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J&K General KnowledgeGeneral Knowledge with special reference to UT of J&K

Flora, Fauna, National Parks & Sanctuaries of J&K

Biodiversity, forest cover (Deodar, Pine, Chinar), endangered wildlife species including the Hangul (Kashmir Stag - IUCN critically endangered), Snow Leopard, Markhor, protected areas (Dachigam, Kishtwar, Kazinag, Salim Ali, Hemis National Parks) and designated Ramsar wetland sites.

SOLVED MCQS
339
PAPERS APPEARED
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FREQUENCY RATE
66%
AVG / EXAM
4.2
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📝 Solved Questions on Flora, Fauna, National Parks & Sanctuaries of J&K (339)

Start Timed Test (339 Qs)Self-Paced Practice
1🔬General ScienceChemistry
Food cans are coated with tin instead of zinc due to:
Explanation
Zinc is more reactive than tin. It can react with acids present in food items and make them toxic, whereas tin is less reactive and safe for food contact.
زنک قلعی (tin) سے زیادہ ردعمل ظاہر کرنے والی (reactive) دھات ہے۔ یہ کھانے میں موجود تیزابوں سے عمل کر کے زہریلے مرکبات بنا سکتی ہے، جبکہ ٹن محفوظ رہتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBFinance Department
2🔬General ScienceChemistry
Consider the following pairs of elements and their chemical symbols:

- a. Sodium: 3. Na
- b. Carbon: 4. C
- c. Sulphur: 1. S
- d. Cobalt: 2. Co

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?
Explanation
The correct symbols are: Sodium (Na) -> a-3, Carbon (C) -> b-4, Sulphur (S) -> c-1, Cobalt (Co) -> d-2.
صحیح علامات مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: سوڈیم (Na) -> a-3، کاربن (C) -> b-4، سلفر (S) -> c-1، اور کوبالٹ (Co) -> d-2۔
2024JKSSBFinance Department
3📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&K UTEnvironment
Consider the following national parks and the states they are located in:

- a. Kaziranga National Park: 4. Assam
- b. Jim Corbett National Park: 3. Uttarakhand
- c. Ranthambore National Park: 2. Rajasthan
- d. Gir National Park: 1. Gujarat

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?
Explanation
The correct matches are: Kaziranga is in Assam (a-4), Jim Corbett is in Uttarakhand (b-3), Ranthambore is in Rajasthan (c-2), and Gir is in Gujarat (d-1). This corresponds to a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1.
صحیح جوڑے مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: کازی رنگا نیشنل پارک آسام (a-4)، جم کاربیٹ اتراکھنڈ (b-3)، رنتھمبور راجستھان (c-2)، اور گر نیشنل پارک گجرات (d-1)۔
2024JKSSBFinance Department
4🔬General ScienceChemistry
Which is the most malleable metal?
Explanation
Gold is the most malleable (and ductile) metal. It can be beaten into extremely thin gold sheets (gold leaf) without breaking.
سونا (Gold) دنیا کی سب سے زیادہ نرم اور ورق پذیر (malleable) دھات ہے، جسے کوٹ کر انتہائی باریک چادریں بنائی جا سکتی ہیں۔
2024JKSSBFinance Department
5🔬General ScienceChemistry
What is dry ice?
Explanation
Dry ice is the common name for solid Carbon Dioxide (CO2CO_2). It is used as a cooling agent because it sublimates directly from solid to gas.
خشک برف یا ڈرائی آئس (dry ice) دراصل ٹھوس کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ (Solid Carbon dioxide) کو کہا جاتا ہے۔
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6🔬General ScienceChemistry
What is the common name of Calcium Hypochlorite?
Explanation
Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2Ca(OCl)_2) is the chemical name for Bleaching Powder, widely used for disinfecting water and bleaching.
کیلشیم ہائپوکلورائٹ (Ca(ClO)2Ca(ClO)_2) کا عام گھریلو نام بلیچنگ پاؤڈر (Bleaching powder) ہے۔
2024JKSSBFinance Department
7📚Cell Biology & Molecular GeneticsForensic Databases
Consider the following pairs:

i. Fingerprint-AFIS
ii. DNA-IBIS
iii. Fired bullets - CODIS
iv. Paint-PDQ

Which of the components are matched correctly with their databases?
Explanation
AFIS is for fingerprints (i) and PDQ is for paint chemistry (iv). CODIS is the DNA database, and IBIS is for ballistics/fired bullets.
فنگر پرنٹ کے لیے AFIS استعمال ہوتا ہے (i) اور پینٹ کے لیے PDQ (iv)۔ جبکہ ڈی این اے کے لیے CODIS اور گولیوں کے لیے IBIS کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
8📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyCoal Chemistry
What type of coal has the lowest content of carbon?
Explanation
Lignite (often called brown coal) has the lowest carbon content (about 25-35%), whereas Anthracite has the highest carbon content (86-97%).
لگنائٹ (Lignite) کوئلے کی وہ قسم ہے جس میں کاربن کی مقدار سب سے کم (تقریباً 25 سے 35 فیصد) ہوتی ہے، اسے براؤن کوئلہ بھی کہتے ہیں۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
9📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyCarbohydrate Chemistry
alpha-D(+)-glucose and beta-D(+)-glucose are
Explanation
alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-glucose are cyclic monosaccharides that differ in configuration only at the hemiacetal carbon (C-1), making them anomers.
الفا-ڈی-گلوکوز اور بیٹا-ڈی-گلوکوز انومرز (Anomers) کی مثالیں ہیں کیونکہ ان کے کاربن نمبر 1 (hemiacetal carbon) پر ہائیڈروکسیل گروپ کی ترتیب الگ ہوتی ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
10📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyCarbohydrate Chemistry
Glucose molecule react with X number of molecules of phenyl hydrazine to yield osazone. The value of X is
Explanation
One molecule of glucose reacts with exactly 3 molecules of phenylhydrazine to form glucose phenylosazone (osazone), aniline, and ammonia.
گلوکوز کا ایک مالیکیول فینائل ہائیڈرازین کے 3 مالیکیولز (Three) کے ساتھ ردعمل کر کے اوسازون (osazone) کرسٹل بناتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
11📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyLipid Chemistry
The greater the unsaturation of oil or a fat ______ is the iodine value.
Explanation
The iodine value measures the degree of unsaturation in a fat or oil; more double bonds react with more iodine, resulting in a greater iodine value.
کسی تیل یا چربی میں ڈبل بانڈز (unsaturation) جتنے زیادہ ہوں گے، اس کی آیوڈین ویلیو اتنی ہی زیادہ (Greater) ہوگی۔
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12📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry
In linear nitrosyl NO acts as a/an:
Explanation
In inorganic complexes, a linear M-N-O system is formalistically treated as coordination of a NO+ ligand, which acts as a 3-electron donor to the metal.
لینیئر نائٹروسل (linear nitrosyl) کمپلیکس میں، نائٹرک آکسائیڈ (NO) میٹل کو تین الیکٹران عطیہ (Three electron donor) کرتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
13📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry
The order of CO bond strength in the following metal hexacarbonyls is likely to be:
Explanation
CO bond strength is determined by metal-to-ligand backbonding. More negative charge on the metal increases pi-backdonation, weakening the C-O bond. Thus, V(CO)6^- has the weakest C-O bond, and Mn(CO)6^+ has the strongest C-O bond.
دھات پر جتنا زیادہ منفی چارج ہوگا، بیک بانڈنگ زیادہ ہوگی اور C-O بانڈ کمزور ہوگا۔ اس لیے CO بانڈ کی طاقت کی صحیح ترتیب: V(CO)6^- < Cr(CO)6 < Mn(CO)6^+ ہے۔
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14📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry
Predict the number of Fe-Fe bonds in [(eta^5-C_5H_5)Fe(CO)]_2 molecules using the 18 electron rule:
Explanation
The formula represents the cyclopentadienyl iron dicarbonyl dimer [CpFe(CO)2]2 (with a typo in the exam paper missing the 2 after CO). Under the 18-electron rule, each Fe atom contributes 8e^-, Cp contributes 5e^-, two CO ligands contribute 4e^-, totaling 17e^-. To satisfy the 18-electron rule, there must be exactly 1 Fe-Fe single bond.
اس کمپاؤنڈ [CpFe(CO)2]2 میں لوہے (Fe) کا ہر ایٹم 18 الیکٹران کا قاعدہ پورا کرنے کے لیے آپس میں ایک Fe-Fe بانڈ (One) بناتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
15📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryPhotochemistry
Photochemical process includes
Explanation
All listed processes are photochemical (driven by light absorption): photosynthesis in plants, vitamin D synthesis in skin, and photo-degradation of plastic polymers.
روشنی جذب ہونے سے ہونے والے کیمیائی عمل (Photochemical process) میں فوٹو سنتھیسز، وٹامن ڈی کی تیاری اور پلاسٹک کا خراب ہونا سبھی شامل ہیں (All A, B and C)۔
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16📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryAnalytical Extractions
Solvent extraction is a ______ analytical technique
Explanation
Solvent extraction is primarily a separation technique, but it is extensively utilized in qualitative identification and quantitative analysis (hence 'All A, B and C' is selected in standard chemistry answer keys).
سالونٹ ایکسٹریکشن (Solvent extraction) بنیادی طور پر علیحدگی (separation) کی تکنیک ہے لیکن یہ معیاری اور مقداری تجزیوں میں بھی استعمال ہوتی ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
17📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryInorganic Chemistry
The reaction of BCl_3 with NH_4Cl gives product A which upon reduction by NaBH_4 gives product B. Product B upon reacting with HCl affords compound C, which is
Explanation
The reaction of BCl3 with NH4Cl yields trichloroborazine [ClBNH]3 (Product A). Reduction with NaBH4 gives borazine B3N3H6 (Product B). Borazine reacts with HCl in an addition reaction across the polar B-N bonds to yield B-trichloroborazine trihydrochloride Cl3B3N3H9 (Compound C).
اس کیمیائی عمل کے آخر میں بننے والا کمپاؤنڈ C دراصل ٹرائی کلورو بورازین ٹرائی ہائیڈرو کلورائیڈ ہے، جس کا فارمولا Cl3B3N3H9 ہے۔
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18📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyBiochemistry
Fetal hemoglobin is made up of four protein chains. They are
Explanation
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the main oxygen transport protein in human fetuses, consisting of two alpha (a) chains and two gamma (g) chains (a2g2). Adult hemoglobin (HbA) contains two alpha and two beta (b) chains.
جنین کا ہیموگلوبن (Fetal hemoglobin) چار پروٹین چینز پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، جو کہ 2 الفا اور 2 گاما (gamma) زنجیریں ہوتی ہیں۔
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19📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyBiochemistry
What type of amylase does the human saliva constitute?
Explanation
Human saliva contains salivary alpha-amylase (ptyalin), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch.
انسانی لعاب (saliva) میں الفا-ایمیلیز (alpha-amylase) انزائم پایا جاتا ہے جو نشاستے کو توڑنے کا کام شروع کرتا ہے۔
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20📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyBiochemistry
Which of the following reagents is used for the biochemical analysis of RNA?
Explanation
Orcinol reagent (Bial's test) is used for the quantitative/biochemical analysis of RNA because it reacts with the ribose sugar. DPA (diphenylamine) is used for DNA, Folin-Lowry for proteins, and Ninhydrin for amino acids.
آر این اے (RNA) کے بائیو کیمیکل تجزیہ کے لیے اورسینول (Orcinol) ری ایجنٹ کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ رائبوز شوگر کے ساتھ رنگ پیدا کرتا ہے۔
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21📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesBiochemistry
Rhodamine Red that is commonly used for the fluorescent labelling of DNA probes has an emission maximum at what wavelength?
Explanation
Rhodamine Red is a red fluorophore with an excitation maximum near 570 nm and an emission maximum at approximately 590 nm.
روڈامائن ریڈ (Rhodamine Red) فلوروسینٹ ڈائی کی زیادہ سے زیادہ اخراج کی طولِ موج (emission maximum) 590 نینو میٹر (nm) ہے۔
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22📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesMolecular Biology
Who developed the technique of PCR, which is now used extensively for DNA fingerprinting?
Explanation
Kary Mullis developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique in 1983, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993.
پی سی آر (PCR) تکنیک کو 1983 میں کیری ملس (Kary Mullis) نے تیار کیا تھا، جس کے لیے انہیں نوبل انعام ملا۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
23📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesBiochemistry
What are the components of an RNA nucleoside molecule?
Explanation
A nucleoside consists of a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA) and a nitrogenous base. A nucleotide contains a nucleoside plus a phosphate group.
آر این اے نیوکلیوسائڈ (nucleoside) رائبوز شوگر اور نائٹروجن بیس (Nitrogen base) سے مل کر بنتا ہے۔ اگر اس میں فاسفیٹ گروپ شامل ہو تو یہ نیوکلیوٹائڈ بن جاتا ہے۔
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24📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesBiochemistry
The combining of multiple polypeptide chains in a large functional protein is called its
Explanation
The quaternary structure of a protein is the association of multiple individual polypeptide chains (subunits) into a single functional multi-subunit complex.
متعدد پولی پیپٹائڈ زنجیروں کے ملنے سے بننے والے پروٹین کے ڈھانچے کو کواٹرنری اسٹرکچر (Quaternary structure) کہا جاتا ہے۔
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25📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyBiochemistry
A heme molecule is also called
Explanation
Heme is a coordination complex consisting of an iron atom in the ferrous state (Fe2+) coordinated to protoporphyrin IX, hence it is chemically referred to as ferroprotoporphyrin.
ہیم (heme) مالیکیول کو کیمیائی طور پر فیرو پروٹو پورفرین (Ferroprotoporphyrin) بھی کہا جاتا ہے کیونکہ اس میں آئرن Fe2+ حالت میں ہوتا ہے۔
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26📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyBiochemistry
At what linkage does Human Salivary Amylase cleave in the starch molecule?
Explanation
Human salivary alpha-amylase is an endo-enzyme that specifically cleaves internal alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch and glycogen molecules.
انسانی تھوک کا ایمیلیز انزائم نشاستہ (starch) کے مالیکیول میں الفا-1,4 (a1->4) لنکیج کو توڑتا ہے۔
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27📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyBiochemistry
What are fatty acids containing more than one double bonds between the carbon atoms called?
Explanation
Fatty acids containing two or more carbon-carbon double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain are called polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
وہ فیٹی ایسڈز جن میں کاربن ایٹموں کے درمیان ایک سے زیادہ ڈبل بانڈز پائے جائیں، پولی انسیچوریٹڈ فیٹی ایسڈز (Polyunsaturated fatty acids) کہلاتے ہیں۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
28📚General Knowledge & Forensic BiologyBiochemistry
Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide sugar?
Explanation
Sucrose is a disaccharide sugar composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule. Fructose and galactose are monosaccharides, and cellulose is a polysaccharide.
سوکروز (Sucrose) ڈبل شوگر یعنی ڈائی سیکرائڈ (disaccharide) کی مثال ہے جو گلوکوز اور فرکٹوز سے مل کر بنتی ہے۔
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29📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsNarcotics Chemistry
Smack is a variable mixture of
Explanation
Smack is a common street/slang name for heroin (diacetylmorphine), which is a semi-synthetic opioid drug derived from morphine.
اسمیک (Smack) گلیوں اور بازاروں میں ہیروئن (Heroin) کے لیے استعمال ہونے والا ایک عام اور غیر قانونی نام ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
30📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsNarcotics Chemistry
What drug is loaded on bloater sheets also before consumption.
Explanation
LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is highly potent in microgram doses. It is dissolved in solvent and loaded onto absorbent paper squares called blotter sheets (often referred to as bloater sheets) for oral ingestion.
ایل ایس ڈی (LSD) کی بہت ہی معمولی مقدار اثر کرتی ہے، اس لیے اسے مائع کی شکل میں لا کر رنگین کاغذ کے ٹکڑوں (Blotter/bloater sheets) پر جذب کر کے بیچا اور استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
31📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsPrecursor Chemistry
Safrole can be used to synthesize.
Explanation
Safrole, extracted from sassafras oil, is a controlled precursor chemical used in clandestine laboratories as the starting material to synthesize MDMA (Ecstasy).
سفرول (Safrole) ایک پری کرسر کیمیکل ہے جو کہ ایم ڈی ایم اے (MDMA / Ecstasy) نامی نشہ آور دوا تیار کرنے کے لیے اہم خام مال کے طور پر استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
32📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsGroup 14 Chemistry
The correct order of stability of difluorides is
Explanation
Down Group 14, the stable oxidation state changes from +4 to +2 due to the inert pair effect. Therefore, the stability of difluorides (where Group 14 elements are in the +2 oxidation state) increases down the group: GeF2 > SiF2 > CF2.
گروپ 14 میں نیچے جانے پر 'انرٹ پیئر ایفیکٹ' کی وجہ سے +2 آکسیڈیشن اسٹیٹ زیادہ مستحکم ہوتی جاتی ہے۔ اس لیے ڈائی فلورائیڈز کی پائیداری کا صحیح ترتیب GeF₂ > SiF₂ > CF₂ ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
33📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyAcid-Base Chemistry
A strong acid has a
Explanation
According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, a strong acid easily donates its proton, which means its remaining conjugate base has very little affinity for protons (it is a weak conjugate base).
برونسٹڈ۔لوری تھیوری کے مطابق، ایک طاقتور تیزاب (strong acid) کا کاجیوگیٹ بیس (conjugate base) ہمیشہ کمزور (weak) ہوتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
34📚Physical Chemistry & Spectroscopys-Block Chemistry
Which of the following is not correct about the solution when moderate amount of sodium metal is dissolved in liquid ammonia at low temperature?
Explanation
When sodium dissolves in liquid ammonia, it produces Na+ ions and solvated electrons. The free solvated electrons make the solution blue, highly conducting, and paramagnetic (not diamagnetic). Therefore, statement D is incorrect.
جب سوڈیم دھات کو مائع امونیا میں ملایا جاتا ہے، تو آزاد سالویٹڈ الیکٹران پیدا ہوتے ہیں جو محلول کو پیرامیگنیٹک (paramagnetic) بنا دیتے ہیں۔ اس لیے یہ کہنا غلط ہے کہ مائع امونیا ڈائیا میگنیٹک (diamagnetic) رہتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
35📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyOrganometallic Chemistry
The following reaction: Mn₂(CO)₁₀ + Br₂ → 2MnBr(CO)₅, is:
Explanation
In the reactant Mn2(CO)10, the oxidation state of Mn is 0. In the product MnBr(CO)5, the oxidation state of Mn increases to +1. Since both the oxidation state and coordination number increase, it is an oxidative addition reaction.
اس ردعمل میں، میگنیشیم کا آکسیڈیشن نمبر 0 سے بڑھ کر +1 ہو جاتا ہے اور نیا بانڈ بنتا ہے، اس لیے اسے آکسیڈیٹیو ایڈیشن (Oxidative addition) کہتے ہیں۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
36📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyOrganometallic Chemistry
The stable cyclopentadienyl complex of beryllium is:
Explanation
Due to Be's very small ionic size, stable beryllocene in the gas phase adopts a slip-sandwich structure represented as [Be(η¹-C₅H₅)(η⁵-C₅H₅)], where one cyclopentadienyl ring is monohapto and the other is pentahapto.
بیریلیئم کا سائز بہت چھوٹا ہونے کی وجہ سے، اس کا مستحکم بائیسائیکلو کمپلیکس سلپ-سینڈوچ شکل کا ہوتا ہے، جس کا فارمولا [Be(η¹-C₅H₅)(η⁵-C₅H₅)] ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
37📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyOrganometallic Chemistry
Which of the following is more easily reduced?
Explanation
V(CO)6 is a 17-valence electron complex. It is highly unstable and easily accepts an electron (gets reduced) to achieve a stable 18-electron closed-shell configuration [V(CO)6]-. Cr(CO)6, Fe(CO)5, and Ni(CO)4 are already stable 18-electron complexes.
وی(CO)₆ (V(CO)₆) میں 17 الیکٹران ہوتے ہیں۔ یہ مستحکم 18 الیکٹران کا شیل بنانے کے لیے بہت آسانی سے ایک الیکٹران حاصل کر کے ریڈیوس (reduced) ہو جاتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
38📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyAnalytical Chemistry
The chemical reagent from which solution of required concentration can be prepared is
Explanation
A primary standard is a highly pure, stable, and non-hygroscopic chemical reagent. A standard solution of exact concentration can be prepared directly by dissolving a known mass of it in a specific volume.
وہ انتہائی خالص اور مستحکم کیمیکل جس کی مدد سے معلوم حتمی ارتکاز کا محلول براہ راست تول کر بنایا جا سکے، اسے پرائمری اسٹینڈرڈ (Primary standard) کہتے ہیں۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
39📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyAnalytical Chemistry
What is the pH range of Bromo thymol blue as acid base indicator
Explanation
Bromothymol blue is a pH indicator that is yellow at pH below 6.0 and blue at pH above 7.6. Its useful pH transition range is 6.0 to 7.6.
بروموتھامول بلیو (Bromo thymol blue) ایک تیزاب-اساس انڈیکیٹر ہے جس کا ورکنگ پی ایچ رینج 6.0 سے 7.6 ہوتا ہے (تیزاب میں پیلا اور اساس میں نیلا)۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
40📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyAnalytical Chemistry
Dimethyl glyoxime is a reagent specific for the metal ion
Explanation
Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) reacts with Nickel(II) ions in basic medium to form a bright strawberry-red coordination complex, making it highly specific for nickel determination.
ڈائی میتھائل گلائی آکسائیم (DMG) نکل (Ni) کے آئنوں کے ساتھ ردعمل کر کے سرخ رنگ کا رسوب بناتا ہے، یہ نکل کی شناخت کے لیے مخصوص کیمیکل ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
41📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyAnalytical Chemistry
Name the process that contaminates the precipitates and also carries the precipitate solution containing soluble impurities.
Explanation
Coprecipitation is the process in which compounds that are normally soluble in the solvent are carried down out of solution along with the primary precipitate during its formation.
وہ عمل جس میں حل پذیر گندگی یا ناپاکیاں بھی بنیادی رسوب (precipitate) کے ساتھ بیٹھ کر اسے آلودہ کر دیتی ہیں، اسے کو-پریسیپیٹیشن (Coprecipitation) کہتے ہیں۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
42📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationPhotography Chemistry
In traditional film photography, which chemical is commonly used during the development process to make the latent image visible?
Explanation
The developer chemically reduces exposed silver halide crystals in the film emulsion to metallic silver, converting the invisible latent image into a visible metallic silver image.
روایتی فلم فوٹوگرافی میں، ڈیولپر (Developer) کیمیکل کا استعمال غیر مرئی تصویر (latent image) کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
43📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationPhotography Chemistry
What is the primary reason behind the formation of a latent image in photography?
Explanation
Exposure of the silver halide crystals in photographic film to photons initiates a photochemical reduction, forming sub-microscopic clusters of silver atoms that act as the latent image.
روشنی کے ساتھ تعامل یا نمائش (Exposure to light) فلم پر ایک کیمیائی تبدیلی پیدا کرتی ہے جسے پوشیدہ تصویر (latent image) کہا جاتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)
44📚Organic ChemistryApplied Chemistry
Alcoholic beverages contain
Explanation
Ethanol (also known as ethyl alcohol) is the active chemical compound found in all alcoholic beverages, produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts.
تمام الکوحل والے مشروبات میں ایتھائل الکوحل (Ethyl alcohol/Ethanol) پایا جاتا ہے، جو خمیر کے ذریعے شکر کی ابال (fermentation) سے بنتا ہے۔
2023JKSSBForest Ecology and Environment Department
45📚Organic ChemistryEcology & Wildlife
Where is the 'Rajaji Tiger Reserve' located in India?
Explanation
Rajaji Tiger Reserve (formerly Rajaji National Park) is located in the Shivalik range of the Himalayas in the state of Uttarakhand.
راجاجی ٹائیگر ریزرو (Rajaji Tiger Reserve) بھارت کی ریاست اتراکھنڈ میں ہمالیہ کے شوالک پہاڑی سلسلے میں واقع ہے۔
2023JKSSBForest Ecology and Environment Department
46📚General Awareness & ScienceAwards
Match the 2024 Nobel Prize Award winners to their field:

1. John Hopfield - i. Chemistry
2. David Baker - ii. Medicine
3. Gary Ruvkun - iii. Physics
4. Han Kang - iv. Literature

Choose the correct option.
Explanation
The correct matching is: John Hopfield - Physics (1-iii), David Baker - Chemistry (2-i), Gary Ruvkun - Medicine (3-ii), Han Kang - Literature (4-iv). This matches option D.
درست جوڑ درج ذیل ہیں: جان ہوپ فیلڈ - فزکس (1-iii)، ڈیوڈ بیکر - کیمسٹری (2-i)، گیری روبکن - طب/میڈیسن (3-ii)، اور ہان کانگ - ادب (4-iv)۔ یہ ترتیب آپشن D ہے۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)
47📚General Awareness & ScienceSports
What was the mascot for the Khelo India Winter Games, 2024?
Explanation
The mascot for the Khelo India Winter Games 2024 was 'Sheen-e-She' (or 'Shan'), a snow leopard representing the beauty and biodiversity of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.
کھیلو انڈیا ونٹر گیمز 2024 کا شوبنکر (Mascot) ایک برفانی چیتا (Snow Leopard) تھا جس کا نام 'شینِ شی' (یا شان) رکھا گیا تھا۔
2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)
48📚🌍 General AwarenessEnvironment & Ecology
Which of the following fauna can be observed in Dachigam National Park?
Explanation
Dachigam National Park is home to the Kashmiri Stag (Hangul), Himalayan Serow, Long-tailed Marmot, and several other native Himalayan species.
داچیگام نیشنل پارک میں کشمیری بارہ سنگھا (Hangul)، ہمالین سیرو اور طویل دم والے مارموٹ سمیت کئی ہمالیائی جانور پائے جاتے ہیں۔
2023JKSSBInformation Technology Department
49📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlChemistry
Which of the following values of pH represents stronger acid?
Explanation
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH less than 7 is acidic, and the lower the pH value, the stronger the acid. Therefore, a pH of 2 is the strongest acid among the choices.
پی ایچ (pH) اسکیل 0 سے 14 تک ہوتا ہے۔ 7 سے نیچے تیزابی خصوصیات ہوتی ہیں، اور پی ایچ جتنا کم ہوگا تیزابیت اتنی ہی مضبوط ہوگی۔ یعنی پی ایچ 2 سب سے تیز ہے۔
2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department
50📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlCombustion Chemistry
Incomplete combustion of motor vehicle fuel, like petrol or diesel produce
Explanation
Complete combustion of hydrocarbons yields carbon dioxide (CO2CO_2) and water. Incomplete combustion due to insufficient oxygen produces carbon monoxide (COCO), a toxic gas.
گاڑی کے انجن میں ایندھن (پٹرول یا ڈیزل) کے نامکمل جلنے (Incomplete combustion) سے زہریلی گیس کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ (Carbon monoxide) بنتی ہے۔
2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department
51📚🔭 ScienceLakes & Waterbodies
Which of the following statements are true?
a. Wular Lake is an example of tectonic lake
b. Dal lake is an example of crater lake
c. Surinsar-Mansar lakes are Ramsar sites
d. Manasbal Lake is a saltwater lake
Explanation
Statements a and c are correct: Wular Lake is a tectonic lake and Surinsar-Mansar are Ramsar sites. Statements b (Dal Lake is a crater lake) and d (Manasbal Lake is a saltwater lake) are false. Option C is marked correct based on the official exam answer key which contained a printing typo (where d was meant to state 'freshwater' lake).
بیانات a اور c درست ہیں: وولر جھیل ٹیکٹونک سرگرمی سے بنی ہے اور سرینسر-مانسر جھیلیں رامسر سائٹس ہیں۔ بیانات b اور d غلط ہیں۔ امتحانی پرچے کی غلطی کی وجہ سے آپشن C (a, c, d) کو درست مانا گیا ہے۔
2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
52📚🔭 ScienceEnvironment & Ecology
Which of the following statements are true?
a. There are 80 Ramsar sites in India
b. Ex-situ is a method of conservation that involves the conservation of species in its natural habitat
c. Kanwar Lake is the smallest lake in India
d. Manasbal is the deepest lake in India
Explanation
Statements a and d are correct. India reached 80 Ramsar sites in early 2024, and Manasbal is the deepest freshwater lake in India. Statement b is false because ex-situ conservation happens outside the natural habitat. Statement c is false because Renuka Lake is the smallest Ramsar site in India, not Kanwar Lake.
بیانات a اور d درست ہیں۔ 2024 کے اوائل تک ہندوستان میں 80 رامسر سائٹس ہو گئی تھیں، اور مانسبل ہندوستان کی سب سے گہری میٹھے پانی کی جھیل ہے۔ بیان b اور c غلط ہیں۔
2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
53📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry
Which of the following is the correct sequence of electron acceptors in Electron Transport System for production of ATP?
Explanation
In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, electrons pass through cytochromes in the following sequential order: Cytochrome b -> Cytochrome c -> Cytochrome a -> Cytochrome a3.
خلیاتی تنفس کے دوران الیکٹران ٹرانسپورٹ چین (ETS) میں الیکٹرانز کے گزرنے کا درست تسلسل ہے: سائٹوکروم b -> سائٹوکروم c -> سائٹوکروم a -> سائٹوکروم a3۔
2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
54📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry
Which of the following is not involved in Krebs cycle?
Explanation
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Electron Transport Chain) to generate ATP, and is distinct from the substrate-level reactions of the Krebs cycle.
آکسیڈیٹیو فاسفوریلیشن (Oxidative Phosphorylation) کا عمل مائٹوکونڈریا کی اندرونی جھلی (ETC) پر ہوتا ہے، اور یہ براہِ راست کریبز سائیکل کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔
2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
55📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry
Match the following:

Lipids:
a. Lipoprotein
b. Fat soluble vitamins
c. Fat
d. Phospholipids

Classifications:
1. Derived lipids
2. Complex lipids
3. Structural lipids
4. Storage lipids

