of torn paper
3. Projectina -> c. Fluorescence
4. IR image convertor -> d. Obliterations

Explanation

ESDA is used for indentations (a-1). UV light shows ink fluorescence (c-2). Projectina is a comparator device used for matching torn paper edges (b-3). IR image convertors reveal obliterated text (d-4). This matches option C.

صحیح ملاپ: ESDA دبی لکھاوٹ کے لیے (a-1)، پروجیکٹینا پھٹے ہوئے کاغذات کے تقابل کے لیے (b-3)، یووی لائٹ فلوروسینس دکھانے کے لیے (c-2)، اور آئی آر کنورٹر مٹائی گئی تحریر دیکھنے کے لیے (d-4)۔ یہ آپشن C میں ہے۔

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186📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics Basics

Match the following:
i. Laws of Motion -> a. Velocity
ii. Scalar quantity -> b. Mass
iii. Linear Motion -> c. Displacement
iv. Vector quantity -> d. Moment of Inertia
v. Rotational Motion -> e. A body at rest remains at rest unless an external force is applied

Explanation

Laws of motion correspond to Newton's first law (i-e). Mass is a scalar quantity (ii-b). Moment of inertia is related to rotational motion (v-d). Displacement is a vector quantity (iv-a / iii-c). In option D, this is structured as: i-e, ii-b, iii-d (linear motion linked to inertia/mass concept in paper), iv-a (vector is velocity/displacement), v-c.

صحیح ملاپ: قوانین حرکت نیوٹن کا پہلا قانون ہے (i-e)، ماس اسکیلر مقدار ہے (ii-b)، مومنٹ آف انرشیا گھومنے والی حرکت سے وابستہ ہے (v-d)، اور سمتی مقدار میں ولاسٹی/ڈسپلیسمنٹ شامل ہیں (iv-a/iii-c)۔ یہ آپشن D میں فٹ بیٹھتا ہے۔

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187📚🔬 Forensic ScienceElectricity

Ohm's Law relates to:

Explanation

Ohm's Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it, related by resistance (V = I * R). It connects voltage, current, and resistance.

اوہم کا قانون (Ohm's Law) برقی سرکٹ میں وولٹیج (V)، کرنٹ (I) اور مزاحمت (R) کے باہمی تعلق کو ظاہر کرتا ہے (V = I * R)۔

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188📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHolography

The principle of holography is based on the interference of:

Explanation

Holography relies on creating and recording an interference pattern between two coherent light waves (usually from a laser): the reference beam and the object beam.

ہولوگرافی (holography) کا اصول لیزر سے نکلنے والی مربوط روشنی کی لہروں (coherent light waves) کے درمیانی انٹرفیرنس (interference) پر مبنی ہے۔

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189📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHolography

What type of hologram records the interference pattern between a reference beam and an object beam?

Explanation

In a transmission hologram, both reference and object beams originate from the same side of the recording medium, and the hologram is reconstructed by transmitting light through it.

ٹرانسمیشن ہولوگرام (Transmission hologram) میں آبجیکٹ اور ریفرنس بیم ایک ہی طرف سے فلم پر پڑتے ہیں اور تصویر کو دیکھنے کے لیے روشنی کو ہولوگرام کے آر پار گزارا جاتا ہے۔

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190📚⚛️ PhysicsLasers

What is the full-form of LASER?

Explanation

LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, indicating that the light is amplified by forcing excited atoms to emit coherent photons.

لیزر (LASER) کا مخفف لائٹ ایمپلیفیکیشن بائی اسٹیمولیٹڈ ایمیشن آف ریڈی ایشن (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) ہے۔

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191📚⚛️ PhysicsLasers

(A): Laser light is monochromatic
(B): Coherence in laser light refers to wavelength consistency

Explanation

Both statements are correct. Laser light is monochromatic (consists of a single color/wavelength) and coherent (the light waves are in phase, maintaining spatial and temporal consistency).

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔ لیزر لائٹ یک رنگی (monochromatic) ہوتی ہے اور اس میں ربط یا کوہیرنس (coherence) پائی جاتی ہے، جس کا مطلب طولِ موج کی یکسانیت اور ہم آہنگی ہے۔

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192📚⚛️ PhysicsLaser Types

Match the following:
1. CO₂ lasers composed of -> a. Rare-earth ions
2. N₂ lasers operate in of EMR spectrum -> b. Visible region
3. Ar-ion laser emits light in of EMR spectrum -> c. Molecular gas
4. Glass lasers composed of -> d. Infra-Red region

Explanation

CO2 is a molecular gas laser (1-c). N2 laser operates in ultraviolet but is matched to infrared in paper options (2-d). Ar-ion laser emits visible blue-green light (3-b). Glass lasers are doped with rare-earth ions (4-a). This matches option A.

صحیح ملاپ: کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ لیزر مالیکیولر گیس سے بنتا ہے (1-c)، نائٹروجن لیزر EMR سپیکٹرم کے انفراریڈ (یا UV) زون میں چلتا ہے (2-d)، آرگن آئن لیزر نظر آنے والی روشنی پیدا کرتا ہے (3-b)، اور گلاس لیزر نایاب زمینی آئنوں پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے (4-a)۔

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193📚⚛️ PhysicsLaser Types

Excimer lasers typically use a combination of:

Explanation

Excimer lasers (excited dimer lasers) use a mixture of a noble gas (such as Argon, Krypton, or Xenon) and a reactive halogen gas (Fluorine or Chlorine) to produce ultraviolet laser light.

ایکسائمر لیزر (Excimer lasers) میں نوبل گیسوں (جیسے آرگن یا کرپٹون) اور ہیلوجن گیسوں (فلورین یا کلورین) کا مرکب استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، جو بالائے بنفشی روشنی خارج کرتے ہیں۔

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194📚⚛️ PhysicsLaser Types

The HCl and HF lasers operate in the-

Explanation

Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) and Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) chemical lasers operate and emit light in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ایچ سی ایل (HCl) اور ایچ ایف (HF) کیمیائی لیزرز برقی مقناطیسی سپیکٹرم کے انفرا ریڈ (IR) زون میں کام کرتے ہیں۔

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195📚⚛️ PhysicsLaser Properties

Compared to traditional light sources, lasers typically have:

Explanation

Lasers are distinguished from ordinary light sources by their high intensity, high directionality (low divergence), monochromaticity, and high coherence.

عام روشنی کے مقابلے میں، لیزر روشنی میں بہت زیادہ شدت (intensity)، ایک ہی سمت میں چلنے کی صلاحیت (directionality) اور ہم آہنگی (coherence) پائی جاتی ہے۔

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196📚⚛️ PhysicsLaser Properties

Compared to traditional light sources, lasers generally have:

Explanation

Due to the highly focused concentration of light energy, lasers possess a much greater brightness (radiance) compared to any traditional or thermal light sources.

زیادہ فوکسڈ توانائی اور روشنی کی وجہ سے لیزر روشنی میں عام روشنی کے مقابلے میں بہت زیادہ چمک (brightness) اور شدت ہوتی ہے۔

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197📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation

What does AAS stand for in context of spectroscopy?

Explanation

AAS stands for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, which is an analytical technique used to measure the concentration of metallic elements in a sample by measuring the light absorbed by free atoms.

اے اے ایس (AAS) کا پورا نام اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرم شناسی (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) ہے، جو نمونے میں دھاتی عناصر کی مقدار معلوم کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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198📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

Which chromatography technique is known for its separation based on boiling point?

Explanation

Gas Chromatography (GC) separates volatile substances based on their boiling points and vapor pressure, along with partition coefficients between a gas mobile phase and a liquid/solid stationary phase.

گیس کرومیٹوگرافی (GC) ایک ایسی علیحدگی کی تکنیک ہے جس میں اڑنے والے مرکبات کو ان کے نقطہ جوش (boiling point) اور بخارات کے دباؤ کے مطابق الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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199📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Principles

The little variability in a person's handwriting that occurs over time is known as:

Explanation

No person writes exactly the same way twice. The slight, normal deviations in letter size, shape, and slope in a person's handwriting are called natural variations.

ایک ہی شخص کی لکھاوٹ میں وقت کے ساتھ ہونے والی معمولی تبدیلیاں 'قدرتی تغیرات' (natural variations) کہلاتی ہیں کیونکہ کوئی بھی شخص بالکل ایک جیسا دوبارہ نہیں لکھ سکتا۔

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200📚🔬 Forensic ScienceSeal Impressions

Which of the following technique is used for comparison of two seal impressions for authenticity?

Explanation

A comparison microscope is the standard instrument used to compare the details of two seal impressions side-by-side or superimposed under identical lighting and magnification.

دو مہروں کے نقوش (seal impressions) کی سچائی جانچنے کے لیے موازنہ جاتی خوردبین (Comparison microscope) کا استعمال کر کے ان کا آمنے سامنے تقابل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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201📚🔬 Forensic SciencePassport Security

What is the purpose of using UV printing in passports and travel documents?

Explanation

UV-activated fluorescent inks are invisible under normal light and do not show up when photocopied with standard color copiers, helping to prevent unauthorized photocopying and reproduction.

پاسپورٹس میں بالائے بنفشی (UV) پرنٹنگ کا مقصد فوٹو کاپی کو روکنا (prevent photocopying) ہے، کیونکہ یہ روشنائی عام روشنی میں پوشیدہ ہوتی ہے اور نقل کرنے پر ظاہر نہیں ہوتی۔

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202📚⚗️ ChemistryLocard Principle

Locard's exchange principle can be applied to all of the following except

Explanation

Locard's Exchange Principle states that 'every contact leaves a trace' (transfer of physical material like fibers, tool marks, and soil). Blood spatter analysis is based on physics and geometry to reconstruct directionality of forces, not on the transfer of trace material.

لوکارڈ کے اصول کے مطابق 'ہر رابطہ ایک نشان چھوڑتا ہے' (جیسے فائبر، مٹی، یا ٹول مارکس کا منتقل ہونا)۔ خون کے چھینٹوں کے نمونے کا تجزیہ (blood spatter) طبیعیات اور ہندسیہ پر مبنی ہے، جو لوکارڈ کے تبادلے کے اصول کے دائرے میں نہیں آتا۔

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203📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

All of the following are the Basic Principles of Light Microscopy EXCEPT:

Explanation

The objective lens in a microscope magnifies (enlarges) the image of the specimen; it does not minimize it.

مائیکروسکوپ میں آبجیکٹو لینس (Objective lens) نمونے کی تصویر کو بڑا (magnify) کر کے دکھاتا ہے، اسے چھوٹا (minimize) نہیں کرتا۔ اس لیے بیانیہ B غلط ہے۔

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204📚⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics Chemistry

Smack is a variable mixture of

Explanation

Smack is a common street/slang name for heroin (diacetylmorphine), which is a semi-synthetic opioid drug derived from morphine.

اسمیک (Smack) گلیوں اور بازاروں میں ہیروئن (Heroin) کے لیے استعمال ہونے والا ایک عام اور غیر قانونی نام ہے۔

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205📚⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics Chemistry

What drug is loaded on bloater sheets also before consumption.

Explanation

LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is highly potent in microgram doses. It is dissolved in solvent and loaded onto absorbent paper squares called blotter sheets (often referred to as bloater sheets) for oral ingestion.

ایل ایس ڈی (LSD) کی بہت ہی معمولی مقدار اثر کرتی ہے، اس لیے اسے مائع کی شکل میں لا کر رنگین کاغذ کے ٹکڑوں (Blotter/bloater sheets) پر جذب کر کے بیچا اور استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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206📚⚗️ ChemistryClandestine Labs

What is not part of the glassware encountered in a raid for clandestine narcotic lab?

Explanation

Round bottom flasks, separating funnels, and beakers are standard laboratory glassware. A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of liquids, not a piece of laboratory glassware.

گول پیندے والے فلاسک، سیپریٹنگ فنل اور بیکر کیمیائی عمل کے شیشے کے برتن (glassware) ہیں، جبکہ ہائیڈرو میٹر مائع کی کثافت (specific gravity) ناپنے کا آلہ ہے، شیشے کا برتن نہیں۔

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207📚⚗️ ChemistryColor Tests

Formaldehyde and Sulphuric acid form a part of what reagent for spot examination of narcotics.

Explanation

Marquis reagent is prepared by mixing concentrated sulfuric acid with formaldehyde. It is widely used to screen for opiates (purple color) and amphetamines (orange/brown color).

مارکوئس ری ایجنٹ (Marquis Reagent) فارملڈیہائڈ اور مرتکز سلفیورک ایسڈ کے مرکب سے بنتا ہے، جو نشہ آور مواد کی موقع پر فوری شناخت کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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208📚⚗️ ChemistryPrecursor Chemistry

Safrole can be used to synthesize.

Explanation

Safrole, extracted from sassafras oil, is a controlled precursor chemical used in clandestine laboratories as the starting material to synthesize MDMA (Ecstasy).

سفرول (Safrole) ایک پری کرسر کیمیکل ہے جو کہ ایم ڈی ایم اے (MDMA / Ecstasy) نامی نشہ آور دوا تیار کرنے کے لیے اہم خام مال کے طور پر استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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209📚⚗️ ChemistryNatural Drugs

LSD is obtained from.

Explanation

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) is a semi-synthetic drug synthesized from lysergic acid, which is produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus (ergot) that grows on rye.

ایل ایس ڈی (LSD) ایک نیم مصنوعی نشہ ہے جو سیکنڈری کیمیکل سے بنتا ہے اور یہ کیمیکل ارگٹ نامی فنگس (Fungus) سے حاصل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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210📚⚗️ ChemistryPeriodic Table Properties

Which of the following elements have electron affinity greater than S?

Explanation

In Group 16, Sulfur (S) has the highest electron affinity (-200 kJ/mol). Oxygen (O) is smaller but suffers from high electron repulsion (-141 kJ/mol), while Selenium (-195 kJ/mol) and Tellurium (-190 kJ/mol) have lower affinities due to size. Thus, none of these have an affinity greater than S.

گروپ 16 کے عناصر میں سلفر (S) کی الیکٹران افینیٹی سب سے زیادہ (-200 kJ/mol) ہوتی ہے۔ آکسیجن، سیلینیم اور ٹیلوریم سب کی الیکٹران افینیٹی سلفر سے کم ہوتی ہے، اس لیے جواب 'ان میں سے کوئی نہیں' (None of these) ہے۔

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211📚⚗️ ChemistryGroup 14 Chemistry

The correct order of stability of difluorides is

Explanation

Down Group 14, the stable oxidation state changes from +4 to +2 due to the inert pair effect. Therefore, the stability of difluorides (where Group 14 elements are in the +2 oxidation state) increases down the group: GeF2 > SiF2 > CF2.

گروپ 14 میں نیچے جانے پر 'انرٹ پیئر ایفیکٹ' کی وجہ سے +2 آکسیڈیشن اسٹیٹ زیادہ مستحکم ہوتی جاتی ہے۔ اس لیے ڈائی فلورائیڈز کی پائیداری کا صحیح ترتیب GeF₂ > SiF₂ > CF₂ ہے۔

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212📚⚗️ ChemistryAcid-Base Chemistry

A strong acid has a

Explanation

According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, a strong acid easily donates its proton, which means its remaining conjugate base has very little affinity for protons (it is a weak conjugate base).

برونسٹڈ۔لوری تھیوری کے مطابق، ایک طاقتور تیزاب (strong acid) کا کاجیوگیٹ بیس (conjugate base) ہمیشہ کمزور (weak) ہوتا ہے۔

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213📚⚗️ ChemistryHSAB Theory

According to HSAB, a hard base is one whose donor atom has

Explanation

According to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base (HSAB) principle, a hard base is characterized by a donor atom with high electronegativity, low polarizability, and high resistance to oxidation.

سخت اور نرم تیزاب و اساس (HSAB) کے اصول کے مطابق، سخت اساس (hard base) وہ ہے جس کا ڈونر ایٹم زیادہ الیکٹرو نیگیٹیوٹی، کم پولرائز ایبلٹی رکھتا ہو اور اسے آکسیڈائز کرنا مشکل ہو۔

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214📚⚗️ Chemistrys-Block Chemistry

Which of the following is not correct about the solution when moderate amount of sodium metal is dissolved in liquid ammonia at low temperature?

Explanation

When sodium dissolves in liquid ammonia, it produces Na+ ions and solvated electrons. The free solvated electrons make the solution blue, highly conducting, and paramagnetic (not diamagnetic). Therefore, statement D is incorrect.

جب سوڈیم دھات کو مائع امونیا میں ملایا جاتا ہے، تو آزاد سالویٹڈ الیکٹران پیدا ہوتے ہیں جو محلول کو پیرامیگنیٹک (paramagnetic) بنا دیتے ہیں۔ اس لیے یہ کہنا غلط ہے کہ مائع امونیا ڈائیا میگنیٹک (diamagnetic) رہتا ہے۔

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215📚⚗️ ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry

The following reaction: Mn₂(CO)₁₀ + Br₂ → 2MnBr(CO)₅, is:

Explanation

In the reactant Mn2(CO)10, the oxidation state of Mn is 0. In the product MnBr(CO)5, the oxidation state of Mn increases to +1. Since both the oxidation state and coordination number increase, it is an oxidative addition reaction.

اس ردعمل میں، میگنیشیم کا آکسیڈیشن نمبر 0 سے بڑھ کر +1 ہو جاتا ہے اور نیا بانڈ بنتا ہے، اس لیے اسے آکسیڈیٹیو ایڈیشن (Oxidative addition) کہتے ہیں۔

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216📚⚗️ ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry

The stable cyclopentadienyl complex of beryllium is:

Explanation

Due to Be's very small ionic size, stable beryllocene in the gas phase adopts a slip-sandwich structure represented as [Be(η¹-C₅H₅)(η⁵-C₅H₅)], where one cyclopentadienyl ring is monohapto and the other is pentahapto.

بیریلیئم کا سائز بہت چھوٹا ہونے کی وجہ سے، اس کا مستحکم بائیسائیکلو کمپلیکس سلپ-سینڈوچ شکل کا ہوتا ہے، جس کا فارمولا [Be(η¹-C₅H₅)(η⁵-C₅H₅)] ہے۔

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217📚⚗️ ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry

Which of the following is more easily reduced?

Explanation

V(CO)6 is a 17-valence electron complex. It is highly unstable and easily accepts an electron (gets reduced) to achieve a stable 18-electron closed-shell configuration [V(CO)6]-. Cr(CO)6, Fe(CO)5, and Ni(CO)4 are already stable 18-electron complexes.

وی(CO)₆ (V(CO)₆) میں 17 الیکٹران ہوتے ہیں۔ یہ مستحکم 18 الیکٹران کا شیل بنانے کے لیے بہت آسانی سے ایک الیکٹران حاصل کر کے ریڈیوس (reduced) ہو جاتا ہے۔

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218📚⚗️ ChemistryBiomolecules

Test that can distinguish between monosaccharides and disaccharides is

Explanation

Barfoed's test utilizes copper acetate in dilute acetic acid. Reducing monosaccharides react quickly (within 1-2 minutes) to form a red cuprous oxide precipitate, whereas reducing disaccharides react much slower (7-12 minutes).

بارفوڈ ٹیسٹ (Barfoed's test) مونو سیکرائڈز (مثلاً گلوکوز) اور ڈائی سیکرائڈز (مثلاً مالٹوز) کے درمیان تمیز کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے، کیونکہ مونو سیکرائڈز بہت تیزی سے ردعمل دیتے ہیں۔

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219📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation

Wet digestion is not recommended for what metal.

Explanation

Mercury is highly volatile. Standard hot wet digestion (open vessel acid digestion) is not recommended because mercury compounds readily volatilize and escape, leading to low recovery. Closed-vessel microwave digestion must be used instead.

پارہ (Mercury) ایک انتہائی اڑنے والا (volatile) عنصر ہے۔ کھلے برتن میں گرم تیزابوں کے ساتھ ویٹ ڈائجیشن (wet digestion) کرنے پر پارہ اڑ جاتا ہے، اس لیے اس دھات کے لیے یہ طریقہ موزوں نہیں ہے۔

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220📚⚗️ ChemistryColor Tests

What transition metal is used in preparation of Mandelin's Reagent.

Explanation

Mandelin's reagent is prepared by dissolving ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) in concentrated sulfuric acid. The active transition metal is Vanadium.

منڈیلن ری ایجنٹ (Mandelin's Reagent) امونیم میٹا وینیڈیٹ سے بنتا ہے، جس میں وینیڈیم (Vanadium) دھات کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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221📚⚗️ ChemistryColor Tests

Frohde's reagent is prepared by.

Explanation

Frohde's reagent is prepared by dissolving molybdic acid or sodium molybdate in hot concentrated sulfuric acid. It is used to screen for alkaloids and opiates.

فروہڈ ری ایجنٹ (Frohde's reagent) مولیبڈک ایسڈ (Molybdic acid) کو گرم سلفیورک ایسڈ میں ملا کر تیار کیا جاتا ہے۔

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222📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry

The chemical reagent from which solution of required concentration can be prepared is

Explanation

A primary standard is a highly pure, stable, and non-hygroscopic chemical reagent. A standard solution of exact concentration can be prepared directly by dissolving a known mass of it in a specific volume.

وہ انتہائی خالص اور مستحکم کیمیکل جس کی مدد سے معلوم حتمی ارتکاز کا محلول براہ راست تول کر بنایا جا سکے، اسے پرائمری اسٹینڈرڈ (Primary standard) کہتے ہیں۔

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223📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry

What is the pH range of Bromo thymol blue as acid base indicator

Explanation

Bromothymol blue is a pH indicator that is yellow at pH below 6.0 and blue at pH above 7.6. Its useful pH transition range is 6.0 to 7.6.

بروموتھامول بلیو (Bromo thymol blue) ایک تیزاب-اساس انڈیکیٹر ہے جس کا ورکنگ پی ایچ رینج 6.0 سے 7.6 ہوتا ہے (تیزاب میں پیلا اور اساس میں نیلا)۔

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224📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry

Dimethyl glyoxime is a reagent specific for the metal ion

Explanation

Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) reacts with Nickel(II) ions in basic medium to form a bright strawberry-red coordination complex, making it highly specific for nickel determination.

ڈائی میتھائل گلائی آکسائیم (DMG) نکل (Ni) کے آئنوں کے ساتھ ردعمل کر کے سرخ رنگ کا رسوب بناتا ہے، یہ نکل کی شناخت کے لیے مخصوص کیمیکل ہے۔

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225📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry

Name the process that contaminates the precipitates and also carries the precipitate solution containing soluble impurities.

Explanation

Coprecipitation is the process in which compounds that are normally soluble in the solvent are carried down out of solution along with the primary precipitate during its formation.

وہ عمل جس میں حل پذیر گندگی یا ناپاکیاں بھی بنیادی رسوب (precipitate) کے ساتھ بیٹھ کر اسے آلودہ کر دیتی ہیں، اسے کو-پریسیپیٹیشن (Coprecipitation) کہتے ہیں۔

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226📚⚗️ ChemistrySolvent Extraction

Micellar layer formed during solvent extract can be removed by

Explanation

During liquid-liquid extraction, emulsion or micellar layers can form. Adding a small amount of a water-soluble alcohol like ethanol breaks the emulsion by changing surface tension.

سالونٹ ایکسٹریکشن کے دوران بننے والے جھاگ یا ایملشن (micellar layer) کو توڑنے کے لیے مرکب میں تھوڑی مقدار میں ایتھنول (ethanol) ملایا جاتا ہے۔

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227📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation

Alkaline distillation may be attempted for what forensic sample.

Explanation

Nicotine is a volatile alkaloid (base). Performing distillation in alkaline conditions ensures nicotine is in its volatile free-base form, allowing it to distill and separate from biological matrices.

نیکوٹین (Nicotine) ایک الکلائڈ اساس ہے، اس لیے اسے الکلائن ڈسٹلیشن (الکلائن میڈیم میں گرم کر کے اڑانا) کے ذریعے حیاتیاتی نمونوں سے الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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228📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation

Ammonium sulphate method can be used to extract

Explanation

The ammonium sulfate protein precipitation method is commonly used in forensic toxicology to precipitate tissue proteins and cleanly extract non-volatile acidic organic poisons like barbiturates.

امونیم سلفیٹ طریقہ کار کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے جگر اور بافتوں (tissues) کے پروٹین کو بٹھایا جاتا ہے اور نیند کی ادویات یعنی باربی ٹیوریٹس (Barbiturates) کا صاف نکاس حاصل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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229📚⚗️ ChemistrySolvent Extraction

Liquid-Liquid extraction requires.

Explanation

Liquid-liquid extraction requires two immiscible liquid solvents (typically an aqueous phase and an organic solvent phase) to allow separation of solutes based on solubility differences.

مائع-مائع نکاس (Liquid-Liquid extraction) کے لیے دو ایسے سالونٹ درکار ہوتے ہیں جو آپس میں حل نہ ہو سکیں یعنی غیر حل پذیر (two immiscible solvents) ہوں۔

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230📚⚗️ ChemistrySolvent Extraction

Why is it important to maintain the pH of the raffinate.

Explanation

Adjusting the pH of the raffinate (aqueous phase) regulates the ionization state of compounds. Maintaining proper pH keeps unwanted organic acids/bases in their ionic (charged) state, making them more soluble in the aqueous phase and preventing their extraction.

ریفینیٹ (raffinate/پانی والی تہہ) کا پی ایچ برقرار رکھنا اس لیے ضروری ہے تاکہ ناپسندیدہ آئنی مرکبات پانی کے اندر ہی حل پذیر رہیں (soluble in aqueous phase) اور نامیاتی تہہ میں منتقل نہ ہوں۔

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231📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation

Which of the following is not a sample preparation technique for extraction of drug from matrix.

Explanation

Microwave digestion uses hot strong mineral acids to completely destroy organic matrices for elemental metal analysis. Because it decomposes organic structures, it is not used to extract intact drugs.

مائیکرو ویو ڈائجیشن (Microwave Digestion) تیزابوں کی مدد سے آرگینک میٹرکس کو جلانے اور دھاتوں کا پتہ لگانے کا طریقہ ہے، یہ منشیات یا نامیاتی ادویات نکالنے کے لیے استعمال نہیں ہوتا۔

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232📚⚛️ PhysicsGas Chromatography

In gas chromatography, the basis for separation of the components of the volatile material is the difference in

Explanation

In gas-liquid chromatography, components of a volatile mixture separate based on differences in their partition coefficients (distribution) between the mobile gas phase and the stationary liquid phase.

گیس کرومیٹوگرافی میں مرکب کے اجزاء کا الگ ہونا ان کی متحرک گیس اور ساکت مائع تہوں کے درمیان تقسیم کے گنا (Partition coefficients) کے فرق پر منحصر ہوتا ہے۔

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233📚⚛️ PhysicsHPLC Detectors

Which of the following statements is true for a refractive index detector in HPLC?

Explanation

A refractive index (RI) detector is highly sensitive to changes in the mobile phase composition, so it can only be used in isocratic elution. It cannot be used with gradient elution because changes in solvent ratio drift the baseline.

ریفراکٹیو انڈیکس (RI) ڈیٹیکٹر سالونٹ کے بدلتے تناسب سے متاثر ہوتا ہے، اس لیے اسے صرف اسی موبائل فیز کے ساتھ استعمال کیا جا سکتا ہے جو مستقل رہے (isocratic elution)۔

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234📚⚛️ PhysicsGas Chromatography

Silylation is used in

Explanation

Silylation is a chemical derivatization method in Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC). It replaces active acidic hydrogens (in -OH or -NH groups) with alkylsilyl groups, reducing polarity and increasing volatility for GC analysis.

سلائلیشن (Silylation) کا استعمال گیس کرومیٹوگرافی (GLC) میں کیا جاتا ہے تاکہ پولر اور نہ اڑنے والے مرکبات کے کیمیائی ڈھانچے کو بدل کر انہیں مستحکم اور اڑنے والا بنایا جا سکے۔

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235📚⚗️ ChemistryAAS

Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) is used in the following

Explanation

A Hollow Cathode Lamp is the specific light source used in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) to emit narrow-line radiation matching the electronic absorption band of the metal element being analyzed.

ہولو کیتھوڈ لیمپ (HCL) کا استعمال اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرمیٹری (AAS) میں مخصوص طولِ موج کی روشنی خارج کرنے کے لیے بطور لائٹ سورس کیا جاتا ہے۔

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236📚🔢 MathChromatography Theory

What is the formula to calculate theoretical plates, where V is retention time and W_b is peak width

Explanation

The formula for the number of theoretical plates (N) is N = 16 * (t_R / W_b)², where t_R (or V_e) represents the retention time (or retention volume) and W_b is the peak width at the baseline.

کرومیٹوگرافی میں فرضی پلیٹوں کی تعداد (N) معلوم کرنے کا معیاری فارمولا N = 16 * (V_e / W_b)² ہے، جہاں V_e ریٹینشن ٹائم اور W_b پین چوڑائی ہے۔

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237📚⚛️ PhysicsGas Chromatography

A carrier gas in GLC should have the following characteristics EXCEPT:

Explanation

A carrier gas in Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) must be a high-purity single gas (such as Helium, Nitrogen, or Hydrogen). It should not be a mixture of gases as this would destabilize the detector baseline and flow control.

گیس کرومیٹوگرافی میں کیریئر گیس ہمیشہ خالص اور اکیلی ہونی چاہیے (جیسے نائٹروجن یا ہیلیئم)، یہ گیسوں کا مرکب (mixture of gases) نہیں ہونی چاہیے۔ اس لیے بیانیہ B غلط ہے۔

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238📚⚛️ PhysicsRaman Spectroscopy

The transition zone of Raman spectra is

Explanation

Raman spectroscopy relies on inelastic scattering of light, which induces transitions within the rotational and vibrational energy levels of a molecule's ground electronic state.

رمن سپیکٹرم (Raman spectra) میں سالمات (molecules) کے اندر برقی مقناطیسی لہروں کے تصادم کی وجہ سے لرزش اور گھومنے کے توانائی کے مداروں (vibrational and rotational levels) میں تبدیلی ہوتی ہے۔

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239📚🔢 MathSpectroscopy Theory

In which of the following ways, absorption is related to transmittance?

Explanation

Absorbance (A) is defined mathematically as the negative logarithm (base 10) of transmittance (T): A = -log₁₀(T), or log₁₀(1/T).

نوری جذبیت (Absorbance) اور روشنی گزرنے کی شرح (Transmittance) کے درمیان تعلق یہ ہے کہ جذبیت ٹرانسمیٹینس کا منفی لاگرتھم (negative logarithm) ہوتی ہے (A = -log₁₀T)۔

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240📚⚗️ ChemistryAAS

Atomizer is used in

Explanation

An atomizer (such as a nebulizer/burner flame or a graphite furnace) is used in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to convert the liquid sample into a cloud of ground-state free atoms.

ایٹمائزر (Atomizer) کا استعمال اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹری (AAS) میں نمونے کے محلول کو آزاد ایٹموں کی دھند یا گیس میں بدلنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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241📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectrophotometry

A detector that can be used in visible Spectrophotometry is

Explanation

A photovoltaic cell (or photodiode/photomultiplier tube) converts visible photons into an electrical current, making it a common optical detector in visible spectrophotometers.

نظر آنے والی روشنی (visible spectrum) کی پیمائش کرنے والے سپیکٹرو فوٹو میٹر میں فوٹو وولٹک سیل (Photovoltaic cell) یا فوٹو ڈائیوڈ کو بطور ڈیٹیکٹر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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242📚⚗️ ChemistryAAS

The pair of light source and atomizer resulting highest sensitivity to atomic absorption spectroscopic measurement is:

Explanation

Using a Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) provides the ideal narrow emission line matching the analyte. A graphite furnace (electrothermal) atomizer provides much higher atomization efficiency and sensitivity compared to flame atomization.

اے اے ایس (AAS) میں سب سے زیادہ حساسیت (sensitivity) حاصل کرنے کے لیے ہولو کیتھوڈ لیمپ اور گریفائٹ فرنس (graphite furnace) ایٹمائزر کا ملاپ بہترین ہے۔

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243📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectroscopy Theory

Which of the following is not a limitation of Beer Lambert's law, which gives the relation between absorption, thickness, and concentration?

Explanation

Beer-Lambert's law requires low concentration, monochromatic light, and neglects chemical associations/refractive shifts. Requiring a 'higher bandwidth' is not a limitation of the law; rather, using high-bandwidth (polychromatic) light causes deviations from the law.

بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کی شرائط کے مطابق، لائٹ سورس یک رنگی (monochromatic) ہونا چاہیے اور ارتکاز کم ہونا چاہیے۔ 'ہائی بینڈوڈتھ والی تابکاری' اس قانون کی کوئی حد یا ضرورت نہیں ہے۔

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244📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectrophotometry

At what Amax does nitrate ion show absorbance with brucine sulphate

Explanation

Nitrate ions react with brucine sulfate in a strong sulfuric acid medium to form a yellow-colored complex which exhibits a maximum light absorption (λmax) at 410 nm.

نائٹریٹ آئن جب بروسین سلفیٹ سے سلفیورک ایسڈ کی موجودگی میں ملتے ہیں تو پیلے رنگ کا مرکب بنتا ہے، جس کا زیادہ سے زیادہ جذباتی طولِ موج (λmax) 410 nm ہوتا ہے۔

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245📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectroscopy Instrumentation

Basic requirements of a monochromator are

Explanation

A monochromator, which isolates specific wavelengths of light, requires high resolution (separating close wavelengths), appropriate spectral range, and high dispersion (spreading wavelengths). Therefore, all are basic requirements.

مونوکرومیٹر (Monochromator) کے لیے یہ تمام چیزیں لازمی ہیں: ریزولوشن (باریکی سے الگ کرنا)، اسپیکٹرل رینج، اور ڈسپرشن (روشنی کا پھیلاؤ)۔ اس لیے جواب 'اوپر کے تمام' (All of the above) ہے۔

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246📚⚛️ PhysicsIR Spectroscopy

Which of the following is not a source used in Mid Infrared Spectrophotometer?

Explanation

Nernst glowers, Globars, and Nichrome wires are standard light sources for the Mid-Infrared (mid-IR) region. High-pressure mercury arc lamps are used as light sources in the Far-Infrared (far-IR) region.

مڈ-انفراریڈ (Mid IR) سپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹر میں گلوبار اور نچھروم وائر استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔ ہائی پریشر مرکری آرک لیمپ (B) کا استعمال فار-انفراریڈ (Far-IR) زون میں ہوتا ہے، مڈ-انفراریڈ میں نہیں سن۔

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247📚⚗️ ChemistryAAS

Which of the following is the function of the chopper in Atomic Absorption spectroscopy?

Explanation

The rotating chopper in AAS periodically blocks and passes the light from the hollow cathode lamp, converting the steady (DC) light into a pulsating (AC) light. This allows the detector/amplifier to filter out the steady thermal emission of the flame.

اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹری (AAS) میں چوپر (chopper) کا کام لیمپ کی مستقل روشنی کو وقفے دار یا نبض دار روشنی (pulsating light) میں بدلنا ہے تاکہ شعلے کی اپنی گرمی کی چمک خارج ہو سکے۔

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248📚⚛️ PhysicsGait Analysis

In forensic gait analysis, which characteristic is most relevant for individual identification based on gait patterns?

Explanation

Forensic gait analysis focuses on identifying individuals by their walking patterns. Unique variations in walking style (such as stride length, step angle, and individual abnormalities) serve as key individualizing features.

فارنزک گیٹ (gait) تجزیہ میں، کسی شخص کی منفرد چال یا چلنے کے انداز میں انفرادی تبدیلیاں (unique variations in walking style) شناخت قائم کرنے کے لیے سب سے زیادہ اہم ہوتی ہیں۔

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249📚⚛️ PhysicsNanotechnology

How do nanoparticles contribute to the identification of physical evidence in forensic analysis?

Explanation

Nanoparticles (such as quantum dots or gold nanoparticles) exhibit unique optical properties, including intense fluorescence or surface plasmon resonance. This provides enhanced visibility of physical evidence (like latent fingerprints or biological stains) under different light sources.

نینو پارٹیکلز (جیسے کوانٹم ڈاٹس) مختلف روشنی کے ذرائع (UV یا لیزر) کے تحت شواہد کی نمائش اور چمک (enhanced visibility) کو بڑھا دیتے ہیں، جو انگلیوں کے پوشیدہ نشانات کو واضح کرنے میں مددگار ہے۔

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250📚⚛️ PhysicsNanotechnology

What makes nanoparticles and nanotubes feasible tools for forensic evidence analysis?

Explanation

Nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes are highly stable and exhibit excellent resistance to environmental factors (such as heat, light, and humidity), ensuring that forensic markers or tags remain intact and detectable over time.

نینو پارٹیکلز اور نینو ٹیوبز ماحولیاتی عوامل (جیسے گرمی، نمی اور روشنی) کے خلاف مزاحمت (resistance to environmental factors) رکھتے ہیں، جس کی وجہ سے یہ فارنزک شواہد کی جانچ کے لیے موزوں آلات بنتے ہیں۔

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251📚⚛️ PhysicsLaser Physics

In laser physics, what term describes the phenomenon where the electric field vectors of the emitted photons have a constant phase relationship over time and space?

Explanation

Coherence describes the constant phase relationship of light waves. A constant phase relationship over time is specifically called temporal coherence, whereas over space it is spatial coherence. Since lasers display both, temporal coherence is often referenced for the phase stability over time.

لیزر طبیعیات میں، خارج ہونے والے فوٹونز کے درمیان وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ ایک مستقل فیز کا تعلق رکھنا وقتی ہم آہنگی (Temporal coherence) کہلاتا ہے۔

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252📚⚛️ PhysicsCondensed Matter Physics

According to principles of condensed matter physics, what is the critical factor determining the electronic properties of nanoscale structures?

Explanation

In condensed matter physics, the electronic band structure and properties of nanomaterials are highly sensitive to interatomic distances and atomic arrangements, which influence electron orbital overlap and quantum confinement.

کنڈینسڈ میٹر فزکس کے مطابق، نینو اسکیل ڈھانچے کی برقی خصوصیات (electronic properties) کا تعین کرنے میں ایٹموں کے درمیانی فاصلے (interatomic distances) سب سے اہم کردار ادا کرتے ہیں۔

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253📚🔢 MathUnits and Measurements

When dealing with ballistic trajectories in physics, which metric unit is commonly used to measure projectile velocity?

Explanation

The standard SI (metric) unit of velocity used in physics and ballistics is meters per second (m/s). Feet per second (fps) is an imperial unit.

طبیعیات میں بیلسٹک رفتار کی پیمائش کے لیے سائنسی میٹرک نظام کے تحت میٹر فی سیکنڈ (m/s) کا یونٹ استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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254📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis

Which element is a key indicator in the forensic analysis of glass, as its concentration can vary based on the source?

Explanation

While silicon, calcium, and sodium are major components of soda-lime glass, iron is present as a trace element (impurity). Its concentration and oxidation state vary significantly depending on the raw sand source, making it a key indicator for sourcing and comparison.

شیشے کے فارنزک تجزیے میں لوہا (Iron) ایک اہم اشاریہ ہے کیونکہ خام مال میں اس کی معمولی مقدار یا ملاوٹ مختلف مینوفیکچررز اور ذرائع کے حساب سے تبدیل ہوتی رہتی ہے۔

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255📚🔢 MathPhysics Principles

Which principle underlies the forensic technique of density comparison for glass fragments?

Explanation

Density comparison methods (such as the sink-float method) rely on Archimedes' Principle, where the buoyant force on a submerged glass fragment is related to its displacement and density relative to the liquid.

شیشے کے ذرات کی کثافت (density) ناپنے اور موازنہ کرنے کا فارنزک طریقہ ارشمدس کے اصول (Archimedes' Principle) پر مبنی ہے۔

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256📚🔬 Forensic ScienceSoil Analysis

In forensic investigations, what can be observed through microscopic examination of soil particles?

Explanation

Microscopic analysis of soil allows forensic scientists to identify specific mineral grains, biological remnants (pollen, diatoms), plant debris, and other organic/inorganic materials that are highly characteristic of a location.

خوردبین کے ذریعے مٹی کے ذرات کا معائنہ کرنے سے اس میں موجود مخصوص معدنیات اور نامیاتی مادوں (Presence of minerals and organic matter) کا پتا چلتا ہے۔

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257📚⚗️ ChemistryPaint Analysis

How does infrared absorption spectroscopy contribute to the analysis of paint samples in forensic physics?

Explanation

FTIR spectroscopy detects the infrared absorption bands corresponding to molecular vibrations, which yields a characteristic spectrum used for identifying the chemical structure of binders and pigments in paint layers.

انفراریڈ جذب کرنے والی سپیکٹروسکوپی (FTIR) پینٹ کے مالیکیولر ارتعاش (molecular vibrations) کو ریکارڈ کر کے اس کی کیمیائی شناخت کرتی ہے۔

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258📚⚗️ ChemistryFiber Chemical Tests

Hydrochloric acid is best suited as a solvent test for which fibre?

Explanation

Nylon is soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) at room temperature, which distinguishes it from other natural and synthetic fibers like cotton, wool, and polyester.

نائلون (Nylon) وہ مصنوعی ریشہ ہے جو مرتکز ہائیڈروکلورک ایسڈ (HCl) میں آسانی سے گھل جاتا ہے، اس لیے یہ سالونٹ ٹیسٹ نائلون کے لیے موزوں ہے۔

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259📚⚛️ PhysicsFiber Classification

Which of the following fibers in not derived from plants?

Explanation

Mohair is an animal fiber obtained from the hair of the Angora goat. Cotton (seed), coir (coconut husk), and flax (bast) are plant-derived cellulosic fibers.

موہیر (Mohair) انگورہ بکری کے بالوں سے حاصل ہونے والا ریشہ ہے، اس لیے یہ پودوں سے حاصل نہیں ہوتا جبکہ کاٹن، کوئر اور فلیکس پودوں سے حاصل ہوتے ہیں۔

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260📚🔬 Forensic ScienceSerial Number Restoration

When applying electrolytic etching for serial number restoration, what role does the electrolyte solution play in the process?

Explanation

In electrolytic etching, an electric current is passed through an acid/electrolyte solution to dissolve metal. Since the stamped area has higher residual stress and is more reactive, the electrolyte selectively corrodes and reveals the stamped numbers.

الیکٹرولائٹک اینچنگ میں الیکٹرولائٹ سلوشن برقی رو کی مدد سے دھات کی سطح پر کنٹرولڈ سنکنرن (controlled corrosion) پیدا کرتا ہے جس سے مٹائے گئے نمبر واضح ہو جاتے ہیں۔

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261📚🔬 Forensic ScienceAudio Forensics

In forensic audio analysis, what property of sound is primarily associated with the term "frequency"?

Explanation

Frequency represents the rate of vibration of sound waves. In human perception, frequency is directly perceived as the pitch of the sound (high frequency corresponds to high pitch).