Match correctly:
Explanation
Matches: Lipoproteins are conjugated/complex lipids (a:2); Fat-soluble vitamins belong to derived lipids (b:1); Fats (triglycerides) serve as storage lipids (c:4); Phospholipids form cell membranes and are structural lipids (d:3). This matches Option A.
درست جوڑ: لیپو پروٹینز مرکب چکنائیاں ہیں (a:2)؛ وٹامنز ماخوذ چکنائیاں ہیں (b:1)؛ چربی اسٹوریج لیپڈز کی شکل ہے (c:4)؛ فاسفو لیپڈز جھلی بنانے والے اسٹرکچرل لیپڈز ہیں (d:3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔
2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department
56📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KFlora & Fauna
Which national park in Jammu and Kashmir is the primary habitat of the Hangul (Kashmir Stag)?
Explanation
Dachigam National Park, located near Srinagar, is renowned as the last remaining home of the critically endangered Hangul (Kashmir Stag).
2024JKSSBRevenue Department
57📚General EnglishGeneral Geography
Which is the largest national park in India, located in the Ladakh region?
Explanation
Hemis National Park in Ladakh is the largest national park in India, famous for its high concentration of snow leopards.
2024JKSSBRevenue Department
58📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Chemistry & Characteristics
The characteristics of fresh and septic sewage, respectively are
Explanation
Fresh sewage is slightly alkaline in nature with a typical pH of 7.3 to 7.8. As sewage becomes stale and septic during anaerobic decomposition, organic acids and hydrogen sulfide (H2SH_2S) are generated, lowering the pH and making septic sewage acidic.
تازہ سیوریج الکلائن (Alkaline) ہوتا ہے جبکہ سیپٹک سیوریج تیزابی (Acidic) ہو جاتا ہے۔
2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department
59📚Ecology & Environmental BiologypH Scale & Chlorination Chemistry
Consider the following statements:
a) 7.0 pH value has most efficient disinfection by chlorination.
b) 7.0 pH is low alkaline.
c) 7.0 pH is high acidic.
d) 14 pH is high alkaline.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Explanation
Statements (a) and (d) are correct: Around neutral pH (~7.0–7.5), chlorine exists predominantly as hypochlorous acid (HOClHOCl), providing rapid and potent germicidal disinfection without causing excessive eye/skin irritation. On the standard pH scale (0 to 14), a pH of 14 represents maximum alkalinity.
7.0 pH پر کلورینیشن کے ذریعے جراثیم کشی سب سے زیادہ موثر ہوتی ہے اور 14 pH انتہائی الکلائن ہوتا ہے۔ (بیانات a اور d درست ہیں)۔
2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department
60📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyDisinfection Chemistry: HOCl
Which among the following is responsible for disinfection of germs and bacteria?
Explanation
Hypochlorous acid (HOClHOCl) is the active germicidal chemical form of free residual chlorine that rapidly penetrates microbial cell walls and destroys cellular enzymes.
ہائپوکلورس ایسڈ (HOClHOCl) جراثیم اور بیکٹیریا کو ہلاک کرنے کے لیے بنیادی طور پر ذمہ دار ہوتا ہے۔
2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department
61📚Environmental Pollution & ControlWater Chemistry & Odors
Consider the following statements:
a) The smell of hydrogen sulphide is like a rotten egg in wastewater.
b) Presence of algae in water increases alkalinity of water.
c) Alkali salts are used to balance pH of acidic water.
d) Hydrogen sulphide is odourless gas.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Explanation
Statements (a), (b), and (c) are correct: Hydrogen sulfide (H2SH_2S) produces a characteristic rotten egg odor, algal photosynthesis removes dissolved CO2CO_2 which shifts bicarbonate equilibria and increases water pH/alkalinity, and alkaline salts (like lime or soda ash) neutralize acidic water.
ہائیڈروجن سلفائیڈ کی بو سڑے ہوئے انڈے جیسی ہوتی ہے، الجی پانی کی الکلینٹی بڑھاتی ہے اور الکلی سالٹس تیزابی پانی کا pH متوازن کرتے ہیں۔ (بیانات a, b اور c درست ہیں)۔
2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department
62📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringWildlife Protection Act Protected Areas
Which of the following is/are have been provided for in the Wildlife protection act, 1972?
1. National parks
2. Wildlife sanctuaries
3. Biosphere reserves
Select the correct answer:
Explanation
The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 specifically provides for the statutory declaration and management of Sanctuaries, National Parks, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. Biosphere Reserves are established under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme.
وائلڈ لائف پروٹیکشن ایکٹ 1972 کے تحت نیشنل پارکس اور وائلڈ لائف سینکچوریز قائم کی جاتی ہیں۔ (1 اور 2 درست ہیں)۔
2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department
63📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementAcid Rain Chemistry
Acid rain is caused by the presence of which pollutants in the atmosphere?
Explanation
Acid precipitation (pH<5.6pH < 5.6) is primarily caused by the atmospheric emission of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2SO_2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOxNO_x), which react with water vapor, oxygen, and oxidants to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4H_2SO_4) and nitric acid (HNO3HNO_3).
تیزابی بارش فضا میں سلفر ڈائی آکسائیڈ (SO2SO_2) اور نائٹروجن آکسائیڈز (NOxNO_x) کی موجودگی سے ہوتی ہے۔
2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department
64📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyNational Parks & Wildlife of J&K
Which National park is located in Jammu and Kashmir and is known for its population of endangered Hangul?
Explanation
Dachigam National Park, located 22 km from Srinagar, is the primary and only viable habitat of the critically endangered Kashmir Stag (Hangul - Cervus hanglu hanglu).
داچی گام نیشنل پارک (Dachigam National Park) سری نگر میں واقع ہے اور نایاب ہانگل ہرن کے لیے مشہور ہے۔
2024JKSSBFinance Department
65📚General EnglishTraditional Handicrafts of Kashmir
Kasida is
Explanation
Kasida (Kashidakari) is the world-renowned traditional hand embroidery craft of Kashmir, noted for its fine needlework depicting Chinar leaves, flora, fauna, and paisleys on Pashmina shawls, pherans, and silk.
قصیدہ کاری (Kasida / Kashida) کشمیر کا روایتی اور عالمی شہرت یافتہ کڑھائی (Embroidery) کا فن ہے۔
2024JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments
66📚Basic Concepts of ComputersWildlife Sanctuaries & Fauna of J&K
Dachigam National Park is famous for?
Explanation
Dachigam National Park, located near Srinagar, is the world-renowned protected natural sanctuary and home of the critically endangered Hangul Deer (Kashmir Stag - Cervus hanglu hanglu).
داچی گام نیشنل پارک نایاب ہانگل ہرن یعنی کشمیری بارہ سنگھا (Hangul Deer / Kashmir Stag) کے لیے دنیا بھر میں مشہور ہے۔
2023JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments
67📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry: Halogens & Bleaching
Bleaching action of chlorine is by
Explanation
Chlorine bleaches in the presence of moisture through Oxidation: Chlorine reacts with water to release nascent oxygen (\text{Cl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} → 2\text{HCl} + [\text{O}]), which oxidizes and decolourizes organic colouring matter permanently.
کلورین کا بلیچنگ ایکشن آکسیڈیشن (Oxidation - نوزائیدہ آکسیجن کے اخراج) کے ذریعے عمل میں آتا ہے۔
2023JKSSBVarious Departments
68📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry: Abundance of Elements
The most abundant metal in the earth's crust is
Explanation
Aluminium is the most abundant metal element in the Earth's continental crust, comprising approximately 8.1%8.1\% of the crust by mass (surpassed only by non-metals Oxygen ∼46.6%\sim 46.6\% and Silicon ∼27.7%\sim 27.7\%).
زمین کی اوپری سطح (کرسٹ) میں سب سے زیادہ پائی جانے والی دھات ایلومینیم (Aluminium - 8.1%) ہے۔
2023JKSSBVarious Departments
69📚General Awareness & ScienceDachigam National Park & Gateways
Which is the gateway of the famous Wildlife sanctuary of Dachigam?
Explanation
Harwan Garden in Srinagar serves as the primary entrance and gateway to the Dachigam National Park (home to the endangered Hangul / Kashmir Stag).
داچی گام نیشنل پارک کا مرکزی گیٹ وے ہارون گارڈن (Harwan Garden) سری نگر ہے۔
2023JKSSBVarious Departments
70📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry: Corrosion and Galvanization
Which of the following element is used in the process of galvanization?
Explanation
Galvanization is the metallurgical process of applying a protective sacrificial Zinc (Zn) coating to iron or steel to prevent atmospheric corrosion and rusting.
لوہے کو زنگ سے بچانے کے لیے گیلوانیزیشن کے عمل میں زنک (Zinc) کی تہہ چڑھائی جاتی ہے۔
2023JKSSBVarious Departments
71📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry / Materials: Properties of Metals
Which one of the following mechanical properties enables a metal to be made into thin sheets?
Explanation
Malleability is the mechanical property of metals that allows them to be hammered, rolled, or pressed into thin foils and sheets without fracturing (e.g. Gold, Aluminium). (Ductility enables drawing into wires).
دھات کو کوٹ کر پتلی چادروں میں تبدیل کرنے کی خاصیت کو ملیبلٹی (Malleability) کہتے ہیں۔
2023JKSSBVarious Departments
72📚General Awareness & SciencePhysical Geography: Latitudes & Hemispheres
The southernmost point of peninsular India, that is, Kanyakumari, is
Explanation
Kanyakumari is situated at latitude 8∘4′ N8^\circ 4'\text{ N}, which lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere, North of the Equator (0∘0^\circ).
کنیا کماری (8∘4′ N8^\circ 4'\text{ N}) خط استوا (Equator) کے شمال میں واقع ہے۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
73📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry: States of Elements
Which of the following is a non-metal that remains liquid at room temperature?
Explanation
Bromine (Br2\text{Br}_2, atomic number 35) is the only non-metallic element in the periodic table that exists in a liquid state at standard room temperature and pressure (25∘C25^\circ\text{C}). (Mercury is the only liquid metal).
برومین (Bromine) واحد غیر دھاتی عنصر ہے جو کمرے کے درجہ حرارت پر مائع حالت میں پایا جاتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
74📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry: Allotropes of Carbon
The hardest substance available on earth is
Explanation
Diamond, a crystalline allotrope of carbon with sp3 hybridized covalent tetrahedral network bonding, is the hardest known naturally occurring mineral on Earth, rating 10 on the Mohs hardness scale.
زمین پر پایا جانے والا سب سے سخت ترین مادہ ہیرا (Diamond) ہے۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
75📚General Awareness & ScienceHemis National Park
Consider the following statements about the Hemis National Park:
1. It is located in eastern Ladakh, Leh district, and is the largest national park in India.
2. Covering 4,400 square kilometers, this park is renowned for high-altitude habitats and Snow leopard safaris.
3. The name 'Hemis National Park' stands for "ten villages" in memory of the ten villages relocated for the park.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are accurate. Statement 3 describes Dachigam National Park ('ten villages'), not Hemis (which is named after the historic Hemis Monastery). Thus, only 1 and 2 are correct.
صرف بیانات 1 اور 2 درست ہیں۔ 'دس گاؤں' کا تعلق داچی گام سے ہے نہ کہ ہیمس نیشنل پارک سے۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
76📚General Awareness & ScienceScientific Names of Himalayan Flora
Consider the following pairs of trees and their scientific names:
1. Chinar - Platanus orientalis
2. Deodar - Cedrus deodara
3. Silver Fir - Abies alba
4. Pine - Pinus roxburghii
Which of the pairs is/are correctly matched?
Explanation
Chinar is Platanus orientalis (1) and European Silver Fir is Abies alba (3). Both 1 and 3 are correctly matched.
چنار کا سائنسی نام Platanus orientalis اور سلور فر کا Abies alba درست جوڑے ہیں۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
77📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry: Chemical Kinetics & Catalysts
What is the role of positive catalyst in a chemical reaction?
Explanation
A positive catalyst increases the rate/speed of a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy (EaE_a).
مثبت کیٹالسٹ (Positive catalyst) کیمیائی رد عمل کی رفتار کو بڑھاتا ہے (Increases rate of reaction)۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
78📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry: Carbon & Its Compounds (Catenation)
Carbon is unique among the elements because it can:
Explanation
Carbon possesses the exceptional property of Catenation—the self-linking ability of carbon atoms via strong covalent bonds to form long linear chains, branched networks, and rings.
کاربن کیٹانیشن (Catenation) کی خاصیت کی وجہ سے لمبی زنجیریں اور برانچڈ ساختیں بنا سکتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
79📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry: Chemical Formulas of Minerals
Which one of the following is the chemical formula of gypsum?
Explanation
Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulphate dihydrate with the chemical formula CaSO4⋅2H2O\text{CaSO}_4\cdot 2\text{H}_2\text{O}. (Plaster of Paris is the hemihydrate CaSO4⋅12H2O\text{CaSO}_4\cdot \frac{1}{2}\text{H}_2\text{O}).
جپسم کا کیمیائی فارمولا CaSO4⋅2H2O\text{CaSO}_4\cdot 2\text{H}_2\text{O} ہے۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
80📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry: Redox Reactions
When a substance loses oxygen during a reaction, it is called ...
Explanation
In classical redox chemistry, the loss of oxygen (or gain of hydrogen / gain of electrons) by a substance during a chemical reaction is termed Reduction.
کیمیائی عمل کے دوران آکسیجن کا خارج ہونا ریڈکشن (Reduction) کہلاتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
81📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry: Agricultural Fertilizers
Which one of the following is not used as fertiliser?
Explanation
Ammonium sulphide ((NH4)2S(\text{NH}_4)_2\text{S}) is an unstable, foul-smelling chemical used in photographic developers, not as a crop fertilizer. Ammonium sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate are major nitrogenous fertilizers.
امونیم سلفائیڈ کھاد کے طور پر استعمال نہیں ہوتا۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
82📚General Awareness & ScienceParallels of Latitude
The tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn are of
Explanation
Because the Earth is approximately spherical, parallels of equal latitude in opposite hemispheres (23.5∘ N23.5^\circ\text{ N} Tropic of Cancer and 23.5∘ S23.5^\circ\text{ S} Tropic of Capricorn) have Equal circumferential length.
خط سرطان اور خط جدی دونوں کا ارض البلد مساوی (23.5∘23.5^\circ) ہے، اس لیے دونوں کا طول مساوی (Equal Length) ہے۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
83📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KProtected Areas & Biosphere Reserves
Where is the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve located in India?
Explanation
India's designated 'Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve' (encompassing Pin Valley National Park, Chandratal, Sarchu, and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary in the western Himalayas) is located in Himachal Pradesh.
کولڈ ڈیزرٹ بائیوسفیئر ریزرو ہندوستان کی ریاست ہماچل پردیش (پِن ویلی) میں واقع ہے۔
2024JKSSBRevenue Department
84📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KSundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem
Consider the following statements:
1. The Sundarbans are mangrove forest, on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal.
2. The Sundarban National Park is listed under the World Heritage Marine Programme.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Explanation
Both statements are correct: The Sundarbans form the world's largest contiguous coastal mangrove forest across the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta (1), and Sundarban National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site recognized under the Marine World Heritage Programme (2).
سندر بن ڈیلٹا اور مینگروو جنگلات کے دونوں بیانات (1 اور 2) بالکل درست ہیں۔
2024JKSSBRevenue Department
85📚General EnglishLakes of Jammu Region
Which lake, located in the Doda district of Jammu region, is known for its religious significance and is surrounded by pine forests?
Explanation
Gupt Ganga / Mansar / high-altitude lakes of Bhaderwah/Doda region hold sacred pilgrimage traditions surrounded by alpine deodar and pine groves.
خطہ جموں کے جنگلات میں گھری مذہبی جھیلوں میں متبرک جھیلیں شامل ہیں۔
2024JKSSBRevenue Department
86📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlCoolant Chemistry & Distilled Water
Which type of water is recommended for mixing with antifreeze coolant in a car radiator?
Explanation
Soft, distilled, or demineralized water must be used in engine cooling systems to prevent calcium/magnesium mineral scale buildup that clogs radiator tubes.
ریڈی ایٹر میں نمکیات سے پاک نرم یا ڈسٹلڈ پانی (Soft/Distilled water) استعمال کرنا چاہیے تاکہ زنگ اور گندگی نہ جمے۔
2023JKSSBTransport / Various Departments
87📚General Awareness with special ref to UT of J&KNandankanan Zoo: White Tigers
Nandankanan Zoological Park (Odisha) is internationally renowned for
Explanation
Nandankanan Zoological Park in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, is globally famous for its White Tiger captive breeding and conservation sanctuary.
نندن کانن زو (اوڈیشہ) سفید شیروں (White Tiger) کے لیے مشہور ہے۔
2024JKSSBSocial Welfare Department
88📚General EnglishPlanetary Winds: ITCZ
The low-pressure equatorial belt where the Northeast and Southeast trade winds converge is known as the
Explanation
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is the broad equatorial trough of low pressure where the trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres converge, associated with convective thunderstorms.
خط استوا کے قریب تجارتی ہواؤں کے ملاپ کا خطہ ITCZ (انٹر ٹراپیکل کنورجنز زون) کہلاتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
89📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&KFestivals: Majuli Festival of Assam
Which of the following is NOT a traditional festival of erstwhile Jammu & Kashmir / Ladakh?
Explanation
Majuli Festival is an eco-cultural festival celebrated on Majuli river island in Assam. Dosmochey, Matho Nagrang, and Hemis are monastic festivals of Ladakh/erstwhile J&K.
ماجولی فیسٹیول آسام کا تہوار ہے، جموں و کشمیر یا لداخ کا نہیں۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
90📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&KKashmiri Kashida & Aari Embroidery
Which type of fine embroidery stitch is predominantly used in Kashmiri Kashida (Aari) embroidery on shawls and pherans?
Explanation
Kashmiri Kashida embroidery prominently employs the Chain Stitch (worked with a specialized pointed hooked needle called an Aari), producing floral chinar and paisley motifs.
کشمیری کشیدہ کاری میں بنیادی طور پر زنجیری ٹانکہ یعنی چین اسٹچ (Chain stitch) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
91📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&KState Symbols: UT Bird of J&K
Which bird has been officially designated as the Union Territory Bird of Jammu and Kashmir?
Explanation
The Government of Jammu and Kashmir officially declared the Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos) as the UT Bird of J&K in October 2021. (The Black-necked crane is the UT bird of Ladakh).
کالج فیزنٹ (Kalij pheasant) کو یونین ٹیریٹری جموں و کشمیر کا ریاستی پرندہ نامزد کیا گیا ہے۔
2024JKSSBVarious Departments
92📚Basic MathematicsHCF Applications
1008 Physics books, 720 Chemistry books, and 288 Mathematics books are to be stacked such that each stack contains the same number of subject-wise books. Find the minimum total number of stacks required.
Explanation
Books per stack =HCF(1008,720,288)=144= \text{HCF}(1008, 720, 288) = 144. Stacks of Physics =1008/144=7= 1008/144 = 7, Chemistry =720/144=5= 720/144 = 5, Mathematics =288/144=2= 288/144 = 2. Total stacks =7+5+2=14= 7 + 5 + 2 = 14.
مطلوبہ اسٹیکس کی کل تعداد =7+5+2=14= 7 + 5 + 2 = 14 ہے۔
2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department
93📚Basic EnglishSynonyms
The synonym of the word CIRCUMLOCUTION is
Explanation
'Circumlocution' is the use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or roundabout (closely related to euphemistic periphrasis).
'Circumlocution' کا مطلب بات کو گھما پھرا کر کہنا (Euphemism/Periphrasis) ہے۔
2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department
94📚General Awareness & ScienceNanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
The Nanda Devi National Park and Biosphere Reserve is located in which Indian State?
Explanation
Nanda Devi National Park (a UNESCO World Heritage Site surrounding peak Nanda Devi, 7,816 m7,816\text{ m}) is located in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand.
نندا دیوی نیشنل پارک اتراکھنڈ (Uttarakhand) میں واقع ہے۔
2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department
95📚Basic ReasoningState Symbols: Hangul
Which animal is the official State / UT Animal of Jammu and Kashmir?
Explanation
The Kashmir Stag (Cervus hanglu hanglu), locally known as Hangul, is the critically endangered official State Animal of Jammu and Kashmir, conserved in Dachigam National Park.
جموں و کشمیر کا ریاستی جانور ہانگل یعنی کشمیر اسٹیگ (Kashmir Stag) ہے۔
2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department
96📚General Awareness & ScienceReading Comprehension
According to the passage, identify the statement that is factually TRUE:
Explanation
The passage explicitly confirms: "At Nelson College... he was an outstanding pupil" and "He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry...".
عبارت کے مطابق رتھرفورڈ ایک شاندار طالب علم اور نوبل پرائز جیتنے والے سائنسدان تھے۔
2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department
97📚General English & ComprehensionNational Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of J&K
Which of the following national parks are located in Jammu and Kashmir?
I. Dachigam National Park
II. Kaziranga National Park
III. Kishtwar High Altitude National Park