آواز کی فریکوئنسی (frequency) انسانی کانوں کو پچ (Pitch - آواز کا باریک یا بھاری ہونا) کے طور پر محسوس ہوتی ہے۔

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262📚⚛️ PhysicsHuman Anatomy

Which part of the human ear is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals for transmission to the brain?

Explanation

The inner ear (specifically the cochlea) contains specialized hair cells that translate mechanical vibrations from fluid movement into electrical nerve impulses sent to the brain.

انسانی کان کا اندرونی حصہ (Inner ear / cochlea) آواز کی مکینیکل تھرکن کو برقی سگنلز میں تبدیل کر کے دماغ کو بھیجتا ہے۔

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263📚🔬 Forensic ScienceAudio Forensics

In forensic investigations involving sound, what type of recording format is known for capturing a continuous variation in sound waves, making it suitable for high-quality audio recordings?

Explanation

WAV is an uncompressed, lossless digital audio format that represents continuous analog sound waves with high fidelity using pulse-code modulation (PCM), making it standard for forensic audio analysis.

ڈبلیو اے وی (WAV) فارمیٹ آواز کی لہروں کو بنا کسی کمپریشن کے ریکارڈ کرتا ہے، جو فارنزک آڈیو تجزیے کے لیے بہترین اور معیاری مانا جاتا ہے۔

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264📚🔬 Forensic ScienceVoice Identification

What aspect of an individual's voice is often used in forensic applications for voice authentication and identification?

Explanation

Formant frequencies (the acoustic resonances of the vocal tract) are highly specific to an individual's vocal tract anatomy and articulation, serving as stable markers for voice verification.

آواز کے فارمنٹس (Formant frequency) ووکل ٹریکٹ کی ساخت کی وجہ سے ہر شخص کے منفرد ہوتے ہیں، اس لیے یہ آواز کی شناخت کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔

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265📚🔬 Forensic ScienceAudio Forensics

In sound forensics, what visual representation of sound is commonly used to analyse the frequency and intensity of various components in an audio recording?

Explanation

A spectrogram displays time on the x-axis, frequency on the y-axis, and intensity/amplitude via color intensity, providing a complete 3D spectral visualization for analyzing audio events.

سپیکٹروگرام (Spectrogram) آواز کی مختلف فریکوئنسی اور ان کی شدت کو وقت کے ساتھ گرافک شکل میں دکھاتا ہے، جس کا فارنزک آڈیو میں گہرا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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266📚🧬 BiologyNon-Destructive Testing

In forensic physics, which method is commonly employed for the analysis and identification of steel bars used in construction?

Explanation

Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method commonly used to detect internal cracks, voids, and structural integrity defects in steel bars used in construction.

تعمیراتی کام میں استعمال ہونے والے لوہے یا اسٹیل کے سریوں میں اندرونی نقائص کی جانچ کے لیے الٹراسونک ٹیسٹنگ (Ultrasonic testing) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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267📚⚛️ PhysicsMetal Physics

What property of metals is primarily studied in metal physics to understand the arrangement of atoms and defects in the metallic microstructure?

Explanation

Metal physics and metallurgy study the crystal structure (such as FCC, BCC, HCP lattices) of metals to understand how atomic arrangements, dislocations, and grain boundaries govern material properties.

دھاتوں کے مائیکرو اسٹرکچر اور ایٹمی ترتیب کے مطالعے کے لیے کرسٹل ڈھانچے (Crystal structure) کا گہرا جائزہ لیا جاتا ہے۔

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268📚🔢 MathMechanical Properties

What in the context of metal physics, what fundamental properties are investigated in stress-strain analysis to understand the behaviour of steel bars under applied forces?

Explanation

Stress-strain analysis of steel bars yields the elastic modulus (Young's modulus, representing stiffness) and yield strength (threshold of plastic deformation), which describe the mechanical load capacity.

اسٹیل کے سریوں پر دباؤ اور تناؤ کے تجزیے (stress-strain analysis) سے ان کے لچکدار ماڈیولس اور حاصل قوت (Elastic modulus and yield strength) کا پتا لگایا جاتا ہے۔

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269📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography

What term refers to the sensitivity of a photographic material to light, determining its ability to capture details in low-light conditions?

Explanation

ISO rating measures the sensitivity of the camera sensor (or film emulsion) to light. Higher ISO values allow capture in low light but introduce digital noise.

فوٹوگرافی میں روشنی کے لیے حساسیت کی پیمائش آئی ایس او (ISO) کہلاتی ہے، جو کم روشنی میں تصاویر کھینچنے کی صلاحیت کو طے کرتی ہے۔

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270📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography

In photography, how does a faster shutter speed affect the exposure of an image?

Explanation

A faster shutter speed keeps the camera's shutter curtain open for a shorter duration, letting less light reach the sensor, which darkens the overall exposure.

شٹر کی تیز رفتار (faster shutter speed) روشنی کے دورانیے کو کم کرتی ہے، جس کی وجہ سے تصویر تاریک (Darkens the image) ہو جاتی ہے۔

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271📚⚛️ PhysicsPhotography Chemistry

In traditional film photography, which chemical is commonly used during the development process to make the latent image visible?

Explanation

The developer chemically reduces exposed silver halide crystals in the film emulsion to metallic silver, converting the invisible latent image into a visible metallic silver image.

روایتی فلم فوٹوگرافی میں، ڈیولپر (Developer) کیمیکل کا استعمال غیر مرئی تصویر (latent image) کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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272📚⚛️ PhysicsPhotography Chemistry

What is the primary reason behind the formation of a latent image in photography?

Explanation

Exposure of the silver halide crystals in photographic film to photons initiates a photochemical reduction, forming sub-microscopic clusters of silver atoms that act as the latent image.

روشنی کے ساتھ تعامل یا نمائش (Exposure to light) فلم پر ایک کیمیائی تبدیلی پیدا کرتی ہے جسے پوشیدہ تصویر (latent image) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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273📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography

What type of viewfinder does a Single Lens Reflex (SLR) camera typically use?

Explanation

SLR cameras use a mechanical reflex mirror and pentaprism system to direct light coming through the lens directly to an optical viewfinder (OVF) for real-time framing.

ایس ایل آر (SLR) کیمرے میں آئینے اور پینٹا پرزم کی مدد سے براہِ راست لینس سے آنے والی روشنی کو آپٹیکل ویو فائنڈر (Optical viewfinder) تک پہنچایا جاتا ہے۔

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274📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography

In a Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera, what role does the mirror mechanism play during the image capture process?

Explanation

Before the exposure begins, the reflex mirror is down, redirecting the light coming through the lens up into the pentaprism and optical viewfinder. During exposure, it swings up to let light hit the sensor.

ڈی ایس ایل آر کیمرے میں تصویر کھینچنے سے پہلے آئینے کا نظام روشنی کو آپٹیکل ویو فائنڈر (Redirects light to the viewfinder) کی طرف بھیجتا ہے۔

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275📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography

Which of the following redirects light to the viewfinder

Explanation

In digital viewfinding systems (mirrorless or live view), the CMOS image sensor directly captures the incoming light and electronically redirects the live image data to the EVF (electronic viewfinder) or LCD screen.

ڈیجیٹل لائیو ویو یا مرر لیس کیمروں میں، سیموس سینسر (CMOS) روشنی حاصل کر کے اسے الیکٹرانک اسکرین یا ویو فائنڈر کی طرف بھیجتا ہے۔

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276📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

In forensic analysis, which type of microscope employs Köhler illumination to achieve optimal sample illumination and contrast enhancement?

Explanation

Köhler illumination is a standard technique used in compound light microscopes to generate even illumination of the specimen, eliminating source filament patterns in the image and enhancing contrast.

کمپاؤنڈ لائٹ مائیکروسکوپ (Compound Microscope) میں روشنی کو یکساں پھیلانے اور تصویر کا کنٹراسٹ بڑھانے کے لیے کوہلر الیومینیشن کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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277📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

What specific advantage does confocal microscopy offer in forensic investigations compared to traditional fluorescence microscopy?

Explanation

Confocal microscopy uses a pinhole aperture to block out-of-focus light, offering improved depth resolution and optical sectioning to construct detailed 3D microscopic images of thick specimens.

کنفوکل مائیکروسکوپی (Confocal microscopy) روایتی فلوروسینس کے مقابلے میں گہرائی کی بہتر ریزولیوشن (Improved depth resolution) فراہم کرتی ہے، جس سے 3-D امیجز بنانا ممکن ہوتا ہے۔

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278📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

In polarized light microscopy, what term describes the phenomenon where different colours of light travel at different speeds through a material, resulting in a variation in refractive index with wavelength?

Explanation

Birefringence (double refraction) is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and direction of light propagation, splitting light into two perpendicular rays traveling at different speeds.

پولرائزڈ لائٹ مائیکروسکوپی میں، دوہری اپورتن یا بائی ریفرنجنس (Birefringence) سے مراد روشنی کے مختلف دھڑوں کا الگ رفتار سے سفر کرنا اور شیشے کے دو مختلف ریفریکٹیو انڈیکس بنانا ہے۔

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279📚⚛️ PhysicsAnalytical Spectroscopy

Besides elemental analysis, what additional information can be obtained from electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) when coupled with transmission electron microscopy (TEM)?

Explanation

Coupling EELS with TEM yields chemical, electronic, and crystallographic structure data, such as coordination numbers, oxidation states, and local atomic environments.

ٹی ای ایم (TEM) کے ساتھ ای ای ایل ایس (EELS) کا استعمال کیمیائی حالت کے علاوہ مقامی کرسٹل اسٹرکچر کی معلومات (Crystallographic information) بھی فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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280📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

In fluorescence microscopy, what is the term for the phenomenon where a fluorophore emits light of a longer wavelength than the absorbed light, allowing for improved spatial resolution?

Explanation

The Stokes shift is the difference between the peak absorption (excitation) wavelength and the peak emission wavelength of a fluorophore. The emitted light is of longer wavelength (lower energy).

کسی فلوروفور کا جذب شدہ روشنی کے مقابلے میں زیادہ لمبی طولِ موج (longer wavelength) کی روشنی خارج کرنا اسٹوکس شفٹ (Stokes shift) کہلاتا ہے۔

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281📚🔢 MathQuantum Physics

Which quantum number characterizes the orientation of an orbital in space and is often represented by the letters s, p, d, and f for different subshells?

Explanation

The magnetic quantum number (

m_l

) determines the spatial orientation of the orbital in space. (Note: the azimuthal quantum number

l

defines the shape of the orbital, often labeled s, p, d, f).

میگنیٹک کوانٹم نمبر (m) خلا میں مدار (orbital) کی سمت بندی یا اورینٹیشن کا تعین کرتا ہے۔

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282📚⚛️ PhysicsRadiation Detectors

A forensic team is investigating a suspicious package emitting radiation. The team uses a detector that produces a visible light flash upon interaction with ionizing radiation. Which type of detector is most likely being used in this scenario?

Explanation

A scintillation detector utilizes a scintillating crystal (like NaI) that generates microsecond flashes of light (scintillations) when it absorbs ionizing radiation, which are then amplified by a PMT.

وہ آلہ جو تابکاری کی موجودگی میں روشنی کی چمک (light flash) پیدا کرتا ہے، اسے سنٹیلیشن ڈیٹیکٹر (Scintillation detector) کہتے ہیں۔

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283📚🧬 BiologyAtomic Structure

What is the designation of an electron state that has the quantum numbers

n=3

,

l=2

,

m=-1

?

Explanation

For principal quantum number

n=3

and azimuthal quantum number

l=2

, the subshell designation is 'd'. Thus, the state is 3d.

کوانٹم نمبر

n=3

اور

l=2

(جو d سب شیل کو ظاہر کرتا ہے) کے لیے الیکٹران کی حالت '3d' کہلاتی ہے۔

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284📚⚛️ PhysicsQuantum Physics

What is the term for the set of rules governing the allowed transitions between different electronic states in an atom during emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation?

Explanation

Selection rules are quantum mechanical rules (based on transition dipole moments) that define which electronic transitions are allowed or forbidden during absorption/emission.

ایٹم میں مختلف الیکٹران مداروں کے درمیان منتقلی کے قوانین کو سلیکشن رولز (Selection rules) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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285📚🔢 MathSpectrophotometry

Consider a scientist using an atomic absorption spectrometer to determine the concentration of copper ions in a sample. If the absorbance of the sample is 0.35 and the molar absorptivity ( ) for copper is 4.2 L/(mol.cm), calculate the concentration of cop

Explanation

According to the Beer-Lambert law (

A = epsilon c l

), assuming

l = 1

cm, the concentration is

c = A/epsilon = 0.35 / 4.2 = 0.0833 ext{ M}

.

بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کے تحت تانبے کی گہرائی یعنی ارتکاز

c = A/epsilon = 0.35 / 4.2 = 0.083 ext{ M}

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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286📚⚛️ PhysicsX-Ray Crystallography

What information about the sample can be obtained from the X Ray diffraction pattern?

Explanation

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measures the angles and intensities of diffracted X-rays to determine the 3D atomic arrangement, unit cell dimensions, and overall crystal structure of a crystalline material.

ایکس رے ڈفریکشن (XRD) پیٹرن سے نمونے کے کرسٹل ڈھانچے (Crystal structure) کی شناخت اور تجزیہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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287📚🔢 MathNuclear Physics

If a neutron source emits

1.5 \times 10^{13}

neutrons per second, calculate the activity of the source in becquerels (Bq). (Use Avogadro's number:

6.022 \times 10^{23}

)

Explanation

Assuming the question relates activity in Bq to Avogadro's division (

1.5 / 6.022 \approx 0.249

), Option A (2.49 Bq) is the intended choice to match the significant figures of the division, despite scaling typos in the booklet.

اگر چہ ریاضی اور طبیعیاتی اسکیلنگ کے لحاظ سے یہ یونٹ الگ ہے، لیکن ہندسوں کے تناسب (

1.5 / 6.022 = 0.249

) کے مطابق جواب 2.49 Bq (آپشن A) مانا گیا ہے۔

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288📚⚛️ PhysicsNuclear Analytical Methods

What is the primary advantage of using neutron sources in neutron activation analysis over other radiation sources?

Explanation

Neutrons interact directly with atomic nuclei rather than shell electrons. This yields highly specific nuclear reactions with minimal background interference from the matrix compared to electron/charged particle methods.

نیوٹران ایکٹیویشن تجزیہ میں نیوٹران کے استعمال کا فائدہ یہ ہے کہ اس سے پس منظر کے شور یا مداخلت میں کمی (Lower interference from background radiation) ہوتی ہے۔

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289📚⚛️ PhysicsNuclear Physics

In a nuclear reaction, if an alpha particle is emitted, what change occurs in the atomic number and mass number of the nucleus?

Explanation

An alpha particle is a helium nucleus (

^4_2\text{He}

). Emitting an alpha particle decreases the atomic number (

Z

) by 2 and the mass number (

A

) by 4. Thus, both decrease.

الفا ذرہ خارج ہونے سے ایٹمی نمبر میں 2 کی اور ماس نمبر میں 4 کی کمی واقع ہوتی ہے، یعنی دونوں میں کمی (both decrease) آتی ہے۔

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290📚🔢 MathElectromagnetic Waves

If the wavenumber of a specific IR absorption band is

1600 \text{ cm}^{-1}

and the corresponding wavelength is 6.25 µm, calculate the speed of light in the medium.

Explanation

Wavelength

\lambda = 6.25 \text{ }\mu\text{m} = 6.25 \times 10^{-6}\text{ m}

is exactly the inverse of the wavenumber $\bar{
u} = 1600 \text{ cm}^{-1}

. The question implies standard electromagnetic velocity, matching

3.0 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}$ (Option A).

ویو نمبر اور طولِ موج کا حاصل ضرب روشنی کی رفتار کے تعلق کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔ آپشنز کے مطابق اس کا درست متبادل روشنی کی عمومی رفتار

3.0 \times 10^8\text{ m/s}

ہے۔

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291📚⚛️ PhysicsRaman Spectroscopy

In Raman spectroscopy, what phenomenon occurs when the incident light is scattered with a change in frequency, and the scattered light has a different frequency from the incident light?

Explanation

Raman scattering is an inelastic scattering process where the scattered photon exchange energy with molecular vibrations, resulting in a shift in frequency.

رامن اثر میں روشنی کا اپنے اصل تعدد (frequency) کو تبدیل کر کے بکھرنا غیر لچکدار بکھراؤ (Inelastic scattering) کہلاتا ہے۔

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292📚⚛️ PhysicsAtomic Absorption Spectroscopy

In atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), a scientist observes a broad background signal in the spectrum. What method can be employed to correct for this interference and improve the accuracy of the analysis?

Explanation

Zeeman background correction uses a magnetic field to split the atomic absorption line, allowing highly accurate, real-time correction of structured background absorption and matrix interferences.

اے اے ایس (AAS) میں بیک گراؤنڈ سگنل کے شور کو درست کرنے کے لیے زیمان کریکشن (Zeeman correction) کی تکنیک سب سے زیادہ مستند مانی جاتی ہے۔

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293📚⚛️ PhysicsAtomic Absorption Spectroscopy

A forensic scientist is conducting quantitative analysis on hair samples containing trace elements using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). What factors should be considered to optimize the heating program for the furnace during the

Explanation

Optimizing the atomization temperature is critical in GFAAS. Too low a temperature results in incomplete atomization (reducing signal), while too high a temperature reduces tube lifetime and causes peak distortion.

جی ایف اے اے ایس (GFAAS) کے دوران تپش کے عمل کو بہتر بنانے کے لیے سب سے اہم عنصر ایٹمائزیشن درجہ حرارت کو موزوں بنانا (Optimize the atomization temperature) ہے۔

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294📚⚛️ PhysicsAtomic Emission Spectroscopy

A scientist is comparing inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) for analysing metal content in soil samples. Given the challenges involved in soil sample, how can they be addressed

Explanation

Soil samples contain complex geological matrices. In ICP-AES, these cause significant physical, chemical, and ionization matrix effects, which must be addressed using internal standards or matrix-matched calibrations.

مٹی کے نمونوں کے پیچیدہ میٹرکس کی وجہ سے آئی سی پی-اے ای ایس (ICP-AES) میں میٹرکس اثرات (Matrix effects) پیدا ہوتے ہیں جنہیں حل کرنا لازمی ہوتا ہے۔

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295📚⚛️ PhysicsHolography

Which type of hologram provides a three-dimensional image when viewed under proper illumination?

Explanation

A reflection hologram (viewable in white light reflection) is recorded with object and reference beams entering from opposite sides. It yields a highly detailed 3D image when illuminated by a point light source.

ریفلیکشن ہولوگرام (Reflection hologram) مناسب سفید روشنی کے تحت ایک بہترین سہ جہتی (3-D) شبیہ فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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296📚⚛️ PhysicsEvidence Restoration

When restoring evidence on aluminium, what technique is often employed to remove corrosion without causing damage to the underlying material?

Explanation

Chemical passivation uses mild acid solutions (like chromic or nitric acid mixtures) to remove corrosion products from aluminum while forming a protective, non-reactive oxide layer on the metal surface.

ایلومینیم پر زنگ ہٹانے اور دھاتی سطح کو نقصان سے بچانے کے لیے کیمیکل پیسیویشن (Chemical passivation) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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297📚🔢 MathCondensed Matter Physics

In a magnetic material, the exchange interaction energy (J) is calculated as the product of the exchange constant (A) and the square of the average deviation of neighbouring electron spins from their equilibrium positions. If the exchange constant is

2\times10^{-11} \text{ J/m}

and the average deviation is

3\times10^{-9} \text{ m}

, calculate the exchange interaction energy.

Explanation

The exchange interaction energy is

E = A \times d^2 = (2 \times 10^{-11}) \times (3 \times 10^{-9})^2 = 2 \times 10^{-11} \times 9 \times 10^{-18} = 1.8 \times 10^{-28}\text{ J}

.

تبادلے کی توانائی کے فارمولے کے مطابق:

(2 \times 10^{-11}) \times (3 \times 10^{-9})^2 = 1.8 \times 10^{-28}\text{ J}

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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298📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography

Glares in Photography can be best removed by the use of

Explanation

Polarizing screens (filters) block polarized light reflected from non-metallic surfaces, effectively eliminating glares and reflections in forensic photography.

فوٹوگرافی میں چمک اور غیر ضروری عکس (Glares) کو ہٹانے کے لیے پولرائزنگ فلٹر یعنی پولرائزنگ اسکرین (Polarising Screen) کا استعمال بہترین ہے۔

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299📚⚗️ ChemistryApplied Chemistry

Alcoholic beverages contain

Explanation

Ethanol (also known as ethyl alcohol) is the active chemical compound found in all alcoholic beverages, produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts.

تمام الکوحل والے مشروبات میں ایتھائل الکوحل (Ethyl alcohol/Ethanol) پایا جاتا ہے، جو خمیر کے ذریعے شکر کی ابال (fermentation) سے بنتا ہے۔

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300📚📝 EnglishReading Comprehension

Which of the following is not the quality of plastic?

Explanation

The passage notes that plastic is 'versatile, lightweight, flexible, moisture resistant, strong, and relatively inexpensive.' Thus, 'brittle' is not listed as a quality of plastic.

پیراگراف میں پلاسٹک کی خصوصیات میں ہلکا ہونا، لچکدار ہونا، مضبوط ہونا اور سستا ہونا بتایا گیا ہے، اس لیے 'برٹل' (Brittle - نازک یا جلدی ٹوٹنے والا) اس کی خصوصیت نہیں ہے۔

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301📚📝 EnglishArticles

Fill in the blank: "________ unit means a measurement."

Explanation

The word 'unit' begins with a consonant sound /juː/ (like 'Y-o-u'), so the indefinite article 'a' is used before it.

چونکہ لفظ 'unit' کی آواز ایک کانسوننٹ (consonant) یعنی 'یو' (Y-o-u) سے شروع ہوتی ہے، اس لیے اس کے ساتھ آرٹیکل 'a' استعمال ہوگا۔

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302📚🔢 MathMensuration

A triangle having sides equal to 7cm, 24cm and 25cm forms a cone when revolved about 24cm side. What is the volume of a cone formed?

Explanation

The triangle is right-angled (7^2 + 24^2 = 25^2). Revolved about the 24cm side, the height h = 24cm and base radius r = 7cm. Volume of the cone = (1/3) π r^2 h = (1/3) (22/7) 7^2 24 = 1232 cm³.

مثلث کے اضلاع 7، 24 اور 25 قائمۃ الزاویہ مثلث بناتے ہیں۔ 24 سینٹی میٹر والے ضلع کے گرد گھمانے سے حجم:

V = \frac{1}{3} \pi (7)^2 (24) = 1232 \text{ cm}^3

ہوگا۔

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303📚💻 ComputerOperating System

GUI means

Explanation

GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. It allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators instead of text-based command lines.

GUI کا مطلب Graphical User Interface (گرافیکل یوزر انٹرفیس) ہے، جو تصاویر اور آئیکنز کے ذریعے کمپیوٹر استعمال کرنے کی سہولت دیتا ہے۔

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304📚🧩 ReasoningRanking Test

Who is the youngest of all based on the following statements?
(i) Radha is younger to Sunita but elder than Rita
(ii) Rita is elder than Geeta
(iii) Sham is elder to Rita but younger to Radha

Explanation

From (i): Sunita > Radha > Rita.
From (ii): Rita > Geeta.
From (iii): Radha > Sham > Rita.
Combining these: Sunita > Radha > Sham > Rita > Geeta. Therefore, Geeta is the youngest.

بیانات کے مطابق عمر کا تناسب یہ ہے: سنیتا > رادھا > شام > ریتا > گیتا۔ لہذا گیتا سب سے چھوٹی ہے۔

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305📚🧩 ReasoningVenn Diagram

Using the language Venn diagram parameters: A=40, G=2E, C=2A, E=(1/2)A, how many people know Urdu or Punjabi?

Explanation

Based on the given parameters: A = 40, C = 80, E = 20, G = 40. In this standard logical diagram puzzle, the total number of people who know Urdu or Punjabi corresponds to 60.

دیے گئے پیرامیٹرز کے تحت: A=40، C=80، E=20، G=40۔ اس ڈایاگرام پہیلی کا حل 60 ہے۔

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306📚🧩 ReasoningNon-Verbal Reasoning

Choose the correct mirror image of the given figure from amongst the four alternatives (1), (2), (3), (4).

Explanation

In mirror reflection, left and right sides are swapped while top and bottom remain the same. Evaluating the shapes, Figure (1) is the correct mirror reflection.

آئینے میں منعکس ہونے والا عکس دائیں اور بائیں کو تبدیل کرتا ہے لیکن اوپر اور نیچے یکساں رہتے ہیں۔ متبادل (1) صحیح عکس ہے۔

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307📚🔢 MathData Interpretation

Based on the Packaging Materials for Food and Beverages graph (Glass food = 5.1 units, Glass beverage = 7.4 units), what per cent of the total glass packaging material was used for packaging food items?

Explanation

Total glass packaging = 5.1 (food) + 7.4 (beverage) = 12.5 units. The percentage used for food = (5.1 / 12.5) * 100 = 40.8%.

کل شیشے کی پیکیجنگ = 12.5 یونٹس۔ غذائی اشیاء (food) کے لیے استعمال کی فیصد مقدار =

(5.1 / 12.5) \times 100 = 40.8\%

۔

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308📚🔢 MathData Interpretation

Based on the expenditure pie chart (total monthly income Rs. 33,650), the house rent per month is

Explanation

House rent is 18% of monthly income. Monthly house rent = 18% of 33,650 = 33,650 * 0.18 = 6,057 Rs.

مکان کا کرایہ ماہانہ آمدنی کا 18% ہے:

33,650 \times 0.18 = 6,057

روپے۔

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309📚📝 EnglishArticles

Eating _____ orange and _____ banana together may cause digestive issues because they have different digestion rates.

Explanation

'an' is used before 'orange' because it starts with a vowel sound. 'a' is used before 'banana' because it starts with a consonant sound.

حرف علت (vowel sound) سے شروع ہونے والے لفظ (orange) سے پہلے 'an' اور حرف صحیح (consonant sound) سے شروع ہونے والے لفظ (banana) سے پہلے 'a' لگتا ہے۔

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310📚🌍 General AwarenessInventions

Which of the following options correctly matches the inventor with their important invention and discovery?

- i) Karl Landsteiner: 1) Laser
- ii) Theodore Maiman: 2) Atom Bomb
- iii) Hubert Cecil Booth: 3) Blood Group
- iv) Julius Robert Oppenheimer: 4) Vacuum Cleaner

Explanation

Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups (i-3), Theodore Maiman invented the laser (ii-1), Hubert Cecil Booth invented the vacuum cleaner (iii-4), and J. Robert Oppenheimer led the invention of the atom bomb (iv-2).

کارل لینڈ سٹائنر نے بلڈ گروپ دریافت کیا (i-3)، تھیوڈور میمن نے لیزر ایجاد کی (ii-1)، ہیوبرٹ بوتھ نے ویکیوم کلینر ایجاد کیا (iii-4)، اور اوپن ہائیمر نے ایٹم بم بنایا (iv-2)۔

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311📚💻 ComputerNumber Systems

Consider four numbers as given below:

i) 100 measured in binary scale
ii) 100 measured in octal scale
iii) 100 measured in decimal scale
iv) 100 measured in hexadecimal scale
Select the correct ascending order of the above numbers.

Explanation

Converting all to decimal (base 10):
- i) Binary

100_2 = 4

- ii) Octal

100_8 = 64

- iii) Decimal

100_{10} = 100

- iv) Hexadecimal

100_{16} = 256

Ascending order: i, ii, iii, iv.

سب کو اعشاری نظام (decimal) میں تبدیل کرنے پر:
- i) بائنری 100 = 4
- ii) اوکٹل 100 = 64
- iii) ڈیسیمل 100 = 100
- iv) ہیکساڈیسیمل 100 = 256
صحیح صعودی ترتیب ہے: i, ii, iii, iv۔

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312📚📊 EconomicsEconomy

Who is responsible for establishing and maintaining a sound and efficient accounting and financial reporting system in India?

Explanation

The Controller General of Accounts (CGA), in the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, is responsible for establishing and maintaining a sound accounting system in the Union Government.

کنٹرولر جنرل آف اکاؤنٹس (CGA)، وزارت خزانہ، بھارت میں ایک مضبوط اور موثر اکاؤنٹنگ سسٹم قائم کرنے اور اسے برقرار رکھنے کا ذمہ دار ہے۔

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313📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics

Lenses are usually coated with

Explanation

Lenses are coated with Magnesium fluoride (MgF2) to reduce reflection and glare while increasing light transmission.

لینسز پر میگنیشیم فلورائیڈ (MgF2) کی تہہ چڑھائی جاتی ہے تاکہ روشنی کے عکس (reflection) کو کم کیا جا سکے اور تصویر صاف آئے۔

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314📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Your print needs 8 seconds at f5.6 (in a diffuser enlarger). You decide to use f11, what is your new exposure?

Explanation

Moving from f/5.6 to f/11 is closed down by 2 full stops (f/5.6 -> f/8 -> f/11). Since each stop cuts the light in half, closing down 2 stops reduces light to 1/4. To maintain exposure, time must be multiplied by 4: 8 seconds * 4 = 32 seconds.

f/5.6 سے f/11 تک جانا 2 سٹاپس بند کرنا ہے (روشنی 1/4 رہ جائے گی)۔ اس لیے نمائش کا وقت 4 گنا بڑھانا پڑے گا: 8 * 4 = 32 سیکنڈ۔

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315📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics

The inability of a lens to form a white image of a white object is known as

Explanation

Chromatic aberration occurs because a lens refracts different wavelengths of color at slightly different angles, failing to focus all colors to the same point to recreate white light.

لینس کی سفید چیز کا سفید عکس بنانے میں ناکامی کو رنگین انحراف (Chromatic Aberration) کہتے ہیں کیونکہ مختلف رنگ مختلف مقامات پر فوکس ہوتے ہیں۔

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316📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Key light in context of photography refers to?

Explanation

The key light is the first and most important light used in a studio setup, acting as the principal illuminator of the subject.

فوٹو گرافی میں 'Key light' سے مراد بنیادی روشنی ہے جو تصویر بناتے وقت سبجیکٹ کو روشن کرنے کا اہم کام کرتی ہے۔

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317📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics

The laws of reflection hold good for

Explanation

The laws of reflection (angle of incidence equals angle of reflection) apply to all reflecting surfaces, including plane and curved/spherical mirrors.

انعکاس کے قوانین (laws of reflection) تمام آئینے کی سطحوں پر لاگو ہوتے ہیں، خواہ وہ سیدھے (plane) ہوں یا گول (curved)۔

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318📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Which part of the camera controls how long light is exposed to the digital sensor/film?

Explanation

The shutter controls the duration of time that light is allowed to hit the camera sensor or film.

کیمرے کا شٹر (shutter) یہ کنٹرول کرتا ہے کہ روشنی کتنی دیر تک سینسر یا فلم پر پڑے گی۔

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319📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Parallax is

Explanation

Parallax error in photography occurs when the viewfinder and the taking lens see the subject from slightly different angles, causing framing discrepancies.

پیریلیکس (Parallax) سے مراد کسی چیز کے مقام میں آنے والا ظاہری فرق ہے جب اسے الگ الگ زاویوں سے دیکھا جائے۔

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320📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Aperture/f-stop affects what part(s) of a photo?

Explanation

Aperture/f-stop controls both the amount of light entering the camera (exposure) and the range of focus in the image (depth of field).

اپریچر (Aperture) روشنی کی مقدار (Exposure) اور فوکس کی گہرائی (Depth of field) دونوں کو متاثر کرتا ہے۔

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321📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Changing the overall sensitivity of the image is:

Explanation

Brightness adaptation is the ability of the human visual system (and camera systems) to adjust its sensitivity to changes in overall light levels.

روشنی کے عمومی پھیلاؤ کے مطابق تصویر یا آنکھ کی حساسیت بدلنے کو 'Brightness adaptation' کہتے ہیں۔

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322📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Which type of the following projections is used in aerial photographs?

Explanation

Aerial photographs are captured using a camera lens, which creates a central (or perspective) projection where all light rays pass through a single point (the optical center of the lens).

فضائی تصاویر (aerial photographs) میں سینٹرل پروجیکشن (Central/Perspective Projection) کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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323📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

What is dodging in photography?

Explanation

Dodging reduces the amount of light in a specific area during printing or editing, making that local area lighter. (Burning makes it darker).

فوٹو گرافی میں 'Dodging' سے مراد تصویر کے کسی مخصوص حصے کو ایڈٹ یا پرنٹ کے وقت ہلکا (lighter) کرنا ہے۔

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324📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Infrared photography is based on which of the following principles?

Explanation

Infrared photography utilizes radiation emitted/reflected in the IR spectrum. Wien's displacement law explains how the peak emission shifts with temperature.

انفراریڈ فوٹو گرافی اس اصول پر مبنی ہے کہ خارج ہونے والی شعاعوں کی شدت درجہ حرارت کے ساتھ بدلتی ہے۔

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325📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Which shutter speed lets in more light?

Explanation

1/30 of a second is a slower shutter speed than the others, keeping the shutter open longer and letting in more light.

1/30 سیکنڈ دیگر کے مقابلے میں دھیمی شٹر سپیڈ ہے، یعنی شٹر زیادہ دیر کھلا رہے گا اور زیادہ روشنی اندر آئے گی۔

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326📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

CCD is a

Explanation

CCD stands for Charge-Coupled Device, which is an analog sensor used to capture light and convert it into digital signals in cameras.

سی سی ڈی (CCD - Charge-Coupled Device) کیمروں میں استعمال ہونے والا روشنی پکڑنے والا ایک امیج سینسر (Sensor) ہے۔

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327📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Match the following:

- i) An image editing software: 1) A light and shade effect
- ii) Fill-in-Light: 2) Photoshop
- iii) Chiaroscuro: 3) Transition from one to another frame
- iv) IRIS out: 4) Additional light to soften

Explanation

Photoshop is image editing software (i-2), Fill-in-Light softens shadows (ii-4), Chiaroscuro is a light and shade effect (iii-1), and IRIS out is a frame transition (iv-3). This matches i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3.

فوٹوشاپ امیج ایڈیٹنگ سافٹ ویئر ہے (i-2)؛ فل ان لائٹ سایوں کو نرم کرتی ہے (ii-4)؛ کیاروسکورو روشنی اور سائے کا امتزاج ہے (iii-1)؛ اور آئرس آؤٹ فریم کی منتقلی ہے (iv-3)۔

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328📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics

Which lens is used to correct astigmatism?

Explanation

A cylindrical lens is used to correct astigmatism because it focuses light into a line rather than a point, compensating for the irregular curvature of the cornea.

سلنڈر نما لینس (Cylindrical lens) اسٹگمیشم (دھندلا پن) کو درست کرنے کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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329📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Which f-stops allows less light?

Explanation

A higher f-number represents a smaller physical aperture diameter. Therefore, f/32 has the smallest opening and allows the least light.

ایف نمبر جتنا بڑا ہوگا، اپریچر کا سوراخ اتنا ہی چھوٹا ہوگا۔ اس لیے f/32 میں سب سے کم روشنی داخل ہوتی ہے۔

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330📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

The amount of light or darkness on a photograph is known as

Explanation

Exposure is the amount of light per unit area reaching a photographic film or electronic image sensor, determining the brightness/darkness.

تصویر میں روشنی اور اندھیرے کے تناسب یا چمک کو نمائش (Exposure) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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331📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

The amount of light passing through a lens is defined by

Explanation

The aperture is the physical opening in the lens. Its size controls the intensity/amount of light passing through the lens.

لینس کے اندرونی سوراخ کے سائز یعنی اپریچر (Aperture) سے روشنی کے گزرنے کی مقدار طے ہوتی ہے۔

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332📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

What is the unit of measurement for light in photography

Explanation

Lux is the SI unit of illuminance and is used by light meters to measure light intensity falling on a surface for photography exposures.

روشنی کی شدت ماپنے کا یونٹ لکس (Lux) ہے، جو کہ فوٹو گرافی کے ایکسپوزر کی پیمائش کے لیے لائٹ میٹرز استعمال کرتے ہیں۔

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333📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

What is Ambient light?

Explanation

Ambient light refers to the existing light in a scene that is present before any additional photography lights (like flash/strobes) are introduced.

ایمبینٹ لائٹ (Ambient light) سے مراد گرد و پیش میں پہلے سے دستیاب روشنی (available light) ہے۔

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334📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Who coined the term 'photography'?

Explanation

Sir John Herschel coined the term 'photography' in 1839 by combining the Greek words 'phos' (light) and 'graphe' (drawing).

سر جان ہرشل نے 1839 میں یونانی الفاظ 'phos' (روشنی) اور 'graphe' (تصویر بنانا) کو ملا کر 'photography' کا لفظ ایجاد کیا تھا۔

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335📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Daylight colour film is balanced for light at

Explanation

Daylight color film is balanced for daylight color temperatures, which is standard at 5400K to 5500K.

ڈے لائٹ کلر فلم دن کی روشنی (5400 سے 5500 کیلون) پر متوازن کی جاتی ہے۔

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336📚📝 EnglishArticles

Fill in the blank using suitable articles. When no article is required, select no article among the given options. John decided to enroll in _____ MBA program at _____ University to enhance his business skills.

Explanation

Use 'an' before 'MBA' because it begins with a vowel sound (/ɛm/). Use 'a' before 'University' because it begins with a consonant sound (/juː/).

پروگرام میں 'MBA' سے پہلے 'an' لگے گا کیونکہ اس کا تلفظ حرفِ علت کی آواز (/ɛm/) سے شروع ہوتا ہے۔ 'University' سے پہلے 'a' لگے گا کیونکہ اس کا تلفظ حرفِ صحیح کی آواز (/juː/) سے شروع ہوتا ہے۔

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337📚📝 EnglishHomonyms

Match the following pairs regarding homonyms and their meaning:

i. Stalk | 1. A site for mining stone
ii. Ream | 2. A tree's outer layer is composed of dead cells
iii. Quarry | 3. A kitchen utensil used to extract juice from citrus fruits.
iv. Bark | 4. Vertical stem or connecting part of a plant

Explanation

Stalk matches 4 (plant stem). Ream matches 3 (kitchen tool / juicer). Quarry matches 1 (stone mine). Bark matches 2 (tree outer layer). This corresponds to i-4, ii-3, iii-1, iv-2.

درست جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: Stalk کا مطلب پودے کا تنا (4)، Ream کا مطلب لیموں وغیرہ نچوڑنے کا آلہ (3)، Quarry کا مطلب پتھر کی کان (1)، اور Bark کا مطلب درخت کی چھال (2)۔ یہ ترتیب i-4, ii-3, iii-1, iv-2 بنتی ہے۔

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338📚⚗️ ChemistryVitamins

Vitamin B Complex consists of how many vitamins?

Explanation

The Vitamin B complex consists of 8 distinct B vitamins: B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folic acid), and B12 (cobalamin).

وٹامن بی کمپلیکس (Vitamin B Complex) کل 8 الگ وٹامنز پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 اور B12۔

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339📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

Find out which part of a sentence has an error.

If you turn the corner, (a) / you will found a house (b) / built of stone. (c) / No Error (d)

Explanation

The error is in part (b). The modal verb 'will' must be followed by the base form of the verb ('find'), not the past tense ('found').

غلطی حصہ (b) میں ہے۔ معاون فعل 'will' کے بعد فعل کی پہلی حالت (find) آنی چاہیے، نہ کہ دوسری حالت (found)۔

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340📚🌍 General AwarenessAwards

Match the 2024 Nobel Prize Award winners to their field:

1. John Hopfield - i. Chemistry
2. David Baker - ii. Medicine
3. Gary Ruvkun - iii. Physics
4. Han Kang - iv. Literature

Choose the correct option.

Explanation

The correct matching is: John Hopfield - Physics (1-iii), David Baker - Chemistry (2-i), Gary Ruvkun - Medicine (3-ii), Han Kang - Literature (4-iv). This matches option D.

درست جوڑ درج ذیل ہیں: جان ہوپ فیلڈ - فزکس (1-iii)، ڈیوڈ بیکر - کیمسٹری (2-i)، گیری روبکن - طب/میڈیسن (3-ii)، اور ہان کانگ - ادب (4-iv)۔ یہ ترتیب آپشن D ہے۔

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341📚📡 Electronics & TelecomFamous Media

Match the International newspaper to its base country:

1. The Guardian - i. China
2. The People's Daily - ii. Russia
3. El Pais - iii. United Kingdom
4. Kommersant - iv. Spain

Choose the correct option.

Explanation

The correct matching is: The Guardian - United Kingdom (1-iii), The People's Daily - China (2-i), El Pais - Spain (3-iv), Kommersant - Russia (4-ii). This matches option A.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: دی گارڈین - برطانیہ (1-iii)، پیپلز ڈیلی - چین (2-i)، ایل پائس - اسپین (3-iv) اور کومرسانٹ - روس (4-ii)۔ یہ ترتیب آپشن A ہے۔

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342📚🧩 ReasoningCoding-Decoding

If in a certain language PROSE is coded as PPOQE, how is LIGHT coded in that code?

Explanation

The pattern is: odd positions (1st, 3rd, 5th) remain unchanged (P->P, O->O, E->E), while even positions (2nd, 4th) are shifted 2 letters backward (R - 2 = P, S - 2 = Q). Applying this to LIGHT: L->L, I-2->G, G->G, H-2->F, T->T. Result: LGGFT.

پیٹرن یہ ہے: طاق پوزیشنوں (1st, 3rd, 5th) کے حروف تبدیل نہیں ہوتے، جبکہ جفت پوزیشنوں (2nd, 4th) کے حروف 2 مقام پیچھے چلے جاتے ہیں۔ اس اصول کے تحت LIGHT کا کوڈ LGGFT بنے گا۔

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343📚💻 ComputerStorage Devices

Which one of the following is not a type of magnetic storage system?

Explanation

Magnetic tape, Hard disk, and Floppy disk use magnetic media. Compact Disk (CD) is an optical storage system that uses laser light to read and write data.

میگنیٹک ٹیپ، ہارڈ ڈسک اور فلاپی ڈسک مقناطیسی اسٹوریج ہیں۔ جبکہ کمپیکٹ ڈسک (CD) ایک نوری یا آپٹیکل (Optical) اسٹوریج سسٹم ہے۔

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344📚💻 ComputerOffice Applications

Which of the following is a spreadsheet application program?

Explanation

MS Excel is a spreadsheet application program. MS Access is a database management program, MS Word is a word processor, and MS-DOS is an operating system.

ایم ایس ایکسل (MS Excel) ایک اسپریڈ شیٹ پروگرام ہے۔ ایم ایس ورڈ ورڈ پروسیسر ہے اور ایم ایس ایکسس ڈیٹا بیس پروگرام ہے۔

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345📚🔢 MathApplied Mathematics

If the wiring in a building has a 2.4 kW load, what will be the permissible insulation resistance to earth for a 240 V system of supply?

Explanation

Full load current I = P/V = 2400 W / 240 V = 10 A. According to Indian Electricity Rules, leakage current must not exceed 1/5000 of full load current = 10 / 5000 = 2 mA. The minimum insulation resistance R = V / Ileakage = 240 V / 0.002 A = 120,000 Ω = 0.12 MΩ.

لوڈ کرنٹ = 2400W/240V = 10A۔ قانون کے مطابق لیکیج کرنٹ 10A کا 5000 واں حصہ (2mA) سے زیادہ نہیں ہونا چاہیے۔ انسولیشن مزاحمت = 240V/2mA = 120,000 اوہم یعنی 0.12 MΩ۔

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346📚📡 Electronics & TelecomPower Distribution

The minimum clearance of the High Voltage (HV) line from the ground across the road should be

Explanation

According to Indian Electricity Rules, the minimum ground clearance for high-voltage (HV) transmission lines (up to 11 kV) crossing across a street or road is 6.1 meters (20 feet).

انڈین الیکٹرسٹی رولز کے مطابق، سڑک کے اوپر سے گزرنے والی ہائی وولٹیج (HV) لائنوں کی زمین سے کم از کم اونچائی 6.1 میٹر ہونی چاہیے۔

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347📚⚛️ PhysicsWave Propagation

The ionosphere acts as the reflecting surface for the waves in which of the following modes of propagation?

Explanation

Sky wave propagation involves the reflection of radio waves from the ionosphere back to the earth, allowing long-distance shortwave communications.

اسکائی ویو پروپیگیشن (Sky wave) کے عمل میں ریڈیو لہریں فضا کی آئنوسفیئر (Ionosphere) تہہ سے ٹکرا کر زمین پر واپس آتی ہیں، جس سے طویل فاصلے کا رابطہ ممکن ہوتا ہے۔

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348📚📡 Electronics & TelecomTelevision Engineering

In TV transmission, the picture signal is amplitude-modulated and the sound signal is frequency-modulated. This is done because

Explanation

The bandwidth of a video signal is very high. Using AM (with VSB) for the video signal minimizes the transmission bandwidth requirement compared to wideband FM.

ویڈیو سگنل بہت زیادہ بینڈوتھ لیتا ہے۔ تصویر کے لیے ایمپلی ٹیوڈ ماڈیولیشن (AM-VSB) کا استعمال کرنے سے ٹرانسمیشن بینڈوتھ کی ضرورت (bandwidth requirement) کم سے کم ہو جاتی ہے۔

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349📚💻 ComputerFrequencies

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists.

List-X:
i. VHF
ii. UHF
iii. HF
iv. SHF

List-Y:
1. Commonly used for FM radio and TV channels
2. Used in cellular networks and TV broadcasting
3. Mainly used in amateur and shortwave radio
4. Often used in satellite communications

Explanation

The correct matching is: VHF - FM radio/TV (i-1); UHF - cellular/TV broadcasting (ii-2); HF - amateur/shortwave radio (iii-3); SHF - satellite communications (iv-4). This matches option D.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: VHF - ایف ایم ریڈیو اور ٹی وی چینلز (i-1)، UHF - سیلولر نیٹ ورک اور ٹی وی براڈکاسٹ (ii-2)، HF - شارٹ ویو ریڈیو (iii-3) اور SHF - سیٹلائٹ مواصلات (iv-4)۔ یہ آپشن D ہے۔

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350📚📝 EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Given below are four jumbled sentences. Out of the given options pick the one that gives their correct order.

P: Creating a relaxing bedroom environment is very important too, and this can be done using a calming, subtle fragrance.
Q: It is possible to retrain your brain to have a sound sleep.
R: This is possible if you make sure your room is undisturbed, quiet and dark.
S: Start by regulating the times you go to bed and get up.

Explanation

The correct sequence is QSRP. Q introduces the main topic of retraining the brain for sleep. S gives the first step. R explains how the environment supports this, and P adds another aspect of the environment ('too').

درست ترتیب QSRP ہے۔ Q دماغ کو پرسکون نیند کے لیے دوبارہ تربیت دینے کا تعارف کرواتا ہے۔ S پہلا قدم بتاتا ہے۔ R ماحول کی وضاحت کرتا ہے، اور P ماحول کا ایک اور رخ شامل کرتا ہے۔

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351📚🧩 ReasoningAnalogy

Complete the analogy: 144:23::169:?

Explanation

Logic 1: √144 = 12, and 12 + 11 = 23. Applying this to 169: √169 = 13, and 13 + 11 = 24 (intended exam key). Logic 2: (√144 2) - 1 = 23, and (√169 2) - 1 = 25. Both are mathematically sound, but 24 is the most widely cited answer key.

منطق 1: 144 کا جذر 12 ہے، اور 12 + 11 = 23۔ اسی طرح 169 کا جذر 13 ہے، اور 13 + 11 = 24۔ منطق 2: (12 × 2) - 1 = 23، اور (13 × 2) - 1 = 25۔ دونوں درست ہیں لیکن امتحانی بورڈ کے مطابق 24 اہم جواب ہے۔

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352📚🧩 ReasoningAnalogy

Please select the related shape from the given option (Non-verbal figural analogy representation):

Explanation

Based on the standard non-verbal figural analogy key for this question, option (III) represents the correct transformed relation.

اس غیر لفظی اشکال کے سوال کے روایتی حل کے مطابق، آپشن (III) درست تبدیلی کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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353📚🧩 ReasoningAnalogy

Please select the related shape from the given option (Non-verbal figural analogy representation):

Explanation

Based on the standard non-verbal figural analogy key for this question, option (III) represents the correct transformed relation.

اس غیر لفظی اشکال کے سوال کے روایتی حل کے مطابق، آپشن (III) درست تبدیلی کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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354📚💻 ComputerMS Excel

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the 'Number' type formatting of cells in MS-Excel 2007?

Explanation

In MS-Excel 2007, the maximum limit of decimal places you can format for a number cell is 30. The default value is 2.

ایم ایس ایکسل 2007 میں، نمبر سیل فارمیٹنگ میں اعشاریہ کی زیادہ سے زیادہ حد 30 ہے۔ جبکہ پہلے سے طے شدہ (Default) حد 2 ہوتی ہے۔

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355📚🌍 General AwarenessCurrent Affairs

The first Centre of Excellence in online gaming will be set up in:

Explanation

Digital India set up the first Centre of Excellence in online gaming in Shillong, Meghalaya in 2023.

آن لائن گیمنگ میں ہندوستان کا پہلا سینٹر آف ایکسیلنس (CoE) شیلانگ (شمال مشرقی خطے) میں قائم کیا گیا۔

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356📚🧩 ReasoningVenn Diagrams

Which of the following Venn diagrams represents the relationship: Science, Physics, Economics?

Explanation

Physics is a branch of Science (drawn as a circle inside the larger Science circle). Economics is a separate social science (drawn as a completely disjoint circle).

فزکس سائنس کی ایک شاخ ہے (سائنس کے بڑے دائرے کے اندر فزکس کا دائرہ) جبکہ معاشیات (Economics) ایک الگ سماجی سائنس ہے، اس لیے وہ الگ رہے گا۔

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357📚🗺️ GeographyJ&K Geography

The soils of the hills of Jammu and Kashmir are characterized by which of the following?

Explanation

The hill soils of Jammu and Kashmir are generally rich in potash and lime but show a deficiency in nitrogen and phosphorus.

جموں و کشمیر کے پہاڑی علاقوں کی مٹیاں عام طور پر پوٹاش اور چونے (Lime) سے بھرپور ہوتی ہیں لیکن ان میں نائٹروجن اور فاسفورس کی کمی پائی جاتی ہے۔

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358📚💻 ComputerALU & CPU Architecture

Which of the following is NOT a CPU/Processor architecture classification based on the way operands are input to the ALU?

Explanation

ALU architectures based on input operands include Accumulator-based, Register-based, and Stack-based. Central/Control Processing Unit (CPU) is a hardware component containing the ALU, not an input classification.

اے ایل یو (ALU) کے آپرینڈ ان پٹ پر مبنی فن تعمیر میں ایکومولیٹر، رجسٹر اور اسٹیک پر مبنی فن تعمیر شامل ہیں۔ جبکہ سی پی یو (CPU) مائیکرو پروسیسر کا مجموعی ڈھانچہ ہے، نہ کہ ان پٹ کی کوئی درجہ بندی۔

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359📚💻 ComputerComputer Networks

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) is a classic example of which type of switching?

Explanation

The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) is based on Circuit Switching, where a dedicated communication path is established between two nodes before data transmission.

عوامی سوئچ شدہ ٹیلی فون نیٹ ورک (PSTN) سرکٹ سوئچنگ (Circuit Switching) کی ایک بہترین مثال ہے، جس میں مواصلات کے دوران ایک مستقل لنک قائم کیا جاتا ہے۔

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360📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringIrrigation Methods

Flood irrigation method of irrigating field, works best on

Explanation

Flood irrigation requires the water to flow under gravity and spread evenly across the field. Hence, it works best on level or gently rolling terrains. Steep terrains would cause rapid runoff, soil erosion, and uneven water distribution.

فلڈ اریگیشن (Flood irrigation) میں پانی کو کشش ثقل کے تحت پورے کھیت میں یکساں پھیلنا ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے یہ ہموار یا ہلکی ڈھلوان والی زمین (Level or gently rolling terrain) پر بہترین کام کرتا ہے۔ زیادہ ڈھلوان پر پانی تیزی سے بہہ جائے گا اور مٹی کا کٹاؤ ہوگا۔

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361📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringCanal Alignment

In plain areas, the irrigation canals are usually aligned along

Explanation

In plain terrains, irrigation canals are aligned along the ridge line (or watershed line). This allows gravity-fed irrigation on both sides of the canal and minimizes the requirement for cross-drainage structures.

ہموار علاقوں میں، آبپاشی کی نہروں کو عام طور پر رج لائن (Ridge lines - واٹر شیڈ لائن) کے ساتھ سیدھ میں لایا جاتا ہے۔ اس سے نہر کے دونوں طرف کشش ثقل کے ذریعے آبپاشی ممکن ہوتی ہے اور کراس ڈرینیج کے کاموں کی ضرورت کم ہوتی ہے۔

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362📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringEstimating & Costing

Which of the following is the correct order of stages of estimation of concrete road?

Explanation

The correct sequence of estimating and construction steps is Earthwork Excavation, followed by the base course (using a leaner concrete mix like 1:4:8), and then the wearing course (using a richer mix, printed as 1:2:8 in this question).

کنکریٹ سڑک کی تعمیر کا درست تسلسل مٹی کی کھدائی (Earthwork excavation)، اس کے بعد بیس کورس (1:4:8) اور آخر میں پہننے والی تہہ (Wearing course) لگانا ہے۔ یہ تسلسل آپشن A میں درست ہے۔

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363📚💻 ComputerInternet & Web

A program that looks through the internet for web pages on a particular topic is called

Explanation

A search engine (like Google, Bing, etc.) is a program designed to search for information on the World Wide Web based on user-entered keywords. A browser is the software client used to access these web pages.

انٹرنیٹ پر مخصوص عنوانات کی ویب سائٹس کو تلاش کرنے والے پروگرام کو سرچ انجن (Search engine) کہتے ہیں۔ ویب براؤزر ان صفحات کو دیکھنے کے لیے استعمال ہونے والا سافٹ ویئر ہے۔

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364📚⚗️ ChemistryCement

Which of these benefits is absent in rapid hardening cement?

Explanation

Rapid hardening cement has the same density and weight as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). It is finely ground to achieve early strength, but it is not lightweight. Therefore, 'light in weight' is not a benefit of RHC.

ریپڈ ہارڈننگ سیمنٹ (Rapid hardening cement) جلدی طاقت حاصل کرنے کے لیے زیادہ باریک پیسا جاتا ہے، لیکن یہ وزن میں ہلکا (Light in weight) نہیں ہوتا۔ اس کا وزن عام سیمنٹ جتنا ہی ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن C درست ہے۔

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365📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringWindows & Openings

The vertical window provided on the pitched roof is known as

Explanation

A dormer window is a vertical window that projects from the slope of a pitched roof. It provides ventilation and lighting to the attic room.

ڈھلوانی چھت (Pitched roof) پر لگائی جانے والی عمودی کھڑکی کو ڈورمر کھڑکی (Dormer window) کہا جاتا ہے۔ یہ کمرے کو ہوا اور روشنی فراہم کرتی ہے۔

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366📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringCross Drainage Works

Superpassage is a canal cross-drainage structure in which

Explanation

A Superpassage is a cross-drainage structure in which the natural stream (drainage) flows over the canal. The canal water flows under gravity (with a free surface) underneath the natural stream.

سپر پیسیج (Superpassage) ایک کراس ڈرینیج ڈھانچہ ہے جس میں قدرتی نالا نہر کے اوپر سے گزرتا ہے اور نہر کا پانی نیچے سے آزاد سطح (free surface) کے ساتھ بہتا ہے۔

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367📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBuilding Planning

Match the following building planning components with their descriptions:
1. Residential Building Planning - d. Regulations governing the layout, design, and construction of residential buildings.
2. Building Bylaws of Local Authorities - b. The rules and regulations set by local urban development authorities.
3. BIS Codes - c. National standards issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards.
4. Service Utilities in Dwelling House - a. Essential utilities such as water, electricity, and sewage.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Residential Planning (1-d), Local Bylaws (2-b), BIS Codes (3-c), Service Utilities (4-a). This corresponds to Option C.

درست جوڑ: رہائشی بلڈنگ پلاننگ (1-d)، مقامی بلڈنگ بائی لاز (2-b)، BIS کوڈز (3-c) اور یوٹیلیٹیز (4-a) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن C درست جواب ہے۔

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368📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBrick Testing

What should be observed ideally when two good quality bricks are struck together?

Explanation

First-class building bricks should emit a clear metallic ringing sound when struck against each other, indicating good burning, density, and absence of internal cracks.

اچھی کوالٹی کی اینٹوں کو جب ایک دوسرے سے ٹکرایا جائے، تو ان سے ایک صاف دھاتی آواز (Clear ringing/metallic sound) آنی چاہیے، جو ان کے مضبوط اور دراڑوں سے پاک ہونے کی علامت ہے۔

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369📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringTimber

Assertion A: Shishum is used for decorative woodwork.
Reason R: Shishum can be polished to an excellent finish.
Select the correct option:

Explanation

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and R is the correct explanation. Shisham (Indian Rosewood) is highly prized for decorative woodwork and high-quality furniture because it has a beautiful grain structure and can be polished to an exceptionally smooth and rich finish.

بیان (A) اور وجہ (R) دونوں درست ہیں اور R، A کی بالکل صحیح وضاحت کرتا ہے۔ شیشم کی لکڑی مضبوط ہونے کے ساتھ ساتھ بہت عمدہ پالش (excellent finish) ہوتی ہے، اس لیے اسے سجاوٹی لکڑی کے کاموں کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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370📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringRoof Trusses

Pick up the correct statement from the following regarding joints in a king post truss:

Explanation

All the listed statements are correct. In a timber King Post Truss: 1. The joint between the principal rafter and the tie beam is a bridle joint. 2. The rafter connects to the king post head via a mortise and tenon joint. 3. The strut joins the king post base via a mortise and tenon joint.

کنگ پوسٹ ٹرس (King post truss) کے تمام جوڑوں کے بیانات درست ہیں: 1. رینٹر اور ٹائی بیم کا جوڑ برائیڈل جوڑ ہوتا ہے۔ 2. کنگ پوسٹ اور رینٹر کا جوڑ مارٹائز اور ٹینن ہوتا ہے۔ 3. سٹرٹ اور کنگ پوسٹ کا جوڑ بھی مارٹائز اور ٹینن ہوتا ہے۔

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371📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringDams

The uplift pressure on a dam can be controlled by which of the following methods?
i) Constructing cut-off under upstream face
ii) Constructing drainage channels between the dam and its foundation
iii) By pressure grouting in foundation
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Uplift pressure on a gravity dam is controlled by: 1. Upstream cut-off walls (reduces seepage head). 2. Drainage gallery/channels in the foundation (relieves uplift pressure). 3. Foundation pressure grouting (seals joints/fissures in rock foundation). Thus, all three methods are effective.

ڈیم پر پانی کے نیچے سے لگنے والے بوجھ (uplift pressure) کو کنٹرول کرنے کے لیے: اپ اسٹریم پر کٹ آف بنانا، ڈیم اور فاؤنڈیشن کے درمیان ڈرینیج گیلری بنانا اور بنیاد میں پریشر گراؤٹنگ کرنا، یہ تینوں طریقے استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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372📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBuilding Planning

_______ is a large open space located within a building. It is often used to light a central circulation or public area by daylight admitted through a glass roof or wall.

Explanation

An Atrium is a large open-air or glass-covered space surrounded by a building, providing natural light and ventilation to the central circulation area.

کسی بڑی عمارت کے درمیان میں موجود کھلے یا شیشے کی چھت والے بڑے ہال کو ایٹریئم (Atrium) کہتے ہیں، جو عمارت کے مرکزی حصے کو قدرتی روشنی فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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373📚💻 ComputerOperating Systems

Which of the following is NOT an Operating System?

Explanation

Oracle is a multinational technology corporation known for its relational database management system (RDBMS), not an operating system. DOS, Linux, and Windows are operating systems.

اوریکل (Oracle) ایک ڈیٹا بیس مینجمنٹ سسٹم (RDBMS) بنانے والی کمپنی ہے، یہ آپریٹنگ سسٹم نہیں ہے۔ DOS، Linux اور Windows آپریٹنگ سسٹمز ہیں۔

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374📚🚦 Driving & TrafficTraffic Rules & Regulations

When a vehicle is parked on the road side after 11 pm

Explanation

When a vehicle is parked on a road or public place at night or during hours of darkness (such as after 11 pm) without adequate street lighting, the parking lights or hazard warning lights must be left on to alert other road users.

جب گاڑی رات کے وقت (جیسے کہ رات 11 بجے کے بعد) سڑک کے کنارے پارک کی جائے تو پارکنگ لائٹس کو روشن رکھنا ضروری ہے تاکہ دوسرے مسافروں کو خبردار کیا جا سکے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department

375📚🚦 Driving & TrafficTraffic Police Hand Signals

The hand signal of a traffic police officer swinging a red light or raising both hands in a circular motion represents:

Explanation

A warning signal to clear the intersection or alert all traffic is shown by raising both arms or swinging a warning light, telling all vehicles in all directions to prepare to stop.

تمام ٹریفک کے لیے وارننگ سگنل کا مطلب ہے کہ تمام سمتوں سے آنے والی گاڑیوں کو رکنے یا ہوشیار رہنے کا اشارہ دیا جا رہا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department

376📚🚦 Driving & TrafficTraffic Signals

Approaching an intersection where the yellow signal light is blinking, you should

Explanation

A flashing yellow light means caution. You must slow down, look both ways, and proceed through the intersection only when it is safe to do so.

چمکتدار پیلی لائٹ کا مطلب احتیاط ہے۔ آپ کو رفتار کم کرنی چاہیے اور سڑک کے دونوں طرف دیکھ کر محفوظ ہونے پر ہی آگے بڑھنا چاہیے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🚗 State Motor Garages Department

377📚🧬 BiologyHuman Biology

Normal resting heart rate or pulse rate ranges for adults is

Explanation

A normal resting heart rate (pulse rate) for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm).

بالغ افراد کے لیے دل کی دھڑکن یا نبض کی نارمل شرح 60 سے 100 دھڑکن فی منٹ (bpm) کے درمیان ہوتی ہے۔

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378📚🚦 Driving & TrafficFirst Aid

The primary indication of an injured person, who has decreased consciousness is

Explanation

Dilation of pupils (or pupils that do not react to light) is a primary physical indication of brain injury or severely decreased level of consciousness in an injured person.

بے ہوشی یا ہوش میں کمی کی بنیادی علامت آنکھوں کی پتلیوں کا پھیل جانا (Dilation of pupils) یا روشنی پر ردعمل نہ دینا ہے۔

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379📚🚦 Driving & TrafficRoad Safety & Driving Psychology

Peripheral vision of a driver helps to detect

Explanation

Peripheral vision (side vision) is highly sensitive to light and movement. It helps the driver detect moving objects (like pedestrians or cars coming from sides) in their outer field of view.

ڈرائیور کی سائیڈ ویژن (Peripheral vision) سڑک پر متحرک اشیاء کی حرکت (Movement) کو محسوس کرنے میں مدد کرتی ہے۔

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380📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics & Lighting

When driving at night in rainy conditions, high beams is

Explanation

Water droplets in the air and on the windscreen scatter the intense high beam light back into the driver's eyes, creating excessive glare and severely limiting vision.

بارش میں ہائی بیم لائٹ استعمال کرنا برا ہے کیونکہ پانی کے قطرے روشنی کو منعکس کرتے ہیں جس سے چکا چوند (glare) بڑھتی ہے اور کچھ نظر نہیں آتا۔

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381📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics & Scattering

Yellow colour light is most preferred than white colour, as a fog light because

Explanation

Yellow light has a longer wavelength than green, blue, or violet parts of white light, making it subject to less scattering by fog particles (Rayleigh scattering). It penetrates better and is highly visible (conspicuous) without blinding reflection.

پیلی روشنی کی طولِ موج (wavelength) سفید روشنی کے نیلے/سبز رنگوں سے زیادہ ہوتی ہے، اس لیے یہ دھند میں کم بکھرتی ہے اور زیادہ دور تک دکھائی دیتی ہے۔

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382📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics & Wavelengths

Arrange the following coloured lights in shortest to longest wavelength:
(i) Green, (ii) Yellow, (iii) Orange, (iv) Red.
Correct sequence of shortest to longest wavelength is:

Explanation

In the visible spectrum, the wavelengths from shortest to longest follow the standard sequence: Green (approx 530 nm) → Yellow (approx 580 nm) → Orange (approx 600 nm) → Red (approx 650 nm). Hence, (i) (ii) (iii) (iv).

مرئی طیف (visible spectrum) میں طولِ موج کا تسلسل چھوٹے سے بڑے کی طرف اس طرح ہے: سبز ← پیلا ← نارنجی ← سرخ۔ یعنی آپشن A صحیح ترتیب ہے۔

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383📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics & Scattering

A high beam in foggy conditions is

Explanation

Using high beams in thick fog is dangerous because the water droplets reflect the bright light directly back into the driver's eyes, creating a blinding glare (dazzle effect) and reducing visibility further.

دھند میں تیز ہیڈلائٹ (High beam) استعمال کرنا خطرناک ہے کیونکہ روشنی دھند سے ٹکرا کر واپس ڈرائیور کی آنکھوں میں چمک پیدا کرتی ہے۔

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384📚🚦 Driving & TrafficNight Driving Rules

When you are driving at night, and approaching another vehicle from behind, must

Explanation

When following another vehicle closely at night, you must switch to low beams (dim headlights) to prevent reflecting blinding light into the front driver's rear-view mirrors.

رات کے وقت جب آپ کسی دوسری گاڑی کے پیچھے چل رہے ہوں تو ہیڈلائٹس کو لو بیم (مدہم) پر کر دیں تاکہ آگے والے ڈرائیور کے شیشے میں چکا چوند نہ ہو۔

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385📚🚦 Driving & TrafficNight Driving Rules

When you are driving at night and wants to overtake a car in the front, you must

Explanation

Before overtaking a vehicle at night, you should flash your headlights (dipping or switching from low to high beam briefly) to alert the driver in front of your presence and intention.

رات کو اوور ٹیک کرنے سے پہلے ہیڈلائٹس کو فلکر یا فلیش (dipper) کرنا چاہیے تاکہ آگے والی گاڑی کا ڈرائیور چوکنا ہو جائے۔

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386📚🚗 AutomotiveEmergency Procedures

Arrange the following steps in a correct sequence, when a motor vehicle breaks down at night:
(i) Apply brakes, (ii) Slow down the vehicle, (iii) Turn on hazardous warning light, (iv) Get out from the vehicle.

Explanation

The correct safety sequence during a breakdown at night is: first slow down the vehicle (ii), safely apply brakes to stop (i), immediately turn on hazard warning lights to warn others (iii), and then carefully exit the vehicle (iv).

خرابی کی صورت میں صحیح ترتیب یہ ہے: پہلے رفتار کم کریں (ii)، بریک لگا کر روکیں (i)، ہنگامی انتباہی لائٹس آن کریں (iii) اور پھر گاڑی سے باہر نکلیں (iv)۔

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387📚🚦 Driving & TrafficRoad Safety

To see a vehicle in the blind spots, driver should

Explanation

Mirrors cannot capture areas directly to the side and slightly behind the driver's shoulders. The only way to check these blind spots is to turn your head (shoulder check) before changing lanes.

آئینے میں نہ دکھائی دینے والے حصے (بلائنڈ اسپاٹس) کو دیکھنے کے لیے ڈرائیور کو اپنا سر گھما کر (shoulder check) دیکھنا چاہیے۔

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388📚🚦 Driving & TrafficNight Driving Rules

Which of the following statement is recommended while driving at night on a low light street?

Explanation

On poorly lit streets at night, it is safest to reduce speed (drive slowly) and ensure your headlights are fully operational to detect any unexpected pedestrians or road hazards.

کم روشنی والی گلیوں میں گاڑی چلاتے وقت رفتار کم رکھنا اور ہیڈلائٹس کا درست استعمال کرنا سب سے محفوظ طریقہ ہے۔

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389📚⚛️ PhysicsReflectance & Pavements

During night driving which type of pavement has more visibility?

Explanation

Concrete pavements are lighter in color and have higher retro-reflectance properties than dark blacktop bituminous/asphalt pavements, providing better contrast and visibility under vehicle headlights at night.

کنکریٹ کے فرش (Concrete pavement) ہلکے رنگ کے ہوتے ہیں، جو تاریک اسفالٹ کے مقابلے میں ہیڈلائٹ کی روشنی کو بہتر منعکس کرتے ہیں اور رات میں زیادہ نظر آتے ہیں۔

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390📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringHighway Lighting

Single side road lighting is most effective for

Explanation

Single-sided street lighting (installing light poles on only one side of the road) is cost-effective and sufficient only for narrow roadways, typically single-lane or narrow two-lane roads.

سڑک کے ایک ہی طرف کھمبے لگا کر روشنی فراہم کرنا صرف چھوٹی یا سنگل لین والی سڑکوں (Single lane road) کے لیے کارآمد اور کافی ہوتا ہے۔

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391📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics & Mirrors

Which type of mirror is commonly used as a rear-view mirror of a motor vehicle?

Explanation

Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors because they diverge light rays, producing an erect, diminished virtual image that provides a much wider field of view of the traffic behind.

گاڑیوں کے سائیڈ مرر میں کانپیکٹ/محدب آئینے (Convex mirror) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ پیچھے کی ٹریفک کا وسیع اور سیدھا منظر پیش کرتے ہیں۔

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392📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics of Braking

What is the fundamental principle on which breaking system work?

Explanation

Brakes function on the principle of friction. Pressing the pedal clamps friction material (brake pads/shoes) against rotating metal surfaces (rotors/drums) to convert kinetic energy into heat energy.

گاڑی کا بریکنگ سسٹم رگڑ (Friction) کے بنیادی اصول پر کام کرتا ہے، جو متحرک پہیوں کو روکنے کے لیے مزاحمت پیدا کرتا ہے۔

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393📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Rules

As per central motor vehicle rules, 1989, the visual transmission of light in rear window and windscreen should not be less than

Explanation

Under Rule 100 of the CMVR, 1989, the Visual Light Transmission (VLT) of safety glass must be at least 70% for the windscreen and rear window, and at least 50% for side windows.

موٹر وہیکل رولز 1989 کے مطابق، گاڑی کے ونڈ اسکرین اور پچھلے شیشے پر روشنی کی شفافیت (VLT) کم از کم 70 فیصد ہونی چاہیے۔

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394📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Rules

As per central motor vehicle rules, 1989, in case vehicle is not carrying dignitaries, red or blue light

Explanation

Under CMVR, if a vehicle authorized to use a multi-coloured beacon (red/blue light) is not carrying the designated dignitary, the beacon must not be illuminated and must be covered with a black cover.

اگر کوئی وی آئی پی گاڑی متعلقہ معزز شخصیت کے بغیر چل رہی ہو، تو اس کے سرخ یا نیلے بیکن لائٹ کو بند رکھنا چاہیے اور اسے کالے کور سے ڈھانپنا ضروری ہے۔

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395📚⚗️ ChemistryChemistry

Which of the following values of pH represents stronger acid?

Explanation

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH less than 7 is acidic, and the lower the pH value, the stronger the acid. Therefore, a pH of 2 is the strongest acid among the choices.

پی ایچ (pH) اسکیل 0 سے 14 تک ہوتا ہے۔ 7 سے نیچے تیزابی خصوصیات ہوتی ہیں، اور پی ایچ جتنا کم ہوگا تیزابیت اتنی ہی مضبوط ہوگی۔ یعنی پی ایچ 2 سب سے تیز ہے۔

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396📚⚗️ ChemistryCombustion Chemistry

Incomplete combustion of motor vehicle fuel, like petrol or diesel produce

Explanation

Complete combustion of hydrocarbons yields carbon dioxide (

CO_2

) and water. Incomplete combustion due to insufficient oxygen produces carbon monoxide (

CO

), a toxic gas.

گاڑی کے انجن میں ایندھن (پٹرول یا ڈیزل) کے نامکمل جلنے (Incomplete combustion) سے زہریلی گیس کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ (Carbon monoxide) بنتی ہے۔

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397📚🚗 AutomotiveEmission Norms

The carbon monoxide CO and HC (n-hexane equivalent) content respectively, of four wheelers, which is manufactured as per-Bharat Stage II emission norms

Explanation

Though BS II limits for passenger cars at idling are actually 0.5% CO and 750 ppm HC, the options in the exam paper used the older pre-BS II limits of 3% CO and 1500 ppm HC. We mark Option B as correct based on typical competitive keys.

اگرچہ بی ایس ٹو (BS II) کے حقیقی ضوابط الگ ہیں، لیکن امتحان میں دیئے گئے متبادلات کی بنیاد پر 3% کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ اور 1500 پی پی ایم ہائیڈرو کاربن (Option B) کو درست تسلیم کیا گیا ہے۔

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398📚📜 HistoryEnvironmental awareness

Match the following (List-1) with their description (List-2):
List-1: (a) Idling at red traffic signal, (b) Cycling or walking, (c) Electric vehicle, (d) High vehicle density.
List-2: (1) Turning off engine, (2) Increase urban pollution, (3) Reduces air pollution, (4) Sustainable transport.

Explanation

Idling at red lights requires turning off the engine (a-1); Cycling/walking is sustainable transport (b-4); EVs reduce local air pollution compared to petrol (c-3); High vehicle density increases urban pollution (d-2). Therefore, Option B is correct.

سرخ لائٹ پر کھڑے ہونے کے دوران انجن بند کریں (a-1)؛ سائیکلنگ اور واکنگ پائیدار ٹرانسپورٹ ہے (b-4)؛ الیکٹرک گاڑی آلودگی کو کم کرتی ہے (c-3)؛ گاڑیوں کی زیادہ تعداد آلودگی بڑھاتی ہے (d-2)۔

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399📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics of Motion

If 1000 kg vehicle is moving at 10 m/s, it has a kinetic energy of

Explanation

Kinetic Energy (

KE

) =

\frac{1}{2} m v^2

. Given

m = 1000 \text{ kg}

,

v = 10 \text{ m/s}

.

KE = \frac{1}{2} \times 1000 \times 10^2 = 500 \times 100 = 50,000 \text{ Joules}

.

حرکی توانائی (Kinetic Energy) = ½ mv²۔ یہاں m = 1000 کلوگرام، v = 10 میٹر فی سیکنڈ۔ KE = ½ × 1000 × 10² = 50,000 جولز۔

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400📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics of Braking

When break is applied, the kinetic energy of the motor vehicle is converted into

Explanation

When brakes are applied, the friction between the brake pads and rotors converts the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle into thermal energy (heat).

جب گاڑی میں بریک لگائی جاتی ہے تو متحرک گاڑی کی حرکی توانائی رگڑ کے ذریعے حرارتی توانائی (Thermal energy) میں تبدیل ہو جاتی ہے۔

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401📚🚗 AutomotiveAutomobile classification

Which among the following is a classification of automobiles based on "load"?

Explanation

Based on load capacity, vehicles are classified into Light Motor Vehicles (LMV), Medium Goods/Passenger Vehicles, and Heavy Transport Vehicles (HTV) / Heavy Motor Vehicles (HMV).

لوڈ یعنی وزن اٹھانے کی صلاحیت کی بنیاد پر گاڑیوں کو 'ہیوی ٹرانسپورٹ گاڑی' (Heavy transport vehicle)، میڈیم اور لائٹ وہیکلز میں درجہ بند کیا جاتا ہے۔

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402📚🌍 General AwarenessScientific Instruments

Among the following instrument, which instrument you use to measure specific gravity or relative density of petrol

Explanation

A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (relative density) of liquids, including fuels and battery acids.

مائعات بشمول پٹرول کی کثافت یا مخصوص کششِ ثقل (specific gravity) کی پیمائش کے لیے ہائیڈرومیٹر (Hydrometer) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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403📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Dimensions

"Wheel base" of a motor vehicle is the distance between the

Explanation

The wheelbase of a vehicle is defined as the distance between the center points of the front wheels and the rear wheels (axle-to-axle distance).

گاڑی کے اگلے اور پچھلے پہیوں کے مرکز کے درمیانی فاصلے (axle to axle distance) کو وہیل بیس (Wheel base) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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404📚🧬 BiologyFish Anatomy

Caudal fin of Bombay duck is

Explanation

The Bombay duck (Harpadon nehereus) is characterized by a unique trilobed (three-lobed) caudal fin.

بمبئی ڈک (Bombay Duck - Harpadon nehereus) کی دم کا پر (Caudal Fin) تین حصوں یا لابس (Trilobed) پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔

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405📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

First step in PCR is

Explanation

The first step in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is denaturation, where the double-stranded DNA template is heated (usually around 94-98°C) to separate into two single strands.

پولیمریز چین ری ایکشن (PCR) کا پہلا مرحلہ ڈی نیچریشن (Denaturation) ہے، جس میں ڈبل اسٹینڈرڈ ڈی این اے کو تیز درجہ حرارت (94-98°C) پر گرم کر کے دو الگ دھاگوں میں الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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406📚🧬 BiologyInvertebrate Biology

Consider the following pairs:
a) Sickle-shaped lateral line
b) Tentacles
c) Penaeid
d) Non-penaeids
e) Keel

And groups:
1. Cephalopod
2. Pleura of 2nd abdomen overlapping 3rd and 1st abdomen
3. Carangid
4. Scombrid
5. Pleura of 2nd abdomen overlapping only 3rd abdomen

Match the character to the group correctly:

Explanation

Correct matches: Sickle-shaped lateral line is typical of Carangids (a:3); Tentacles are found in Cephalopods (b:1); Penaeid prawns have the 2nd abdominal pleura overlapping only the 3rd segment (c:5); Non-penaeid (caridean) shrimps have the 2nd pleura overlapping both the 1st and 3rd segments (d:2); Keel is present on the caudal peduncle of Scombrids (e:4). This matches Option A.

درست مماثلت: درانتی نما لیٹرل لائن کیرانگڈز (a:3) میں ہوتی ہے؛ ٹینٹیکلز سیفالوپوڈز (b:1) میں ہوتے ہیں؛ پینیڈ جھینگا (Penaeid) میں دوسرے پیٹ کی پور صرف تیسرے کو ڈھانپتی ہے (c:5)؛ غیر پینیڈ (Non-penaeid) میں دوسری پور پہلے اور تیسرے دونوں کو ڈھانپتی ہے (d:2)؛ اور کیل سکومبرڈز (e:4) کے دم کے پاس ہوتا ہے۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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407📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

The correct order of steps in DNA isolation are

Explanation

The standard workflow for DNA isolation is: 1) Lysis (disrupting cell membranes to release DNA), 2) Purification (removing proteins, lipids, and other contaminants using phenol-chloroform or enzymatic treatment), 3) Precipitation (concentrating DNA using ethanol or isopropanol), followed by 4) Electrophoresis (for visualization/quality check).

ڈی این اے کی تنہائی (DNA Isolation) کے درست اقدامات: 1) لیسس (Lysis - خلیے کو توڑنا)، 2) پیوریفیکیشن (Purification - پروٹین اور چکنائی کو ہٹانا)، 3) پریسپیٹیشن (Precipitation - الکحل کے ذریعے ڈی این اے کو نیچے بٹھانا) اور 4) الیکٹروفورسس (Electrophoresis - جانچنا)۔ اس لیے آپشن C درست ہے۔

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408📚🧬 BiologyFish Taxonomy

Which of the following is not a meristic character?

Explanation

Meristic characters are countable anatomical features of fish (e.g., finlet count, gill rakers, scutes). Eye diameter is a measurable distance, which makes it a morphometric (not meristic) character.

میریسٹک (Meristic) خصوصیات وہ ہوتی ہیں جن کی گنتی کی جا سکتی ہے (جیسے پنلٹس، گل رنکرز اور سکیوٹس)۔ آنکھ کا قطر (Eye Diameter) ایک قابل پیمائش لمبائی ہے، اس لیے یہ مارفومیٹرک خصوصیت ہے۔

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409📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

A trait encoded by a gene on an autosome that is expressed only in one sex

Explanation

Sex-limited traits are encoded by autosomal genes but expressed in only one sex (e.g., milk production in mammals, coloration/egg laying in fish) due to anatomical or hormonal differences.

ایسا وصف (Trait) جو آٹوسومل جین پر ہوتا ہے لیکن ہارمونز یا جسمانی ساخت کی وجہ سے صرف ایک جنس میں ظاہر ہوتا ہے، اسے سیکس لمیٹڈ (Sex-limited) خصوصیت کہا جاتا ہے۔

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410📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

In the cell cycle, DNA replication is followed by........

Explanation

In the eukaryotic cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during the S (Synthesis) phase. It is followed by the G2 (Gap 2) phase, which prepares the cell for mitosis (M phase).

سیل سائیکل میں، ڈی این اے کی نقل (DNA Replication) ایس (S) فیز میں ہوتی ہے، جس کے فوراً بعد جی 2 (G2) فیز آتا ہے جو خلیے کو تقسیم (M phase) کے لیے تیار کرتا ہے۔

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411📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

Which of the following statements about DNA is true?
a. The two strands are exactly complementary to each other.
b. The backbone of DNA consists of alternating sugar and nitrogenous base groups.
c. It consists of a deoxyribose molecule attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.
d. Uracil is paired with Adenine base

Explanation

Statements a and c are true. The two strands of DNA are complementary (A-T, G-C). A nucleotide consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Statement b is false because the backbone consists of alternating sugar and phosphate groups. Statement d is false because Uracil is found in RNA, while DNA has Thymine.

بیانات a اور c درست ہیں۔ ڈی این اے کے دونوں دھاگے ایک دوسرے کے تکمیلی (Complementary) ہوتے ہیں۔ اور یہ ڈی آکسی رائبوز شکر، فاسفیٹ گروپ اور نائٹروجنی بیس پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔ بیان b اور d غلط ہیں۔

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412📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

The reverse complementary DNA strand of AAATAGCACTC would be

Explanation

To find the reverse complement of 5'-AAATAGCACTC-3': 1) Find the complement: 3'-TTTATCGTGAG-5'. 2) Reverse it to read 5' to 3': 5'-GAGTGCTATTT-3'. This matches Option C.

ڈی این اے سلسلہ 5'-AAATAGCACTC-3' کا ریورس کمپلیمنٹ حاصل کرنے کے لیے: پہلے کمپلیمنٹ لکھیں 3'-TTTATCGTGAG-5'، اور پھر اسے الٹا کر کے لکھیں 5'-GAGTGCTATTT-3'۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

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413📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

Arrange the steps of DNA replication in proper order

Explanation

The correct sequence of steps in DNA replication is: 1) DNA unwinding (by helicase), 2) Primer synthesis (by primase), 3) Elongation (by DNA polymerase), 4) Primer removal (exonuclease), 5) Ligation (by ligase), and 6) Termination.

ڈی این اے نقل کے مراحل کی درست ترتیب ہے: 1) ڈی این اے کی انوائنڈنگ (کھولنا)، 2) پرائمر کی تیاری، 3) لمبائی میں اضافہ (Elongation)، 4) پرائمر کو ہٹانا، 5) لائگیشن (جوڑنا) اور 6) خاتمہ (Termination)۔

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414📚🧬 BiologyLakes & Waterbodies

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Wular Lake is an example of tectonic lake
b. Dal lake is an example of crater lake
c. Surinsar-Mansar lakes are Ramsar sites
d. Manasbal Lake is a saltwater lake

Explanation

Statements a and c are correct: Wular Lake is a tectonic lake and Surinsar-Mansar are Ramsar sites. Statements b (Dal Lake is a crater lake) and d (Manasbal Lake is a saltwater lake) are false. Option C is marked correct based on the official exam answer key which contained a printing typo (where d was meant to state 'freshwater' lake).

بیانات a اور c درست ہیں: وولر جھیل ٹیکٹونک سرگرمی سے بنی ہے اور سرینسر-مانسر جھیلیں رامسر سائٹس ہیں۔ بیانات b اور d غلط ہیں۔ امتحانی پرچے کی غلطی کی وجہ سے آپشن C (a, c, d) کو درست مانا گیا ہے۔

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415📚🧬 BiologyAquatic Ecology

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Plankton occur only in freshwater ecosystem
b. Plankton do not have active locomotory organs
c. Plankton include only unicellular organisms
d. Phytoplankton form the first trophic level

Explanation

Statements b and d are true. Plankton lack active organs for swimming against currents, and phytoplankton are primary producers forming the first trophic level. Statement a is false because plankton also live in marine ecosystems. Statement c is false because zooplankton include multicellular organisms (e.g. copepods, krill).

بیانات b اور d درست ہیں۔ پلانکٹن بہاؤ کے خلاف فعال حرکت نہیں کر سکتے، اور فائٹوپلانکٹن پہلے ٹرافک لیول پر خوراک بناتے ہیں۔ بیانات a اور c غلط ہیں۔

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416📚🧬 BiologyAquatic Ecology

The depth at which the photosynthesis balances respiration

Explanation

The compensation depth is the depth in a water body where light intensity is such that the rate of oxygen production by photosynthesis equals the rate of oxygen consumption by respiration.

کمپنسیشن گہرائی (Compensation Depth) پانی کا وہ مقام ہے جہاں روشنی کی مقدار اتنی ہوتی ہے کہ ضیائی تالیف (Photosynthesis) سے بننے والی آکسیجن اور عمل تنفس (Respiration) میں خرچ ہونے والی آکسیجن برابر ہو جاتی ہے۔

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417📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Index of preponderance is used in

Explanation

The Index of Preponderance is a standard mathematical method used in fish biology to evaluate the relative importance of different food items in the diet (feeding studies) of fish.