Which of the following options is/are correct?
Explanation
Dachigam National Park (famous for the Hangul/Kashmir Stag) and Kishtwar High Altitude National Park are located in Jammu & Kashmir. Kaziranga National Park is located in Assam.
दाचीगाम राष्ट्रीय उद्यान और किश्तवाड़ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान जम्मू और कश्मीर में स्थित हैं। काजीरंगा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान असम में स्थित है। अतः I और III सही हैं।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
98📚Basic Concepts of ComputersMensuration & Surface Area
The radius of a hemisphere is 7 cm. Find the total surface area of the hemisphere. (consider π=227\pi = \frac{22}{7})
Explanation
Total surface area (TSA) of a solid hemisphere:
TSA=3πr2=3×227×72=3×22×7=462 cm2.\text{TSA} = 3\pi r^2 = 3 \times \frac{22}{7} \times 7^2 = 3 \times 22 \times 7 = 462\text{ cm}^2.
ठोस अर्धगोले का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल (TSA) = 3\pi r^2 = 3 \times \frac{22}{7} \times 49 = 462 सेमी^2।
2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments
99📚General Awareness & Current AffairsChemical Compounds & Daily Life Chemistry
What is the chemical formula for table salt?
Explanation
Common table salt is composed of Sodium Chloride, represented by the chemical formula NaCl (an ionic lattice of Na+Na^+ and Cl−Cl^- ions).
साधारण नमक (सोडियम क्लोराइड) का रासायनिक सूत्र NaCl होता है।
2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments
100🔬General ScienceNational Parks & Biodiversity of J&K
Which of the following statements about Kishtwar National Park is NOT correct?
Explanation
Statement D is incorrect: The critically endangered Hangul (Kashmir Stag) is exclusively protected in Dachigam National Park and Tral Wildlife Sanctuary in Kashmir. Kishtwar National Park is famed for Snow Leopard, Himalayan Musk Deer, Himalayan Brown Bear, and Ibex, not hangul.
कथन D गलत है क्योंकि हंगुल (कश्मीर का राज्य पशु) मुख्य रूप से दाचीगाम राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (श्रीनगर) में पाया जाता है, किश्तवाड़ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान में नहीं।
2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments
101📚Psychological Testing & NeuropsychologyBiochemistry & Metabolic Homeostasis
Match the Biochemical Substances in Column A with Column B:

| Column A | Column B |
| :--- | :--- |
| i. Glycogen | 4. Complex insoluble carbohydrate stored in liver and muscles |
| ii. Glucose | 3. Simple sugar |
| iii. Glucagon | 2. A pancreatic hormone |
| iv. Glycerol | 1. Derived from breakdown of triglyceride |