انڈیکس آف پریپونڈرنس (Index of preponderance) ماہی گیری کے حیاتیاتی مطالعہ میں مچھلیوں کی خوراک اور ان کی غذائی عادات (Feeding Studies) کے تجزیہ کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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418📚🧬 BiologyFish Nutrition

Exudative diathesis in fish is caused by deficiency of

Explanation

Exudative diathesis (accumulation of fluid under the skin/muscles) in fish is caused by a combined deficiency of Selenium and Vitamin E, which act together as antioxidants.

مچھلیوں میں ایگزوڈیٹو ڈائیتھیسس (Exudative Diathesis - جلد کے نیچے رطوبت کا جمع ہونا) سیلینیم (Selenium) اور وٹامن E دونوں کی کمی کی وجہ سے پیدا ہوتی ہے۔

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419📚🧬 BiologyFish Nutrition

Bilateral central or sublenticular cataract in young salmonids is caused by

Explanation

Zinc deficiency in young salmonids is a well-documented cause of bilateral cataracts (clouding of the eye lens), leading to reduced growth and feeding efficiency.

کم عمر سالمنڈ (Salmonids) مچھلیوں کی دونوں آنکھوں میں موتیا (Cataract) کی بیماری زنک (Zinc) کی کمی کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

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420📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Which of the following is the correct sequence of electron acceptors in Electron Transport System for production of ATP?

Explanation

In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, electrons pass through cytochromes in the following sequential order: Cytochrome b -> Cytochrome c -> Cytochrome a -> Cytochrome a3.

خلیاتی تنفس کے دوران الیکٹران ٹرانسپورٹ چین (ETS) میں الیکٹرانز کے گزرنے کا درست تسلسل ہے: سائٹوکروم b -> سائٹوکروم c -> سائٹوکروم a -> سائٹوکروم a3۔

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421📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Which of the following is not involved in Krebs cycle?

Explanation

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Electron Transport Chain) to generate ATP, and is distinct from the substrate-level reactions of the Krebs cycle.

آکسیڈیٹیو فاسفوریلیشن (Oxidative Phosphorylation) کا عمل مائٹوکونڈریا کی اندرونی جھلی (ETC) پر ہوتا ہے، اور یہ براہِ راست کریبز سائیکل کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔

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422📚🧬 BiologyFish Nutrition

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Phytase is a commonly used Enzyme additive in fish feed
b. Antibiotics are live microbes supplemented to the fish gut through feed
c. Prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that selectively stimulate the activity of bacterial species already present in the gut
d. Organic acids are used as additive in feed

Explanation

Statements a, c, and d are correct. Phytase helps release phosphorus, prebiotics stimulate beneficial gut bacteria, and organic acids act as preservatives and gut acidifiers. Statement b is false because antibiotics are chemical agents that kill bacteria, whereas live microbes are probiotics.

بیانات a، c اور d درست ہیں۔ فائٹیز ایک اینزائم ہے، پری بائیوٹکس فائدہ مند گٹ بیکٹیریا کی نشوونما بڑھاتے ہیں، اور نامیاتی تیزاب خوراک کو خراب ہونے سے بچاتے ہیں۔ بیان b غلط ہے کیونکہ زندہ خوردبینی جانداروں کو پروبائیوٹکس کہتے ہیں۔

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423📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Match the following:

Lipids:
a. Lipoprotein
b. Fat soluble vitamins
c. Fat
d. Phospholipids

Classifications:
1. Derived lipids
2. Complex lipids
3. Structural lipids
4. Storage lipids

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Lipoproteins are conjugated/complex lipids (a:2); Fat-soluble vitamins belong to derived lipids (b:1); Fats (triglycerides) serve as storage lipids (c:4); Phospholipids form cell membranes and are structural lipids (d:3). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: لیپو پروٹینز مرکب چکنائیاں ہیں (a:2)؛ وٹامنز ماخوذ چکنائیاں ہیں (b:1)؛ چربی اسٹوریج لیپڈز کی شکل ہے (c:4)؛ فاسفو لیپڈز جھلی بنانے والے اسٹرکچرل لیپڈز ہیں (d:3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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424📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the adaptative modifications in fishes:
a. Short stumpy barbels
b. Adhesive pad as ridges
c. Elongate striations on chest and belly
d. Adhesive disc

Species:
1. Glyptothorax spp
2. Balitora spp
3. Garra spp
4. Erethistes spp

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Erethistes has short stumpy barbels (a:4); Glyptothorax has an adhesive pad with thoracic ridges (b:1); Balitora has elongate striations on the chest and belly (c:2); Garra has a prominent mental adhesive disc (d:3). This matches Option B.

درست جسمانی تبدیلیاں: Erethistes میں چھوٹے اور موٹے باربلز ہوتے ہیں (a:4)؛ Glyptothorax کے سینے پر جھریوں والا چپکنے والا پیڈ ہوتا ہے (b:1)؛ Balitora کے پیٹ اور سینے پر لمبی دھاریاں ہوتی ہیں (c:2)؛ Garra کے نچلے جبڑے پر گول چپکنے والی ڈسک ہوتی ہے (d:3)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

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425📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Menon classified the hill stream fishes based on their

Explanation

A.G.K. Menon classified hill stream fishes based on their morphological adaptations (such as mouth structure, body shape, and adhesive apparatus) suited to torrential water flows.

مشہور ماہرِ ماہی گیری اے-جی-کے مینن نے پہاڑی ندیوں کی مچھلیوں کی درجہ بندی ان کی جسمانی ساخت اور موافقت (Morphological characters) کی بنیاد پر کی تھی۔

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426📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the following species to their area of occurrence:
a. Shallow clear cold water
b. Bottom deep fast current
c. Sheltering in stone and pebbles
d. Sheltering in stone and pebbles with attachment devices
e. Exposed to bare rocks with adhesive organs
f. Exposed to bare rocks with limpet shaped body

Species:
1. Crossocheilus
2. Labeo
3. Tor
4. Exostoma
5. Amblyceps
6. Glyptosternon

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches based on Menon's classification: a:2 (Labeo in shallow clear cold water); b:3 (Tor in bottom deep fast current); c:1 (Crossocheilus sheltering in stones); d:5 (Amblyceps sheltering in shallows with attachment devices); e:6 (Glyptosternon exposed to bare rocks with adhesive organs); f:4 (Exostoma exposed to bare rocks with a limpet-shaped body). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: Labeo کم گہرے ٹھنڈے پانی میں (a:2)؛ Tor گہرے تیز بہاؤ والے پیندے میں (b:3)؛ Crossocheilus پتھروں کے درمیان پناہ گزیں (c:1)؛ Amblyceps چپکنے والے اعضاء کے ساتھ پتھروں میں (d:5)؛ Glyptosternon پتھروں پر چپک کر رہنے والی (e:6)؛ اور Exostoma تیز بہاؤ میں پتھروں پر چپکی ہوئی (f:4)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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427📚🧬 BiologyLimnology

Which of the following affect the morphology, abundance and distribution of fishes in hill streams?
a. Water current
b. pH
c. Light penetration
d. Conductivity

Explanation

According to standard fisheries ecosystem studies, the biological features, abundance, and distribution of species are primarily affected by pH (chemical environment) and light penetration (influencing primary food production and sight feeding), represented by option C (b, c).

پہاڑی ندیوں میں مچھلیوں کی تعداد اور ان کی جسمانی ساخت پر اثر انداز ہونے والے عوامل میں پانی کی کیمیائی حالت (pH) اور روشنی کے داخل ہونے کی حد (b, c) اہم ہیں، جو آپشن C ہے۔

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428📚🗺️ GeographyIndian Geography

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Himalayas extend from the Namga Parbat to Namcha Barwa
b. Himalayas extend over 2400 km
c. Ganga and Brahmaputra are the longest rivers in Himalaya river system
d. Himalayan streams can be divided to 4 zones as per Sehgal (1988)

Explanation

Statements a and b are true. The Himalayas run in an arc of about 2400 km from Nanga Parbat in the west to Namcha Barwa in the east. Statement c is false because the Indus is the longest river. Statement d is false because coldwater streams are divided into 3 zones as per Sehgal (1988) based on temperature and fish composition.

بیانات a اور b درست ہیں۔ ہمالیہ مغرب میں نانگا پربت سے مشرق میں نامچہ باروا تک تقریباً 2400 کلومیٹر طویل قوس میں پھیلا ہوا ہے۔ بیانات c اور d غلط ہیں۔

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429📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Which of the following statements about oogenesis are FALSE?

Explanation

The statement 'Equal cytokinesis occurs resulting in four ova' is false. Oogenesis involves unequal cytokinesis, yielding one large functional ovum (retaining almost all the cytoplasm) and three tiny polar bodies.

یہ بیان کہ 'مساوی تقسیم کے نتیجے میں چار انڈے بنتے ہیں' غلط ہے۔ اوجینیسیس (Oogenesis) میں غیر مساوی تقسیم ہوتی ہے جس سے صرف ایک بڑا انڈا (Ova) اور تین پولر باڈیز بنتی ہیں۔

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430📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the following fishes with their respective spawning or reproductive breeding strategies:

List-1:
a. Pelagic spawners
b. Pouch brooders
c. Mouth brooders
d. Live bearers
e. Bubble nest builders

List-2:
1. Sea horse
2. Nile Tilapia
3. Tuna
4. Gourami
5. Guppy

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Pelagic spawners release eggs in open sea (Tuna -> a:3); Pouch brooders carry eggs in pouch (Sea horse -> b:1); Mouth brooders carry eggs in mouth (Nile Tilapia -> c:2); Live bearers give birth to live young (Guppy -> d:5); Bubble nest builders build nests of air bubbles (Gourami -> e:4). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: کھلے پانی میں انڈے دینے والی (Tuna -> a:3)؛ تھیلی میں انڈے پالنے والی (Sea horse -> b:1)؛ منہ میں انڈے پالنے والی (Nile Tilapia -> c:2)؛ بچے دینے والی مچھلی (Guppy -> d:5)؛ بلبلوں کا گھونسلہ بنانے والی (Gourami -> e:4)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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431📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the following fishes with their respective sexual pattern:

List-1:
a. Protandrous hermaphrodite
b. Protogynous hermaphrodite
c. Gynogenesis
d. Simultaneous hermaphrodite
e. Gonochorism

List-2:
1. Serranus scriba
2. Poecilia formosa
3. Labeo rohita
4. Epinephelus coioides
5. Lates calcarifer

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Protandrous (male to female) is Lates calcarifer (a:5); Protogynous (female to male) is Epinephelus coioides (b:4); Gynogenesis (unfertilized egg development stimulated by sperm) is Poecilia formosa (c:2); Simultaneous hermaphrodite is Serranus scriba (d:1); Gonochorism (fixed male/female sexes) is Labeo rohita (e:3). This matches Option A.

درست جنسی پیٹرن: پہلے نر پھر مادہ بننا (Lates calcarifer -> a:5)؛ پہلے مادہ پھر نر بننا (Epinephelus coioides -> b:4)؛ گائنوجینیسیس (Poecilia formosa -> c:2)؛ بیک وقت نر و مادہ ہونا (Serranus scriba -> d:1)؛ مستقل الگ جنس ہونا (Labeo rohita -> e:3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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432📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Arrange the following in the right order of development stage.

Explanation

Spermatogenesis stages in order: 1) Spermatogonia (undifferentiated stem cells), 2) Primary spermatocytes, 3) Secondary spermatocytes (after meiosis I), 4) Spermatids (haploid, after meiosis II), and 5) Spermatozoa (mature motile sperm). This matches Option C.

اسپرمیٹوجینیسیس (Spermatogenesis) کے مراحل کا درست تسلسل ہے: 1) اسپرمیٹوگونیا (ابتدائی خلیے)، 2) پرائمری اسپرمیٹوسائٹ، 3) سیکنڈری اسپرمیٹوسائٹ، 4) اسپرمیٹڈز اور 5) اسپرمیٹوزوا (بالغ نطفہ)۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

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433📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Oxytocin hormone is released by posterior pituitary.
b. Luteinizing hormone is released by thyroid.
c. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is released by hypothalamus.
d. Cortisol hormone is released by hypothalamus.

Explanation

Statements a and c are true. Oxytocin is stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus. Statement b is false (LH is released by the anterior pituitary, not thyroid) and statement d is false (cortisol is released by the adrenal cortex).

بیانات a اور c درست ہیں۔ آکسیٹوسن ہارمون پوسٹیریئر پٹیوٹری سے خارج ہوتا ہے اور GnRH ہائپوتھیلیمس سے خارج ہوتا ہے۔ بیانات b اور d غلط ہیں۔

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434📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Case where female lays unfertilized eggs which must be fertilized externally is called

Explanation

Ovuliparity refers to the reproductive mode where the female lays unfertilized eggs (oocytes) into the environment, and fertilization occurs externally (e.g., in most bony fishes and frogs).

پیدائش کا وہ عمل جس میں مادہ غیر بارور شدہ (Unfertilized) انڈے جسم سے باہر خارج کرتی ہے جن کی باروری پانی میں بیرونی طور پر ہوتی ہے، اسے اوولیپیریٹی (Ovuliparity) کہتے ہیں۔

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435📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Pituitary gland is housed in a cavity called

Explanation

The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is located at the base of the brain, nested inside a saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica.

دماغ کے نچلے حصے میں واقع پٹیوٹری گلینڈ (Pituitary Gland) ہڈی کے ایک خاص ہالو/کھودے میں بند ہوتا ہے جسے سیلا ٹورسیکا (Sella Turcica) کہتے ہیں۔

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436📚🧬 BiologyFish Processing

Fish used for preparation of surimi in India

Explanation

Nemipterus japonicus (Japanese threadfin bream, locally called pink perch) is the major fish species utilized for the commercial production of surimi (fish paste) in India due to its excellent gel-forming capacity.

ہندوستان میں سوریمی (Surimi - مچھلی کا پیسٹ) بنانے کے لیے سب سے زیادہ استعمال ہونے والی مچھلی نیمیپٹیرس جاپونیکس (Nemipterus japonicus - پنک پرچ) ہے۔

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437📚🧬 BiologyFish Processing

Which of the statements are true?
a. Gamma radiations are used to reduce microbial load in fish
b. Modified atmosphere packaging employs CO2 to improve shelf life
c. Extruded products and mince-based products are same
d. Fish meal is extracted by dry rendering method

Explanation

Statements a and b are true. Gamma irradiation reduces food-borne pathogens, and MAP uses carbon dioxide to inhibit microbial respiration and growth. Statement c is false (extruded items use high temperature/pressure, whereas mince-based use washed fish pulp). Statement d is false (fish meal is mostly extracted by wet rendering).

بیانات a اور b درست ہیں۔ گاما شعاعیں جراثیم کشی کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہیں اور نقاب بند پیکنگ (MAP) میں CO2 گیس کا استعمال شیلف لائف بڑھانے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔ بیانات c اور d غلط ہیں۔

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438📚🧬 BiologyFish Pathology

Match the following diseases to their preventive measures:

List-1:
a. Saprolegniosis
b. White spot disease
c. Black spot disease
d. Costiasis
e. Eye disease

List-2:
1. 1:1000 Acetic acid dip
2. Common salt
3. KMNO4 dip at 1 ppm
4. Praziquantel bath at 1 ppm
5. Picric acid

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Saprolegniosis fungal infection is treated with Potassium Permanganate (a:3); White spot protozoan disease is prevented/treated using common salt baths (b:2); Black spot trematode infection is treated with picric acid (c:5); Costiasis ectoparasitic infection is treated with acetic acid dips (d:1); Trematode-induced eye diseases/diplostomiasis are treated with Praziquantel (e:4). This matches Option C.

درست حفاظتی علاج کا جوڑ: سیپرولیگنیا فنگس (KMnO4 dip -> a:3)؛ سفید دھبوں کی بیماری (Common salt -> b:2)؛ کالے دھبوں کی بیماری (Picric acid -> c:5)؛ کوسٹیا پیراسائٹ (Acetic acid dip -> d:1)؛ آنکھوں کی طفیلی بیماری (Praziquantel bath -> e:4)۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

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439📚🧬 BiologyFish Pathology

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Saddle back disease in fishes is caused by Flavobacterium columnare
b. Vitamin E deficiency leads to muscular deformity
c. Scoliosis is a muscular deformity
d. Whirling disease is caused due to water supersaturation

Explanation

Statements a and b are true. Columnaris (Flavobacterium columnare) infection is commonly referred to as saddleback disease. Vitamin E deficiency is known to cause nutritional muscular dystrophy/deformities in fish. Statement c is false (scoliosis is a lateral skeletal/backbone curvature). Statement d is false (whirling disease is caused by Myxobolus cerebralis, not gas supersaturation).

بیانات a اور b درست ہیں۔ سیڈل بیک بیماری کالم نارس بیکٹیریا کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے اور وٹامن E کی کمی سے پٹھوں کی کمزوری/ڈیسٹروفی ہوتی ہے۔ بیانات c اور d غلط ہیں۔

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440📚🧬 BiologyFish Anatomy

Pterygoquadrate and meckel's cartilage together form

Explanation

In jawed vertebrates, the mandibular arch (the first visceral arch) is composed of two cartilaginous elements: the dorsal pterygoquadrate cartilage and the ventral Meckel's cartilage.

مچھلیوں کے جبڑے کے ڈھانچے میں، پیٹریگو کواڈریٹ (Pterygoquadrate) اور میکل کی کارٹیلیج (Meckel's cartilage) مل کر پہلا جبڑے کا آرک یعنی مینڈبلر آرک (Mandibular Arch) بناتے ہیں۔

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441📚🧬 BiologyFish Anatomy

Gill arches and their derivatives are collectively called

Explanation

The splanchnocranium (visceral skeleton) refers to the skeleton derived from the pharyngeal arches, which includes the jaw apparatus and the gill (branchial) arches in fishes.

مچھلیوں میں گلپھڑوں کی ہڈیوں کی محرابیں (Gill Arches) اور ان سے بننے والے اعضاء مجموعی طور پر سپلنک نوکرینیم (Splanchnocranium) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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442📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Finfish uses these to locate food

Explanation

Finfish (especially bottom-dwelling species like catfish) use their barbels, which are packed with chemical taste receptors and tactile sensors, to locate food in murky waters.

مٹیالے یا گہرے پانی میں رہنے والی مچھلیاں پیندے میں خوراک تلاش کرنے کے لیے اپنے حساس باربلز (Barbels) کا استعمال کرتی ہیں جن میں ذائقہ چکھنے کے خلیے ہوتے ہیں۔

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443📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the columns:

Systems:
1. Respiratory
2. Skeletal
3. Circulatory
4. Excretory

Substances:
a. Creatinine
b. Thrombocytes
c. Alpha keratin
d. Haem pigment

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Respiratory is associated with Hemoglobin/Haem pigment (1-d); Skeletal features scales/spines composed of keratin (2-c); Circulatory system features thrombocytes (3-b); Excretory system filters metabolic waste like creatinine (4-a). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: عمل تنفس کا تعلق ہیم پگمنٹ (ہیموگلوبن) سے ہے (1-d)؛ ڈھانچے کا تعلق الفا کیراٹن (جلد/اسکیلز) سے ہے (2-c)؛ دورانِ خون میں تھرومبوسائٹس ہوتے ہیں (3-b)؛ اخراجِ فضلہ میں کریٹینین فلٹر ہوتا ہے (4-a)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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444📚🧬 BiologyFish Anatomy

The bundle of parallel muscle cells in fishes are called

Explanation

Myotomes are the W-shaped blocks or bundles of skeletal muscle tissue arranged in repeating segments along the body of the fish, separated by connective tissue (myocommata).

مچھلیوں کے دھڑ پر ایک قطار میں ترتیب دیے گئے عضلاتی بلاکس یا پٹھوں کے ریشوں کے بنڈل مائیوٹومز (Myotomes) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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445📚🧬 BiologyFish Anatomy

The dark muscles in fishes contain more ------than light muscles

Explanation

Dark (red) muscles in fishes contain a significantly higher density of mitochondria than light (white) muscles. This supports aerobic metabolism for continuous, long-distance swimming.

مچھلی کے سرخ یا گہرے پٹھے (Dark muscles) سفید پٹھوں کے مقابلے میں بہت زیادہ مائٹوکونڈریا (Mitochondria) پر مشتمل ہوتے ہیں جو انہیں مسلسل تیرنے کی توانائی دیتے ہیں۔

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446📚🧬 BiologyFish Anatomy

Bulbus arteriosus in fishes is a part of

Explanation

The bulbus arteriosus is the pear-shaped fourth chamber of the bony fish heart, which functions to buffer and normalize blood pressure as it pumps blood into the gills.

بمبس آرٹیریوسس (Bulbus arteriosus) ہڈیوں والی مچھلی کے دل (Heart) کا چوتھا ناشپاتی نما خانہ ہوتا ہے، جو خون کے پریشر کو کنٹرول کرتا ہے۔

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447📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Haemoglobin in fishes unloads oxygen in swim bladder against high oxygen gradient due to

Explanation

The Root effect is a physiological property of fish hemoglobin where lower pH (caused by lactic acid/CO2 secretion at the gas gland) drastically reduces oxygen affinity and capacity, forcing oxygen to unload into the swim bladder even under high pressure.

روٹ ایفیکٹ (Root Effect) مچھلیوں کے ہیموگلوبن کی ایک خاصیت ہے جس میں کم پی ایچ (Acidic pH) پر ہیموگلوبن آکسیجن کو خارج کرنے پر مجبور ہو جاتا ہے، جس سے گیس غبارے (Swim Bladder) میں آکسیجن جمع ہوتی ہے۔

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448📚🧬 BiologyEvolutionary Biology

This theory proposed that paired fins and their girdles arose from gill arches

Explanation

Gegenbaur's Gill Arch Theory proposed that the pectoral and pelvic girdles and paired fins of fishes evolved from modified gill (visceral) arches and their supports.

گلوگیر آرچ نظریہ (Gill Arch Theory) یہ بتاتا ہے کہ مچھلیوں کے جوڑے دار پنکھ (Paired fins) ان کے گلپھڑوں کی ہڈیوں کے جوڑوں (Gill Arches) کی ارتقائی تبدیل شدہ شکل ہیں۔

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449📚🧬 BiologyEvolutionary Biology

Finfold theory was proposed by

Explanation

The lateral finfold theory of paired limb evolution was proposed by F. M. Balfour (1878) and J. K. Thacher (1877), suggesting that paired fins developed from continuous lateral folds of the body wall. Balfour is widely cited in textbooks as the primary proponent.

پنکھوں کے ابھار کا نظریہ (Finfold Theory) ایف-ایم بالفور (Balfour) اور جے-کے تھیچر نے پیش کیا تھا، جس کے مطابق جوڑے دار پنکھ جسم کے اطراف میں مسلسل فولڈز کی تقسیم سے بنے۔ کتابوں میں بالفور کو بنیادی موجد لکھا گیا ہے۔

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450📚🧬 BiologyAquaculture

Dose of limefor liming nursery pond depends on

Explanation

The amount of lime required for liming a nursery pond is determined primarily by the pH of the bottom soil. Acidic soils require higher doses of lime to neutralize pH.

نرسری تالاب میں چونا (Lime) ڈالنے کی شرح کا انحصار بنیادی طور پر تالاب کے پیندے کی مٹی کی پی ایچ (pH of soil) پر ہوتا ہے۔

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451📚🧬 BiologyAquaculture

This carp ------ is also useful in eradicating weeds

Explanation

Cyprinus carpio (common carp) is useful in weed control because its bottom-feeding behavior uproots submerged weeds and increases turbidity, which limits light for weed growth.

کامن کارپ (Cyprinus carpio) تالاب کی تہہ میں کھودنے کی عادت کی وجہ سے ڈوبی ہوئی جڑی بوٹیوں کو اکھاڑنے اور انہیں ختم کرنے میں مددگار ثابت ہوتی ہے۔

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452📚🌍 General AwarenessGeneral Science

Which vitamin deficiency causes night blindness?

Explanation

Deficiency of Vitamin A (Retinol) leads to night blindness (nyctalopia), which is the inability to see well in dim light or at night.

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453📚🌍 General AwarenessGeneral Science

Which organ in the human body is responsible for producing the hormone insulin?

Explanation

The pancreas produces insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels, specifically through its endocrine cells called beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans.

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454📚🌍 General AwarenessGeneral Science

What is the primary source of energy that drives all weather patterns and life on Earth?

Explanation

Solar radiation from the Sun is the ultimate source of heat and light energy driving biological processes and atmospheric movements on Earth.

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455📚📝 EnglishArticles

Fill in the blank with the appropriate article: 'She is ________ MBA graduate.'

Explanation

Even though 'M' is a consonant letter, the word 'MBA' starts with a vowel sound /em/. Hence, the article 'an' is appropriate.

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456📚💻 ComputerInternet & Networking

Which networking device is primarily used to connect multiple computer networks together and route data packets between them?

Explanation

A router connects different networks (e.g., your home LAN to the internet) and routes data packets based on IP addresses, whereas a switch connects devices within a single network.

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457📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Chemistry & Characteristics

The characteristics of fresh and septic sewage, respectively are

Explanation

Fresh sewage is slightly alkaline in nature with a typical pH of 7.3 to 7.8. As sewage becomes stale and septic during anaerobic decomposition, organic acids and hydrogen sulfide (

H_2S

) are generated, lowering the pH and making septic sewage acidic.

تازہ سیوریج الکلائن (Alkaline) ہوتا ہے جبکہ سیپٹک سیوریج تیزابی (Acidic) ہو جاتا ہے۔

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458📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringColloidal Solids & Coagulation

The size of colloidal solids in waste water are in the range of

Explanation

Colloidal solids in wastewater have particle diameters typically ranging from

1\text{ nm}

to

100\text{ nm}

(or

10^{-3}\text{ }\mu\text{m}

to

0.1\text{ }\mu\text{m}

). These particles carry negative electrostatic surface charges and do not settle by gravity without chemical coagulation.

سیوریج میں کولائیڈل ذرات کا سائز 1 نینو میٹر سے 100 نینو میٹر کی حد میں ہوتا ہے۔

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459📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEIA Process & Methodology

Choose the correct sequence of steps adopted during the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process.

Explanation

The standardized logical sequence of the EIA process is: 1. Screening (determining if EIA is required) → 2. Scoping (identifying key issues & baseline requirements) → 3. Baseline Data Collection → 4. Impact Analysis & Mitigation → 5. Public Hearing / Consultation → 6. Decision Making & Environmental Clearance.

EIA کا صحیح سلسلہ: اسکریننگ ← اسکوپنگ ← ڈیٹا کا حصول ← اثرات کا تجزیہ ← عوامی سماعت ← فیصلہ سازی۔

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460📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyBaseline Environmental Data

In EIA terminology, what does "baseline data" refer to?

Explanation

Baseline data in EIA represents the comprehensive measured status of prevailing ambient environmental conditions (air quality, noise levels, surface/groundwater quality, soil characteristics, biodiversity, and socio-economic status) prior to the inception or construction of the proposed project.

بیس لائن ڈیٹا سے مراد کسی پروجیکٹ کے شروع ہونے سے پہلے علاقے کے موجودہ ماحولیاتی حالات کا ڈیٹا ہے۔

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461📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceBasel Convention on Hazardous Wastes

Which of the following convention governs the Hazardous waste management?

Explanation

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989) is the international treaty specifically governing hazardous waste management and minimizing its transboundary shipments.

باسل کنونشن (Basel Convention) زہریلے اور خطرناک فضلہ (Hazardous waste) کے بین الاقوامی انتظام اور نقل و حمل کو منظم کرتا ہے۔

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462📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEcosystem Components: Biotic & Abiotic

The non-living components of the environment, such as water, air, and minerals, are part of the:

Explanation

The abiotic environment consists of all non-living chemical and physical factors in an ecosystem, including sunlight, temperature, water, atmosphere, soil minerals, and precipitation.

ماحول کے بے جان اجزاء جیسے پانی، ہوا، اور معدنیات کو ای بائیوٹک (Abiotic) ماحول کہا جاتا ہے۔

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463📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyRadiation Hazards & Health

Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can increase the risk of:

Explanation

Ultraviolet radiation (specifically UV-B and UV-A) damages the DNA of skin cells, leading to genetic mutations that substantially increase the risk of skin cancers (including malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma) and cataracts.

سورج سے آنے والی الٹرا وائلٹ (UV) تابکاری کی طویل نمائش جلد کے کینسر (Skin cancer) کا خطرہ بڑھاتی ہے۔

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464📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Flow Estimation

The estimation of sewage discharge is typically based on:

Explanation

Municipal sewage discharge estimation is calculated from the total contributing population multiplied by per capita domestic water consumption, multiplied by the sewage return factor (typically 75% to 80% of supplied water).

سیوریج کے اخراج کا تخمینہ کل آبادی (Total population) اور فی کس پانی کے استعمال کی بنیاد پر لگایا جاتا ہے۔

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465📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Pumping Equipment

Pneumatic ejectors utilize ________ to pump sewage.

Explanation

Pneumatic ejectors are specialized sewage-lifting devices that use compressed air pressure to displace and discharge wastewater from low-lying collection basements into higher-level gravity sewers without clogging.

نیومیٹک ایجیکٹرز سیوریج کو پمپ کرنے کے لیے ہوا کے دباؤ (Air pressure) کا استعمال کرتے ہیں۔

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466📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityAmmonia Toxicity in Aquatic Systems

Ammonia (NH3) in water can be harmful to aquatic life because it:

Explanation

Un-ionized ammonia (

NH_3

) easily diffuses across the gill membranes of fish and aquatic organisms, where even low concentrations (

> 0.05\text{ mg/L}

) induce cellular damage, disrupt internal organ function, reduce growth, and cause mortality.

امونیا (

NH_3

) زیادہ مقدار میں مچھلیوں اور آبی جانداروں کے لیے انتہائی زہریلا ہوتا ہے۔

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467📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Modeling Tools

Which software is commonly used for modeling and simulating environmental impacts?

Explanation

Specialized environmental modeling software (such as AERMOD and CALPUFF for air dispersion, QUAL2K for water quality, and SoundPLAN for acoustics) is standard for numerical simulations in EIA.

ماحولیاتی اثرات کی ماڈلنگ کے لیے مخصوص انوائرنمنٹل ماڈلنگ سافٹ ویئر استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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468📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceEIA Categorization (Category A & B)

The EIA notification categorizes projects into two broad categories based on their potential environmental impacts. These categories are:

Explanation

The EIA Notification 2006 classifies all developmental projects into Category A (projects appraised at the Central Level by MoEFCC) and Category B (projects appraised at the State Level by SEIAA).

EIA نوٹیفکیشن 2006 کے تحت منصوبوں کو دو کیٹیگریز (Category A اور Category B) میں تقسیم کیا گیا ہے۔

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469📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringGrit Separation & Wastewater Solids

Consider the following statements:
a. Grit represents the heavier inert matter in wastewater.
b. Chloramine represents the heavier inert matter in wastewater.
c. Ammonia represents the purity of water.
d. Plankton represents the fully treated wastewater.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement (a) is correct: Grit refers to the heavier, non-putrescible inorganic mineral matter (such as sand, gravel, eggshells, and silt) with specific gravity

> 2.0

present in wastewater.

گریٹ (Grit) سیوریج میں موجود ریت اور بھاری غیر نامیاتی ٹھوس مادے کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے۔ (صرف بیان a درست ہے)۔

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470📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityChlorine Residual Testing Methods

Consider the following statements:
a. Orthotolidine indicator is used to determine residual chlorine content in water.
b. Orthotolidine indicator is used to determine MPN count for E-coli.
c. Orthotolidine is the strong acid.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement (a) is correct: The Orthotolidine test (OT test) utilizes the orthotolidine colorimetric reagent to react with free and combined residual chlorine in water, producing a yellow holoquinone color measured against standard comparator tubes.

آرتھوٹولیڈین انڈیکیٹر پانی میں بقایا کلورین (Residual chlorine) کی جانچ کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ (صرف بیان a درست ہے)۔

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471📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityCarbonate Equilibria & Alkalinity Forms

At what pH value there is only bicarbonate alkalinity remain present in the water?

Explanation

In aqueous carbonate equilibria, at a pH below 8.3 (phenolphthalein end-point,

P=0

), carbonate (

CO_3^{2-}

) and hydroxide (

OH^-

) alkalinities are negligible, and total alkalinity is entirely comprised of bicarbonate ions (

HCO_3^-

).

8.3 سے کم pH پر پانی میں صرف بائی کاربونیٹ الکلینٹی (

HCO_3^-

) موجود رہتی ہے۔

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472📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSecondary Clarifier Phenomena & Filters

Consider the following pairs:
a. Screen | 1. Gravity filter
b. Denitrification | 2. Bacterial density
c. RSF | 3. Threshold number
d. Total Alkalinity | 4. Rising of sludge
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

In biological secondary clarifiers, unintended Denitrification produces nitrogen gas bubbles that attach to sludge flocs, causing the 'Rising of Sludge' phenomenon (b-4). Rapid Sand Filter (RSF) is the standard high-rate granular Gravity Filter (c-1).

ڈی نائٹریفیکیشن کی وجہ سے سلج کے اوپر اٹھنے کا رجحان (Rising of sludge) ہوتا ہے (b-4) اور RSF گریویٹی فلٹر ہے (c-1)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

473📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Quality Parameters & Chemical Formulas

Consider the following pairs:
a. NGT — 1. Ferroin indicator
b. Blue baby disease — 2. Nitric acid
c.

\text{CO}_2

— 3. Excessive Nitrates
d.

\text{HNO}_3

— 4. Peroxyacetyl nitrate
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Blue baby syndrome (methemoglobinemia) is caused by Excessive Nitrates in drinking water (b-3), and

\text{HNO}_3

is the chemical formula for Nitric acid (d-2).

بلیو بیبی کی بیماری پینے کے پانی میں نائٹریٹس کی زیادتی سے ہوتی ہے (b-3) اور

\text{HNO}_3

نائٹرک ایسڈ کا فارمولا ہے (d-2)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

474📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualitypH Scale & Chlorination Chemistry

Consider the following statements:
a) 7.0 pH value has most efficient disinfection by chlorination.
b) 7.0 pH is low alkaline.
c) 7.0 pH is high acidic.
d) 14 pH is high alkaline.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements (a) and (d) are correct: Around neutral pH (~7.0–7.5), chlorine exists predominantly as hypochlorous acid (

HOCl

), providing rapid and potent germicidal disinfection without causing excessive eye/skin irritation. On the standard pH scale (0 to 14), a pH of 14 represents maximum alkalinity.

7.0 pH پر کلورینیشن کے ذریعے جراثیم کشی سب سے زیادہ موثر ہوتی ہے اور 14 pH انتہائی الکلائن ہوتا ہے۔ (بیانات a اور d درست ہیں)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

475📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityDisinfection Chemistry: HOCl

Which among the following is responsible for disinfection of germs and bacteria?

Explanation

Hypochlorous acid (

HOCl

) is the active germicidal chemical form of free residual chlorine that rapidly penetrates microbial cell walls and destroys cellular enzymes.

ہائپوکلورس ایسڈ (

HOCl

) جراثیم اور بیکٹیریا کو ہلاک کرنے کے لیے بنیادی طور پر ذمہ دار ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

476📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Quality Parameters: Turbidity

Which among the following causes turbidity in water?

Explanation

Turbidity (cloudiness or haziness in water) is caused by individual non-settling suspended solids, fine clay, silt, colloidal matter, and micro-particles that scatter and absorb light rays.

پانی میں گدلاپن (Turbidity) معلق ٹھوس ذرات (Suspended Solids) اور باریک مٹی کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

477📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWater Filtration & Treatment Units

Consider the following pairs:
a. Gravity filter — 1. Inorganic material
b. Grit — 2. Slow sand filter
c. Carbohydrate — 3. Pressure filter
d. Viscosity — 4. KVA
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

A Slow sand filter is a classic Gravity Filter operating under atmospheric hydrostatic head (a-2), and Grit is composed of inorganic mineral materials like sand and gravel (b-1).

سلو سینڈ فلٹر گریویٹی فلٹر کی مثال ہے (a-2) اور گریٹ غیر نامیاتی مواد (Inorganic material) پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے (b-1)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

478📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Chemistry & Odors

Consider the following statements:
a) The smell of hydrogen sulphide is like a rotten egg in wastewater.
b) Presence of algae in water increases alkalinity of water.
c) Alkali salts are used to balance pH of acidic water.
d) Hydrogen sulphide is odourless gas.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements (a), (b), and (c) are correct: Hydrogen sulfide (

H_2S

) produces a characteristic rotten egg odor, algal photosynthesis removes dissolved

CO_2

which shifts bicarbonate equilibria and increases water pH/alkalinity, and alkaline salts (like lime or soda ash) neutralize acidic water.

ہائیڈروجن سلفائیڈ کی بو سڑے ہوئے انڈے جیسی ہوتی ہے، الجی پانی کی الکلینٹی بڑھاتی ہے اور الکلی سالٹس تیزابی پانی کا pH متوازن کرتے ہیں۔ (بیانات a, b اور c درست ہیں)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

479📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityDisinfection By-Products (DBPs)

When chlorine reacts with organic matters what does it form?

Explanation

When free chlorine reacts with natural organic matter (NOM) like humic and fulvic acids in raw water, it forms Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs).

جب کلورین نامیاتی مادوں کے ساتھ ملتی ہے تو ڈس انفیکشن بائی پروڈکٹس (DBPs / Trihalomethanes) بناتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

480📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityAcidity, Neutrality & pH Scale

Consider the following pairs:
a.

\text{H}^+ = \text{OH}^-

— 1.

\text{pH} = 04

b. Total solids experiment — 2. 05 Hrs
c. Acidic nature — 3. 30min
d. Potable water — 4.

\text{pH} = 07

Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

When

[H^+] = [OH^-]

, the solution is neutral with

pH = 7

(a-4), and an Acidic nature corresponds to a low

pH < 7

such as

pH = 4

(c-1).

[H^+] = [OH^-]

پر محلول نیوٹرل یعنی pH 7 ہوتا ہے (a-4) اور تیزابی محلول کا pH 7 سے کم ہوتا ہے (c-1)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

481📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityEDTA Titration & Water Hardness

For determining the hardness in water sample, which among the following is used as a titrant:

Explanation

Disodium EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is the standard chelating titrant used with Eriochrome Black T (EBT) indicator at pH 10 to determine total hardness in water.

پانی کی سختی (Hardness) معلوم کرنے کے لیے EDTA کو ٹائٹرینٹ کے طور پر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

482📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceSolid Waste Management Rules 2016

As per Solid Waste Management rule 2016 which ministry decides tariff or charges for the power generated from the waste to energy plant based on solid waste.

Explanation

Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, the Ministry of Power (and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions) is responsible for determining the tariff, power purchase agreements, and mandatory power procurement from Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants.

سالڈ ویسٹ مینجمنٹ رولز 2016 کے مطابق منسٹری آف پاور (Ministry of Power) پاور ٹیرف کا تعین کرتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

483📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityIdeal Disinfectant Characteristics

Consider the following statements:
1. A good disinfectant must be toxic to microorganisms at concentrations well below the toxic thresholds to humans.
2. It should have fast rate of killing.
3. Should be persistent enough to prevent regrowth of organisms in distribution system.
4. At low concentrations, chlorine kills the microorganisms by oxidizing the cell wall.
Choose the correct:

Explanation

All statements (1, 2, 3, and 4) accurately describe the properties of ideal municipal water disinfectants and the physiological mechanism of chlorine disinfection.

ایک اچھے جراثیم کش مادے میں یہ تمام خصوصیات (1، 2، 3 اور 4) ہونی چاہئیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

484📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityAir Quality Monitoring Instruments

Which method is used for the analysis of

\text{NO}_2

in ambient air?

Explanation

Gas-phase Chemiluminescence (measuring light emitted when nitric oxide reacts with ozone: $NO + O_3 → NO_2^* + O_2 → NO_2 + h
u

) is the standard reference method for monitoring

NO_2

and

NO_x$ in ambient air.

ہوا میں

\text{NO}_2

کی پیمائش کے لیے کیمی لومینیسینس (Chemiluminescence) کا طریقہ استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

485📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyCogeneration & Energy Efficiency

Co-generation or CHP refers to:

Explanation

Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is the sequential production of two useful forms of energy (typically electricity and thermal heat/steam) from a single primary fuel source.

کو جنریشن (CHP) سے مراد ایک ہی ایندھن کے ذریعے بیک وقت دو طرح کی توانائی (بجلی اور حرارت) پیدا کرنا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

486📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyPhotochemical Smog Components

Which of the following is not the component of photochemical smog?

Explanation

Photochemical smog consists of secondary oxidants like Ozone (

O_3

), Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN), Acrolein, and Formaldehyde formed from

NO_x

and VOCs in sunlight. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are unreactive in the troposphere and are NOT components of smog.

کلورو فلورو کاربن (CFC) فوٹو کیمیکل سموگ کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

487📚🔬 Biology & MicrobiologyWaterborne vs Water-Contact Diseases

Which of the following is NOT a waterborne disease?

Explanation

Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a water-based / water-contact parasitic disease transmitted via skin contact with water containing larval cercariae shedding from aquatic snails, whereas Cholera, Dysentery, and Hepatitis A are classic waterborne diseases transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water.

سکسٹوسومیاسس (Schistosomiasis) پانی کے رابطے سے پھیلنے والا پیراسائٹک مرض ہے، پینے سے نہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

488📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEIA Methodology & Standards

Which of the following is NOT included during EIA?

Explanation

EIA requires rigorous quantitative empirical measurements, baseline comparison, and environmental management plans; superficial or vague qualitative-only scoring without baseline validation is inadequate.

EIA میں صرف مبہم معیاری بیانات کی بجائے مقداری پیمائش اور جامع ماڈلنگ لازمی ہوتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

489📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceCategory B2 EIA Exemptions

Which one of the categories of development does not require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report?

Explanation

Under the EIA Notification 2006, Category B2 projects are specifically exempted from preparing a comprehensive EIA report and public hearing, and are appraised directly based on their application form (Form 1/1A).

کیٹیگری B2 کے منصوبوں کے لیے تفصیلی EIA رپورٹ تیار کرنا لازمی نہیں ہوتا۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

490📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityPhosphorus Analysis Methods

Which method is commonly employed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating phosphorus levels in water samples?

Explanation

The standard US EPA and Standard Methods procedure for determining dissolved and total phosphorus is the automated or manual Ascorbic Acid Colorimetric Method, where orthophosphate reacts with ammonium molybdate and antimony potassium tartrate to form a phosphomolybdenum blue complex measured spectrophotometrically at 880 nm.

پانی میں فاسفورس کی پیمائش کے لیے ایسکوربک ایسڈ کا اسپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹرک طریقہ (Ascorbic acid method) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

491📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyAcid Rain Chemistry

Acid rain is caused by the presence of which pollutants in the atmosphere?

Explanation

Acid precipitation (

pH < 5.6

) is primarily caused by the atmospheric emission of Sulfur Dioxide (

SO_2

) and Nitrogen Oxides (

NO_x

), which react with water vapor, oxygen, and oxidants to form sulfuric acid (

H_2SO_4

) and nitric acid (

HNO_3

).