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
Matching: i) Glycogen is stored insoluble carbohydrate in liver/muscles (4); ii) Glucose is simple sugar (3); iii) Glucagon is pancreatic hormone raising blood sugar (2); iv) Glycerol is triglyceride breakdown product (1). Code: i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1.
i) ग्लाइकोजन: यकृत और मांसपेशियों में संचित जटिल कार्बोहाइड्रेट (4)
ii) ग्लूकोज: सरल शर्करा (3)
iii) ग्लूकागन: अग्नाशयी हार्मोन (2)
iv) ग्लिसरॉल: ट्राइग्लिसराइड के टूटने से प्राप्त (1)। सही विकल्प B है।
2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department
102📚Entomology, Microbiology & Plant PathologyProtected Areas of India
In which of the following lakes of India, the world's only floating National Park is located?
Explanation
Keibul Lamjao National Park on Loktak Lake in Manipur is the world's only floating national park, home to the endangered Sangai brow-antlered deer.
मणिपुर की लोकतक झील (Loktak Lake) पर दुनिया का एकमात्र तैरता हुआ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (केबुल लामजाओ) स्थित है।
2025JKSSB
103📚Entomology, Microbiology & Plant PathologyWildlife Conservation Programs
"The project tiger" was initiated in :
Explanation
Project Tiger was launched by the Government of India on April 1, 1973, from Jim Corbett National Park.
प्रोजेक्ट टाइगर की शुरुआत भारत में 1 अप्रैल 1973 को जिम कॉर्बेट नेशनल पार्क से की गई थी।
2025JKSSB
104📚Entomology, Microbiology & Plant PathologySanctuaries and Fauna
Flying squirrels are reported in which of this sanctuary:
Explanation
Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary in Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan, is renowned for its nocturnal Indian giant flying squirrel population.
उड़न गिलहरी (Flying squirrel) राजस्थान के सीतामाता वन्यजीव अभयारण्य में पाई जाती है।
2025JKSSB
105📚Evolutionary Biology, Genetics & ZoologyBlood Biochemistry
The pH of the blood can be maintained by
Explanation
The primary physiological extracellular buffer system maintaining blood pH near 7.4 is the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer pair (H2CO3/HCO3−H_2CO_3 / HCO_3^-).
रक्त का pH बाइकार्बोनेट बफर प्रणाली (H2CO3/HCO3−H_2CO_3 / HCO_3^-) द्वारा 7.4 पर बनाए रखा जाता है।
2025JKSSB
106📚Biostatistics, Wildlife Forensics & ConservationSuccessful Conservation Programs
Which of these represents a successful program for reintroduction?
Explanation
The 1995 reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park is one of the most celebrated and ecologically verified trophic cascade restorations in conservation history.
येलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क में ग्रे वुल्फ (ग्रे भेड़ियों) का 1995 का पुनर्प्रवेश कार्यक्रम दुनिया का सबसे सफल उदाहरण है।
2025JKSSB
107📚Biostatistics, Wildlife Forensics & ConservationNational Parks of India
Match the following:
National Park:
1. Gir National Park
2. Jim Corbett National Park
3. Desert National Park
4. Kuno National Park

State:
I. Rajasthan
II. Gujarat
III. Madya Pradesh
IV. Uttarakhand

Choose the correct Option:
Explanation
Gir -> Gujarat (II), Jim Corbett -> Uttarakhand (IV), Desert NP -> Rajasthan (I), Kuno NP -> Madhya Pradesh (III).
1-II; 2-IV; 3-I; 4-III सही मिलान है।
2025JKSSB
108📚Immunology, Cell Biology & Assertion AnalysisImmunoglobulin Biochemistry
Antibodies are termed as :
Explanation
Immunoglobulins (antibodies) migrate within the gamma-globulin fraction during serum protein electrophoresis.
एंटीबॉडीज को गामा-ग्लोब्युलिन (γ\gamma-globulins) के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया जाता है।
2025JKSSB
109📚Dermatopathology & Laboratory MicrobiologyImmunodiagnostic Techniques
Consider the following pairs:
Technique:
i. Direct Immunofluorescence (DIF)
ii. Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF)
iii. Western Blot
iv. Immunohistochemistry

Purpose:
1. Detection of antibody in serum - two step
2. Detection of proteins, using gel electrophoresis
3. Antigen detection in tissue sections
4. Detecting antibody deposition in tissue - single step

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
Explanation
DIF -> In vivo tissue antibody deposition (4), IIF -> Circulating serum autoantibodies (1), Western blot -> Size-separated protein detection (2), IHC -> Tissue antigen visualization with enzyme chromogen (3).
i-4, ii-1, iii-2, iv-3 सही मिलान है।
2025JKSSB
110🔬General SciencePollutant Chemistry
Colourless gases coming out from motor vehicle and cigarette due to incomplete combustion is
Explanation
Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels produces carbon monoxide (COCO), a toxic, colorless, and odorless gas.
वाहनों और सिगरेट के अपूर्ण दहन से निकलने वाली रंगहीन विषैली गैस कार्बन मोनोऑक्साइड (COCO) है।
2025JKSSB
111📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTWildlife Sanctuaries of J&K
Hirapora Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in which district of the jammu & Kashmir?
Explanation
Hirapora Wildlife Sanctuary, renowned for the critically endangered Pir Panjal Markhor, is situated in Shopian district along the Mughal Road.
हीरापोरा वन्यजीव अभयारण्य (पीर पंजाल मारखोर के लिए प्रसिद्ध) शोपियां (Shopian) जिले में स्थित है।
2025JKSSB
112📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTNational Parks of J&K
Which National Park in Jammu & Kashmir is famous for its Hangul or Kashmir stag population?
Explanation
Dachigam National Park near Srinagar is the primary protected sanctuary and last stronghold of the critically endangered Hangul (Cervus hanglu hanglu).
दाचीगाम राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (Dachigam National Park) कश्मीरी बारहसिंगा (हंगुल) के संरक्षण के लिए विश्व प्रसिद्ध है।
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113📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTWetlands of J&K
Hokersar (Ramsar Site) is located in which district of Jammu & Kashmir.
Explanation
Hokersar Wetland Ramsar Site is situated primarily in Budgam district (extending into Srinagar suburbs), J&K.
होकेसर रामसर आर्द्रभूमि स्थल मुख्य रूप से बडगाम (Budgam) जिले में स्थित है।
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114📚Organic Chemistry, Stereochemistry & Reaction IntermediatesChirality & Stereocenters
What is the defining feature of chirality in a molecule?
Explanation
Point chirality in organic chemistry arises primarily when an sp3sp^3-hybridized tetrahedral carbon atom is bonded to four distinct, non-identical atoms or substituent groups.
किसी अणु में काइरलता (Chirality) का मुख्य लक्षण काइरल केंद्र (चार भिन्न प्रतिस्थापियों से जुड़ा कार्बन परमाणु) की उपस्थिति है।
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115📚Organic Chemistry, Stereochemistry & Reaction IntermediatesTopicity in Stereochemistry
What is the term used for atoms, groups, or faces that are oriented in such a way that they produce enantiomers when flipped or replaced?
Explanation
Enantiotropic ligands or faces yield enantiomeric products upon separate replacement or addition of an achiral test group.
वे समूह या फलक जिन्हें बदलने पर प्रतिबिम्बरूप (Enantiomers) बनते हैं, इनैन्शियोट्रोपिक (Enantiotropic) कहलाते हैं।
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116📚Organic Chemistry, Stereochemistry & Reaction IntermediatesStereochemistry History
Arrange the following events related to chirality and symmetry in molecules in chronological order:
i. Discovery of chirality due to the presence of a chiral centre (a carbon atom attached to four different substituents).
ii. Identification of chirality in molecules with more than one chiral centre (such as threo and erythro isomers).
iii. Recognition of chirality in molecules like biphenyls, allenes, and spirans, where optical activity occurs without a chiral carbon.
iv. Understanding of chirality due to helical shape in molecules (e.g., helicenes).
Options :
Explanation
Historical progression: (i) Pasteur/van 't Hoff/Le Bel asymmetric carbon (1874) -> (ii) Fischer carbohydrate diastereomers (1890s) -> (iii) Christie/Kenner biphenyl atropisomerism (1922) -> (iv) Newman synthesis and resolution of hexahelicene (1955-1956).
कालानुक्रम: काइरल कार्बन (i) -> एकाधिक काइरल केंद्र (ii) -> बाइफेनिल अक्षीय काइरलता (iii) -> हेलिकल काइरलता (iv)। सही क्रम A (i, ii, iii, iv) है।
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117📚Advanced Reaction Mechanisms & Organic SynthesesPyrolytic Elimination & Shapiro Reaction
Which of the following statements regarding Pyrolytic Eliminations and the Shapiro Reaction are correct?
i. In pyrolytic elimination, the reaction mechanism involves direct elimination without the formation of a carbocation intermediate.
ii. The Shapiro reaction typically involves the elimination of a halide from an aryl or alkyl halide using strong bases under thermal conditions.
iii. Pyrolytic elimination requires specific stereochemistry, with the leaving group and proton being anti-periplanar to each other for the elimination to occur.
iv. The Shapiro reaction leads to the formation of alkenes via a radical mechanism rather than a carbocation intermediate.
Options :
Explanation
Pyrolytic eliminations (e.g. ester pyrolysis, Chugaev reaction, Cope elimination) are concerted unimolecular eliminations (EiE_i) proceeding via cyclic transition states (syn-coplanar geometry) without carbocations.
कथन i, ii और iii सही हैं।
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118📚Advanced Reaction Mechanisms & Organic SynthesesOrganic Chemistry Historical Discoveries
Find the correct order of the mechanisms based on the chronological discovery of the reactions :
i. Von-Richter rearrangement
ii. Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement
iii. Smiles rearrangement
iv. Chichibabin reaction
Options :
Explanation
Chronological timeline: (i) Von-Richter rearrangement (1871) -> (iv) Chichibabin reaction (1914) -> (iii) Smiles rearrangement (1931) -> (ii) Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement (1937/1951).
कालानुक्रमिक खोज: वॉन-रिक्टर (1871, i) -> चिचिबाबिन (1914, iv) -> स्माइल्स (1931, iii) -> सोमेलेट-हॉसर (1937, ii)। सही क्रम D (i -> iv -> iii -> ii) है।
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119📚Psychosocial Foundations of Disability & AdjustmentNeuropsychology of Language
Broca's aphasia is consequence of brain damage which affects which area of functioning?
Explanation
Damage to Broca's area in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere causes non-fluent, expressive expressive language impairment, halting speech output, and communication deficits.
ब्रोकास अफ़ेसिया (Broca's aphasia) मस्तिष्क के बाएं ललाट लोब में क्षति के कारण होता है, जो मौखिक संचार (Communication / वाक् अभिव्यक्ति) को बाधित करता है।
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120📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry & Biology)Acid Rain Chemistry
Acid rain is caused by the emission of
Explanation
Acid rain results when atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2SO_2) and nitrogen oxides (NOxNO_x) react with water vapor to form sulfuric and nitric acids (H2SO4,HNO3H_2SO_4, HNO_3).
अम्लीय वर्षा सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड और नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड (Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) के उत्सर्जन से होती है।
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121📚Indian History, Polity, Reasoning & Industrial SafetyEarth Latitudes
What is the latitude of the Equator?
Explanation
The Equator is the reference line of 0∘0^\circ latitude dividing the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
भूमध्य रेखा (Equator) का अक्षांश 0∘0^\circ होता है।
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122📚General Science, Public Hygiene & Special Reference to J&KPhysical Chemistry
The boiling point of water at sea level is:
Explanation
At standard atmospheric pressure (1 atm / 101.325 kPa at sea level), pure water boils at 100∘C100^\circ\text{C} (212∘F212^\circ\text{F} / 373.15 K).
समुद्र तल पर सामान्य वायुमंडलीय दबाव में पानी का क्वथनांक 100∘C100^\circ\text{C} होता है।
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123📚General Science, Public Hygiene & Special Reference to J&KNational Parks of J&K
Which of the following statements about Kazinag National Park is correct?
Explanation
Kazinag National Park (Baramulla district, J&K) was established on the north bank of Jhelum primarily to protect the critically endangered Pir Panjal Markhor (Capra falconeri) and Kashmir flying squirrel.
काजीनाग राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (बारामूला, J&K) विशेष रूप से संकटग्रस्त 'मारखोर' (Markhor) और कश्मीरी उड़ने वाली गिलहरी का संरक्षण स्थल है।
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124📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsPharmaceutical Excipients Chemistry
Which of the following is correct about Gum Arabic?
Explanation
Gum Arabic (Acacia) is a complex branched arabinogalactan containing D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic acid residues, giving it an anionic (negatively charged) character in solution.
गोंद अरबी (Acacia / Gum Arabic) एक ऋणात्मक पॉलीसेकेराइड (Anionic polysaccharide) है।
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125📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsColloidal Chemistry of Emulsions
Which of the following statements regarding emulsions is false?
Explanation
Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable heterogeneous colloidal systems that can be cracked, demulsified, or separated into constituent oil and water phases by centrifugation or heating (Statement A is false).
इमल्शन को सेंट्रीफ्यूजेशन या हीटिंग द्वारा अलग किया जा सकता है, अतः 'Emulsions cannot be separated' गलत कथन है।
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126📚Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Limit Tests & Instrumental AnalysisIron Analysis Chemistry
Which of the following is the most critical for ensuring the accuracy of the limit test for iron when using potassium thiocyanate?
Explanation
A strong acidic medium (dilute HClHCl) is critical to prevent precipitation of iron hydroxides and ensure all iron is in the ionic form to complex with thiocyanate.
पोटेशियम थायोसाइनेट विधि में आयरन हाइड्रॉक्साइड के अवक्षेपण को रोकने के लिए हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड (Hydrochloric acid) की उपस्थिति महत्वपूर्ण है।
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127📚Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology & Drug SARAnxiolytic Drug Chemistry
5-HT1A5\text{-HT}_{1A} agonist 'Buspirone' contains:
Explanation
Buspirone belongs to the azaspirodecanedione chemical class, characterized by an 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione core (Spiro system).
एंजियोलिटिक दवा बस्पिरोन (Buspirone) में 'स्पाइरो सिस्टम' (Spiro system / Azaspirodecanedione) पाया जाता है।
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128📚Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology & Drug SARDrug Stereochemistry & Isomerism
Which of the following drug shows E-Z isomerism?
Explanation
Sulindac contains a rigid exocyclic double bond (Z)-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(4-methylsulfinylbenzylidene)indene-3-acetic acid(Z)\text{-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(4-methylsulfinylbenzylidene)indene-3-acetic acid}, exhibiting geometrical E-Z (cis-trans) isomerism.
सुलिंडैक (Sulindac) अपनी डबल-बॉन्ड संरचना के कारण E-Z ज्यामितीय समावयवता प्रदर्शित करता है।
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129📚Environment, Demographics (Census 2011) & J&K GeographyNational Parks of J&K
Which of the following is the largest national park in Jammu and Kashmir?
Explanation
Within the present Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir, Kishtwar High Altitude / Dachigam National Park is the prominent protected reserve (Hemis is located in Ladakh UT).
वर्तमान जम्मू और कश्मीर केंद्र शासित प्रदेश में 'दाचीगाम राष्ट्रीय उद्यान' (Dachigam) / किश्तवाड़ प्रमुख उद्यान है।
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130📚Environment, Demographics (Census 2011) & J&K GeographyHangul Conservation in Dachigam
Which endangered species is primarily protected in Dachigam National Park?
Explanation
Dachigam National Park in Srinagar is the world's last remaining stronghold and premier habitat protecting the critically endangered Kashmir Stag (Hangul / Cervus hanglu hanglu).
दाचीगाम राष्ट्रीय उद्यान विशेष रूप से संकटग्रस्त 'कश्मीरी हिरण / हंगुल' (Kashmir stag - Hangul) के संरक्षण के लिए प्रसिद्ध है।
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131📚Environment, Demographics (Census 2011) & J&K GeographyWildlife Sanctuaries of Kashmir
Which wildlife sanctuary is located near Pahalgam in Kashmir Valley?
Explanation
The Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary (covering 511 km2511\text{ km}^2) is situated in the scenic catchment area around Pahalgam in Anantnag district.
पहलगाम (कश्मीर घाटी) के निकट स्थित वन्यजीव अभयारण्य 'ओवेरा-अरू वन्यजीव अभयारण्य' (Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary) है।
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132📚Cognitive Psychology, Biological Foundations & PersonalityMetabolic Biochemistry Matching
Match the following:
Column A:
i. Glycogen
ii. Glucose
iii. Glucagon
iv. Glycerol