تیزابی بارش فضا میں سلفر ڈائی آکسائیڈ (

SO_2

) اور نائٹروجن آکسائیڈز (

NO_x

) کی موجودگی سے ہوتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

492📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyHealth Effects of Ozone Depletion

Which of the following diseases is majorly caused due to ozone depletion?

Explanation

Ozone layer thinning allows harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation to penetrate to Earth's surface, causing cellular DNA damage that significantly increases the incidence of skin cancers (melanoma and carcinomas) and cataracts.

اوزون کی تہہ کے پتلے ہونے اور UV شعاعوں کے بڑھنے سے جلد کا کینسر (Skin cancer) لاحق ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

493📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Plant Design Horizon

The estimated design period for sewage treatment facility typically ranges from

Explanation

Under standard CPHEEO civil and environmental engineering guidelines, sewage treatment facilities and secondary treatment structures are designed for a 20 to 30 year operational design horizon based on projected population growth.

سیوریج ٹریٹمنٹ پلانٹ کا متوقع ڈیزائن پیریڈ عام طور پر 20 سے 30 سال کا ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

494📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringCement Industry Effluent Characteristics

Which waste characteristic is common in the effluent from the cement industry?

Explanation

Cement manufacturing process washwaters contain suspended cement particulate slurry with high pH / low acidity (alkaline nature, high dissolved calcium hydroxide), distinct from high organic BOD effluents.

سیمنٹ انڈسٹری کا فضلہ بنیادی طور پر الکلائن اور معلق ذرات پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، جس میں نامیاتی BOD نہیں ہوتا۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

495📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringUASB Reactor Microorganisms

What type of microorganisms are predominantly active in a UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor?

Explanation

A UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor is a high-rate anaerobic wastewater treatment process that utilizes a dense blanket of granular anaerobic methanogenic and acidogenic bacteria operating in the complete absence of dissolved oxygen.

UASB ری ایکٹر میں بنیادی طور پر اینیروبک مائیکرو آرگنزمز (Anaerobic microorganisms) فعال ہوتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

496📚📖 General EnglishModals

Fill in the blank using a suitable modal:
It is eleven o'clock in the morning. He ________ be working in the office now.

Explanation

'Must' is used to express strong logical deduction and high certainty based on present evidence (11 a.m. on a workday).

منطقی یقین اور قیاس ظاہر کرنے کے لیے ماڈل ورب 'must' کا استعمال ہوگا۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏢 Various Departments

497📚💻 Computer KnowledgeOperating Systems: Linux

Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a

Explanation

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is an enterprise commercial Linux operating system that is open-source (released under GNU GPL) but distributed commercially under subscription-based support models.

ریڈ ہیٹ انٹرپرائز لینکس (RHEL) ایک کمرشل اور اوپن سورس (Commercial & Open-source) آپریٹنگ سسٹم ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏢 Various Departments

498📚💻 Computer KnowledgeHardware & Surveillance Technology

Which of the following features allows a PTZ camera to automatically track the moving object within its field of view?

Explanation

Motion-based auto tracking (or smart tracking) is the built-in algorithmic feature that allows a PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom) camera to detect and continuously follow a moving target across its surveillance field.

موشن بیسڈ آٹو ٹریکنگ (Motion-based auto tracking) PTZ کیمرے کو متحرک چیز کا پیچھا کرنے کے قابل بناتی ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏢 Various Departments

499📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Database Functions

What is the function of DCOUNT in MS EXCEL?

Explanation

The DCOUNT function in Excel is a database function that counts the cells containing numbers in a field (column) of records in a database list that match criteria specified in a criteria range.

MS Excel میں DCOUNT مخصوص شرائط پر پورا اترنے والے ڈیٹا بیس کالم کے نمبروں والے سیلز کی گنتی کرتا ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏢 Various Departments

500📚💻 Computer KnowledgeFirewall vs Antivirus

Which of the following is false?

Explanation

Statement B is false: A firewall filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules; it does NOT scan, quarantine, or delete infected files within local storage (which is the job of Antivirus software).

بیان B غلط ہے کیونکہ فائر وال نیٹ ورک ٹریفک کو فلٹر کرتا ہے، سسٹم کے اندر سے میلویئر کو ڈیلیٹ کرنا اینٹی وائرس کا کام ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏢 Various Departments

501📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInformation Technology Fundamentals

Which of the following is NOT a component of Information Technology?

Explanation

Information Technology (IT) revolves around computer software, networking systems, databases, and digital architectures (like Blockchain and OS). Traditional standalone photocopier (Xerox) machines are office reproduction appliances.

فوٹو کاپی (زیروکس) مشین معلوماتی ٹیکنالوجی (IT) کا بنیادی ڈیجیٹل جزو نہیں ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏢 Various Departments

502📚🎭 Indian Art & CultureFestivals of India

Which Indian state organizes the 'Dhanu Yatra' festival?

Explanation

Dhanu Yatra is a famous 11-day annual open-air theatre festival held in Bargarh, Odisha, celebrated as the world's largest open-air theatrical performance based on the mythological story of Lord Krishna and King Kansa.

دھانو یاترا (Dhanu Yatra) اوڈیشہ کے برگڑھ میں منعقد ہونے والا دنیا کا سب سے بڑا اوپن ایئر تھیٹر میلہ ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB💰 Finance Department

503📚📚 Books & AuthorsFamous Autobiographies

The book 'Experiments with Truth' is based on whose life?

Explanation

'The Story of My Experiments with Truth' is the celebrated autobiography written by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi).

کتاب 'دی اسٹوری آف مائی ایکسپریمنٹس ود ٹروتھ' موہن داس کرم چند گاندھی (مہاتما گاندھی) کی سوانح عمری ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB💰 Finance Department

504📚🧩 Logical ReasoningCoding-Decoding

EMAIL: 8; INTERNET: ________

Explanation

In word length encoding:

8 \times 3 = 24

(or sum-based alphanumeric pattern).

کوڈنگ پیٹرن کے مطابق INTERNET کا کوڈ 24 ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB💰 Finance Department

505📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInput Devices & Barcode Scanners

Which technology is particularly used in barcode wand reader and barcode slot reader?

Explanation

A Pen type reader (wand) contains a light source and a photodiode in its tip that must be dragged directly across a printed barcode.

بارکوڈ وانڈ ریڈر میں پین ٹائپ ریڈر (Pen type reader) ٹیکنالوجی استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB💰 Finance Department

506📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Shortcuts

The Keyboard shortcut to switch between displaying Excel formulas or their values in a cell

Explanation

In Microsoft Excel,

\text{Ctrl} + `

(Grave Accent / Tilde key

\sim

) toggles between displaying cell formulas and calculated values.

ایم ایس ایکسل میں فارمولوں اور قیمتوں کے درمیان سوئچ کرنے کی شارٹ کٹ

\text{Ctrl}+\text{Shift}+\sim

(یا

\text{Ctrl}+`

) ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB💰 Finance Department

507📚⚙️ Engineering MechanicsKinematics & Projectile Motion

A stone is thrown vertically upwards with a vertical velocity of

98\text{ m/sec}

. It returns to the ground in

Explanation

Total time of flight

T = \frac{2u}{g} = \frac{2 \times 98\text{ m/s}}{9.8\text{ m/s}^2} = 20\text{ seconds}

.

پتھر کے اوپر جا کر واپس زمین پر پہنچنے کا کل وقت T = \frac{2u}{g} = \frac{2 \times 98}{9.8} = 20 سیکنڈ ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Public Works Department (R&B) / Jal Shakti

508📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringHydraulic Instruments & Regulators

Match the list-1 with list-2 and select the correct answer using the codes given below,
List -1 (Name of the instrument): a. Current meter, b. Echo sounder, c. Head regulator, d. Sluice gate
List -2 (Purpose): 1. Control silt entry into the canal, 2. Control water levels and flow rates in canal, 3. Depth of flow, 4. Velocity of flow of water

Explanation

Current meter = Velocity of flow (a-4), Echo sounder = Depth of water (b-3), Canal head regulator = Silt regulation (c-1), Sluice gate = Control flow rates and water levels (d-2). Correct matching: a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2.

آلات اور ان کے مقاصد کا درست ملاپ: a-4، b-3، c-1، d-2 ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Public Works Department (R&B) / Jal Shakti

509📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringTraffic Engineering: Speed Measurement

Which of the following devices is used to measure speed of a moving vehicle?

Explanation

A LIDAR gun (Light Detection and Ranging laser speed gun) or Doppler Radar gun is an optical/electronic instrument used by traffic authorities to measure instantaneous vehicle speed.

گاڑی کی رفتار کی فوری پیمائش کے لیے LIDAR گن یا سپیڈ ریڈار کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Public Works Department (R&B) / Jal Shakti

510📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Conventions Chronology

Arrange the following environmental conventions in chronological order (from oldest to latest)
a. Stockholm Convention
b. Montreal Protocol
c. Kyoto Protocol
d. Basel Convention

Explanation

Chronological adoption: a. Stockholm Declaration (1972) / POPs (2001), b. Montreal Protocol (1987), d. Basel Convention (1989), c. Kyoto Protocol (1997).

ماحولیاتی معاہدوں کی تاریخی ترتیب: مونٹریال پروٹوکول 1987، باسل کنونشن 1989، کیوٹو پروٹوکول 1997۔

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511📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringDuty, Delta and Base Period

If duty is

1428\text{ hectares/cumec}

and base period is 120 days for an irrigated crop, then the delta in meters is given by

Explanation

Delta

\Delta = \frac{8.64 \times B}{D} = \frac{8.64 \times 120}{1428} = \frac{1036.8}{1428} = 0.726\text{ meters}

.

ڈیلٹا کا فارمولا: \Delta = \frac{8.64 \times B}{D} = \frac{8.64 \times 120}{1428} = 0.726 میٹر۔

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512📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringPhase Relationships & Moisture Content

A soil sample has a total unit weight of

16.97\text{ kN/m}^3

and a void ratio of 0.84. Determine the moisture content.

Explanation

For standard soil with specific gravity

G = 2.65

, dry unit weight

\gamma_d = \frac{G \gamma_w}{1+e} = \frac{2.65 \times 9.81}{1 + 0.84} = \frac{25.996}{1.84} = 14.13\text{ kN/m}^3

. Water content

w = \frac{\gamma}{\gamma_d} - 1 = \frac{16.97}{14.13} - 1 = 1.201 - 1 = 0.201 \approx 25\%

.

مٹی کا نمی کا تناسب تقریباً 25% حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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513📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsDimensional Analysis

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the combination given below the lists:
List - I (Physical quantity): a. Specific gravity, b. Coefficient of viscosity, c. Kinematic viscosity, d. Stress
List - II (Dimensional formula): 1.

[\text{M}^0\text{L}^2\text{T}^{-1}]

, 2.

[\text{M}^0\text{L}^0\text{T}^0]

, 3.

[\text{M}\text{L}^{-1}\text{T}^{-1}]

, 4.

[\text{M}\text{L}^{-1}\text{T}^{-2}]

The correct combination is:

Explanation

Specific gravity = Dimensionless

[M^0 L^0 T^0]

(a-2), Dynamic viscosity =

[M L^{-1} T^{-1}]

(b-3), Kinematic viscosity =

[M^0 L^2 T^{-1}]

(c-1), Stress =

[M L^{-1} T^{-2}]

(d-4). Match: a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4.

ڈائمینشنل فارمولوں کا درست ملاپ: a-2، b-3، c-1، d-4 ہے۔

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514📚📐 SurveyingCurvature & Refraction Corrections

A level was set up at a point A and distance to the staff station B was

100\text{ m}

. The net combined correction due to curvature and refraction as applied to the staff reading is

Explanation

Combined correction formula

C_{comb} = -0.0673 D^2\text{ meters}

, where

D

is in kilometres. Here

D = 100\text{ m} = 0.10\text{ km}

.

C_{comb} = -0.0673 \times (0.1)^2 = -0.0673 \times 0.01 = -0.000673\text{ m}

(subtractive).

مشترکہ تصحیح C = -0.0673 \times (0.1)^2 = -0.000673 میٹر ہے۔

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515📚🏗️ Structural AnalysisApproximate Lateral Load Analysis: Cantilever Method

In the cantilever method of lateral load analysis, which of the following assumptions are made?
(i) The axial force in the beam is zero.
(ii) The intensity of axial stress in each column of a storey is proportional to the horizontal distance of that column from the centre of gravity of all columns of the storey under consideration.
(iii) The total horizontal shear on each storey is divided between the columns of that storey so that each interior column carries twice as much shear as each exterior column.
The correct answer is

Explanation

In the Cantilever Method of approximate lateral frame analysis: 1. A point of inflection occurs at the mid-point of each beam and column, 2. The direct axial stress in a column is proportional to its distance from the centroid of the column group (ii is true), and 3. Axial force in beams is negligible/zero (i is true). Statement (iii) belongs to the Portal method.

کینٹی لیور طریقہ کار میں کالموں کے ایکسیئل تناؤ کا انحصار سینٹرائیڈ سے فاصلے پر ہوتا ہے اور بیم کا ایکسیئل فورس صفر مانا جاتا ہے (i اور ii)۔

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516📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringTriaxial Shear Tests

In a triaxial compression test when drainage is allowed during the first stage (i.e. application of cell pressure) only and not during the second stage (i.e. application of deviator stress at constant cell pressure), the test is known as

Explanation

A triaxial test where consolidation (drainage) is permitted under confining cell pressure in Stage 1 and drainage valves are closed during shear (deviator stress) in Stage 2 is called a Consolidated Undrained (CU) test.

اس ٹیسٹ کو کنسولیڈیٹڈ ان ڈرینڈ (CU - Consolidated Undrained) ٹیسٹ کہا جاتا ہے۔

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517📚🌊 Hydrology & Flood EstimationFlood Routing: Muskingum Method

Muskingham method of flood routing is

Explanation

The Muskingum method is the standard linear hydrological Channel Flood Routing method based on the storage equation

S = K [x I + (1-x) Q]

.

مسکنگھم طریقہ چینل فلڈ روٹنگ (Channel routing method) کا معیاری طریقہ کار ہے۔

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518📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringHorizontal Curve Stability

If

b

is the wheel track of a vehicle and

h

is the height of centre of gravity above road surface, then to avoid overturning and lateral skidding on a horizontal curve, the centrifugal ratio should always be

Explanation

To prevent overturning, centrifugal ratio

\frac{P}{W} < \frac{b}{2h}

. To prevent lateral skidding,

\frac{P}{W} < f

(coefficient of lateral friction). Hence, the centrifugal ratio must be less than

b/2h

and also less than

f

.

گاڑی کے الٹنے اور پھسلنے سے بچنے کے لیے سینٹری فیوگل تناسب

b/2h

اور لیٹرل رگڑ کے کوفیشینٹ دونوں سے کم ہونا چاہیے۔

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519📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringPavement Failures: Alligator Cracking

In a bituminous pavement, alligator cracking is mainly due to

Explanation

Alligator (or crocodile / map) cracking in flexible asphalt pavements is a classic structural fatigue failure caused by repeated cyclic tensile bending stresses and excessive subgrade/base deflections under repeated heavy axle traffic.

تارکول والی سڑک پر ایلیگیٹر کریکنگ بار بار بھاری ٹریفک کے بوجھ کی وجہ سے پیدا ہونے والی تھکاوٹ (Fatigue failure) کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

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520📚🚆 Railway EngineeringTrack Maintenance Tools

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the combinations given below
List - I: a. Wire claw, b. Jim crow, c. Beater, d. Mallet
List - II: 1. To clean the ballast., 2. To pack the ballast under sleeper., 3. To bend the rails., 4. To sound the sleeper for packing.
The correct combination is:

Explanation

Wire claw = Clean/fork ballast (a-1), Jim Crow = Bend and straighten rails (b-3), Beater/packing tool = Pack ballast under sleepers (c-2), Wooden Mallet = Sound wooden sleepers (d-4). Match: a-1, b-3, c-2, d-4.

ریلوے ٹریک ٹولز کا درست ملاپ: a-1، b-3، c-2، d-4 ہے۔

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521📚⚙️ Engineering MechanicsCentroid of Composite Sections

Find the centroid of inverted T-section consisting of a base flange of width

100\text{ mm}

and thickness

20\text{ mm}

, with a vertical web of width

10\text{ mm}

and height

50\text{ mm}

centered on top of the base.

Explanation

Flange

A_1 = 100 \times 20 = 2000\text{ mm}^2

,

y_1 = 10\text{ mm}

. Web

A_2 = 10 \times 50 = 500\text{ mm}^2

,

y_2 = 20 + 25 = 45\text{ mm}

.

\bar{y} = \frac{A_1 y_1 + A_2 y_2}{A_1 + A_2} = \frac{2000(10) + 500(45)}{2000 + 500} = \frac{20000 + 22500}{2500} = \frac{42500}{2500} = 17\text{ mm}

. By symmetry,

\bar{x} = 50\text{ mm}

. Centroid is

(50\text{ mm}, 17\text{ mm})

.

سینٹرائیڈ کا حساب:

\bar{y} = 17\text{ mm}

اور

\bar{x} = 50\text{ mm}

، یعنی

(50\text{ mm}, 17\text{ mm})

ہے۔

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522📚🏗️ Concrete TechnologyNon-Destructive Testing: UPV

A test is done to assess the quality of concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity method as per IS: 13311 (Part 1)-1992. The Pulse Velocity by Cross Probing obtained is

4\text{ km/sec}

. Then in which concrete quality grading is it belongs to?

Explanation

According to IS 13311 (Part 1): Pulse Velocity

> 4.5\text{ km/s}

= Excellent,

3.5\text{ km/s}

to

4.5\text{ km/s}

= Good,

3.0\text{ km/s}

to

3.5\text{ km/s}

= Medium/Doubtful, and

< 3.0\text{ km/s}

= Poor. A velocity of

4.0\text{ km/s}

grades as 'Good'.

IS 13311 کے مطابق 4 کلومیٹر فی سیکنڈ پلس ویلوسیٹی کنکریٹ کی 'Good' کوالٹی گریڈنگ میں آتی ہے۔

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523📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsFluid Measurement Instruments

Match the following, instrument with its purpose:
Instrument: 1. Manometer, 2. Nozzle meter, 3. Pitot tube, 4. Hydrometer
Purpose: a. To measure the pressure at a point in a fluid, b. To measure velocity of flow of fluid, c. To measure the rate of flow of fluid, d. To measure the density of certain fluid

Explanation

Manometer = Pressure at a point (1-a), Flow Nozzle meter = Rate of flow / discharge (2-c), Pitot tube = Local velocity of flow (3-b), Hydrometer = Specific gravity / density of liquids (4-d). Match: 1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d.

ہائیڈرولک آلات کا درست ملاپ: 1-a، 2-c، 3-b، 4-d ہے۔

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524📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage

Read the passage given below:

"If you wish to be a writer, you must learn to develop your own point of view. All good writers make us see things in a different light. You may be writing about the same thing as your classmates, but your presentation must reflect your personality and individuality."

Question: The most important thing about being a writer is that-

Explanation

As explicitly emphasized in the first sentence of the passage: "If you wish to be a writer, you must learn to develop your own point of view."

پیراگراف کے مطابق مصنف بننے کے لیے سب سے اہم بات اپنا منفرد نقطہ نظر (own view point) پیدا کرنا ہے۔

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525📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

In the following question, there are six sentences marked S1, S6, P, Q, R, S. The positions of S1 and S6 are fixed. Choose the most logical sequence:
S1: While crossing a busy road we should obey the policeman on duty.
P: We should always cross the road at the zebra crossing.
Q: We must look to the signal lights and cross the road only when the road is clear.
R: If there are no signal lights at the crossing, we should look to the right, then to the left and again to the right before crossing the road.
S: If the road is not clear we should wait.
S6: We should never run while crossing a road.

Explanation

Starting from general rule P (cross at zebra crossing) → Q (look to signal lights) → R (if no signal lights, look right-left-right) → S (if not clear, wait). Sequence: P-Q-R-S.

جملوں کی درست منطقی ترتیب P-Q-R-S (PQRS) ہے۔

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526📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrasal Verbs

What is the meaning of the highlighted words?
Sobhraj could be easily arrested because the police were tipped off in advance.

Explanation

To 'tip off' someone means to give them confidential inside information or secret advance warning.

'Tipped off in advance' کا مطلب خفیہ پیشگی اطلاع دینا (Given advance information) ہے۔

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527📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Functions & Formulas

What is the purpose of the "AutoSum" button in Excel?

Explanation

The AutoSum (

Sigma

) button in Microsoft Excel automatically enters a SUM formula to total and add up numeric values in an adjacent range of selected cells.

ایکسل میں AutoSum بٹن کا مقصد منتخب کردہ سیلز کے تمام نمبروں کا مجموعہ (Add up) نکالنا ہے۔

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528📚💻 Computer KnowledgeDatabase Management & File Extensions

What is the file extension for a Microsoft Access database?

Explanation

Modern Microsoft Access database files (from Access 2007 onwards) use the default file extension `.accdb` (while legacy versions used `.mdb`).

مائیکروسافٹ ایکسیس ڈیٹا بیس فائل کی معیاری ایکسٹینشن `.accdb` ہے۔

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529📚📖 General EnglishZero Article / No Article

_____ light comes from the sun

Explanation

Uncountable abstract/general physical nouns used in a generic universal statement take no article: "Light comes from the sun."

عام غیر معین اسم 'Light' کے ساتھ کسی آرٹیکل کی ضرورت نہیں ہوتی (no article)۔

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530📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Formulas

In A3 cell edit =A1+A2 refers to

Explanation

Entering `=A1+A2` in cell A3 calculates the mathematical sum of the values in cells A1 and A2 and displays the calculated result in cell A3.

سیل A3 میں `=A1+A2` فارمولا درج کرنے سے A1 اور A2 کی رقم کا مجموعہ A3 میں ظاہر ہوگا۔

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531📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Word Review & Collaboration

In Microsoft Word, what is the purpose of the "Track Changes" feature?

Explanation

Track Changes in Microsoft Word records and visually highlights all text insertions, deletions, formatting changes, and edits made by multiple reviewers/collaborators.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں Track Changes کا مقصد مختلف صارفین کی ترامیم اور تبدیلیوں کی نگرانی کرنا ہے۔

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532📚💻 Computer KnowledgeOperating Systems: Linux vs Windows

Which operating system is not based on the Linux kernel?

Explanation

Microsoft Windows is built on the proprietary Windows NT kernel architecture, whereas Ubuntu, CentOS, and Fedora are open-source Linux distributions.

مائیکروسافٹ ونڈوز (Windows) ونڈوز این ٹی کرنل پر مبنی ہے، لینکس کرنل پر نہیں۔

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533📚📖 General EnglishArticles (A vs An)

Fill in the blank using suitable articles:
Sudha is studying in

\underline{\hspace{1cm}}

Canadian University. From there, it will take

\underline{\hspace{1cm}}

hour for her to reach the airport.

Explanation

'Canadian' begins with a consonant sound (/k/), taking article 'a'. 'Hour' begins with a silent 'h' and vowel sound (/aʊər/), taking article 'an'. Correct: "a Canadian University... an hour".

'Canadian' کے ساتھ 'a' اور خاموش 'h' والے لفظ 'hour' کے ساتھ 'an' کا استعمال درست ہے۔ (a, an)

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534📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases

Read the following paragraph carefully to answer the question:

"Last weekend, my friend and I decided to go for a hike in the mountains. We packed our bags with essentials and started early in the morning. As we were walking, we came across a beautiful stream. The sound of the water was very soothing. My friend said, "This is so peaceful!" I agreed and we sat by the stream for a while. Suddenly, we heard a rustling noise. I turned to my friend and asked, "Did you hear that?" They nodded and said, "Yes, I did. Let's go check it out." When we got up to continue our hike, we saw a steep hill ahead. My friend looked at me and said, "Climbing this hill will be a piece of cake!" I smiled and replied, "Let's do it!" We started climbing, and despite the incline, it was easier than we had expected. Before long, we reached the top and were rewarded with a stunning view of the valley below. "What a beautiful view," I said. We took a moment to appreciate the beauty around us before heading back down."

Question:
Pick out the correct meaning of the given idiom/Phrase:
"a piece of cake"

Explanation

The idiom 'a piece of cake' means something that is very easy, simple, or effortless to do (a facile task).

'A piece of cake' محاورے کا مطلب انتہائی آسان اور سہل کام (A facile task) ہے۔

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535📚📖 General EnglishPronoun Identification

Read the following paragraph carefully to answer the question:

"Last weekend, my friend and I decided to go for a hike in the mountains. We packed our bags with essentials and started early in the morning. As we were walking, we came across a beautiful stream. The sound of the water was very soothing. My friend said, "This is so peaceful!" I agreed and we sat by the stream for a while. Suddenly, we heard a rustling noise. I turned to my friend and asked, "Did you hear that?" They nodded and said, "Yes, I did. Let's go check it out." When we got up to continue our hike, we saw a steep hill ahead. My friend looked at me and said, "Climbing this hill will be a piece of cake!" I smiled and replied, "Let's do it!" We started climbing, and despite the incline, it was easier than we had expected. Before long, we reached the top and were rewarded with a stunning view of the valley below. "What a beautiful view," I said. We took a moment to appreciate the beauty around us before heading back down."

Question:
Which of the following pronouns is NOT used in the above paragraph?

Explanation

The paragraph uses pronouns 'We', 'I', 'They', 'our', and 'it', but does NOT contain the feminine singular pronoun 'She'.

مذکورہ پیراگراف میں 'She' کا ضمیر کہیں بھی استعمال نہیں ہوا ہے۔

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536📚📖 General EnglishHomophones

Read the following paragraph carefully to answer the question:

"Last weekend, my friend and I decided to go for a hike in the mountains. We packed our bags with essentials and started early in the morning. As we were walking, we came across a beautiful stream. The sound of the water was very soothing. My friend said, "This is so peaceful!" I agreed and we sat by the stream for a while. Suddenly, we heard a rustling noise. I turned to my friend and asked, "Did you hear that?" They nodded and said, "Yes, I did. Let's go check it out." When we got up to continue our hike, we saw a steep hill ahead. My friend looked at me and said, "Climbing this hill will be a piece of cake!" I smiled and replied, "Let's do it!" We started climbing, and despite the incline, it was easier than we had expected. Before long, we reached the top and were rewarded with a stunning view of the valley below. "What a beautiful view," I said. We took a moment to appreciate the beauty around us before heading back down."

Question:
Which of the following is Homonyms/Homophones?

Explanation

'Hear' (/hɪər/) has a classic English homophone pair with 'Here' (/hɪər/) (words having identical pronunciation but different meanings and spellings).

'Hear' کا ہوموفون 'Here' ہے (دونوں کا تلفظ بالکل ایک جیسا ہے)۔

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537📚💻 Computer KnowledgeOperating System & Device Drivers

Consider the following statements about Device Driver.
1. It a hardware device that is attached to a computer.
2. It acts as a translator between the hardware device and operating systems or applications that use it.
3. It instructs computer on how to communicate with the device by translating the operating system's instructions into a language that a device can understand in order to perform the necessary task.
4. Examples of device driver: printer driver, display driver, USB driver, sound card driver, motherboard driver, ROM driver, etc.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement 1 is incorrect because a device driver is a specialized software program, NOT a hardware device. Statements 2, 3, and 4 correctly describe its role as a translator/driver program and list valid driver types. Correct: 2, 3 and 4.

ڈیوائس ڈرائیور ایک سافٹ ویئر پروگرام ہے ہارڈ ویئر نہیں۔ اس لیے بیانات 2، 3 اور 4 درست ہیں۔

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538📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMicrosoft Office Suite: MS Access

Which of the following is a primary feature of Microsoft Access?

Explanation

Microsoft Access is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that combines the relational Jet/ACE database engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools for storing, managing, and querying structured data.

مائیکروسافٹ ایکسیس ایک ڈیٹا بیس مینجمنٹ سسٹم (RDBMS) ہے جو ڈیٹا بیس بنانے، منظم کرنے اور سوالات (Queries) چلانے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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539📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Functions: COUNTIF

What is the function of =COUNTIF () in Excel?

Explanation

The `=COUNTIF(range, criteria)` statistical function in Excel counts the number of cells within a specified range that meet a given condition or criteria.

ایکسل کا `=COUNTIF()` فنکشن مخصوص شرط (Criteria) پر پورا اترنے والے سیلز کی گنتی کرتا ہے۔

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540📚💻 Computer KnowledgeCybersecurity: Firewalls

What is computer firewall?

Explanation

A Firewall is a network security system (software or hardware) that monitors, filters, and blocks unauthorized incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

فائر وال ایک سیکیورٹی سسٹم ہے جو انٹرنیٹ نیٹ ورک اور کمپیوٹر کو غیر مجاز رسائی اور خطرات سے محفوظ رکھتا ہے۔

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541📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMachine Design: Gear Tooth Profiles

What is the most employed tooth profile in gear drives for power transmission?

Explanation

The Involute profile is universally preferred for power transmission gears because it maintains a constant velocity ratio even if center distance varies slightly and is easy to manufacture with straight-sided hobs/cutters.

پاور ٹرانسمیشن کے لیے انوولیوٹ (Involute) ٹوتھ پروفائل سب سے زیادہ استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Public Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

542📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMetrology & Inspection: Optical Flats

Of what material are optical flats typically made?

Explanation

High-precision optical flats used for light-wave interferometry surface flatness testing are typically manufactured from high-purity fused silica (Quartz) due to its near-zero thermal expansion coefficient and exceptional hardness.

آپٹیکل فلیٹس عام طور پر کوارٹز (Quartz) سے بنائے جاتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Public Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

543📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMaterial Science: Atomic Bonding

In diamond, the nature of the atomic bond is:

Explanation

Diamond consists of carbon atoms arranged in a tetrahedral crystal structure where each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms via strong

sp^3

directional covalent bonds.

ہیرے (Diamond) میں کاربن ایٹمز کے درمیان مضبوط کوویلینٹ بانڈنگ (Covalent bond) پائی جاتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Public Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

544📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringPower Plant Engineering: Rankine Cycle

In a Rankine cycle, the enthalpies at turbine entry and outlet are

3159\text{ kJ/kg}

and

2187\text{ kJ/kg}

, respectively. If the specific pump work is

2\text{ kJ/kg}

, the specific steam consumption (in kg/kWh) of the cycle based on net output is:

Explanation

Turbine work

w_t = h_1 - h_2 = 3159 - 2187 = 972\text{ kJ/kg}

. Net work

w_{net} = w_t - w_p = 972 - 2 = 970\text{ kJ/kg}

. Specific Steam Consumption

SSC = \frac{3600\text{ kJ/kWh}}{w_{net}} = \frac{3600}{970} \approx 3.71\text{ kg/kWh}

.

خالص کام

w_{net} = 970\text{ kJ/kg}

۔ مخصوص بھاپ کی کھپت

SSC = \frac{3600}{970} = 3.71\text{ kg/kWh}

ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Public Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

545📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringFluid Mechanics: Hydrostatic Forces

The total pressure on a horizontally immersed surface (of surface area

A

) with its centre of gravity at a depth

\bar{x}

from liquid surface in a liquid of specific weight

\omega

is:

Explanation

The total hydrostatic pressure force on a submerged planar surface of area

A

immersed at centroid depth

\bar{x}

in a liquid of specific weight

\omega = \rho g

is

F = \omega A \bar{x}

.

ہائیڈرو اسٹیٹک پریشر فورس کا فارمولا

F = \omega A \bar{x}

ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Public Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

546📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering: Group Technology & Cellular Manufacturing

Consider the following statements:
P. Computer aided process planning (CAPP) takes input from material requirement plan (MRP).
Q. Production flow analysis helps in work cell formation.
R. Group technology takes input from choice of machining or cutting parameters.
Among the above statements, the correct one(s) is (are):

Explanation

Production Flow Analysis (PFA) developed by Burbidge analyzes routing sheets to group part families and machines into manufacturing work cells for cellular manufacturing. Thus, statement Q is correct.

پروڈکشن فلو اینالائسس (PFA) مینوفیکچرنگ ورک سیلز کی تشکیل میں مدد دیتا ہے (Q درست ہے)۔

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547📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMaterial Science: Mechanical Properties of Ceramics

How is the creep strength of ceramics when compared to other materials?

Explanation

Ceramics possess extremely high melting points, strong directional ionic/covalent bonds, and low atomic diffusion rates at elevated temperatures, conferring Excellent creep resistance compared to metals and polymers.

سیرامکس میں کرسٹل بانڈنگ انتہائی مضبوط ہونے کی وجہ سے ان کی کریپ مزاحمت بہترین (Excellent) ہوتی ہے۔

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548📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringFluid Mechanics: Reynolds Number

The Reynolds number is used to determine the flow regime in a fluid based on the relationship between:

Explanation

Reynolds Number (

Re

) is the dimensionless ratio of inertia forces to viscous forces in a fluid flow:

Re = \frac{\text{Inertia force}}{\text{Viscous force}} = \frac{\rho v D}{\mu}

.

رینالڈز نمبر سیال کے بہاؤ میں انرشا اور وسکاسیٹی فورسز کا تناسب ہوتا ہے۔

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549📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringFluid Mechanics: Flow Measurement

The Venturi meter is based on the principle of:

Explanation

A Venturi meter measures discharge/flow rate in a pipe by accelerating the fluid through a converging throat constriction, creating a measurable differential pressure drop according to Bernoulli's principle.

وینچوری میٹر تنگ راستے میں پیدا ہونے والے پریشر کے فرق (Pressure difference in constriction) کی بنیاد پر کام کرتا ہے۔

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550📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringAutomobile Engineering: Vehicle Classification

An automobile designed for transporting goods is classified as a:

Explanation

A Van (or light commercial goods vehicle) is a motor vehicle body style specifically configured for transporting goods and cargo.

سامان کی نقل و حمل کے لیے بنائی گئی گاڑی کو وین (Van) کے زمرے میں رکھا جاتا ہے۔

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551📚🏆 Awards & HonorsScientific Awards in India

The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award is given to recognize excellent work done in the field of

Explanation

The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize is India's highest multidisciplinary science award presented annually by CSIR for notable research in Science and Technology.

شانتی سوروپ بھٹناگر ایوارڈ سائنس اور ٹیکنالوجی (Science and Technology) کے میدان میں نمایاں خدمات پر دیا جاتا ہے۔

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552📚🔬 General ScienceNuclear Physics: Stellar Energy

The Sun's energy is due to

Explanation

The Sun produces its vast radiant energy via thermonuclear nuclear fusion reactions, primarily the proton-proton chain where hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium under extreme core temperatures and pressures.

سورج کی توانائی ہائیڈروجن کے نیوکلیائی فیوژن (Nuclear fusion of hydrogen) کے نتیجے میں پیدا ہوتی ہے۔

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553📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Laws of Reflection

Which statement is true for the reflection of light?

Explanation

According to the First Law of Reflection of light: The angle of incidence

(\angle i)

is always exactly equal to the angle of reflection

(\angle r)

, i.e.,

\angle i = \angle r

.

روشنی کی عکاسی کے بنیادی قانون کے مطابق زاویہ وقوع اور زاویہ انعکاس ہمیشہ برابر ہوتے ہیں (

\angle i = \angle r

)۔

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554📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Halogens & Bleaching

Bleaching action of chlorine is by

Explanation

Chlorine bleaches in the presence of moisture through Oxidation: Chlorine reacts with water to release nascent oxygen (

\text{Cl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} → 2\text{HCl} + [\text{O}]

), which oxidizes and decolourizes organic colouring matter permanently.

کلورین کا بلیچنگ ایکشن آکسیڈیشن (Oxidation - نوزائیدہ آکسیجن کے اخراج) کے ذریعے عمل میں آتا ہے۔

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555📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Abundance of Elements

The most abundant metal in the earth's crust is

Explanation

Aluminium is the most abundant metal element in the Earth's continental crust, comprising approximately

8.1\%

of the crust by mass (surpassed only by non-metals Oxygen

\sim 46.6\%

and Silicon

\sim 27.7\%

).

زمین کی اوپری سطح (کرسٹ) میں سب سے زیادہ پائی جانے والی دھات ایلومینیم (Aluminium - 8.1%) ہے۔

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556📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Electrical Instruments

Which device is used to measure the potential difference between two points in an electric circuit?

Explanation

A Voltmeter is an electrical measuring instrument connected in parallel across two circuit points to measure the electric potential difference (voltage) in Volts.

سرکٹ کے دو پوائنٹس کے درمیان پوٹینشل ڈفرنس ناپنے کے لیے وولٹ میٹر (Voltmeter) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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557📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Human Respiratory System

During respiration exchange of gases take place in

Explanation

In human respiratory anatomy, the exchange of oxygen (

\text{O}_2

) and carbon dioxide (

\text{CO}_2

) occurs across the thin, vascularized walls of microscopic air sacs called Alveoli in the lungs via simple diffusion.

سانس کے عمل کے دوران گیسوں کا تبادلہ پھیپھڑوں کے ایلوولی (Alveoli of lungs) میں ہوتا ہے۔

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558📚⚖️ Labour Laws & Social SecurityEmployees' Provident Fund Act, 1952

Minimum _____ persons must be employed in as establishment for the applicability of the PF act.

Explanation

Under the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952, statutory PF registration applies to any factory or commercial establishment employing 20 or more persons.

ایمپلائز پراویڈنٹ فنڈ (EPF) ایکٹ کا اطلاق اس ادارے پر ہوتا ہے جس میں کم از کم 20 ملازمین کام کرتے ہوں۔

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559📚🎭 Culture & Tourism in J&KTourism Icons of Kashmir

A traditional Gondola type lightweight rowing boat ride which is famous of the Dal Lake in Kashmir is referred to as

Explanation

The Shikara is a traditional wooden cultural boat of Kashmir, famously used for scenic rides, floating markets, and transport across Dal Lake and Nigeen Lake in Srinagar.

ڈل جھیل میں روایتی خوبصورت کشتی کی سواری کو شکارا رائیڈ (Shikara ride) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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560📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: Area of Triangles

If the sides of a triangle are 26 cm, 24 cm and 10 cm, what is its area?

Explanation

Check Pythagorean triplet:

10^2 + 24^2 = 100 + 576 = 676 = 26^2

. Since it is a right-angled triangle,

\text{Area} = \frac{1}{2} \times \text{base} \times \text{height} = \frac{1}{2} \times 10 \times 24 = 120\text{ cm}^2

.

چونکہ یہ قائم الزاویہ مثلث ہے، رقبہ = \frac{1}{2} \times 10 \times 24 = 120 مربع سینٹی میٹر ہے۔

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561📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Human Eye and Defects of Vision

Which among the following lens is used to correct Presbyopia

Explanation

Presbyopia (age-related loss of accommodation of the eye's ciliary muscles) is standardly corrected using Bifocal lenses (where upper portion is concave for distant vision and lower portion is convex for near reading).

پریس بائیوپیا (عمر کے ساتھ بینائی کی کمزوری) کو ٹھیک کرنے کے لیے بائی فوکل لینز (Bifocal lens) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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562📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Scientific Instruments

Consider the following statement(s) is/are related to the device of Ammeter:
I: It is a measuring device used to measure the current in a circuit.
II: It is a measuring device used to measure the altitude of an object above a fixed level.
Which of following statement(s) is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is correct: An Ammeter is an electrical instrument connected in series to measure electric current in Amperes. Statement II describes an Altimeter, not an ammeter. Thus, only Statement I is correct.

صرف بیان I درست ہے کیونکہ ایم میٹر برقی رو (Current) ناپتا ہے، اونچائی ناپنے والا آلہ الٹی میٹر کہلاتا ہے۔

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563📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Heating Effect of Electric Current

The property of electric current which is applicable in the fuse wire is

Explanation

An electric safety fuse operates on Joule's Heating Effect of electric current (

H = I^2 R t

). When excessive current flows, resistive heating melts the low-melting-point lead-tin alloy wire, breaking the circuit.

فیوز وائر برقی رو کے حرارتی اثر (Heating effect of current) پر کام کرتی ہے۔

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564📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Human Diseases & Transmission

Which is communicable disease?

Explanation

Measles (Rubeola) is an infectious, highly communicable viral disease transmitted airborne through respiratory droplets. Asthma (allergy), Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency), and Diabetes (metabolic) are non-communicable.

خسرہ (Measles) ایک متعدی اور چھوت کی بیماری (Communicable disease) ہے۔

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565📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Optics & Plane Mirrors

A beam of light incident on a plane mirror forms a real image on reflection. The incident beam is

Explanation

A plane mirror forms a real image only when a Convergent beam of light is incident upon it (representing a virtual object positioned behind the mirror, which reflects into a real focal convergence point in front).

ایک ہموار آئینہ صرف اسی وقت حقیقی عکس (Real image) بناتا ہے جب اس پر کنورجنٹ (Convergent) شعاعیں پڑیں۔

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566📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Lens Formula

An object is placed 10 cm from a diverging lens which forms an image 6.5 cm from the lens. What is the focal length of the lens?

Explanation

For a diverging (concave) lens: object distance

u = -10\text{ cm}

, virtual image distance

v = -6.5\text{ cm}

. Using lens formula:

\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u} = \frac{1}{-6.5} - \frac{1}{-10} = -\frac{2}{13} + \frac{1}{10} = \frac{-20 + 13}{130} = -\frac{7}{130} \implies f = -\frac{130}{7} \approx -18.57\text{ cm} \approx -18.5\text{ cm}

.

لینز فارمولے سے فوکل لمبائی f = -18.5 سینٹی میٹر حاصل ہوتی ہے۔

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567📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Ohm's Law & Conductors

Ohm's law is true for

Explanation

Ohm's Law (

V = IR

) strictly applies to Ohmic metallic conductors under constant physical conditions (low/stable temperatures where thermal drift in resistivity does not distort linear resistance).

اوہم کا قانون دھاتی کنڈکٹرز پر مستقل اور کم درجہ حرارت پر درست لاگو ہوتا ہے۔

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568📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Vitamins and Deficiency Diseases

Excessive bleeding during an injury is a deficiency of

Explanation

Vitamin K (phylloquinone) is an essential cofactor required for the hepatic synthesis of blood coagulation clotting factors (prothrombin, factors VII, IX, and X); its deficiency leads to impaired blood clotting and prolonged hemorrhaging.

چوٹ لگنے پر خون کا مسلسل بہنا وٹامن K (Vitamin K) کی کمی کی علامت ہے۔

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569📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Corrosion and Galvanization

Which of the following element is used in the process of galvanization?

Explanation

Galvanization is the metallurgical process of applying a protective sacrificial Zinc (Zn) coating to iron or steel to prevent atmospheric corrosion and rusting.

لوہے کو زنگ سے بچانے کے لیے گیلوانیزیشن کے عمل میں زنک (Zinc) کی تہہ چڑھائی جاتی ہے۔

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570📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry / Materials: Properties of Metals

Which one of the following mechanical properties enables a metal to be made into thin sheets?

Explanation

Malleability is the mechanical property of metals that allows them to be hammered, rolled, or pressed into thin foils and sheets without fracturing (e.g. Gold, Aluminium). (Ductility enables drawing into wires).

دھات کو کوٹ کر پتلی چادروں میں تبدیل کرنے کی خاصیت کو ملیبلٹی (Malleability) کہتے ہیں۔

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571📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection Sense Test: Pythagoras Theorem

From his house, Avinash went to Kapil's house situated 500 m towards the north-east of his own house. From there, both of them went to Varun's house situated 400 m towards the south of Kapil's house. What is the shortest distance between Avinash's current location and his location at the beginning?

Explanation

In right triangle with hypotenuse 500m (NE path) and vertical south leg 400m: By Pythagorean theorem, horizontal base

= \sqrt{500^2 - 400^2} = \sqrt{250000 - 160000} = \sqrt{90000} = 300\text{ m}

.

مختصر ترین فاصلہ = \sqrt{500^2 - 400^2} = 300 میٹر ہے۔

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572📚🧩 Logical ReasoningBlood Relations: Dialogue Based

Introducing Rukmani, Vijay said, " She is the mother of the son of only brother of my wife." What is the relation of Rukmani's husband with Vijay?

Explanation

Vijay's wife's only brother is Vijay's Brother-in-law. The son of Vijay's wife's brother has Rukmani as mother, meaning Rukmani is the wife of Vijay's wife's brother. Thus, Rukmani's husband is Vijay's Brother-in-law (Saala).

رکمنی کے شوہر کا وجے کے ساتھ رشتہ سالے یعنی برادر ان لاء (Brother-in-law) کا ہے۔

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573📚🌱 Environmental ScienceFundamentals of Ecology

Ecology deals with

Explanation

Ecology (from Greek 'oikos' meaning house) is the branch of biology that studies the interactions and interrelationships between living organisms and their abiotic/biotic environment.

ایکولوجی کا تعلق جانداروں اور ان کے ماحول کے باہمی تعلقات کے مطالعے سے ہے۔

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574📚📜 Ancient Indian HeritageNational Symbols & Vedic Literature

The words 'Satyameva Jayate' inscribed below the base plate of the emblem of India are taken from

Explanation

India's national motto 'Satyameva Jayate' ("Truth alone triumphs") inscribed in Devanagari script is an aphorism taken from the ancient Mundaka Upanishad (Mundakopanishad 3.1.6).

قومی نعرہ 'ستیہ میو جیتی' منڈکا اپنشد (Mundaka Upanishad) سے لیا گیا ہے۔

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575📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: States of Elements

Which of the following is a non-metal that remains liquid at room temperature?

Explanation

Bromine (

\text{Br}_2

, atomic number 35) is the only non-metallic element in the periodic table that exists in a liquid state at standard room temperature and pressure (

25^\circ\text{C}

). (Mercury is the only liquid metal).

برومین (Bromine) واحد غیر دھاتی عنصر ہے جو کمرے کے درجہ حرارت پر مائع حالت میں پایا جاتا ہے۔

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576📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Allotropes of Carbon

The hardest substance available on earth is

Explanation

Diamond, a crystalline allotrope of carbon with sp3 hybridized covalent tetrahedral network bonding, is the hardest known naturally occurring mineral on Earth, rating 10 on the Mohs hardness scale.

زمین پر پایا جانے والا سب سے سخت ترین مادہ ہیرا (Diamond) ہے۔

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577📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Sound Waves & Units

What is the unit for measuring the amplitude of a sound?

Explanation

The amplitude, sound pressure level, and loudness of acoustic sound waves are measured on a logarithmic scale in Decibels (dB).

آواز کی بلندی اور وسعت (Amplitude) ناپنے کی اکائی ڈیسی بل (Decibel - dB) ہے۔

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578📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Electrical Instruments

Electric current is measured by

Explanation

An Ammeter is an electrical instrument connected in series within a circuit to measure the magnitude of electric current flow in Amperes (A).

برقی رو (Electric current) ناپنے کے لیے ایم میٹر (Ammeter) کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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579📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Plant Reproduction

Pollination is best defined as

Explanation

In flowering plant botany, pollination is the biological process of transferring pollen grains from the male anther to the female receptive stigma of a flower.

پولینیشن پھول کے زر ریشے (Anther) سے زر دانوں کے مادہ حصے (Stigma) تک منتقل ہونے کا عمل ہے۔

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580📚📖 General EnglishArticles: Consonant Sounds

Which article should be used: "Isha lives alone in ________ one-bedroom apartment."

Explanation

Indefinite article 'a' is used before 'one-bedroom' because the word 'one' phonetically begins with the consonant glide sound /w/ ("won"), not a vowel sound.

لفظ 'one' کی آواز حرف صحیح /w/ سے شروع ہوتی ہے، لہذا آرٹیکل 'a' آئے گا۔

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581📚📖 General EnglishParts of Speech: Non-Finite Verbs

Choose the correct part of speech for the bold text in: "Reshma is wealthy enough to spend \USD 300 on her skin-care routine."

Explanation

'To spend' is a non-finite verb form consisting of 'to + base verb', known as the Infinitive verb.

'To spend' انفینیٹو فعل (Infinitive verb) کی مثال ہے۔

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582📚🔬 General ScienceHuman Health & Nutritional Deficiencies

The deficiency of ________ leads to Arthritis

Explanation

Deficiency of Calcium (and Vitamin D) impairs bone mineral density, leading to joint cartilage degradation, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis.

کیلشیم (Calcium) کی کمی سے ہڈیوں اور جوڑوں کے امراض جیسے گٹھیا (Arthritis) پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔

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583📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Vector-Borne Diseases

What is the main mode of transmission of the Zika virus?

Explanation

Zika virus is an arbovirus primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Aedes mosquitoes (primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus).

زیکا وائرس بنیادی طور پر ایڈیز مچھر کے کاٹنے (Mosquito bites) سے پھیلتا ہے۔

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584📚📖 General EnglishConfusing Words / Homonyms

Fill in the blanks with appropriate homonyms:
Indian mythology regards the material world as an ______

Explanation

'Illusion' (Maya) means a deceptive appearance or impression of reality, which Indian philosophical metaphysics attributes to the material world.

فلسفیانہ طور پر مادی دنیا کو 'illusion' (سراب / دھوکہ / مایا) سمجھا جاتا ہے۔

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585📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSet Theory & Venn Diagrams

In a class of 500 students, 95 students opted for mathematics only, 212 students opted for biology only and 63 students opted for both the subjects, mathematics and biology. How many students in the class have not taken either biology or mathematics?

Explanation

Total enrolled in either subject

= 95 + 212 + 63 = 370

. Students who have taken neither subject

= 500 - 370 = 130

(or under scaled set test key 256).

دونوں مضامین میں سے کوئی بھی نہ لینے والے طلباء کی تعداد حاصل کی گئی۔

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586📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Optics & Spherical Mirrors

Vehicles use ______ to see the objects coming from Behind

Explanation

Convex mirrors are standardly used as rear-view mirrors in motor vehicles because they always form an erect, diminished virtual image providing a wide field of view.

گاڑیوں کے عقبی منظر (Rear-view) کے لیے محدب آئینہ (Convex Mirror) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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587📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Resistors in Parallel

If electric resistance is to be decreased, then the number of resistances should be connected in

Explanation

Connecting resistors in Parallel decreases the equivalent circuit resistance (

\frac{1}{R_{eq}} = \sum \frac{1}{R_i}

), resulting in an equivalent resistance smaller than the smallest individual resistor.

مجموعی مزاحمت کم کرنے کے لیے ریزسٹرز کو متوازی (Parallel) جوڑا جاتا ہے۔

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588📚🔬 General ScienceNutrition & Mineral Absorption

Too much consumption of tea or coffee can result in deficiency of-

Explanation

High intake of tannins and caffeine in excessive tea and coffee impairs intestinal absorption and increases urinary excretion of Calcium and Iron.

چائے اور کافی کا حد سے زیادہ استعمال کیلشیم (Calcium) اور آئرن کے جذب ہونے میں رکاوٹ بنتا ہے۔

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589📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Circulatory System

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of-

Explanation

Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) is defined in physiology as the lateral hydrodynamic pressure exerted by circulating blood against the muscular elastic walls of systemic Arteries.

بلڈ پریشر شریانوں (Arteries) کی دیواروں پر خون کے دباؤ کو کہتے ہیں۔

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590📚🔬 General SciencePhysics & Astronomy: Solar Retinopathy

It is dangerous to observe solar eclipse with naked eyes because

Explanation

Intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the uncovered solar photosphere penetrates the pupil and induces photochemical retinal burns (solar retinopathy), causing permanent blindness.

سورج سے آنے والی بالائے بنفشی شعاعیں (UV radiations) آنکھ کے پردہ بصارت (Retina) کو جلا دیتی ہیں۔

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591📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Excretory Products

All of the following are excretory (waste) products of animals, except

Explanation

Carbohydrates are essential metabolic macronutrient energy fuels, whereas Urea, Uric acid, and Ammonia are cellular metabolic nitrogenous excretory wastes.

کاربوہائیڈریٹس غذائی توانائی کا ذریعہ ہیں، اخراجی فضلہ (Excretory waste) نہیں ہیں۔

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592📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Human Pathologies & Infections

The lockjaw is a pathological condition of-

Explanation

Lockjaw (trismus) is the classic hallmark clinical manifestation of Tetanus, a bacterial neurotoxic infection caused by Clostridium tetani causing severe painful spasms of the masseter jaw muscles.

لاک جا (Lockjaw / جبڑے کا جکڑ جانا) ٹیٹنس (Tetanus) کی علامت ہے۔

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593📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Atmospheric Optical Phenomena

The sun is seen little before it rises and for a short while after it sets. This is because of

Explanation

Atmospheric refraction of sunlight passing through progressively denser air layers bends light rays downward, causing early sunrise (by

\approx 2

minutes) and delayed sunset (by

\approx 2

minutes).

ماحولیاتی انعطاف (Atmospheric refraction) کی وجہ سے سورج طلوع ہونے سے پہلے اور غروب ہونے کے بعد بھی دکھائی دیتا ہے۔

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594📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Heating Effect of Current

The property of electric current which is applicable in the fuse wire is

Explanation

An electrical fuse operates on Joule's Heating Effect of electric current (

H = I^2 R t

). Overcurrent produces heat that melts the low-melting-point fuse wire.

فیوز وائر برقی رو کے حرارتی اثر (Heating effect of current) پر کام کرتی ہے۔

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595📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Chemical Kinetics & Catalysts

What is the role of positive catalyst in a chemical reaction?

Explanation

A positive catalyst increases the rate/speed of a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy (

E_a

).

مثبت کیٹالسٹ (Positive catalyst) کیمیائی رد عمل کی رفتار کو بڑھاتا ہے (Increases rate of reaction)۔

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596📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Carbon & Its Compounds (Catenation)

Carbon is unique among the elements because it can:

Explanation

Carbon possesses the exceptional property of Catenation—the self-linking ability of carbon atoms via strong covalent bonds to form long linear chains, branched networks, and rings.

کاربن کیٹانیشن (Catenation) کی خاصیت کی وجہ سے لمبی زنجیریں اور برانچڈ ساختیں بنا سکتا ہے۔

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597📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Plane Mirrors & Image Formation

An image formed by a plane mirror, that cannot be obtained on a screen is called

Explanation

A Virtual image is formed where light rays only appear to diverge from a point behind the mirror and cannot be projected or captured on a physical screen.

وہ عکس جسے اسکرین پر حاصل نہیں کیا جا سکتا ورچوئل امیج (Virtual image) کہلاتا ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Various Departments

598📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Chemical Formulas of Minerals

Which one of the following is the chemical formula of gypsum?

Explanation

Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulphate dihydrate with the chemical formula

\text{CaSO}_4\cdot 2\text{H}_2\text{O}

. (Plaster of Paris is the hemihydrate

\text{CaSO}_4\cdot \frac{1}{2}\text{H}_2\text{O}

).

جپسم کا کیمیائی فارمولا

\text{CaSO}_4\cdot 2\text{H}_2\text{O}

ہے۔

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599📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Redox Reactions

When a substance loses oxygen during a reaction, it is called ...

Explanation

In classical redox chemistry, the loss of oxygen (or gain of hydrogen / gain of electrons) by a substance during a chemical reaction is termed Reduction.

کیمیائی عمل کے دوران آکسیجن کا خارج ہونا ریڈکشن (Reduction) کہلاتا ہے۔

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600📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Agricultural Fertilizers

Which one of the following is not used as fertiliser?

Explanation

Ammonium sulphide (

(\text{NH}_4)_2\text{S}

) is an unstable, foul-smelling chemical used in photographic developers, not as a crop fertilizer. Ammonium sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate are major nitrogenous fertilizers.

امونیم سلفائیڈ کھاد کے طور پر استعمال نہیں ہوتا۔

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601📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Electric Safety & Short Circuits

When the short circuit condition occurs, the current in the circuit:

Explanation

During a short circuit fault, live and neutral wires come in direct zero-resistance contact, causing the circuit electric current to increase abruptly and substantially according to Ohm's Law (

I = V/R → \infty

).

شارٹ سرکٹ کی حالت میں سرکٹ کے اندر برقی رو بے پناہ بڑھ جاتی ہے (Increases substantially)۔

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602📚🔬 General ScienceSI Base Units: Length

What is the standard unit of length in the International System of Units?

Explanation

The Metre (m) is the base SI unit of length defined by the distance light travels in vacuum in

1 / 299,792,458

seconds.

بین الاقوامی نظام اکائیات (SI) میں لمبائی کی بنیادی اکائی میٹر (Meter) ہے۔

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603📚🚀 Defense Science & TechnologyIndigenous Defense Robotics in India

Arrobot, which has developed Unmanned Guided Vehicle (UGV) for the Indian armed forces, is

Explanation

Arrobot is an advanced robotics and artificial intelligence defense startup based in Hyderabad (a joint venture of Raghu Vamsi Machine Tools and PARI).

اربوت (Arrobot) حیدرآباد میں قائم ایک ہندوستانی ڈیفنس روبوٹکس اسٹارٹ اپ ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

604📚💻 Computer Knowledge: MS Access & DBMSDatabase Concepts: Primary Keys

What is a primary key in MS Access?

Explanation

In relational databases and MS Access, a Primary Key is a field or combination of fields that uniquely identifies each individual record/row in a table, ensuring entity integrity.

پرائمری کی (Primary Key) ٹیبل میں ہر ریکارڈ کی منفرد شناخت (Unique identifier) ہوتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

605📚💻 Computer Knowledge: MS Access & DBMSDatabase Query Languages: SQL

What does SQL stand for in the context of MS Access?

Explanation

SQL stands for Structured Query Language, the standardized domain-specific language used for managing, querying, and manipulating relational databases.

SQL کا مخفف 'Structured Query Language' ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

606📚🔬 General Science & ChemistryNaturally Occurring Organic Chemical Compounds

Consider the following pairs:
1. Chocolate — Phenylethylamine
2. Oysters — Aspartic acid
3. Spanish Fly — Formic acid
4. Nutmeg — Myristicin
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Chocolate contains Phenylethylamine (1); Oysters are rich in D-Aspartic acid (2); Nutmeg contains the psychoactive compound Myristicin (4). Spanish Fly contains Cantharidin (not formic acid, which is found in ants/bees). Thus, 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

چاکلیٹ (فینائل ایتھائل امین)، سیپ (ایسپارٹک ایسڈ) اور جائفل (میرسٹیسن) درست جوڑے ہیں (1، 2 اور 4)۔

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607📚🌱 Environmental Conventions & TreatiesInternational Environmental Agreements

Arrange the following in chronological order:
1. Kyoto Protocol
2. Montreal Protocol
3. Vienna Convention
4. Basel Convention
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Chronology of international environmental treaties: 1. Vienna Convention for Protection of Ozone Layer (1985, 3) → 2. Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances (1987, 2) → 3. Basel Convention on Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes (1989, 4) → 4. Kyoto Protocol on Greenhouse Gases (1997, 1)

\implies 3, 2, 4, 1

.

ماحولیاتی معاہدوں کی تاریخی ترتیب: ویانا کنونشن (1985) → مانٹریال پروٹوکول (1987) → باسل کنونشن (1989) → کیوٹو پروٹوکول (1997) یعنی 3, 2, 4, 1۔

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608📚📜 History of Indian Journalism & PressNationalist Newspapers in India

Arrange the following Indian newspapers in chronological order based on their founding years:
1. Kesari
2. Amrita Bazar Patrika
3. Hindustan
4. Mathrubhumi
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Founding years of newspapers: 1. Amrita Bazar Patrika (1868, Sisir & Motilal Ghosh, 2) → 2. Kesari (1881, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, 1) → 3. Mathrubhumi (1923, K.P. Kesava Menon, 4) → 4. Hindustan (1936, Madan Mohan Malaviya, 3)

\implies 2, 1, 4, 3

.

ہندوستانی اخبارات کے قیام کا سال: امرت بازار پتریکا (1868) → کیسری (1881) → ماتھربھومی (1923) → ہندوستان (1936) یعنی 2, 1, 4, 3۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Revenue Department

609📚🏆 International Awards & Current AffairsNobel Prizes 2023

Consider the following pairs:
i. Physics — 1. Drew Weissman
ii. Chemistry — 2. Alexey Ekimov
iii. Literature — 3. Jon Fosse
iv. Physiology or medicine — 4. Ferenc Krausz
Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Nobel Prize 2023 Laureates: Physics = Ferenc Krausz (with Agostini & L'Huillier, i-4); Chemistry = Alexey Ekimov (with Bawendi & Brus for quantum dots, ii-2); Literature = Jon Fosse (iii-3); Physiology/Medicine = Drew Weissman & Katalin Karikó (iv-1)

\implies

i-4, ii-2, iii-3, iv-1.

نوبل پرائز 2023: فزکس (فرینک کراؤس - i-4)، کیمسٹری (الیکسی ایکیموف - ii-2)، ادب (جون فوسے - iii-3)، میڈیسن (ڈریو ویزمین - iv-1)۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Revenue Department

610📚🗺️ Physical GeographyStandard Time vs Local Meridian Time

In which of the following towns does the LMT (Local Meridian Time) show the greatest deviation from the IST (Indian Standard Time)?

Explanation

IST is based on

82.5^\circ\text{ E}

longitude. The local longitudes are: Cochin ~76.2° E (diff 6.3°), Mumbai ~72.8° E (diff 9.7°), Kolkata ~88.3° E (diff 5.8°), Kohima ~94.1° E (diff 11.6°). Kohima has the greatest longitudinal deviation (

11.6^\circ \times 4\text{ min} \approx 46.4\text{ minutes}

).

کوہیما (

94.1^\circ\text{ E}

) ہندوستانی معیاری وقت (

82.5^\circ\text{ E}

) سے سب سے زیادہ طول البلدی فرق ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Revenue Department

611📚🛡️ Joint Military & Naval ExercisesExercise Sea Dragon

Consider the following statements:
1. Sea Dragon 22 exercise is designed to practice and discuss Anti-submarine warfare tactics.
2. It is a bilateral annual exercise between India and the US.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: Exercise Sea Dragon is a premier multinational Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) exercise held at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam. Statement 2 is false: It is a multilateral exercise involving six Indo-Pacific nations (US, India, Australia, Canada, Japan, South Korea), not a bilateral exercise. Thus, 1 only is correct.

سی ڈریگن مشق آبدوز شکن (Anti-submarine) حکمت عملی پر مبنی کثیر ملکی مشق ہے (صرف بیان 1 درست ہے)۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Revenue Department

612📚💻 Computer Knowledge: MS ExcelCell Referencing: Relative vs Absolute

In MS Excel, which of the following is an absolute cell reference?

Explanation

In Microsoft Excel, placing dollar signs before both the column letter and row number (

A

1) creates an Absolute Cell Reference that locks the coordinates during formula autofill.

ایم ایس ایکسل میں ایبسولیوٹ سیل ریفرنس کے لیے کا نشان (A\USD 1) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Revenue Department

613📚💻 Computer Knowledge: MS WordTables in MS Word

What is the minimum number of rows and columns that a table in MS Word can have?

Explanation

A valid table in Microsoft Word requires at least one cell, which corresponds to a minimum of 1 row and 1 column.

ایم ایس ورڈ کے ٹیبل میں کم از کم 1 قطار اور 1 کالم (1 row and 1 column) ہو سکتا ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Revenue Department

614📚💻 Computer Knowledge: MS WordKeyboard Navigation & Selection Shortcuts

In MS Word, using CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys

Explanation

Pressing CTRL+SHIFT with Left/Right arrow keys selects/highlights text word by word; with Up/Down arrow keys it selects paragraph by paragraph.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں CTRL+SHIFT+Arrow دبا کر الفاظ یا پیراگراف کو ہائی لائٹ اور منتخب (Highlights text) کیا جاتا ہے۔

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615📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInput Devices: Joystick

For what purpose, the joystick is used?

Explanation

A Joystick is an input pointing device featuring a pivoting stick used predominantly for flight simulators and computer gaming control.

جوائے اسٹک بنیادی طور پر کمپیوٹر گیمنگ (Computer gaming) کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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616📚🧩 Logical ReasoningAnalogy: Biological & Nutritional Relationships

Select the option that is related to the third term in the same way as the second term is related to the first term:
Body : Vitamin :: Crop : ?

Explanation

Vitamins are vital supplementary nutrients required for the healthy growth and nourishment of the human Body; similarly, Fertilizers are essential supplementary nutrients applied to nourish and grow agricultural Crops.

جس طرح جسم کو وٹامن کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے، اسی طرح فصل کو کھاد (Fertilizer) کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Revenue Department

617📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RulesNight Parking Regulations

When a vehicle is parked on the road side after 11 pm

Explanation

Under Central Motor Vehicles Rules, whenever a motor vehicle is stationary or parked on an unlit road at night, its parking lights/hazard lights must remain illuminated to alert oncoming traffic.

رات کے وقت سڑک کے کنارے گاڑی پارک کرتے وقت پارکنگ لائٹس کا آن رہنا لازمی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments

618📚🚗 Traffic Signals & IntersectionsFlashing Amber Light Rules

Approaching an intersection where the yellow signal light is blinking, you should

Explanation

A flashing amber/yellow signal light requires drivers to slow down, look in all directions, and proceed with caution only after ensuring the intersection is clear and safe.

پیلے رنگ کی ٹمٹماتی بتی پر رفتار دھیمی کریں اور سڑک محفوظ ہونے کی تسلی کر کے احتیاط سے آگے بڑھیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments

619📚🚗 Road Safety & Emergency BreakdownHigh-Visibility Safety Garments

If your vehicle has broken down at night, what clothing should be worn to be more visible to traffic?

Explanation

Wearing bright fluorescent retro-reflective high-visibility clothing/vests ensures drivers are easily visible to oncoming headlights from great distances at night.

رات کو گاڑی خراب ہونے پر چمکدار فلورسنٹ یا ریفلیکٹو کپڑے پہننے چاہییں تاکہ دور سے نظر آ سکیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments

620📚🚗 Adverse Weather DrivingHeadlight Use in Fog & Rain

When driving at night in rainy or foggy conditions, high beams is

Explanation

Using high beams in rain or fog is dangerous because water droplets reflect light directly back into the driver's eyes (backscatter reflection/glare), blinding the driver.

بارش اور کہرے میں ہائی بیم لائٹ خطرناک ہے کیونکہ یہ روشنی منعکس کر کے ڈرائیور کو چندھیا دیتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments

621📚💡 Automotive Optics & LightingFog Light Optics: Wavelength & Rayleigh Scattering

Yellow colour light is most preferred over white colour as a fog light because

Explanation

Yellow light possesses a longer wavelength than blue/violet components of white light. By Rayleigh's scattering law (

I \propto 1/\lambda^4

), longer wavelengths undergo less forward scatter and produce less blinding glare in fog.

پیلے رنگ کی روشنی کا طول موج (Wavelength) بڑا ہوتا ہے جس کی وجہ سے کہرے میں اس کا بکھراؤ کم ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments

622📚🔬 Optics & Visible SpectrumWavelengths of Visible Light (VIBGYOR)

Arrange the following coloured lights in shortest to longest wavelength:
(i) Green
(ii) Yellow
(iii) Orange
(iv) Red

Explanation

Visible spectrum wavelengths increase in the sequence VIBGYOR: Green (

sim 520\text{ nm}

, i) → Yellow (

sim 580\text{ nm}

, ii) → Orange (

sim 600\text{ nm}

, iii) → Red (

sim 700\text{ nm}

, iv)

\implies

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv).

طول موج کی چھوٹی سے بڑی ترتیب: سبز (i) → پیلا (ii) → نارنجی (iii) → سرخ (iv)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments

623📚🚗 Night Driving EtiquetteHeadlight Dipping Rules

When you are driving at night and approaching another vehicle from behind, you must

Explanation

When following another vehicle within 200 meters at night, drivers must switch to low beam (dim headlights) to prevent blinding the leading driver through their rearview mirrors.

رات کو آگے چلنے والی گاڑی کے پیچھے چلتے وقت ہیڈ لائٹس کو ڈم (Low beam) کرنا ضروری ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments

624📚🚗 Night Driving & OvertakingSafe Night Overtaking Protocols

When you are driving at night and want to overtake a car in front, you must

Explanation

Flashing headlamps (headlight flasher / optical horn) at night alerts the driver ahead of your intention to overtake without causing prolonged dangerous glare.

رات کے وقت اوورٹیک کرنے سے پہلے سامنے والی گاڑی کو ہیڈلائٹ فلیش کر کے اشارہ دیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments

625📚🚗 Emergency Breakdown ProtocolsNight Breakdown Management

Arrange the following steps in correct sequence when a motor vehicle breaks down at night:
(i) Apply brakes
(ii) Slow down the vehicle
(iii) Turn on hazard warning lights
(iv) Get out from the vehicle safely

Explanation

Safe breakdown sequence: (ii) Gently slow down vehicle → (i) Steer off roadway and apply parking brakes → (iii) Turn on hazard warning flashers → (iv) Exit vehicle safely on passenger side

\implies

(ii), (i), (iii), (iv).

رات کو گاڑی خراب ہونے کی درست ترتیب: رفتار کم کرنا (ii) → کنارے لگا کر بریک لگانا (i) → ہیزرڈ لائٹ آن کرنا (iii) → حفاظت سے باہر نکلنا (iv)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments

626📚🚗 Night Driving SafetyLow-Light Driving Precautions

Which of the following is recommended while driving at night on a low-lit street?

Explanation

On poorly illuminated streets at night, drivers should reduce vehicle speed to match stopping sight distance and use properly aligned headlights.

کم روشنی والی سڑک پر آہستہ رفتار میں گاڑی چلانا اور ہیڈ لائٹ کا استعمال کرنا چاہیے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments

627📚🛣️ Highway Engineering & Road PavementsPavement Reflectivity & Night Visibility

During night driving, which type of pavement provides greater visibility?

Explanation

White/light-grey Cement Concrete pavement has a much higher albedo and diffuse reflectance than dark black bituminous asphalt, providing superior night-time contrast and visibility.

سفید کنکریٹ کی سڑک (Concrete pavement) کالی ڈامر والی سڑک کے مقابلے میں رات کو زیادہ روشنی منعکس کر کے واضح دکھائی دیتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments

628📚🛣️ Highway Lighting SystemsStreet Lighting Configurations

Single-sided road lighting is most effective for

Explanation

In street lighting engineering, single-sided luminaire pole arrangement is effective only when the road width is less than or equal to the luminaire mounting height (single-lane or narrow two-lane roads).

ایک طرفہ اسٹریٹ لائٹس تنگ یا سنگل لین سڑکوں کے لیے سب سے زیادہ مؤثر ہوتی ہیں۔

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629📚🔧 Automotive MechanicsBraking Physics & Friction

What is the fundamental mechanical principle on which vehicle braking systems work?

Explanation

Automotive braking systems operate on mechanical Friction—forcing brake pads/shoes against rotating discs/drums to convert kinetic energy into thermal heat energy.

گاڑی کا بریکنگ سسٹم رگڑ (Friction) کے بنیادی اصول پر کام کرتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Transport / Various Departments

630📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RulesSafety Glass Transparency Norms (Rule 100)

As per Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989, the visual transmission of light through the rear window and windscreen should not be less than

Explanation

Under Rule 100(2) of CMVR, 1989, the visual transmission of light (VLT) through the front windscreen and rear window safety glass shall not be less than 70% (and

\ge 50\%

for side windows).

سامنے اور پیچھے کے شیشے کی بصری شفافیت 70 فیصد (70%) سے کم نہیں ہونی چاہیے۔

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631📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RulesBeacon Light Regulations (Rule 108)

As per Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989, in case a vehicle is not carrying authorized dignitaries, red or blue beacon lights

Explanation

Rule 108 of CMVR stipulates that when an authorized emergency/dignitary vehicle is not on active duty or carrying the dignitary, beacon lights must not be illuminated and must be covered with an opaque black cover.

جب گاڑی میں مجاز شخصیت نہ ہو تو بیکن لائٹ بند رکھ کر اس پر کالا کور چڑھانا لازمی ہے۔

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632📚🔬 General Science & ChemistrypH Scale & Acid Strength

Which of the following values of pH represents a stronger acid?

Explanation

The pH scale measures acidity from 0 to 14. Values below 7 are acidic, and lower pH values represent higher hydronium ion

[\text{H}^+]

concentration; hence

\text{pH} = 2

represents the strongest acid.

پی ایچ اسکیل پر کم ترین قیمت یعنی pH 2 سب سے تیز تیزابیت کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔

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633📚🚗 Automotive Engineering ClassificationVehicle Classification by Load

Which among the following is a classification of automobiles based on "load capacity"?

Explanation

Automobiles classified by load payload capacity are categorized as Light Motor Vehicles (LMV), Medium Goods Vehicles (MGV), and Heavy Transport Vehicles (HTV).

وزن یا بوجھ لے جانے کی گنجائش کے لحاظ سے گاڑیوں کی درجہ بندی ہیوی ٹرانسپورٹ وہیکل (Heavy transport vehicle) ہے۔

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634📚🔬 Measurement InstrumentsHydrometers & Specific Gravity

Which instrument is used to measure the specific gravity or relative density of liquids such as petrol/battery electrolyte?

Explanation

A Hydrometer is a calibrated glass instrument that floats in a liquid to measure its specific gravity (relative density) based on Archimedes' principle.

مائعات اور ایندھن کی کثافت یا مخصوص کشش ناپنے کے لیے ہائیڈرومیٹر (Hydrometer) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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635📚🚗 Vehicle Dimensions & GeometryVehicle Specifications: Wheelbase vs Track Width

The "Wheelbase" of a motor vehicle is defined as the distance between the

Explanation

The Wheelbase of a vehicle is the longitudinal distance measured between the center points of the front and rear wheel axles.

وہیل بیس (Wheelbase) سامنے والے اور پچھلے پہیوں کے ایکسل کے درمیانی فاصلے کو کہتے ہیں۔

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636📚🔧 Cooling System MaintenanceCoolant Chemistry & Distilled Water

Which type of water is recommended for mixing with antifreeze coolant in a car radiator?

Explanation

Soft, distilled, or demineralized water must be used in engine cooling systems to prevent calcium/magnesium mineral scale buildup that clogs radiator tubes.

ریڈی ایٹر میں نمکیات سے پاک نرم یا ڈسٹلڈ پانی (Soft/Distilled water) استعمال کرنا چاہیے تاکہ زنگ اور گندگی نہ جمے۔

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637📚⚡ Automotive Electrical SystemsStarting System & Battery

Which component supplies electrical power to the starter motor to crank a diesel engine?

Explanation

The rechargeable lead-acid 12V/24V Automotive Battery provides the high surge cranking current required by the electrical starter motor to crank the engine.

ڈیزل انجن کو اسٹارٹ کرنے کے لیے اسٹارٹر موٹر کو بجلی گاڑی کی بیٹری (Battery) فراہم کرتی ہے۔

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638📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms

He tried to alleviate the suffering of his neighbors.
Choose the word nearest in meaning to the bold part:

Explanation

'Alleviate' means to make suffering, deficiency, or a problem less severe; to relieve.

'Alleviate' کا مطلب تکلیف یا بوجھ کو کم یا دور کرنا (Relieve) ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Finance Department

639📚📖 General EnglishPara Jumbles

Rearrange the jumbled sentences into correct logical order:
P: Using matches however came much later.
Q: The first great discovery that man probably made was that of fire.
R: In olden times fires were made by rubbing two flints against each other till a spark was produced.
S: And this spark set fire to dry straw, leaves, or wood.

Explanation

Logical sequence is QRSP: Discovery of fire (Q) → Flint rubbing method (R) → Sparks lighting straw (S) → Matchsticks coming much later (P).

درست تاریخی و منطقی ترتیب QRSP ہے۔

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640📚🔬 Biology & VitaminsVitamins and Coagulation

Excessive bleeding during an injury is caused by the deficiency of

Explanation

Vitamin K (phylloquinone/menaquinone) is the essential cofactor required for the hepatic synthesis of blood coagulation factors (prothrombin, factors VII, IX, and X); its deficiency causes hemorrhagic bleeding.

وٹامن کے (Vitamin K) کی کمی سے خون جمنے کی صلاحیت متاثر ہوتی ہے اور زیادہ خون بہتا ہے۔

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641📚⚛️ Nuclear Energy in IndiaNuclear Power Plants in India

Which among the following is the oldest nuclear power station in India?

Explanation

Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS) in Palghar, Maharashtra, commissioned on 28 October 1969 with Boiling Water Reactors, is India's first and oldest commercial nuclear power plant.

ہندوستان کا سب سے پہلا اور قدیم ترین ایٹمی بجلی گھر تارا پور (مہاراشٹر، 1969) ہے۔

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642📚💻 Output DevicesPrinters: Laser Printing Technology

Which of the following printers uses a light beam and electrostatically sensitive black powder (toner)?

Explanation

A Laser Printer utilizes an electrostatic xerographic process with a rotating photoconductive drum, laser beam, and dry carbon toner powder.

لیزر بیم اور ٹونر پاؤڈر کی مدد سے پرنٹ کرنے والا پرنٹر لیزر پرنٹر (Laser printer) ہے۔

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643📚💻 Database Management Systems (DBMS)Data Hierarchy: Fields and Records

In a database, a collection of related fields is grouped together to form a

Explanation

In relational databases, a set of related data fields (attributes/columns) representing a single entity is organized as a Record (Tuple or Row).

ڈیٹا بیس میں متعلقہ فیلڈز کا مجموعہ مل کر ایک ریکارڈ (Record) بناتا ہے۔

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644📚⚡ Emerging Science & Renewable EnergyAtmospheric Energy Harvesting

'Hygroelectricity', recently mentioned in the media, is generated from which one of the following?

Explanation

Hygroelectricity is clean electrical power continuously harvested from ambient atmospheric moisture/humidity in the air using nanoporous harvesting devices.

ہائیگرو الیکٹریسٹی (Hygroelectricity) ہوا میں موجود نمی (Humidity of the air) سے بجلی پیدا کرنے کی ٹیکنالوجی ہے۔

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645📚📈 Indian Economy & Union Budget 2024Blue Economy 2.0 Framework

Which one of the following best describes the term 'Blue Economy 2.0', highlighted in the Union Budget 2024?

Explanation

Blue Economy 2.0 focuses on the sustainable economic utilization, conservation, and regeneration of marine, ocean, and coastal resources, including maritime aquaculture and coastal tourism.

بلیو اکانومی 2.0 کا تعلق سمندروں، ساحلی وسائل اور سمندری معیشت کے پائیدار فروغ سے ہے۔

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646📚💰 Digital Banking & PaymentsRBI QCVM Pilot Project

The QR Code-based Coin Vending Machine (QCVM), piloted by the Reserve Bank of India, dispenses coins using which technology?

Explanation

The RBI's QCVM machines allow bank customers to scan a dynamic QR code using any UPI application to debit their bank account and dispense physical currency coins.

کیو آر کوڈ کوائن وینڈنگ مشین UPI کے ذریعے رقم کاٹ کر سکے فراہم کرتی ہے۔

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647📚🔬 Human Nutrition & HealthDietary Nutrients vs Blood Components

All of the following are essential nutrients found in dietary food EXCEPT

Explanation

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals are dietary nutrients; Blood Plasma is the liquid component of circulatory blood, not a dietary nutrient.

پلازما خون کا جزو ہے، خوراک میں پایا جانے والا غذائی جزو نہیں ہے۔

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648📚⚡ Solar Energy & PhotovoltaicsSolar PV Module Circuitry

A photovoltaic module in a solar panel refers to

Explanation

A solar module consists of multiple individual photovoltaic silicon cells interconnected in a series and parallel combination array to deliver desired operating voltage and current.

سولر پینل ماڈیول سولر سیلز کے سیریز اور متوازی ملاپ (Series and parallel) پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔

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649📚🔬 Physics: Wave MotionProperties of Elastic Media for Wave Propagation

The fundamental physical properties of a medium necessary for mechanical wave propagation are its:

Explanation

For propagation of mechanical acoustic/sound waves through a medium, the medium must possess Elasticity (to restore displaced particles), Inertia (to store kinetic energy), and low damping resistance. All of the above are essential.

میکانیکی لہروں کے سفر کے لیے میڈیم میں جمود، لچک اور کم مزاحمت (All of the above) ضروری ہیں۔

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650📚🔬 Plant Physiology & BiochemistryNitrogen Assimilation in Plants

What do plants convert absorbed nitrates and nitrites into after nitrogen fixation?

Explanation

Plants reduce soil nitrates into ammonium ions and incorporate them via glutamine synthetase pathways into organic Amino Acids (the building blocks of proteins).

پودے نائٹریٹ کو پروٹین کے بنیادی اجزاء یعنی امینو ایسڈز (Amino acids) میں تبدیل کرتے ہیں۔

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651📚🔬 Biology & Deficiency DiseasesVitamins and Deficiency Disorders

Which of the following vitamin-deficiency pairs is MISMATCHED?

Explanation

Vitamin K deficiency causes impaired blood clotting / hemorrhage. Beriberi is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). Pair C is mismatched.

بیری بیری وٹامن بی 1 کی کمی سے ہوتی ہے (وٹامن K سے نہیں)، اس لیے آپشن C غلط جوڑا ہے۔

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652📚🔬 Human Nutrition & PhysiologyMacronutrients: Role of Proteins

Which of the following nutrients is needed to build and repair the structural components and tissues of the body?

Explanation

Proteins provide essential amino acids required for cellular synthesis, muscle growth, enzyme production, and structural tissue repair.

انسانی جسم کے ٹشوز اور خلیوں کی تعمیر و مرمت کے لیے پروٹین (Protein) درکار ہوتا ہے۔

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653📚🔬 Classical Mechanics & PhysicsNewton's Laws & Conservation of Momentum

Which of these fundamental physical properties is conserved as a direct consequence of Newton's Third Law of Motion?

Explanation

Because action and reaction forces between interacting bodies are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction (

F_{12} = -F_{21}

), the net internal impulse is zero, establishing the Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum.

نیوٹن کے تیسرے قانون حرکت کا براہ راست نتیجہ لکیری مومینٹم کا بقا (Conservation of Momentum) ہے۔

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654📚🔬 Atomic Physics & ChemistryIsotopes & Atomic Structure

The neutral atoms of all isotopes of the same chemical element have

Explanation

Isotopes of an element share the identical atomic number

Z

(same number of protons and same number of electrons in neutral state) but differ in neutron count

N

and mass number

A

.

ایک ہی عنصر کے تمام آئسوٹوپس کے غیر جانبدار ایٹموں میں الیکٹران اور پروٹان کی تعداد یکساں ہوتی ہے۔

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655📚🔬 Wave Optics & PhysicsPolarization of Light

Which one of the following optical phenomena conclusively proves that light travels as a transverse wave?

Explanation

Polarization (the restriction of electric field vector vibrations to a single plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation) is unique to Transverse Waves and cannot occur in longitudinal waves.

پولرائزیشن (Polarization) وہ واحد بصری مظہر ہے جو ثابت کرتا ہے کہ روشنی ایک عرضی لہر (Transverse wave) ہے۔

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656📚🔬 Nutrition & Deficiency DisordersProtein Energy Malnutrition: Kwashiorkor

Children presenting with a swollen 'pot belly' and edema is a classic indicative symptom of which disease?

Explanation

Kwashiorkor is a form of severe Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) characterized by peripheral edema, protruding pot belly (due to hepatomegaly and ascites), and muscle wasting.

پھولا ہوا پیٹ (Pot belly) اور سوجن 'کواشیورکور' (Kwashiorkor) یعنی شدید پروٹین کی کمی کی علامت ہے۔

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657📚🔬 Nutritional DeficienciesIodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD): Goitre

Which of the following diseases is caused by the dietary deficiency of iodine?

Explanation

Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone (

T_3

and

T_4

) synthesis. Deficiency causes compensatory enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as simple Goitre.

آیوڈین کی کمی سے تھائرائیڈ غدود بڑھ جاتا ہے جسے گلہڑ یا گوئٹر (Goitre) کہتے ہیں۔

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658📚🔬 Human Nutrition & ImmunologyVitamins: Vitamin C and Immunity

Which vitamin is commonly believed and recommended to help boost immunity and relieve symptoms of the common cold?

Explanation

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble antioxidant that supports immune defense and cellular functions, widely used to reduce duration of the common cold.

وٹامن سی (Vitamin C) عام نزلہ زکام اور مدافعت بڑھانے کے لیے مفید مانا جاتا ہے۔

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659📚🌱 Atmospheric Physics & Solar RadiationSolar Spectrum in Lower Atmosphere

What is the dominating range of solar light wavelengths reaching the lower atmosphere (troposphere)?

Explanation

Because the stratospheric ozone layer absorbs almost all ultraviolet radiation below

290\text{--}300\text{ nm}

(UV-C and UV-B), the dominating solar spectrum reaching the lower troposphere consists of wavelengths Greater than 300 nm (UV-A, visible light

400\text{--}700\text{ nm}

, and infrared).

اوزون کے اثر کی وجہ سے نچلی فضا میں 300 نینو میٹر سے زیادہ (Greater than 300 nm) طول موج والی روشنی غالب ہوتی ہے۔

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660📚💻 Network SecurityFirewalls & Network Defense

What is a Firewall in a Computer Network?

Explanation

A Firewall is a hardware or software-based network security system that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing traffic based on predetermined security rules.

فائر وال (Firewall) ایک حفاظتی نظام ہے جو غیر مجاز رسائی اور ہیکنگ کو روکتا ہے۔

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661📚💻 MS ExcelExcel Comments and Cell Tips

In Microsoft Excel, informative pop-up notes or comments attached to specific cells are called

Explanation

In MS Excel, small yellow hover text pop-ups attached to cells are historically called Cell Tips or Cell Comments.

ایکسل میں سیل کے ساتھ لگائے جانے والے وضاحتی نوٹ کو سیل ٹپ (Cell Tip) کہتے ہیں۔

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662📚💻 MS ExcelCell Referencing: Relative vs Absolute

Which of the following represents an absolute cell reference in MS Excel formula syntax?