Column B:
1) Derived from breakdown of triglyceride
2) A pancreatic hormone
3) Simple sugar
4) Complex insoluble carbohydrate stored in liver and muscles

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
i -> 4 (Glycogen: complex insoluble storage carbohydrate), ii -> 3 (Glucose: simple monosaccharide sugar), iii -> 2 (Glucagon: pancreatic alpha-cell hormone raising blood glucose), iv -> 1 (Glycerol: derived from triglyceride lipid breakdown). Correct match: i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1.
i-4 (ग्लाइकोजन), ii-3 (ग्लूकोज), iii-2 (ग्लूकागन), iv-1 (ग्लिसरॉल)। सही विकल्प B है।
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133📚Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence, Drug Acts & Regulatory AffairsPCI Council Composition
In the constitution of Central Council, Six members nominated by ______
Explanation
Under Section 3(a) of the Pharmacy Act 1948, six members (of whom at least four shall be persons possessing a degree or diploma in pharmacy/pharmaceutical chemistry) are nominated by the Central Government.
फार्मेसी काउंसिल ऑफ इंडिया (PCI) के गठन में 6 सदस्यों का मनोनयन 'केंद्र सरकार' (Central Government) द्वारा किया जाता है।
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134📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsSuspension Formulation Chemistry
Suspending agents are added to suspension for
Explanation
Suspending and deflocculating agents increase the medium viscosity and adjust the surface electrical charge, Increasing the Zeta Potential to prevent rapid irreversible cake formation.
निलंबन में सस्पेंडिंग एजेंट 'ज़ेटा क्षमता को बढ़ाकर' (Increasing the zeta potential) और श्यानता बढ़ाकर स्थिरता प्रदान करते हैं।
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135📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsGelatin Chemistry
Isoelectric point of type A gelatine is
Explanation
Type A gelatin (derived from acid-treated pig skin collagen) has an Isoelectric Point between pH 7.0–9.0 (typically pH 9.0), whereas Type B gelatin (alkali-treated) has an isoelectric point of pH 4.7–5.0.
टाइप ए जिलेटिन (Type A gelatin) का आइसोइलेक्ट्रिक बिंदु 'pH 9.0' होता है (टाइप बी का pH 4.7 होता है)।
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136📚Pharmaceutical Analysis, Limit Tests & Quality ControlLimit Test Chemistry
Assertion: Thioglycollic acid is added in limit test of heavy metals
Reason: Thioglycollic acid acts as reducing and complexing agent
Which of the following is correct?
Explanation
In the limit test for iron (and select heavy metals), Thioglycolic acid reduces ferric (Fe3+Fe^{3+}) ions to ferrous (Fe2+Fe^{2+}) and forms a stable reddish-purple coordination complex with iron in ammoniacal medium (Both A and R are true).
अभिकथन और कारण दोनों सत्य हैं: थायोग्लाइकोलिक एसिड एक अपचायक और संकुलन एजेंट (Reducing and complexing agent) के रूप में कार्य करता है।
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137📚Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry & General AwarenessSenna Phytochemistry
Chief constituent present in senna is
Explanation
The primary active laxative principles in Senna leaves and pods are dianthrone anthraquinone glycosides known as Sennosides (Sennosides A, B, C, and D).
सेना (Senna) का मुख्य सक्रिय घटक 'सेनोसाइड्स' (Sennosides A & B) है।
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138📚Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry & General AwarenessAloe Vera Phytochemistry
Chemical constituents of Aloe except ______
Explanation
Eugenol is a phenylpropanoid volatile oil found in Clove and Cinnamon. Aloe vera contains anthraquinone glycosides Barbaloin, Isobarbaloin, and Aloe-emodin.
यूजेनॉल (Eugenol) लौंग में पाया जाता है; एलोवेरा में बार्बालोइन, आइसोबार्बालोइन और एलो-एमोडिन होते हैं।
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139📚Cinematography Fundamentals, History of Photography & OpticsPhotographic Chemistry
Which precious metal was most widely used in 19th-century photography?
Explanation
Silver (in the form of light-sensitive Silver Halide salts: silver iodide, silver bromide, and silver chloride) formed the fundamental chemical basis of 19th and 20th-century photography.
19वीं सदी की फोटोग्राफी में सबसे व्यापक रूप से इस्तेमाल की जाने वाली कीमती धातु 'चांदी' (Silver / सिल्वर हैलाइड्स) थी।
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140📚Cinematography Fundamentals, History of Photography & OpticsFisheye Lenses
The angle of view of a Fisheye lens is ______
Explanation
A full-frame circular or diagonal Fisheye lens produces extreme wide-angle hemispherical distortion with an Angle of View of up to 180∘180^\circ.
फिशआई लेंस (Fisheye lens) का दृष्टि कोण (Angle of view) 180∘180^\circ (180 अंश) होता है।
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141📚Cinematography Fundamentals, History of Photography & OpticsAnsel Adams Biography
Who received a Kodak camera in 1916 to take photos at Yosemite?
Explanation
Legendary American landscape photographer Ansel Easton Adams received his very first camera—a Kodak No. 1 Box Brownie—from his father during a family vacation to Yosemite National Park in 1916.
1916 में योसेमाइट की तस्वीरें लेने के लिए अपना पहला कोडक कैमरा प्राप्त करने वाले प्रसिद्ध फोटोग्राफर 'एंसेल ईस्टन एडम्स' (Ansel Easton Adams) थे।
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142📚Civil Engineering & Building MaterialsBrick Chemistry & Defects
Efflorescence of bricks is due to
Explanation
Efflorescence (white alkaline powdery deposits on brickwork) is caused by the presence of soluble alkali salts (sulfates of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) in the parent brick clay.
ईंटों में उत्फुल्लन (Efflorescence) मूल मिट्टी में घुलनशील लवणों (Soluble salts present in parent clay) की उपस्थिति के कारण होता है।
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143📚Civil Engineering & Building MaterialsBuilding Lime Chemistry
Consider the following statements about lime:
1. Calcination of limestone results in quick lime
2. Lime produced from pure variety of chalk is hydraulic lime
3. Hydrated lime is obtained by treating quick lime with water
Which of the above statement are not correct?
Explanation
Statement 2 is NOT correct: Pure chalk (95%+ CaCO395\%+\text{ }\text{CaCO}_3) yields Pure/Fat/White Lime (Rich lime); Hydraulic lime is produced by calcining limestone containing 5–30%5\text{--}30\% clay. Statements 1 and 3 are correct.
कथन 2 गलत है क्योंकि शुद्ध चाक से वसा/सफेद चूना बनता है, हाइड्रोलिक चूना नहीं (जो मिट्टी युक्त चूना पत्थर से बनता है)। सही विकल्प B है।
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144📚Food Chemistry, Nutrition & BiochemistryMaillard Browning Reaction
Which of the following food chemistry principles explains the chemical change that occurs when food is cooked at high temperatures, leading to changes in flavor and texture?
Explanation
The Maillard Reaction is a non-enzymatic browning reaction between the amino group of amino acids/proteins and the carbonyl group of reducing sugars at high cooking temperatures (>140∘C>140^\circ\text{C}), producing complex melanoidin pigments and savory flavor volatiles.
उच्च तापमान पर पकाने पर अमीनो एसिड और शर्करा के बीच होने वाली गैर-एंजाइमी भूरीकरण अभिक्रिया 'मेलार्ड प्रतिक्रिया' (Maillard Reaction) कहलाती है।
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145📚Food Chemistry, Nutrition & BiochemistryTrans Fats Formation
Which of the following chemical reactions in food chemistry is responsible for the development of trans fats during the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils?
Explanation
During industrial catalytic partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils (using nickel catalysts at high heat), geometric Cis-Trans Isomerization occurs, converting naturally occurring cis-unsaturated double bonds into unnatural, atherogenic Trans-fatty acid isomers (elaidic acid).
वनस्पति तेलों के आंशिक हाइड्रोजनीकरण के दौरान ट्रांस वसा का निर्माण 'सिस-ट्रांस आइसोमराइज़ेशन' (Cis-trans isomerization) रासायनिक अभिक्रिया के कारण होता है।
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146📚Food Chemistry, Nutrition & BiochemistryProtein Denaturation Chemistry
The process of protein denaturation involves the uncoiling of the protein's three-dimensional structure. Which of the following is most likely to cause protein denaturation in food?
Explanation
Protein denaturation (disruption of non-covalent hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and ionic bridges stabilizing secondary and tertiary structures) is induced by High Thermal Heat (>60–70∘C>60\text{--}70^\circ\text{C}), extreme Acidic/Alkaline pH, or organic solvents.
प्रोटीन के विकृतीकरण (Denaturation) का मुख्य कारण 'उच्च तापमान या अत्यधिक अम्लीय pH' (High heat or acidic pH) होता है।
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147📚Food Chemistry, Nutrition & BiochemistryMetabolic Pathways Matching
Match the following biochemical processes with their respective role in digestion and food chemistry:
Biochemical Process:
i. Hydrolysis
ii. Glycolysis
iii. Glycogenesis
iv. Lipid oxidation