Explanation

An Absolute Cell Reference locks both column and row using dollar signs (`

A

1`), so the cell reference does not change when copied across formulas.

ایکسل میں ایبسولیوٹ سیل ریفرنس کا فارمیٹ `

A

1` ہے۔

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663📚🧠 Clinical Psychology & Mental HealthObsessive Compulsive Disorder: Treatment Protocols

What evidence-based clinical treatment combination is standardly used for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Explanation

The gold-standard psychiatric treatment for moderate-to-severe OCD combines pharmacotherapy (SSRIs like Fluoxetine/Sertraline) with specialized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (specifically Exposure and Response Prevention, ERP).

او سی ڈی کا سب سے بہترین علاج ادویات اور سی بی ٹی تھراپی (Medication and CBT) کا امتزاج ہے۔

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664📚⚖️ Human Rights & Women EmpowermentCEDAW Convention

Which international convention adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1979 is specifically dedicated to the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women?

Explanation

CEDAW (often described as an international bill of rights for women) was adopted by the United Nations in 1979 to eliminate gender-based discrimination in political, economic, social, and cultural fields.

خواتین کے حقوق کا بین الاقوامی کنونشن CEDAW (1979) ہے۔

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665📚👥 Women Empowerment & PoliticsChallenges in Women's Political Participation

Which of the following is a significant structural and social challenge hindering women's political participation and leadership in India?

Explanation

Gender-based online and offline harassment, character assassination, patriarchal gatekeeping in political parties, and safety concerns are major structural impediments to women's active political participation.

سیاسی میدان میں صنفی تشدد، ہراسانی اور عدم تحفظ خواتین کی سیاسی شمولیت میں بڑی رکاوٹ ہے۔

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666📚👥 Social Work & Public HealthSubstance Abuse Intervention: Harm Reduction

Which public health and social work model is most widely recognized for effectively addressing substance abuse and addiction through pragmatic risk reduction?

Explanation

The Harm Reduction Model is a compassionate, evidence-based approach in social work that focuses on reducing the adverse health and social consequences of drug use (needle exchange, opioid substitution therapy) without strictly requiring immediate abstinence.

نشے کی لت کے علاج میں نقصانات کو کم کرنے والا ماڈل ہارم ریڈکشن ماڈل (Harm Reduction Model) کہلاتا ہے۔

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667📚🌱 Environmental Science & Climate ChangeEnvironmental Terminology & Definitions

Match environmental concepts with their definitions:
a. Renewable Energy — 5. Energy derived from naturally replenished sources (sunlight, wind, water)
b. Carbon Footprint — 2. Total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities
c. Anthropogenic — 4. Resulting from the influence of human beings on nature
d. Climate Mitigation — 3. Actions taken to reduce or prevent GHG emissions
e. Greenhouse Effect — 1. Earth's atmosphere trapping solar radiation, increasing surface temperature

Explanation

Environmental definitions: Renewable energy is replenished naturally (a-5); Carbon footprint measures GHG emission total (b-2); Anthropogenic means human-caused (c-4); Mitigation means emissions reduction (d-3); Greenhouse effect warms the planet (e-1)

\implies

a-5, b-2, c-4, d-3, e-1.

ماحولیاتی اصطلاحات کے درست جوڑے a-5, b-2, c-4, d-3, e-1 ہیں۔

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668📚🔬 Human Nutrition & PhysiologyMicronutrients: Vitamin D and Calcium Absorption

Which vitamin is crucial for facilitating intestinal absorption and bone deposition of dietary Calcium?

Explanation

Vitamin D (Calcitriol) enhances intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption, essential for bone mineralization; deficiency causes Rickets in children and Osteomalacia in adults.

کیلشیم کو جسم میں جذب کرنے کے لیے وٹامن ڈی (Vitamin D) لازمی ہے۔

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669📚🔬 Endocrinology & Human PhysiologyPancreatic Hormones: Insulin

Which endocrine hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating the cellular uptake of glucose?

Explanation

Insulin promotes glucose entry into muscle and adipose cells and stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver, lowering blood sugar levels.

خون میں شوگر کی سطح کو کم کرنے اور خلیوں میں پہنچانے والا ہارمون انسولین (Insulin) ہے۔

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670📚🏛️ Social Welfare Schemes in IndiaChronology of Social Welfare Programmes

Choose the correct chronological sequence of the following Central Government Programmes based on the year of their original launch:
a) Atal Pension Yojana (2015)
b) Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana / IAY (1985/2016)
c) Integrated Child Development Services - ICDS (1975)
d) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme - MGNREGS (2005/2006)
e) Integrated Rural Development Programme - IRDP (1978/1980)

Explanation

Chronological launch timeline: ICDS (c, 1975) → IRDP (e, 1978/1980) → IAY/PMAY-G (b, 1985/2016) → MGNREGS (d, 2005/2006) → Atal Pension Yojana (a, 2015)

\implies

c, e, b, d, a.

فلاحی اسکیموں کی تاریخ وار ترتیب: ICDS (1975), IRDP (1978), PMAY (1985), MGNREGS (2005), APY (2015) یعنی c, e, b, d, a۔

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671📚🧩 Logical ReasoningCoding-Decoding: Letter Value Sums

Match the words with their alphanumeric codes based on positional values:
i) BRAIN — 2. 44 (

2+18+1+9+14 = 44

)
ii) GROUP — 3. 77 (

7+18+15+21+16 = 77

)
iii) HOUSE — 1. 68 (

8+15+21+19+5 = 68

)

Explanation

Sum of English alphabet positional numbers: BRAIN

= 2+18+1+9+14 = 44

(i-2); GROUP

= 7+18+15+21+16 = 77

(ii-3); HOUSE

= 8+15+21+19+5 = 68

(iii-1)

\implies

i-2, ii-3, iii-1.

حروف کے اعداد کا مجموعہ: BRAIN (44), GROUP (77), HOUSE (68) یعنی i-2, ii-3, iii-1۔

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672📚💻 MS ExcelFormula Referencing

What happens when you select a cell in MS Excel and type "=C19" followed by pressing Enter?

Explanation

Entering `=C19` creates a dynamic formula reference, causing the target cell to display whatever value is present in cell C19.

منتخب سیل میں وہی قیمت نظر آئے گی جو سیل C19 میں موجود ہے۔

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673📚💻 MS ExcelExcel Interface: Formula Bar

Which dedicated area in an MS Excel window allows typing, viewing, and editing data values and cell formulas?

Explanation

The Formula Bar (located directly above the worksheet grid) displays the underlying formula or text value of the active cell and allows editing.

فارمولا بار (Formula Bar) میں فارمولے اور قیمتیں درج و تبدیل کی جاتی ہیں۔

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674📚💻 MS Excel FundamentalsSpreadsheet Components: Cells

The rectangular intersection of a column and a row in a spreadsheet worksheet is called a

Explanation

A Cell is the fundamental building block in a spreadsheet created by the intersection of a vertical column and a horizontal row (e.g., A1, B5).

قطار اور کالم کے درمیانی خانے کو سیل (Cell) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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675📚💻 MS ExcelExcel Keyboard Commands: Escape Key

In MS Excel, if you begin typing an entry into a cell and then realize you want to cancel and discard your entry, which key should you press?

Explanation

Pressing the Escape (Esc) key immediately cancels cell editing mode and restores the cell to its original state without committing changes.

سیل میں ٹائپنگ منسوخ کرنے کے لیے 'Esc' کی دبائی جاتی ہے۔

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676📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeHCF Applications

1008 Physics books, 720 Chemistry books, and 288 Mathematics books are to be stacked such that each stack contains the same number of subject-wise books. Find the minimum total number of stacks required.

Explanation

Books per stack

= \text{HCF}(1008, 720, 288) = 144

. Stacks of Physics

= 1008/144 = 7

, Chemistry

= 720/144 = 5

, Mathematics

= 288/144 = 2

. Total stacks

= 7 + 5 + 2 = 14

.

مطلوبہ اسٹیکس کی کل تعداد

= 7 + 5 + 2 = 14

ہے۔

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677📚🧩 Logical ReasoningLetter to Number Decoding

If

A = 1, B = 2, C = 3

and so on, what word do the numbers 12, 9, 7, 8, 20 represent?

Explanation

12 = L, 9 = I, 7 = G, 8 = H, 20 = T

\implies

LIGHT.

حروف کے اعداد کے مطابق لفظ 'LIGHT' بنتا ہے۔

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678📚📖 General EnglishCommon Errors: Comprise vs Consist

Spot the error: "The three storey building comprises of six houses, two parking lots and one basement."

Explanation

The verb 'comprises' means 'consists of' and must never be followed by the preposition 'of' in active voice. It should read "comprises six houses".

'Comprises' کے ساتھ 'of' نہیں لگایا جاتا، لہذا حصہ A میں غلطی ہے۔

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679📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension: Vocabulary in Context

Based on the reading passage, which sentence expresses the contextual meaning of 'DISENGAGEMENT'?

Explanation

'Disengagement' in learning refers to emotional and cognitive detachment, lack of participation, and loss of involvement.

'Disengagement' کا مفہوم بے تعلقی اور علیحدگی (Air of detachment) ہے۔

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680📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension

In the context of the passage, what crucial community function do schools and learning centres provide beyond academics?

Explanation

The passage highlights: "Schools and learning centres are places for communities to address health related issues, including mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS)."

اسکول ذہنی صحت اور نفسیاتی و سماجی مدد (MHPSS) فراہم کرنے کے اہم مراکز ہیں۔

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681📚🌍 International Days & ThemesWorld Pulses Day 2023 Theme

What was the official theme of 'World Pulses Day' 2023 celebrated on February 10?

Explanation

The United Nations FAO designated 'Pulses for a Sustainable Future' as the theme for World Pulses Day 2023 to highlight the role of pulses in soil biodiversity and food security.

ورلڈ پلسز ڈے 2023 کا تھیم 'Pulses for a Sustainable Future' تھا۔

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682📚🔬 Zoology & Animal KingdomFlightless Birds

Which of the following birds are flightless (ratites/penguins)?

Explanation

Kiwis (New Zealand), Ostriches (Africa), and Penguins (Antarctic marine) are all naturally flightless birds lacking flight keels. All of the above cannot fly.

کیوی، شتر مرغ اور پینگوئن (All of the above) یہ سب اڑ نہ سکنے والے پرندے ہیں۔

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683📚🔬 Human Nutrition & DiseasesVitamin D Deficiency: Rickets

Deficiency of which vitamin causes bone softening and skeletal deformities known as Rickets in growing children?

Explanation

Vitamin D deficiency prevents adequate intestinal calcium absorption, leading to defective bone mineralization and Rickets.

وٹامن ڈی (Vitamin D) کی کمی سے بچوں میں ہڈیوں کی بیماری ریکٹس (Rickets) ہو جاتی ہے۔

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684📚🔬 Physics & Modern ScienceEinstein's Theory of Relativity

Who formulated the revolutionary Special and General Theories of Relativity in modern physics?

Explanation

Albert Einstein proposed the Special Theory of Relativity in 1905 (

E = mc^2

) and the General Theory of Relativity in 1915.

نظریہ اضافیت (Theory of Relativity) البرٹ آئن سٹائن نے پیش کیا تھا۔

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685📚🔬 Human Nutrition & Blood DisordersMineral Deficiencies: Iron Deficiency Anaemia

Dietary deficiency of the essential trace mineral Iron leads to which blood disorder?

Explanation

Iron is required for hemoglobin synthesis in red blood cells; its deficiency causes Iron-Deficiency Anaemia.

آئرن (لوہے) کی کمی سے خون کی کمی یعنی انیمیا (Anaemia) کی بیماری ہوتی ہے۔

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686📚🔬 Human Nutrition: VitaminsDietary Sources of Vitamin C

Which of the following dietary sources is naturally richest in Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)?

Explanation

Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes, amla/Indian gooseberry, and guavas) are the richest natural dietary sources of Vitamin C.

کھٹے پھل یعنی سٹرس فروٹس (Citrus Fruits) وٹامن سی سے بھرپور ہوتے ہیں۔

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687📚🔬 Human Physiology & PathologyLiver Diseases: Jaundice

Which vital internal organ is primarily affected and inflamed in Jaundice (elevated serum bilirubin)?

Explanation

Jaundice (icterus) occurs when the Liver fails to properly process and excrete yellow bilirubin pigment from broken-down red blood cells.

یرقان (Jaundice) میں بنیادی طور پر جگر (Liver) متاثر ہوتا ہے۔

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688📚🌿 Ecology & Energy FlowSolar Energy in Ecosystems

What is the ultimate primary driving force and energy source powering all natural ecosystems on Earth?

Explanation

Solar Energy from sunlight is captured by green autotrophs via photosynthesis, driving trophic food chains, nutrient cycles, and energy flow across all ecosystems.

تمام ماحولیاتی نظاموں کو چلانے والی بنیادی توانائی سورج کی روشنی (Solar Energy) ہے۔

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689📚🌱 Environmental ScienceGreenhouse Gases

Which of the following atmospheric gases is NOT categorized as a direct greenhouse gas?

Explanation

Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and Carbon Dioxide are potent greenhouse gases that absorb infrared radiation. Diatomic Hydrogen (

\text{H}_2

) is not a direct greenhouse gas.

ہائیڈروجن گیس (Hydrogen) براہ راست گرین ہاؤس گیس نہیں ہے۔

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690📚🧮 Sets & Venn DiagramsSet Cardinality

In a class of 40 students, 20 have chosen Mathematics and 15 have chosen Mathematics but not Biology. If every student chose either Mathematics or Biology or both, find the number of students who chose both Mathematics and Biology.

Explanation

Students taking Mathematics

= n(M) = 20

.
Students taking Mathematics only

= n(M - B) = 15

.
Students taking both Mathematics and Biology

= n(M \cap B) = n(M) - n(M - B) = 20 - 15 = 5

.

دونوں مضامین منتخب کرنے والے طلباء

= 20 - 15 = 5

ہیں۔

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691📚🧮 GeometryProperties of Equilateral Triangles & Centroid

In an equilateral triangle ABC with side

16\sqrt{3}\text{ cm}

, P is the centroid. What is the perpendicular distance of centroid P from side BC?

Explanation

Altitude of equilateral triangle:

h = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} a = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \times 16\sqrt{3} = 24\text{ cm}

.
The distance from centroid P to any base side is the inradius:

r = \frac{h}{3} = \frac{24}{3} = 8\text{ cm}

.

سینٹرائیڈ کا فاصلہ = \frac{ارتفاع}{3} = \frac{24}{3} = 8 سینٹی میٹر ہے۔

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692📚🧮 MensurationVolume of Cones & Cross Sections

In a right circular cone, the base radius is 14 cm and height is 48 cm. A horizontal cross-section is made through the midpoint of the height parallel to the base. Find the volume of the smaller upper cone. (Take

\pi = 22/7

)

Explanation

By similar triangles, the upper cone has height

h = 24\text{ cm}

and radius

r = 7\text{ cm}

.

\text{Volume} = \frac{1}{3} \pi r^2 h = \frac{1}{3} \times \frac{22}{7} \times 7^2 \times 24 = \frac{1}{3} \times 22 \times 7 \times 24 = 22 \times 7 \times 8 = 1232\text{ cm}^3

.

اوپری کون کا حجم

= \frac{1}{3} \times \frac{22}{7} \times 49 \times 24 = 1232\text{ cm}^3

ہے۔

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693📚🗺️ ClimatologyKöppen Climate Classification

Which world-famous climatologist was inspired by Albrecht Penck's geomorphological ideas to create the empirical Köppen Climate Classification system?

Explanation

Russian-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen developed the widely used vegetation-based world climate classification scheme in 1884, heavily influenced by Penck and De Candolle.

دنیا کا معروف موسمیاتی نظام ولادیمیر کوپن (Wladimir Köppen) نے تیار کیا۔

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694📚🌱 Environmental Physics & ClimatologyMechanism of Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect in the Earth's atmosphere is physically produced due to the

Explanation

Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, H2O vapor) allow incoming solar shortwave visible light to pass through but absorb and re-emit the outgoing longwave infrared radiation back toward Earth's surface.

گرین ہاؤس اثر زمین سے خارج ہونے والی انفراریڈ تابکاری کو جذب اور واپس منعکس کرنے سے پیدا ہوتا ہے۔

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695📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms

Select the correct synonym for the word: Reverberate

Explanation

'Reverberate' means to echo, ring, or be repeated several times as an echo or reflection of sound/energy.

'Reverberate' کا ہم معنی لفظ گونجنا یا منعکس ہونا (Reflect/Echo) ہے۔

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696📚📖 General EnglishModal Auxiliaries & Base Verbs

Find out the error part: "No struggle can ever succeeded (a) / without women participating (b) / side by side with men (c) / No error (d)."

Explanation

Modal auxiliary verbs like 'can' must always be followed by the base bare infinitive form of the verb (

V_1

), not the past participle (

V_3

). It must read "can ever succeed".

موڈل 'can' کے ساتھ فعل کی پہلی حالت آتی ہے، اس لیے 'succeeded' غلط ہے (succeed ہونا چاہیے)۔

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697📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension

Based on the reading passage, where did young Ernest Rutherford conduct his own private scientific experiments on radio waves?

Explanation

The passage states: "...he sat for a scholarship to Canterbury College... and he began to conduct his own experiments in the cloakroom of the college, where the students hung their gowns."

رتھرفورڈ نے اپنے ذاتی تجربات کینٹربری کالج کے کلوک روم میں کیے۔

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698📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension

According to the passage, identify the statement that is factually TRUE:

Explanation

The passage explicitly confirms: "At Nelson College... he was an outstanding pupil" and "He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry...".

عبارت کے مطابق رتھرفورڈ ایک شاندار طالب علم اور نوبل پرائز جیتنے والے سائنسدان تھے۔

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699📚📖 General EnglishCorrect Sentence Structure

Out of the four options, select the grammatically correct sentence:

Explanation

Option C is concise, logical, and grammatically sound without redundant or double-negative adverbs: "You cannot win my confidence without believing me."

گرائمر کے لحاظ سے بالکل درست جملہ آپشن C ہے۔

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700📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTTourism & Major Lakes of Jammu & Kashmir

Which of the following highlights the economic significance of Dal Lake in Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Dal Lake, known as the 'Jewel in the crown of Kashmir', is the backbone of Srinagar's tourism economy through its iconic shikaras, heritage houseboats, floating vegetable markets, and handicraft trade.

डल झील शिकारा की सवारी, हाउसबोट और पर्यटन के लिए विश्व प्रसिद्ध है, जो कश्मीर की स्थानीय अर्थव्यवस्था और आजीविका में प्रमुख योगदान देती है।

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701📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension

The writer's statement, "They think every person's burden to be light and their own feathers to be heavy as lead," holds great significance. It implies that:

Explanation

The vivid contrast between another's heavy burden (viewed lightly) and one's own minor issues/feathers (felt as heavy as lead) highlights self-pity and the egocentric perception that one is uniquely suffering while others enjoy an easy life.

इस कथन का आशय है कि असंतुष्ट लोग यह मानते हैं कि उनके अपने छोटे दुख भी बहुत बड़े हैं और बाकी लोग मौज में हैं।

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702📚General English & ComprehensionArticles & Determiners

Fill in the blanks: I saw ______ old woman yesterday.

Explanation

The word 'old' begins with a vowel sound (/oʊ/), hence the indefinite article 'an' is used: 'I saw an old woman yesterday.'

'Old' शब्द स्वर ध्वनि (Vowel sound) से शुरू होता है, इसलिए इसके पहले 'an' का प्रयोग होगा।

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703📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningLogical Deduction & Facts

The logic problem presents three true statements: Fact 1, Fact 2, and Fact 3. Then, three more statements (labelled I, II, and III) are given. Determine which of these, if any, is also a fact based solely on the information given in the first three facts.

Fact 1: Jasmeen has four children. Fact 2: Two of the children have blue eyes, and two have brown eyes.
Fact 3: Half of the children are girls. Given that the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be true? I: At least one girl has blue eyes.
II: Two of the children are boys. III: The boys have brown eyes.

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

From Fact 1 (4 children) and Fact 3 (half are girls = 2 girls), it is a mathematical certainty that the remaining 2 children are boys. Therefore, Statement II must be true. Statements I and III are possibilities but cannot be proven definitively. Hence, II only is a known fact.

तथ्य 1 (4 बच्चे) और तथ्य 3 (आधी लड़कियाँ = 2 लड़कियाँ) से यह 100% निश्चित है कि शेष 2 बच्चे लड़के हैं। अतः केवल कथन II निश्चित रूप से सत्य है।

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704📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningVerbal Analogies

Dog : Bark :: Goat : ?

Explanation

The relationship connects an animal with the sound it produces. A dog barks, while a goat bleats.

कुत्ते की आवाज 'Bark' (भौंकना) होती है, उसी प्रकार बकरी की आवाज 'Bleat' (मिमियाना) होती है।

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705📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningDirection Sense & Linear Arrangements

There are five buildings called D, E, F, G and H in a row (not necessarily in that order). D is to the West of E. H is to the East of F and the West of D, E is to the West of G. Which is the building in the middle?

Explanation

Ordering from West to East based on the given directional clues:
- 'D is West of E' → D < E
- 'H is East of F and West of D' → F < H < D
- 'E is West of G' → E < G
Combining the full sequence from West to East:

F - H - D - E - G

The building positioned exactly in the middle is D.

पश्चिम से पूर्व दिशा में क्रम जमाने पर:

F - H - D - E - G

ठीक मध्य में स्थित भवन 'D' है।

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706📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsMensuration & Volume

The circumference of the base of a cylindrical vessel is 44 cm and its height is 25 cm. How many litres of water can it hold? (Take

\pi = \frac{22}{7}

)

Explanation

Base circumference:

2\pi r = 44 \implies 2 \times \frac{22}{7} \times r = 44 \implies r = 7\text{ cm}

Volume of the cylinder:

V = \pi r^2 h = \frac{22}{7} \times 7^2 \times 25 = 22 \times 7 \times 25 = 3850\text{ cm}^3

Converting to litres (

1\text{ litre} = 1000\text{ cm}^3

):

\text{Capacity} = \frac{3850}{1000} = 3.85\text{ litres}.

2\pi r = 44 \implies r = 7 सेमी।
आयतन = \pi r^2 h = \frac{22}{7} \times 49 \times 25 = 3850 सेमी^3।
लीटर में क्षमता = \frac{3850}{1000} = 3.85 लीटर।

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707📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningVerbal Analogies

Which of the following pairs is most similar to the relationship "Plant: Photosynthesis"?

Explanation

A plant carries out the physiological process of photosynthesis. Similarly, the stomach carries out the digestive process of digestion.

पौधे का मुख्य जैविक कार्य प्रकाश संश्लेषण (Photosynthesis) करना है, उसी प्रकार आमाशय (Stomach) का मुख्य कार्य पाचन (Digestion) करना है।

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708📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningAnalogies & Classification

Which of the following completes the analogy "Digital Image: Pixel :: Human: ?"

Explanation

A pixel is the fundamental, indivisible building block of a digital image. Similarly, a cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of a human.

डिजिटल इमेज की सबसे छोटी मूलभूत इकाई पिक्सेल (Pixel) होती है, उसी प्रकार मानव शरीर की सबसे छोटी संरचनात्मक इकाई कोशिका (Cell) होती है।

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709📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningNon-Verbal Reasoning & Pattern Completion

Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to which one completes the given pattern:

Pattern Completion Figure

Explanation

Looking at the symmetry and intersecting line reflections across all four quadrants, figure 4 provides the exact line continuity required to complete the bottom-right quadrant.

चारों चतुर्थांशों की सममिति और रेखाओं के मिलान के आधार पर आकृति 4 नीचे के दायें भाग को पूर्ण करती है।

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710📚General English & ComprehensionArticles & Determiners

Fill in the blank with the correct article. If no article is required, select no article.
She achieved _____ unique position in _____ organization through hard work.

Explanation

'Unique' starts with a consonant 'y' sound (/juː/), taking indefinite article 'a'. 'Organization' refers to the specific company/entity, taking definite article 'the': 'a unique position in the organization'.

'Unique' व्यंजन ध्वनि (य) से शुरू होता है इसलिए 'a' आएगा, और विशिष्ट संगठन के लिए 'the' आएगा। अतः 'a, the' सही उत्तर है।

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711📚General English & ComprehensionArticles & Determiners

Fill in the blank with the correct article. If no article is required, select no article.
_____ engineer presented _____ innovative solution during the conference.

Explanation

Both 'engineer' and 'innovative' begin with vowel sounds (/e/ and /ɪ/), requiring the indefinite article 'An' and 'an': 'An engineer presented an innovative solution...'.

'Engineer' और 'innovative' दोनों स्वर ध्वनि से शुरू होते हैं, इसलिए दोनों जगह 'An, an' आएगा।

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712📚General English & ComprehensionArticles & Determiners

Fill in the blank with the correct article. If no article is required, select no article.
_____ European country announced _____ new policy to combat climate change.

Explanation

'European' begins with a consonant 'y' sound (/jʊərəˈpiːən/), so it takes 'A'. 'New policy' takes indefinite article 'a': 'A European country announced a new policy...'.

'European' की शुरुआत 'य' व्यंजन ध्वनि से होती है, इसलिए इसके पूर्व 'A' आएगा और 'new policy' के पूर्व भी 'a' आएगा।

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713📚General English & ComprehensionSynonyms & Antonyms

Select the synonym of the word CACOPHONY

Explanation

'Cacophony' refers to a harsh, discordant, jarring mixture of sounds. Its direct synonym is 'Dissonance'.

'Cacophony' का अर्थ कर्कश या अप्रिय ध्वनि का मिश्रण होता है। इसका पर्यायवाची 'Dissonance' (बेसुरापन) है।

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714📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension

Why was the establishment of Menlo Park Laboratory significant in the context of Edison's career?

Explanation

As stated in the passage, the Menlo Park facility in New Jersey was revolutionary as the world's first dedicated industrial research laboratory where a collaborative team developed innovative technologies like the phonograph and light bulb.

गद्यांश के अनुसार मेनलो पार्क लेबोरेटरी विश्व की पहली समर्पित औद्योगिक अनुसंधान प्रयोगशाला थी।

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715📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Chemical Compounds & Daily Life Chemistry

What is the chemical formula for table salt?

Explanation

Common table salt is composed of Sodium Chloride, represented by the chemical formula NaCl (an ionic lattice of

Na^+

and

Cl^-

ions).

साधारण नमक (सोडियम क्लोराइड) का रासायनिक सूत्र NaCl होता है।

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716📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Vitamins, Nutrients & Human Physiology

Which vitamin is mainly produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight?

Explanation

Vitamin D (specifically Vitamin D3 / Cholecalciferol) is synthesized in human skin cells when 7-dehydrocholesterol absorbs solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation.

जब त्वचा सूर्य के प्रकाश (UV-B किरणों) के संपर्क में आती है, तो शरीर में विटामिन D का संश्लेषण होता है।

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717📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Acids, Bases, and pH Scale

Which of the following pairs of pH values of substances is NOT correct?

Explanation

Pure distilled water is neutral and has a neutral pH value of 7.0 at

25^\circ\text{C}

, NOT 5.5 (which represents acidic unbuffered water). Hence, Pair B is incorrect.

शुद्ध जल का pH मान 7.0 (उदासीन/Neutral) होता है, न कि 5.5 (अम्लीय)। अतः विकल्प B गलत युग्म है।

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718📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Light Optics & Atmospheric Phenomena

Which of the following phenomena is/are responsible for the formation of the rainbow?
i) Dispersion
ii) Reflection
iii) Refraction
iv) Diffraction

Choose the correct answer:

Explanation

A rainbow is produced by dispersion of sunlight by raindrops involving three optical processes: refraction of light as it enters the drop, total internal reflection inside the drop, and refraction as it exits the raindrop.

इंद्रधनुष का निर्माण वर्षा की बूंदों द्वारा प्रकाश के अपवर्तन (Refraction), वर्ण-विक्षेपण (Dispersion), और पूर्ण आंतरिक परावर्तन (Internal Reflection) के संयोजन से होता है। अतः केवल i, ii और iii सही हैं।

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719📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Cell Biology & Organelles

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

Explanation

Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouses of the cell' because they generate most of the chemical energy required for cellular processes in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) via cellular respiration.

माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया (Mitochondria) को 'कोशिका का पावरहाउस' कहा जाता है क्योंकि यह कोशिकीय श्वसन द्वारा एटीपी (ATP) के रूप में ऊर्जा उत्पन्न करता है।

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720📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Human Nutrition & Dietary Nutrients

Explanation

i) Carbohydrates: Main primary source of energy for the body (3)
ii) Fats: Long-term energy storage & cell structure insulation (1)
iii) Proteins: Repair and build body tissues/enzymes (4)
iv) Fiber: Promotes digestive motility and prevents constipation (2).
Correct code is i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2.

i) कार्बोहाइड्रेट: शरीर के लिए ऊर्जा का मुख्य स्रोत (3)
ii) वसा: ऊर्जा भंडारण और संरचनात्मक घटक (1)
iii) प्रोटीन: शरीर के ऊतकों का निर्माण और मरम्मत (4)
iv) फाइबर/आहार रेशा: पाचन और कब्ज निवारण (2)।
सही विकल्प i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2 है।

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721📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersPerson-Centered Theory (Carl Rogers)

According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Fully Functioning Person?

Explanation

Comfort with solitude was highlighted by Maslow for self-actualizers, not one of Carl Rogers' primary 5 characteristics of a fully functioning person.

कार्ल रोजर्स के पूर्ण रूप से कार्यशील व्यक्ति के लक्षणों में 'एकांत में आराम' शामिल नहीं है।

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722📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersNeurobiology of Schizophrenia (Dopamine)

Which is correct according to dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia?

Explanation

The revised dopamine hypothesis posits that positive symptoms result from hyperactive D2 receptor transmission in the mesolimbic pathway, whereas negative/cognitive symptoms result from hypodopaminergic D1 receptor transmission in the prefrontal cortex.

सिज़ोफ्रेनिया के डोपामाइन सिद्धांत के अनुसार मेसोलिम्बिक D2 रिसेप्टर अतिसक्रियता से धनात्मक लक्षण तथा प्रीफ्रंटल D1 रिसेप्टर अल्पसक्रियता से ऋणात्मक लक्षण उत्पन्न होते हैं।

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723📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Neuroanatomy & Brain Meninges

Select the correct order of the meninges as seen from outside to inside of the brain.

Explanation

From skull (outermost) to brain surface (innermost), the cranial meninges are: (1) Dura mater (tough outer layer), (2) Arachnoid mater (spider-web-like middle layer), and (3) Pia mater (delicate innermost layer adhering to cortex).

मस्तिष्क की झिल्लियों (Meninges) का बाहर से अंदर की ओर सही क्रम: ड्यूरा मेटर → एराक्नॉइड मेटर → पाया मेटर।

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724📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Anatomical Terminology & Neuroanatomy

Explanation

In neuroanatomy: Anterior (Rostral) = Toward head/front (2); Posterior (Caudal) = Toward tail/back (4); Dorsal = Toward back/top of head (1); Ventral = Toward belly/bottom of skull (3). Code: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3.

न्यूरोएनाटॉमी दिशा-निर्देश: Anterior (सिर की ओर - 2), Posterior (पूंछ की ओर - 4), Dorsal (पीठ/शीर्ष - 1), Ventral (उदर/तल - 3)। सही विकल्प D है।

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725📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Neurobiology & Glial Cells

Explanation

i) Astrocytes: Metabolic/phagocytic support (3); ii) Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheath in Central Nervous System (2); iii) Microglia: Resident immune cells mediating inflammatory response (1); iv) Schwann cells: Form myelin sheath in Peripheral Nervous System (4).

i) एस्ट्रोसाइट्स: संरचनात्मक/मेटाबॉलिक सहायता (3)
ii) ओलिगोडेंड्रोसाइट: केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (CNS) का मायलिन शीथ (2)
iii) माइक्रोग्लिया: प्रतिरक्षा और सूजन प्रतिक्रिया (1)
iv) श्वान कोशिकाएं: परिधीय तंत्रिका तंत्र (PNS) का मायलिन शीथ (4)। सही विकल्प A है।

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726📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Biochemistry & Metabolic Homeostasis

Explanation

Matching: i) Glycogen is stored insoluble carbohydrate in liver/muscles (4); ii) Glucose is simple sugar (3); iii) Glucagon is pancreatic hormone raising blood sugar (2); iv) Glycerol is triglyceride breakdown product (1). Code: i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1.

i) ग्लाइकोजन: यकृत और मांसपेशियों में संचित जटिल कार्बोहाइड्रेट (4)
ii) ग्लूकोज: सरल शर्करा (3)
iii) ग्लूकागन: अग्नाशयी हार्मोन (2)
iv) ग्लिसरॉल: ट्राइग्लिसराइड के टूटने से प्राप्त (1)। सही विकल्प B है।

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727📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Neurobiology of Sleep and Arousal (Orexin)

Cell bodies of neurons that secret orexin are located in the:

Explanation

Orexinergic (hypocretinergic) neurons controlling wakefulness, appetite, and arousal are located exclusively in the Lateral Hypothalamus.

ओरेक्सिन (हाइपोक्रेटिन) स्रावित करने वाले न्यूरॉन्स 'लेटरल हाइपोथैलेमस' (Lateral hypothalamus) में स्थित होते हैं।

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728📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Visual System & Thalamic Nuclei

Which of the following relays information from the retina to the striate cortex?

Explanation

The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of the dorsal thalamus is the primary relay station receiving retinal ganglion cell inputs and projecting to the primary visual (striate) cortex (V1). (The MGN relays auditory signals).

थैलेमस का 'लेटरल जेनिकुलेट न्यूक्लियस' (LGN) रेटिना से दृश्य संकेतों को प्राथमिक दृश्य कॉर्टेक्स (स्ट्रिएट कॉर्टेक्स) तक पहुँचाता है।

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729📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Neurotransmitter Classification

Choose the monoamine neurotransmitters from the list given below:
1. Dopamine
2. Acetylcholine
3. GABA
4. Serotonin

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Dopamine (a catecholamine) and Serotonin (an indolamine) are classic monoamine neurotransmitters. GABA is an amino acid neurotransmitter, and Acetylcholine is an ester/quaternary amine. Thus, 1 and 4 are correct.

डोपामाइन (1) और सेरोटोनिन (4) दोनों 'मोनोमाइन न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर' हैं। GABA अमीनो एसिड है और एसिटाइलकोलाइन एस्टर है। अतः 1 और 4 सही हैं।

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730📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersBiological Etiology of Depression

The monoamine theory explains which of the following clinical disorders?

Explanation

The monoamine hypothesis posits that Major Depressive Disorder (Depression) is primarily caused by a functional depletion/deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in the central nervous system.

मोनोमाइन सिद्धांत (Monoamine theory) अवसाद (Depression) के कारणों की व्याख्या करता है।

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731📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Vascular Pathology & Hematomas

What is a large accumulation of blood within tissue called?

Explanation

A hematoma is a localized collection or swelling of clotted blood within a tissue, organ, or body space resulting from a rupture in the wall of a blood vessel.

ऊतक के भीतर रक्त के बड़े थक्के या संचय को 'हेमाटोमा' (Hematoma) कहा जाता है।

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732📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Infectious Diseases & HIV/AIDS

Which of the following statements about HIV/AIDS is correct?
1. AIDS is a condition that occurs in the advanced stages of HIV infection.
2. HIV can be completely cured with antiretroviral therapy (ART).
3. AIDS stands for Auto-Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
4. HIV weakens the immune system by attacking white blood cells (CD4+ T cells).

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

AIDS develops in late-stage HIV (1 - True) and attacks CD4+ T-helper white blood cells (4 - True). (ART manages viral load and suppresses virus, and in medical literature/multiple choice options 1, 2, 4 is designated correct).

AIDS एचआईवी संक्रमण के उन्नत चरणों में होता है (1) और यह श्वेत रक्त कोशिकाओं पर हमला करके प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली को कमजोर करता है (4)।

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733📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersApplied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Applied Behavioural Analysis is based on which of the following theories of learning?

Explanation

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), pioneered by B.F. Skinner and Ivar Lovaas, is grounded entirely in the principles of operant conditioning (reinforcement, punishment, stimulus control, extinction).

एप्लाइड बिहेवियर एनालिसिस (ABA) बी.एफ. स्किनर के 'क्रियाप्रसूत अनुबंधन' (Operant conditioning) के सिद्धांतों पर आधारित है।

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734📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersPsychotherapy Process & Stages

Arrange the following steps in the typical order they occur during psychotherapy:
1. Setting therapeutic goals
2. Termination of therapy
3. Assessment and diagnosis
4. Intervention and treatment

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Standard psychotherapy process sequence: Comprehensive clinical assessment and diagnosis (3) -> Collaborative goal setting (1) -> Evidence-based intervention/treatment execution (4) -> Planned termination and relapse prevention (2). Sequence: 3 -> 1 -> 4 -> 2.

मनोचिकित्सा के सामान्य चरण: मूल्यांकन और निदान (3) → लक्ष्यों का निर्धारण (1) → हस्तक्षेप और उपचार (4) → चिकित्सा का समापन (2)। सही क्रम: 3 -> 1 -> 4 -> 2।

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735📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Sleep Physiology & Polysomnography

State the correct order of stages of sleep:
1. EEG are slower and larger, there are bursts of high-frequency waves (Sleep spindles & K-complexes)
2. Metabolism is at the lowest. EEG waves are entirely of delta waves
3. State of drowsiness, Predominant alpha waves
4. Predominance of delta waves. Some high frequency spindles.

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

NREM sleep progression from light to deep slow-wave sleep: Stage 1 / Drowsiness with alpha transitions (3) -> Stage 2 with sleep spindles and slower waves (1) -> Stage 3 with emerging delta waves (4) -> Stage 4 deep slow-wave sleep dominated by delta waves and lowest metabolism (2). Sequence: 3 -> 1 -> 4 -> 2.

नींद के चरणों का क्रम: उनींदापन व अल्फा तरंगें (3) → स्टेज 2 स्पिंडल तरंगें (1) → स्टेज 3 डेल्टा तरंगों का उद्भव (4) → स्टेज 4 गहरी डेल्टा नींद और न्यूनतम चयापचय (2)। सही क्रम: 3 -> 1 -> 4 -> 2।

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736📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Neurophysiology & Action Potential

State the correct order of action potential:
1. Sodium channels open, sodium enters the cell
2. Sodium channels become refractory, no more sodium enters cell
3. Potassium channels open, potassium begins to the leave the cell
4. Potassium channels close, sodium channels reset

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Action potential sequence: Depolarization threshold reached -> Voltage-gated

Na^+

channels open and

Na^+

rushes into the cell (1) -> Voltage-gated

K^+

channels open,

K^+

leaves the cell to start repolarization (3) ->

Na^+

channels inactivate and become refractory at peak (~+30 mV) (2) ->

K^+

channels close and channels reset to resting potential (4). Sequence: 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 4.

एक्शन पोटेंशियल का क्रम: सोडियम चैनल खुलते हैं और

Na^+

अंदर प्रवेश करता है (1) → पोटेशियम चैनल खुलते हैं और

K^+

बाहर निकलता है (3) → सोडियम चैनल निष्क्रिय/रिफ्रैक्टरी हो जाते हैं (2) → पोटेशियम चैनल बंद होते हैं और तंत्रिका विश्राम अवस्था में लौटती है (4)। सही क्रम: 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 4।

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737📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersEvidence-Based Practice (EBPP)

What is the trend toward specific, empirically supported treatment for specific problems known as?

Explanation

Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP) is the integration of the best available research evidence with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences.

विशिष्ट समस्याओं के लिए अनुभवजन्य रूप से समर्थित वैज्ञानिक उपचार विधियों के उपयोग को 'साक्ष्य-आधारित अभ्यास' (Evidence-based practice - EBP) कहा जाता है।

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738📚General English & ComprehensionArticles & Determiners

Fill in the blank using a suitable article:
_____ unique artist often develops _____ signature style that distinguishes them and their work from their peers.

Explanation

'Unique' begins with a consonant 'y' sound (/juː/), taking indefinite article 'A'. 'Signature style' takes indefinite article 'a': 'A unique artist often develops a signature style...'.

'Unique' की शुरुआत 'य' व्यंजन ध्वनि से होती है, इसलिए इसके पूर्व 'A' आएगा और 'signature style' के पूर्व भी 'a' आएगा।

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739📚Basic Electrical Engineering & Circuit TheoryLinear vs Non-Linear Resistors

Which of the following is NOT a type of non-linear resistor?

Explanation

A wire-wound resistor is a linear resistor whose resistance follows Ohm's law (

V = IR

) proportionally. Thermistors, varistors (VDRs), and photoresistors (LDRs) are non-linear components whose resistance changes non-linearly with temperature, voltage, or light.

वायर-वाउंड रेसिस्टर (Wire-wound resistor) एक रैखिक (Linear) प्रतिरोधक है जो ओम के नियम का पालन करता है। अन्य सभी गैर-रैखिक हैं।

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740📚Basic Electrical Engineering & Circuit TheoryElectrical Energy & Tariff Calculation

In her house, Anita installed 4 new fans with each fan consuming 70 W in addition to the 6 fans already installed with each fan consuming 50 W. She uses the new fans for 10 hours daily and the older fans for 20 hours daily. Calculate the electricity bill for one month (30 days) if the cost of one unit of electricity is Rs. 10.

Explanation

Daily energy consumption:
- New fans:

4 \times 70\text{ W} \times 10\text{ h} = 2800\text{ Wh} = 2.8\text{ kWh}

- Old fans:

6 \times 50\text{ W} \times 20\text{ h} = 6000\text{ Wh} = 6.0\text{ kWh}

- Daily total

= 2.8 + 6.0 = 8.8\text{ kWh (units)}

- Monthly units (30 days)

= 8.8 \times 30 = 264\text{ units}

- Total bill

= 264 \times 10 = \text{Rs. } 2640

.

दैनिक ऊर्जा

= (4 \times 70 \times 10) + (6 \times 50 \times 20) = 2800 + 6000 = 8.8

यूनिट।
माह की कुल यूनिट

= 8.8 \times 30 = 264

यूनिट।
बिल

= 264 \times 10 = 2640

रुपये।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

741📚Power Generation & Energy SourcesHydroelectric Power Generation

Consider the following statements about Hydroelectric Power:
1. Hydroelectric power is a secondary source of energy.
2. It is a non-renewable energy source that uses the force of flowing or falling water to drive turbines and generate electricity.
3. It is efficient and eco-friendly but can harm ecosystems and displace communities.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Hydroelectric power generates electricity (a secondary energy carrier) (1 - True) and is clean during operation but has ecological/displacement impacts (3 - True). Statement 2 is false because water power is renewable (not non-renewable). Thus, 1 and 3 are correct.

जलविद्युत ऊर्जा द्वितीयक ऊर्जा स्रोत है (1) और यह पर्यावरण के अनुकूल होने के बावजूद पारिस्थितिकी और समुदायों को प्रभावित कर सकती है (3)। कथन 2 असत्य है क्योंकि यह नवीकरणीय (Renewable) स्रोत है। अतः 1 और 3 सही हैं।

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742📚Electrical Safety, Earthing & InstallationElectrical Safety & Hazards

Which of the following could NOT be the possible cause of an electric shock?

Explanation

Using a properly grounded adapter (with grounded pigtail connected) is a standard safety interface, whereas cutting live cables, touching overloaded outlets, or lightning strikes are direct shock hazards.

उचित ग्राउंडिंग एडेप्टर सुरक्षा प्रदान करता है, यह बिजली के झटके का कारण नहीं है।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

743📚Electrical Safety, Earthing & InstallationIndian Electricity Rules 1956

Explanation

Indian Electricity Rules (1956):
- Rule 29: General safety requirements of electric supply lines & apparatus (3)
- Rule 31: Cut-out on consumer's premises (1)
- Rule 33: Earthed terminal on consumer's premises (4)
- Rule 44: Instructions for restoration of persons suffering from electric shock (2).
Correct code: i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2.

भारतीय विद्युत नियम (1956): नियम 29 (3), नियम 31 (1), नियम 33 (4), नियम 44 (2)। सही विकल्प A है।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

744📚Synchronous Machines (Alternators)Distribution Factor (Kd)

The value of the distribution factor of a 3-phase alternator decreases with:

Explanation

The breadth/distribution factor

K_d = \frac{\sin(m\beta/2)}{m \sin(\beta/2)}

. As the number of slots per pole per phase (

m

) increases, phase spread spreading causes

K_d

to decrease slightly.

वितरण गुणांक (Distribution factor

K_d

) का मान प्रति पोल स्लॉट की संख्या बढ़ने पर घटता है।

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745📚Electrical Measuring InstrumentsTypes of Electrical Indicating Instruments

Explanation

Matching: i) PMMC = DC only with linear scale (2); ii) Moving Iron = AC and DC rms measurements (4); iii) Electrodynamometer = Precision transfer standard for AC/DC (1); iv) Rectifier type = AC audio/RF communications (3). Code: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

746📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsWeb Technologies & Programming Frameworks

Which of the following is a Python-based framework for web development?

Explanation

Django is a high-level open-source Python-based web framework (along with Flask). React and Angular are JavaScript/TypeScript frameworks, and Flutter is a Dart-based UI toolkit.

Django पायथन (Python) पर आधारित एक शक्तिशाली वेब डेवलपमेंट फ्रेमवर्क है।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

747📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsEmail Clients & CLI Utilities

Which of the following is a text-based email client?

Explanation

Pine (Program for Internet News and Email, along with Alpine and Mutt) is a classic terminal text-based email client for Unix/Linux systems.

Pine (या Alpine/Mutt) यूनिक्स और लिनक्स के लिए एक प्रसिद्ध टेक्स्ट-आधारित (CLI) ईमेल क्लाइंट है।

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748📚C Programming & Data StructuresControl Structures (if-else, switch, loops)

Consider the following statements about control structures in C:
1. The if-else structure is used for conditional execution of code.
2. The switch statement must always have a default case.
3. The for loop is used when the number of iterations is known beforehand.
4. The while loop can execute zero or more times based on the condition.

Choose the correct Statement:

Explanation

Statements 1, 3, and 4 are correct. Statement 2 is false because the `default` label in a `switch` statement is completely optional.

कथन 1, 3 और 4 सत्य हैं। कथन 2 गलत है क्योंकि `switch` में `default` केस वैकल्पिक (Optional) होता है।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

749📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLRelational Data Model

Which of the following is a property of the relational database model?

Explanation

In the relational model (RDBMS), data is logically represented as relations (tables) composed of tuples (rows/records) and attributes (columns/fields).

रिलेशनल डेटाबेस मॉडल में डेटा को टुपल्स (पंक्तियों) और विशेषताओं/एट्रिब्यूट्स (कॉलम) में व्यवस्थित किया जाता है।

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750📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLACID Properties of Transactions

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of transactions in DBMS?

Explanation

Transaction properties are governed by ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability). 'Divisibility' contradicts the fundamental principle of Atomicity (all-or-nothing execution).

ट्रांजेक्शन की मुख्य विशेषताएं ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) हैं। Divisibility इसकी विशेषता नहीं है।

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751📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLDatabase Normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF)

Which of the following statements about normalization are correct?
1. Normalization reduces redundancy in a database
2. Normalization increases data integrity
3. Third Normal Form (3NF) removes transitive dependencies
4. First Normal Form (1NF) ensures data is atomic

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

All 4 statements are correct: Normalization eliminates duplicate data (1), maintains data integrity (2), 3NF eliminates transitive dependencies (

X → Y, Y → Z

) (3), and 1NF enforces atomic, non-composite, single-valued attributes (4).

चारों कथन सही हैं: नॉर्मलाइजेशन अतिरेक कम करता है (1), अखंडता बढ़ाता है (2), 3NF सकर्मक निर्भरता हटाता है (3), और 1NF परमाणु मान सुनिश्चित करता है (4)।

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752📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLDatabase Keys & Constraints

Explanation

Matching: i) Primary Key uniquely identifies a row (1); ii) Foreign Key enforces referential integrity between relations (2); iii) Candidate Key is a minimal superkey capable of being selected as primary key (3); iv) Composite Key consists of two or more attributes (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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753📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLQuery Processing & Optimization Steps

Arrange the following steps in query processing in the correct order:
1. Query Optimization
2. Query Parsing
3. Execution Plan Generation
4. Query Execution

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

DBMS Query Processing Pipeline:
1. Parsing & Translation: Syntactic/semantic checks and relational algebra translation (2)
2. Query Optimization: Cost-based evaluation of query trees (1)
3. Execution Plan Code Generation: Producing physical execution steps (3)
4. Query Execution: Evaluating the plan by the query execution engine (4).
Order: 2 → 1 → 3 → 4.

क्वेरी प्रोसेसिंग का सही क्रम: पार्सिंग (2) → ऑप्टिमाइजेशन (1) → निष्पादन योजना जनरेशन (3) → निष्पादन (4)। अतः 2 → 1 → 3 → 4 सही है।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

754📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLDatabase Indexing Pros & Cons

Which of the following are advantages of indexing in a database?
1. Improves query performance
2. Reduces storage requirements
3. Increases the speed of updates and inserts
4. Enables faster retrieval of rows

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Indexing speeds up SELECT query performance (1) and accelerates row retrieval (4). However, indexes consume additional disk storage space and slow down INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operations because the index tree must be updated.

इंडेक्सिंग से क्वेरी का प्रदर्शन बेहतर होता है (1) और डेटा तेजी से प्राप्त होता है (4)। यह अतिरिक्त मेमोरी लेता है और इन्सर्ट/अपडेट को धीमा करता है। अतः 1 और 4 सही हैं।

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755📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLSQL Fundamentals

What does SQL stand for?

Explanation

SQL stands for Structured Query Language, the standard domain-specific language used for managing data held in relational database management systems.

SQL का पूर्ण रूप 'Structured Query Language' (स्ट्रक्चर्ड क्वेरी लैंग्वेज) है।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

756📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsHTTP vs HTTPS Protocols

Which of the following statements about HTTP and HTTPS are correct?
1. HTTP sends data in plain text, whereas HTTPS encrypts data
2. HTTPS requires an SSL/TLS certificate
3. HTTPS operates on port 443, whereas HTTP operates on port 80
4. HTTPS is faster than HTTP because of encryption

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Statement 4 is false because TLS cryptographic handshake and encryption/decryption add a slight computational latency overhead, making HTTPS slightly more resource-intensive than unencrypted HTTP.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं। कथन 4 गलत है क्योंकि एन्क्रिप्शन के कारण HTTPS में मामूली अतिरिक्त समय (Overhead) लगता है। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।

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757📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLDatabase Design Lifecycle

Arrange the following operations in the correct order for database design:
1. Requirement Analysis
2. Conceptual Design
3. Logical Design
4. Physical Design

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Standard phases of Database Design:
1. Requirement Analysis: Collecting data/functional user needs (1)
2. Conceptual Design: Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling (2)
3. Logical Design: Mapping ER diagrams to normalized relational schema (3)
4. Physical Design: Implementing storage structures, file organizations, and indexes (4).
Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4.

डेटाबेस डिजाइन के चरण: आवश्यकता विश्लेषण (1) → वैचारिक डिजाइन/ER मॉडल (2) → तार्किक डिजाइन (3) → भौतिक डिजाइन (4)। सही क्रम 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 है।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

758📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsNetwork Devices (Router, Switch, Hub, Firewall)

Explanation

Matching: Router = Layer 3 IP routing (1); Switch = Layer 2 MAC frame filtering (2); Hub = Layer 1 physical multi-port repeater broadcasting to all ports (3); Firewall = network security packet inspection (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

759📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsTCP Protocol Architecture & Features

Which of the following are features of the TCP protocol?
1. Connection-oriented
2. Reliable data transfer
3. Flow control
4. Low overhead compared to UDP

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

TCP features include connection-oriented 3-way handshake (1), reliable delivery via sequence numbers and ACKs (2), and flow/congestion control (3). Statement 4 is false because TCP's 20-byte header and reliability mechanisms create much higher overhead than lightweight UDP (8-byte header). Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

TCP कनेक्शन-ओरिएंटेड है (1), विश्वसनीय डेटा ट्रांसफर करता है (2), और फ्लो कंट्रोल प्रदान करता है (3)। UDP की तुलना में TCP का ओवरहेड अधिक होता है। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

760📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Virtual Function Overriding in C++

What is the output of the following C++ code?

```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Base {
public:
virtual void display() { cout << "Base" << endl; }
};

class Derived: public Base {
public:
void display() { cout << "Derived" << endl; }
};

int main() {
Base* b;
Derived d;
b = &d;
b->display();
return 0;
}
```

Explanation

Because `display()` is declared `virtual` in `Base`, the call `b->display()` dynamically resolves at runtime to the overriding method in `Derived`. Output is `Derived`.

`Base` में `display()` के `virtual` होने के कारण रनटाइम पर `Derived` क्लास का फंक्शन कॉल होगा और आउटपुट 'Derived' आएगा।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

761📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Constructor & Destructor Order in Inheritance

In C++, which of the following is the correct order of constructor and destructor calls in a derived class?

Explanation

In inheritance: Constructors execute from base to derived (Base Constructor → Derived Constructor). Destructors execute in reverse order (Derived Destructor → Base Destructor).

इनहेरिटेंस में कंस्ट्रक्टर बेस से डिराइव्ड की ओर कॉल होते हैं और डिस्ट्रक्टर उल्टे क्रम (डिराइव्ड से बेस) में कॉल होते हैं।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

762📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Multiple Inheritance & Virtual Base Classes

Which of the following statements about multiple inheritance in C++ are correct?
1. It allows a class to inherit from more than one base class
2. It increases the complexity of the class hierarchy
3. It may lead to ambiguity issues
4. The virtual keyword helps in resolving ambiguity in multiple inheritance

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

All 4 statements are correct: Multiple inheritance allows deriving from multiple parents (1), increases hierarchy complexity (2), leads to diamond ambiguity (3), and Virtual Base Classes (`virtual public Base`) resolve diamond inheritance ambiguity (4).

सभी चारों कथन सही हैं: एकाधिक इनहेरिटेंस एक से अधिक बेस क्लास की अनुमति देता है (1), जटिलता बढ़ाता है (2), एंबिग्यूइटी पैदा कर सकता है (3), और वर्चुअल कीवर्ड डायमंड समस्या को हल करता है (4)।

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763📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Core OOP Principles

Explanation

Matching: Encapsulation = bundling data & methods into a class (1); Abstraction = hiding internal complexity (2); Inheritance = acquiring code/properties from base class (3); Polymorphism = one interface, multiple implementations (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

764📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Function & Operator Overloading in C++

Which of the following statements about overloading in C++ are correct?
1. Function overloading allows functions with the same name but different parameters.
2. Operator overloading enables custom behavior for built-in operators
3. Function overloading can be based on the return type alone
4. Overloaded functions must differ in their parameter list

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct. Statement 3 is false because functions differing only in return type cannot be overloaded (the compiler cannot distinguish which overload to invoke without context). Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि केवल रिटर्न टाइप के आधार पर फंक्शन ओवरलोडिंग संभव नहीं है। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।

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765📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Advanced C++ OOP Concepts

Explanation

Matching: Virtual Destructor = prevents memory leaks when deleting derived object via base pointer (1); Pure Virtual Function = makes class abstract & enforces override (2); Static Member = single class-wide shared variable (3); Constructor = initializes newly created instance (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

766📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Pure Virtual Functions & Abstract Classes

Arrange the following steps for creating a pure virtual function in C++:
1. Declare a function as virtual
2. Use the = 0 syntax to make it pure virtual
3. Implement the function in the derived class
4. Create an abstract class containing the function

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Order: 4 (Create abstract base class) → 1 (Declare function with `virtual` keyword) → 2 (Append `= 0;` specifier) → 3 (Override and implement in concrete derived classes). Order: 4 → 1 → 2 → 3.

प्योर वर्चुअल फंक्शन बनाने का क्रम: एब्सट्रैक्ट क्लास बनाना (4) → वर्चुअल फंक्शन घोषित करना (1) → `= 0` लगाना (2) → डिराइव्ड क्लास में लागू करना (3)। क्रम: 4 → 1 → 2 → 3।

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767📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)C# Inheritance & Polymorphism Keywords

Explanation

Matching: sealed = prevents class inheritance or method overriding (1); virtual = declares method overridable in derived class (2); abstract = declares signature with no implementation (3); override = supplies derived class implementation (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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768📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareMemory Management & Relocation

Which of the following memory management techniques does not support relocation?

Explanation

Static Contiguous Allocation (Fixed Partitioning without base/limit relocation hardware) binds memory at compile/load time and does not support dynamic relocation, unlike Paging, Segmentation, and Virtual Memory.

स्टैटिक कॉन्टिगुअस एलोकेशन (Contiguous Allocation) में डायनेमिक रीलोकेशन का समर्थन नहीं होता है।

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769📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KWind Instruments Anatomy

How many holes are there in a wind instrument?

Explanation

Traditional Kashmiri woodwind instruments (like the Kashmiri Bansuri or Swarnay) typically feature 8 tone holes (7 finger holes plus 1 thumb/tuning hole).

पारंपरिक सुषिर वाद्य (सुरीली बांसुरी/शहनाई) में आमतौर पर 8 छिद्र (Holes) होते हैं।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

770📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KKashmiri Literature & Habba Khatoon

The book named Habba Khatoon based on the legendary mystic poetess has been penned down by:

Explanation

The play/book 'Habba Khatoon' highlighting the life of the 16th-century peasant queen and Nightingale of Kashmir was written by Kajal Suri.

प्रसिद्ध कवयित्री हब्बा खातून पर आधारित पुस्तक 'काजल सूरी' (Kajal Suri) द्वारा लिखी गई है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

771📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsElectronic Harmoniums

Which of the following is a feature of a Korg Harmonium:

Explanation

Electronic synthesizers/keyboards (like Korg electronic harmoniums) are powered by electricity and generate digital sound samples without manual air bellows.

कॉर्ग (Korg) इलेक्ट्रॉनिक हारमोनियम बिजली से चलता है और इसमें डिजिटल प्री-रिकॉर्डेड ध्वनियां होती हैं।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

772📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsADSR Envelope & Sustain

What does the term "Sustain" refer to:

Explanation

In acoustics, Sustain is the duration for which a musical sound continues to resonate and vibrate before decaying after the key/excitation is released.

संगीत में 'सस्टेन' (Sustain) का अर्थ कुंजी छोड़ने के बाद भी स्वर के गूंजते रहने की अवधि है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

773📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsPsychoacoustics & Octave Equivalence

A sound perceived as being the same note but in different registers refers to:

Explanation

Octave Equivalence is the psychoacoustic phenomenon where pitches separated by integer octaves (ratio 2:1) are perceived as sharing the identical musical pitch class identity (e.g. Middle C vs High C).

विभिन्न रजिस्टरों में होने के बावजूद एक ही स्वर के रूप में अनुभूत होने की घटना को 'ऑक्टेव इक्विवेलेंस' (Octave Equivalence) कहते हैं।

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774📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsClassification of Harmonium

What type of instrument can a harmonium be categorised as?

Explanation

A harmonium produces sound via wind pressure across free metal reeds, categorizing it as a Sushir Vadya (Aerophone / wind instrument).

हारमोनियम वायु प्रवाह द्वारा ध्वनि उत्पन्न करता है, इसलिए यह 'सुषिर वाद्य' (Sushir Vadya / Aerophone) की श्रेणी में आता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

775📚Indian Classical Music & MusicologyTaal Khemta Structure

Identify the characteristics of Khemta Taal?

Explanation

Khemta (or Khemta Taal) is a fast 6-beat or 12-beat light-classical folk rhythm with symmetrical subdivisions.

खेमटा ताल की विशेषता 6 मात्राएं और सममित विभाग होना है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

776📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsJust Intonation vs Equal Temperament

What is the main difference between the "Just" and "Equal Tempered" Octave?

Explanation

While the 2:1 octave span is identical, Just Intonation uses pure integer frequency ratios (e.g. 3:2, 4:3, 5:4), whereas Equal Temperament uses slight irrational logarithmic approximations (

2^{n/12}

).

जस्ट इनटोनेशन और इक्वल टेम्परामेंट में मुख्य अंतर मध्यवर्ती स्वरों के आवृत्ति अनुपात (Frequency Ratio of Notes) का होता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

777📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsClassification of Instruments

Based on its sound producing mechanism, what kind of instrument is Harmonium?

Explanation

Because it relies on wind air-bellows to excite acoustic reeds, the harmonium is classified as a Sushir Vadya (Aerophone).

ध्वनि उत्पादन तंत्र के आधार पर हारमोनियम एक 'सुषिर वाद्य' (Sushir Vadya) है।

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778📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsHarmonium Registers (Bass vs Treble)

Which register of harmonium is typically used to produce the most powerful sound for accompaniment?

Explanation

The Bass reed register produces low-frequency, deep, powerful acoustic resonance that anchors vocal and choral accompaniment.

हारमोनियम में सबसे शक्तिशाली और गंभीर ध्वनि उत्पन्न करने के लिए 'बास' (Bass) रजिस्टर का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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779📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsHarmonium Pitch Range

Which Instrument has a sound range that spans multiple octaves but with a focus on the lower octave?

Explanation

The Indian Harmonium spans 3 to 3.5 octaves, with primary vocal accompaniment centered heavily on the lower (Mandra) and middle (Madhya) octaves.

हारमोनियम की सीमा 3 से 3.5 सप्तक होती है जिसका मुख्य उपयोग निचले (मन्द्र) और मध्य सप्तक पर केंद्रित होता है।

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780📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsHarmonium Bellows & Dynamics

Which feature of harmonium is used to control the volume of the sound produced?

Explanation

The manual Air Pump (bellows) controls the air pressure delivered to the wind chest, directly regulating volume and dynamics.

हारमोनियम में ध्वनि की तीव्रता/वॉल्यूम को 'एयर पंप' (धौंकनी / Bellows) के दबाव द्वारा नियंत्रित किया जाता है।

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781📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologySubatomic Particles & Rest Mass

A Muon is a sub atomic particle which has a mass 207 times that of the mass of electron. What is the approximate mass of the muon in units of MeV?

Explanation

Electron rest mass energy

m_e c^2 \approx 0.511\text{ MeV}

.

\text{Mass of Muon} = 207 \times 0.511\text{ MeV} \approx 105.78\text{ MeV} \approx 106\text{ MeV}.

इलेक्ट्रॉन का द्रव्यमान

0.511\text{ MeV}

होता है। अतः म्यूऑन का द्रव्यमान

= 207 \times 0.511 \approx 106\text{ MeV}

।

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782📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyDirectly vs Indirectly Ionizing Radiation

Directly ionizing radiation does not include:

Explanation

Directly ionizing radiation consists of charged particles (electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles) that ionize atoms directly via Coulomb interactions. Neutrons and photons are uncharged and represent indirectly ionizing radiation.

न्यूट्रॉन (Neutron) अनावेशित कण हैं और अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से आयनकारी विकिरण (Indirectly ionizing radiation) की श्रेणी में आते हैं।

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783📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyDosimetry Phantoms

A phantom that simulate various body tissues is called:

Explanation

An anthropomorphic phantom (such as the Rando phantom) is anatomically modeled to simulate human body contours and contains tissue-equivalent materials mimicking bone, lung, muscle, and soft tissue inhomogeneities.

मानव शरीर की शारीरिक संरचना और विभिन्न ऊतकों का अनुकरण करने वाले फैंटम को 'एंथ्रोपोमोर्फिक फैंटम' (Anthropomorphic phantoms) कहा जाता है।

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784📚Human Anatomy & Clinical PhysiologyLeukocytes & Diapedesis

Find the correct statement for WBCs:

Explanation

White blood cells (leukocytes) exhibit diapedesis (extravasation), enabling them to actively deform and squeeze through tiny gaps in capillary endothelial walls into tissue spaces.

श्वेत रक्त कोशिकाएं (WBCs) डायपेडिसिस प्रक्रिया द्वारा रक्त केशिकाओं (Capillaries) की दीवारों से बाहर निकल सकती हैं।

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785📚Human Anatomy & Clinical PhysiologyCell Organelles & Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is a function of?

Explanation

The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes on its cytosolic surface, functioning as the primary site of cellular protein synthesis and translational folding.

प्रोटीन संश्लेषण 'खुरदरी अंतःप्रद्रव्यी जालिका' (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - RER) पर स्थित राइबोसोम द्वारा किया जाता है।

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786📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyPhoton Energy & Wavelength

Visible light has a wavelength of approximately 6×10^-7 m. Co60 gamma rays have a wavelength of 1×10^-12 m and the energy of 1.25 MeV. What is the approximate energy of light photons?

Explanation

Energy of photon

E = \frac{hc}{\lambda} = \frac{1240\text{ eV}\cdot\text{nm}}{\lambda}

.
For visible light

\lambda = 600\text{ nm}

(

6 \times 10^{-7}\text{ m}

):

E = \frac{1240\text{ eV}\cdot\text{nm}}{600\text{ nm}} \approx 2.06\text{ eV} \approx 2\text{ eV}.

दृश्य प्रकाश फोटॉन की ऊर्जा:

E = \frac{hc}{\lambda} = \frac{1240\text{ eV}\cdot\text{nm}}{600\text{ nm}} \approx 2\text{ eV}

।

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787📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyAtomic Mass Unit (amu) Definition

An atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as _____.

Explanation

The unified atomic mass unit (1 u / amu) is standardly defined as exactly

1/12

of the mass of an unbound neutral Carbon-12 (

^{12}\text{C}

) atom at rest (

1\text{ amu} \approx 1.66054 \times 10^{-27}\text{ kg} \approx 931.5\text{ MeV}/c^2

).

परमाणु द्रव्यमान इकाई (amu) को कार्बन-12 (

^{12}\text{C}

) परमाणु के द्रव्यमान के 1/12वें भाग के रूप में परिभाषित किया जाता है।

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788📚Dosimetry & Quality AssuranceAcceptance Testing vs Commissioning

What is the difference between acceptance testing and commissioning of equipment?

Explanation

Acceptance testing verifies that the newly installed machine meets vendor purchase contractual specifications using a limited baseline dataset. Commissioning is the comprehensive clinical dataset acquisition (PDD, beam profiles, output factors) required for clinical treatment planning.

स्वीकृति परीक्षण (Acceptance testing) विक्रेता के विनिर्देशों की पुष्टि हेतु सीमित डेटासेट चलाता है, जबकि कमीशनिंग क्लिनिकल उपयोग हेतु व्यापक डेटा संग्रह करता है।

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789📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyTransuranic Elements & Natural Abundance

Why are there no naturally occurring isotopes with an atomics number greater than 92?

Explanation

Transuranic elements (

Z > 92

, beyond Uranium) have unstable nuclei with half-lives vastly shorter than the 4.5-billion-year age of the Earth; any primordial isotopes formed during nucleosynthesis have completely decayed away.

यूरेनियम से भारी तत्वों (

Z > 92

) के नाभिक अस्थिर होते हैं और उनका अर्धायु काल पृथ्वी की आयु की तुलना में बहुत कम होने के कारण वे प्राकृतिक रूप से समाप्त हो चुके हैं।

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790📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsCell Cycle Radiosensitivity Phases

Irradiation with x-rays of HeLa and Chinese hamster cells harvested at mitosis has shown that the cells are most sensitive when they are:

Explanation

Cells are classically most radiosensitive in the M (Mitosis) phase and late G2 phase of the cell cycle, and most radioresistant in the late S (DNA synthesis) phase.

कोशिका चक्र में कोशिकाएं 'M चरण' (Mitosis) में विकिरण के प्रति सर्वाधिक संवेदनशील और S चरण में सर्वाधिक प्रतिरोधी होती हैं।

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791📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsOxygen Effect & Cell Cycle Phases

Mitotic cells under conditions of hypoxia are as radiosensitive as:

Explanation

Mitotic (M-phase) cells are inherently hyper-radiosensitive; when deprived of oxygen (hypoxia with OER ~2.5-3), their radiosensitivity drops to an extent comparable to fully oxygenated cells in the radioresistant late S phase.

हाइपोक्सिया (ऑक्सीजन की कमी) में माइटोटिक कोशिकाओं की संवेदनशीलता घटकर लेट S चरण की कोशिकाओं के समान हो जाती है।

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792📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsFractionation & Reassortment in 4 Rs

The variation of cell radiosensitivity with cell age is important to radiotherapy because:

Explanation

In fractionated radiotherapy, the initial radiation fraction preferentially kills cells in the sensitive phases (M/G2), leaving surviving cells synchronized in resistant phases (late S), which subsequently reassort into sensitive phases prior to the next fraction.

विकिरण की पहली खुराक संवेदनशील कोशिकाओं को नष्ट करके शेष कोशिका आबादी को सिंक्रोनाइज़ (Synchronize) कर देती है, जो बाद में पुनः संवेदनशील चरणों में आ जाती हैं।

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793📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsCell Cycle Kinetics & Autoradiography

Which of the following statements is false?

Explanation

Statement D is false: Different mammalian cell lineages have vastly different cell cycle durations (

T_c

ranging from hours in crypt cells to months/years), with the greatest duration variation occurring in the G1 phase.

कथन D असत्य है क्योंकि विभिन्न स्तनधारी कोशिकाओं में कोशिका चक्र चरणों की अवधि बहुत भिन्न होती है (G1 चरण में सर्वाधिक भिन्नता होती है)।

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794📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsOxygen Diffusion & Tumor Hypoxia

The distance to which oxygen can diffuse in tumour cells:

Explanation

Oxygen diffusion in tumor tissue is limited to approximately 70 to 100 micrometers from functional capillaries (Thomlinson & Gray model); beyond this diffusion radius, cells become chronically hypoxic and necrotic.

ट्यूमर कोशिकाओं में ऑक्सीजन की विसरण दूरी केशिका से लगभग 70 माइक्रोमीटर (

70\ \mu\text{m}

) होती है, जिसके आगे क्रोनिक हाइपोक्सिया और नेक्रोसिस होता है।

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795📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsHypoxic Fraction in Solid Tumors

The fraction of hypoxic cells in human tumors has been estimated to be:

Explanation

Radiobiological tumor assays and microelectrode/PET measurements estimate the hypoxic fraction in solid human tumors to typically range between 10% and 15%.

मानव ट्यूमर में हाइपोक्सिक (ऑक्सीजन रहित) कोशिकाओं का अंश आमतौर पर 10-15% आंका गया है।

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796📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsPotentially Lethal Damage (PLD)

Radiation damage is divided into (a) lethal damage, (b) sublethal damage and (c) potentially lethal damage (PLD). Which of the following statements is true?

Explanation

Potentially Lethal Damage (PLD) is component damage that ordinarily causes cell death under standard physiological post-irradiation conditions, but can be repaired if cells are incubated in suboptimal growth conditions (e.g. plateau phase / delayed plating).

संभावित घातक क्षति (PLD) सामान्य परिस्थितियों में कोशिका मृत्यु का कारण बनती है, परंतु वृद्धि की स्थिति बदलने पर इसकी मरम्मत संभव है।

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797📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsSublethal Damage (SLD) Repair

Sublethal damage repair is:

Explanation

Sublethal Damage (SLD) repair is the operational mechanism (Elkind repair) responsible for the increase in cell survival observed when a total radiation dose is divided/split into two fractions separated by a time interval of hours.

सब-लीथल क्षति मरम्मत (SLD repair) वह कारण है जिससे विकिरण खुराक को दो भागों में विभाजित करने पर कोशिका उत्तरजीविता (Survival) बढ़ जाती है।

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798📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsSLD Repair & Cell Cycle Reassortment

The increase of cell survival because of sublethal damage repair:

Explanation

As time increases between split doses, surviving synchronized cells progress around the cell cycle and enter more sensitive phases (M/G2 - reassortment), which produces a dip in survival that counteracts pure repair.

सब-लीथल मरम्मत द्वारा उत्तरजीविता में वृद्धि कोशिका चक्र में आगे बढ़ने ('पुनर्वर्गीकरण' / Reassortment) के कारण संवेदनशीलता बढ़ने से प्रभावित/बाधित होती है।

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799📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsDose-Rate Effect in Radiobiology

The dose-rate effect:

Explanation

The dose-rate effect states that lowering the dose rate (or extending exposure duration) reduces the biological effectiveness of a given dose of low-LET radiation because sublethal damage repair occurs during the prolonged irradiation period.

डोज़-रेट प्रभाव में विकिरण का समय बढ़ाने (डोज़ रेट घटाने) पर सब-लीथल मरम्मत होने के कारण विकिरण का जैविक प्रभाव कम हो जाता है।

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800📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsTissue Radiosensitivity Hierarchy

The most radiosensitive cells are:

Explanation

Under the Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau, rapidly dividing, undifferentiated hematological stem cells in the bone marrow (erythroblasts, myeloblasts) are the most radiosensitive normal tissue cells in the adult body.

बर्गुनी और ट्राइबोंड्यू के नियम के अनुसार, अस्थि मज्जा कोशिकाएं (Bone-marrow stem cells) शरीर में सर्वाधिक रेडियो-संवेदनशील होती हैं।

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801📚Radiation Safety & Regulatory NormsAERB Occupational Dose Limits

What is the maximum exposure that AERB allows to occupational workers per year?

Explanation

The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB, India) mandates an occupational effective dose limit of 20 mSv/year averaged over 5 consecutive years, with a maximum ceiling of 30 mSv in any single year.

AERB (भारत) के अनुसार व्यावसायिक कार्यकर्ताओं के लिए किसी एक वर्ष में अधिकतम सीमा 30 mSv है (5 वर्ष का औसत 20 mSv/वर्ष)।

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802📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsFactors Influencing Cellular Radiosensitivity

Which of these factors has no effect on response of cells to irradiation?

Explanation

Biological cellular response depends on radiation quality (LET), oxygen tension (

pO_2

), and dose-rate. The image receptor (detector/film) captures transmitted photons outside the patient and has zero influence on biological cell damage.

कोशिकाओं की विकिरण प्रतिक्रिया LET, ऑक्सीजन और डोज़ रेट पर निर्भर करती है; उपयोग किए गए इमेज रिसेप्टर का इस पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं होता।

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803📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyUltrasound Propagation Velocity

Speed of ultrasound depends upon:

Explanation

The speed of ultrasound propagation (

c = \sqrt{B/\rho}

) is determined exclusively by the acoustic properties of the propagation medium (bulk modulus elasticity and density), independent of wave frequency or amplitude.

अल्ट्रासाउंड की गति (

c = \sqrt{B/\rho}

) केवल माध्यम (Medium) के घनत्व और लोच पर निर्भर करती है।

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804📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyRadiographic Contrast & Differential Absorption

Bones look white in x-ray photograph because:

Explanation

Bone has a high effective atomic number (

Z \approx 13.8

) and high physical density (calcium hydroxyapatite), strongly absorbing X-rays via photoelectric effect and leaving the detector unexposed (appearing white/radiopaque).

हड्डियां एक्स-रे की अच्छी अवशोषक (Good absorbers) होती हैं, जिससे वे रेडियोग्राफ पर सफेद (Radiopaque) दिखाई देती हैं।

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805📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyAcoustic Coupling Gel & Impedance Matching

With gel between skin and transducer percentage of reflected intensity of ultrasonic is:

Explanation

Acoustic coupling gel eliminates the air gap (

Z_{\text{air}} \ll Z_{\text{skin}}

) and matches the acoustic impedance between transducer and skin, reducing ultrasound reflection to less than 0.03% and transmitting virtually all sound energy.

अल्ट्रासाउंड जेल त्वचा और ट्रांसड्यूसर के बीच ध्वनिक प्रतिबाधा का मिलान करता है, जिससे परावर्तित तीव्रता घटकर मात्र 0.03% रह जाती है।

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806📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyAttenuation Coefficients & Photon Energy

Attenuation coefficient depends on:

Explanation

The linear/mass attenuation coefficient (

\mu

) depends fundamentally on the incident X-ray photon energy (

E

) and the atomic number (

Z

) and density of the absorber.

क्षीणन गुणांक (Attenuation coefficient

\mu

) मुख्य रूप से एक्स-रे फोटॉनों की ऊर्जा (Energy) और माध्यम के परमाणु क्रमांक पर निर्भर करता है।

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807📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyAcoustic Impedance Formula

Acoustic impedance is defined as:

Explanation

Specific acoustic impedance (

Z

) is defined as the product of the physical density of the medium (

\rho

) and the speed of sound propagation in that medium (

c

):

Z = \rho \cdot c

(measured in Rayls).

ध्वनिक प्रतिबाधा (Acoustic impedance) माध्यम के घनत्व (

\rho

) और ध्वनि की गति (

c

) का गुणनफल होती है:

Z = \rho c

।

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808📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyUltrasound Pulse-Echo Distance Formula

Bone thickness is equal to:

Explanation

In pulse-echo ultrasound, sound travels to the reflecting bone interface and back (two-way transit time

\Delta t

). The one-way anatomical thickness is

d = \frac{c \cdot \Delta t}{2}

.

पल्स-इको अल्ट्रासाउंड में परावर्तन समय

\Delta t

के लिए दूरी का सूत्र

d = \frac{c \cdot \Delta t}{2}

होता है।

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809📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyDifferential Absorption & Photoelectric Effect

In a diagnostic radiograph the process mostly responsible for differential attenuation is:

Explanation

Photoelectric absorption has a probability proportional to

(Z/E)^3

. Its strong dependence on atomic number (

Z^3

) provides high tissue subject contrast between bone (

Z \approx 13.8

), soft tissue (

Z \approx 7.4

), and air.

नैदानिक रेडियोग्राफी में ऊतकों के बीच कंट्रास्ट (विभेदी क्षीणन) मुख्य रूप से 'फोटोइलेक्ट्रिक प्रभाव' (

Z^3

) के कारण उत्पन्न होता है।

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810📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyUltrasound Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)

In ultrasound a 4 MHz transducer has a useful range of 10cm. What is the maximum pulse repetition frequency of this transducer?

Explanation

Speed of sound in soft tissue

c = 1540\text{ m/s} = 154,000\text{ cm/s}

.
Round-trip transit distance for depth

d = 10\text{ cm}

is

2d = 20\text{ cm}

.
Time required per pulse

\Delta t = \frac{20\text{ cm}}{154,000\text{ cm/s}} \approx 1.2987 \times 10^{-4}\text{ s}

.

\text{Maximum PRF} = \frac{1}{\Delta t} = \frac{154000}{20} = 7700\text{ Hz} = 7.7\text{ kHz}.

10 सेमी गहराई के लिए 2-तरफा दूरी 20 सेमी है। समय

\Delta t = \frac{20}{154000} = 1.3 \times 10^{-4}

सेकंड। अधिकतम

\text{PRF} = \frac{1}{\Delta t} = 7.7\text{ kHz}

।

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811📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyUltrasound Transducer Arrays

An ultrasound transducer which utilizes a series of elements that transmit sequential sound waves in order to form a rectangular image is called:

Explanation

A Linear Sequenced Array transducer fires sequential groups of parallel transducer crystals along a flat bar to produce a wide, rectangular field-of-view image format.

समानांतर तत्वों को क्रमिक रूप से सक्रिय करके आयताकार छवि बनाने वाले अल्ट्रासाउंड ट्रांसड्यूसर को 'लीनियर एरे' (Linear array) कहा जाता है।

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812📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsLaw of Bergonié and Tribondeau

Which type of tissue is most sensitive to ionising radiation?

Explanation

According to the Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau, tissues composed of rapidly proliferating, undifferentiated cells with long mitotic futures (bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, gonadal germ cells) exhibit the highest radiosensitivity.

बर्गुनी और ट्राइबोंड्यू के नियम के अनुसार, तेजी से विभाजित होने वाली कोशिकाओं वाले ऊतक (Tissue with cells that divide quickly) विकिरण के प्रति सर्वाधिक संवेदनशील होते हैं।

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813📚Human Anatomy & Clinical PhysiologyAnatomy of the Pharynx and Larynx

Lower part of pharynx is attached to:

Explanation

The laryngopharynx (hypopharynx, the inferior part of the pharynx) opens anteriorly directly into the larynx (at the laryngeal inlet) and continues inferiorly as the esophagus at C6.

ग्रसनी (Pharynx) का निचला भाग (Laryngopharynx) आगे की ओर 'कंठ' (Larynx) से जुड़ा होता है।

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814📚Human Anatomy & Clinical PhysiologyBrain Anatomy (Cerebrum)

What is the largest part of the human brain?

Explanation

The Cerebrum constitutes approximately 85% of the total weight of the human brain, making it the largest anatomical division.

मानव मस्तिष्क का सबसे बड़ा भाग 'प्रमस्तिष्क' (Cerebrum) है, जो कुल मस्तिष्क का लगभग 85% हिस्सा बनाता है।

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815📚Human Anatomy & Clinical PhysiologyDigestive Hormones (Secretin & CCK)

Which of the following hormones stimulates the production of pancreatic juice and Bicarbonate?

Explanation

Secretin stimulates the pancreatic ductal cells to secrete an alkaline bicarbonate-rich fluid, and Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete digestive enzymes.

ग्रहणी द्वारा स्रावित 'सिक्रेटिन' (Secretin) बाइकार्बोनेट को और 'कोलेसिस्टोकिनिन' (CCK) अग्नाशयी रस के एंजाइमों को उत्तेजित करता है।

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816📚Human Anatomy & Clinical PhysiologyCardiovascular Anatomy & Myocardium

What is a human heart made up of?

Explanation

The human heart is primarily a muscular pump composed of specialized, involuntary, striated Cardiac Muscle (Myocardium).

मानव हृदय मुख्य रूप से विशेष प्रकार की 'हृदय पेशियों' (Cardiac Muscle) से बना एक पेशीय अंग है।

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817📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyBremsstrahlung Radiation Production

When high energy electrons decelerate in a high Z target, the predominant radiation emitted is?

Explanation

When relativistic electrons decelerate in the strong nuclear Coulomb fields of heavy target atoms (Tungsten,

Z=74

), the dominant radiation produced is continuous Bremsstrahlung ('braking radiation').

उच्च ऊर्जा इलेक्ट्रॉन जब भारी परमाणु नाभिक के पास धीमे होते हैं, तो मुख्य रूप से 'ब्रेम्सस्ट्रालुंग' (Bremsstrahlung / ब्रेकिंग रेडिएशन) उत्सर्जित होता है।

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818📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyX-rays vs Gamma Rays Origin

Which of the following is most descriptive of the difference between x-ray and gamma rays?

Explanation

X-rays and gamma rays of identical energy are physically indistinguishable electromagnetic photons; their sole defining difference is their Origin (Gamma rays originate from atomic nuclei transitions, whereas X-rays originate extranuclearly from electron interactions).

एक्स-रे और गामा किरणों में एकमात्र मौलिक अंतर उनका 'उत्पत्ति स्रोत' (Origin) है (गामा किरणें नाभिक से और एक्स-रे परमाणु कक्षीय इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवर्तनों से उत्पन्न होती हैं)।

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819📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyTissue Dose & f-factor in Diagnostic Radiology

For the same exposure to a diagnostic beam , The highest absorbed dose will occur in:

Explanation

At diagnostic photon energies (30-100 keV), the photoelectric effect dominates (mass energy absorption coefficient

\mu_{\text{en}}/\rho \propto Z^3

). Because compact bone has a high effective atomic number (

Z \approx 13.8

), bone absorbs up to 4 to 6 times more dose per unit exposure than soft tissue (

Z \approx 7.4

).

नैदानिक एक्स-रे ऊर्जा पर फोटोइलेक्ट्रिक प्रभाव (

Z^3

) के कारण 'हड्डी' (Bone) में अवशोषित डोज़ सर्वाधिक होती है।

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820📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyPhotoelectric Effect Z-Dependence

Two absorbers ,A and B, have atomic number, 4 and 8 respectively. The ration of photoelectric components of their mass attenuation coefficients (A:B) is:

Explanation

The photoelectric mass attenuation coefficient is proportional to the cube of the atomic number (

(\tau/\rho) \propto Z^3

).

\frac{(\tau/\rho)_A}{(\tau/\rho)_B} = \left(\frac{Z_A}{Z_B}\right)^3 = \left(\frac{4}{8}\right)^3 = \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3 = \frac{1}{8} = 1:8.

फोटोइलेक्ट्रिक द्रव्यमान क्षीणन गुणांक

\tau/\rho \propto Z^3

होता है।\nअतः अनुपात

= (4/8)^3 = (1/2)^3 = 1:8

।

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821📚Radiation Safety & Regulatory NormsEnvironmental Radon Hazard

Radon represents an environmental hazard primarily in:

Explanation

Radon-222 gas (a decay daughter of Uranium/Radium in soil and rock bedrock) is dense and seeps through foundation cracks, concentrating to hazardous levels primarily in basements and unventilated ground-floor rooms.

रेडॉन गैस मिट्टी और चट्टानों से रिसकर मुख्य रूप से 'बेसमेंट और भूतल के कमरों' (Basement and ground floor) में एकत्रित होकर स्वास्थ्य जोखिम पैदा करती है।

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822📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyCharacteristic X-ray Transitions

An element contain electrons in the 10, 65, 70 and 72 KeV energy levels . Which energy cannot occur in its characteristics x-ray spectrum?

Explanation

Characteristic X-ray energies equal transition differences between discrete shells:
-

72 - 70 = 2\text{ keV}

-

70 - 65 = 5\text{ keV}

-

72 - 65 = 7\text{ keV}

-

65 - 10 = 55\text{ keV}

-

70 - 10 = 60\text{ keV}

-

72 - 10 = 62\text{ keV}

.
All listed photon values correspond to valid energy transition differences in the atom.

अभिलाक्षणिक एक्स-रे ऊर्जाएं कोशों के ऊर्जा अंतर (

E_2 - E_1

) के बराबर होती हैं:

70-65=5

,

72-65=7

,

65-10=55

,

70-10=60\text{ keV}

।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

📝 Solved Questions on General Science (Physics, Chemistry & Everyday Life) (822)