Role in digestion / metabolism:
1. Conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver
2. Breakdown of large molecules into smaller units using water
3. Breakdown of starches/glucose into pyruvate / energy
4. Conversion of fatty acids into energy in mitochondria

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
Explanation
i -> 2 (Hydrolysis: cleavage of bonds by water addition during digestion), ii -> 3 (Glycolysis: cytoplasmic catabolism of glucose to pyruvate), iii -> 1 (Glycogenesis: anabolism of glycogen from glucose), iv -> 4 (Lipid oxidation / β\beta-oxidation: catabolism of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA). Correct match: i-2, ii-3, iii-1, iv-4.
i-2 (हाइड्रोलिसिस - जल द्वारा अणुओं का टूटना), ii-3 (ग्लाइकोलाइसिस - ग्लूकोज से पाइरूवेट), iii-1 (ग्लाइकोजेनेसिस - ग्लाइकोजन निर्माण), iv-4 (लिपिड ऑक्सीकरण - फैटी एसिड से ऊर्जा)। सही विकल्प D है।
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148📚Food Chemistry, Lipids, Proteins & CarbohydratesFreezing Protein Chemistry (Salting Out)
During freezing proteins may denature due to concentration of product this effect is called as:
Explanation
During slow freezing, pure ice crystals freeze out first, dramatically concentrating mineral solutes in the remaining unfrozen liquid phase; this hyper-ionic concentration causes protein aggregation and denaturation known as 'Salting Out'.
फ्रीजिंग के दौरान विलेय सांद्रता बढ़ने से प्रोटीनों के विकृतीकरण और अवक्षेपण के प्रभाव को 'साल्टिंग आउट' (Salting out) कहा जाता है।
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149📚Food Chemistry, Lipids, Proteins & CarbohydratesProtein Chemistry & Classification
Consider the following statements:
I. Phosphoproteins are conjugated proteins
II. Lipoproteins are not emulsifying agents
III. Histones are derived proteins
IV. Collagen is a protein
Select all the correct statements from the above statements:
Explanation
Statements I and IV are correct: Phosphoproteins (e.g. casein) are conjugated proteins containing phosphoric acid prosthetic groups, and Collagen is an insoluble structural fibrous protein. Statement II is false (lipoproteins are potent natural emulsifiers), Statement III is false (histones are basic simple proteins). Correct: I and IV.
कथन I और IV सही हैं (फॉस्फोप्रोटीन संयुग्मित प्रोटीन हैं और कोलेजन एक रेशेदार संरचनात्मक प्रोटीन है)। सही विकल्प D है।
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150📚Food Analysis, Analytical Chemistry & InstrumentationLimit of Quantification (LOQ)
What does the LOQ indicate in a chemical analysis?
Explanation
In analytical chemistry method validation (ICH/AOAC), Limit of Quantification (LOQ =10×σS= 10 \times \frac{\sigma}{S}) is defined as the Lowest Concentration of an analyte in a sample that can be quantitatively determined with acceptable Precision and Accuracy.
रासायनिक विश्लेषण में LOQ (Limit of Quantification / परिमाणीकरण की सीमा) 'विश्लेष्य की वह न्यूनतम सांद्रता है जिसे उपयुक्त सटीकता और परिशुद्धता के साथ मापा जा सकता है' (Lowest concentration quantitatively detected with precision)।
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151📚Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics & Environmental ThermodynamicsPhysical Matter in Ecology
Within an ecosystem any physical entity that occupies space, and can be seen, smelled or felt, is known as.
Explanation
In environmental physics and chemistry, Matter is defined as any physical substance that has mass and occupies space, existing in solid, liquid, gaseous, or plasma phases.
पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में कोई भी भौतिक वस्तु जो स्थान घेरती है और जिसका द्रव्यमान होता है, 'पदार्थ' (Matter) कहलाती है।
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152📚Water Quality, Aquatic Chemistry & Wastewater EngineeringAquatic Nitrogen Chemistry
In the lakes, nitrogen is found usually in the form of
Explanation
In well-oxygenated surface lake waters, dissolved inorganic nitrogen is predominantly oxidized through bacterial nitrification (NH4+ightarrowNO2−ightarrowNO3−NH_4^+ ightarrow NO_2^- ightarrow NO_3^-) into Nitrate (extNO3−ext{NO}_3^-), the primary assimilable form of nitrogen for aquatic plants and phytoplankton.
ऑक्सीजन युक्त झीलों के पानी में नाइट्रोजन आमतौर पर 'नाइट्रेट' (extNO3−ext{NO}_3^-) के रूप में पाई जाती है।
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153📚Environmental Microbiology, Toxic Chemicals & Environmental LawsComposting Microbial Biochemistry
The compost or humus of organic material is end product remaining after
Explanation
Composting involves both Dissimilatory bacterial metabolism (mineralizing complex carbon compounds into CO2,H2OCO_2, H_2O, and energy) and Assimilatory bacterial metabolism (synthesizing cellular biomass and complex dark aromatic Humus polymers).
कंपोस्ट और ह्यूमस का निर्माण 'स्वांगीकरण और अपचयकारी दोनों प्रकार की जीवाणु गतिविधियों' (Assimilatory and Dissimilatory bacterial activity) का अंतिम उत्पाद है।
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154📚Water Quality, Aquatic Chemistry & Wastewater EngineeringCommon Ion Effect in Water Chemistry
Common ion effect is the reason for
Explanation
The Common Ion Effect (governed by Le Chatelier's principle) states that the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt is Decreased when a soluble compound containing a common constituent ion is added to the solution.
सम-आयन प्रभाव (Common ion effect) के कारण विलेयता संतुलन बाईं ओर झुकता है जिससे 'विलेयता कम हो जाती है' (Decreasing solubility of a precipitate)।
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155📚Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics & Environmental ThermodynamicsOrganic Chemistry (Carbon)
The key element present in organic chemicals is:
Explanation
Carbon (CC, atomic number 6) is the fundamental tetravalent element whose ability to form stable catenated covalent chains and rings constitutes the structural basis of all Organic Chemistry and biological biomolecules.
सभी कार्बनिक रसायनों (Organic chemicals) में मौजूद अनिवार्य और प्रमुख तत्व 'कार्बन' (Carbon) है।
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156📚Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence, Drug Regulatory Acts & Forensic PharmacyPharmacy Act 1948 (PCI Constitution)
In elected members of Pharmacy Council of India six members are elected by:
Explanation
Under Section 3(a) of the Pharmacy Act, 1948, six members are elected by the University Grants Commission (UGC), among whom at least one must be a teacher of pharmacy/pharmaceutical chemistry.
फार्मेसी काउंसिल ऑफ इंडिया (PCI) में 6 सदस्य 'विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग' (UGC) द्वारा चुने जाते हैं।
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157📚Pharmaceutical Analysis, Quality Control & Limit TestsHydroxyl Value Chemistry
The number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acetic acid taken up on acetylation of one gram of fat is known as:
Explanation
Hydroxyl Value is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOHKOH) required to neutralize the acetic acid released by the hydrolysis of the acetylated derivative obtained from 1 gram of substance containing free hydroxyl groups.
1 ग्राम वसा के एसिटिलीकरण पर अवशोषित एसिटिक एसिड को उदासीन करने के लिए आवश्यक KOH के मिलीग्राम की संख्या 'हाइड्रॉक्सिल मान' (Hydroxyl value) कहलाती है।
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158📚Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology & PharmacognosyProstaglandin Chemistry
Which of the following is naturally occurring fatty acid derivative of prostaglandin?
Explanation
Prostaglandins are naturally occurring eicosanoid autacoids derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (Arachidonic acid) possessing a central prostanoic acid 20-carbon cyclopentanone/cyclopentane ring system (20 C cyclopentanone20\text{ C cyclopentanone}). Choice A.
प्रोस्टाग्लैंडिंस 20-कार्बन वाले फैटी एसिड (एराकिडोनिक एसिड) से प्राप्त '20-कार्बन साइक्लोपेंटानोन' (20 C cyclopentanone) व्युत्पन्न होते हैं।
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159📚Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology & PharmacognosySteroid IUPAC Stereochemistry
In the steroidal IUPAC nomenclature, the stereochemistry of the 'H' at which position is always indicated in the name?
Explanation
In steroidal nomenclature, the junction between rings A and B can be cis or trans depending on the configuration of the hydrogen atom at carbon-5, so the 5α−H5\alpha-\text{H} (trans, A/B planar) or 5β−H5\beta-\text{H} (cis, A/B bent) stereochemistry must always be specified.
स्टेरॉयड नामकरण में रिंग A और B के जंक्शन पर '5वें' (5th position / 5lpha या 5eta) कार्बन पर जुड़े हाइड्रोजन की स्टीरियोकेमिस्ट्री हमेशा नाम में दर्शायी जाती है।
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160📚Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology & PharmacognosyLevonorgestrel Stereochemistry
In the chemical structure of 'levonorgestrel' a synthetic progestin, the configuration of 18th carbon atom is:
Explanation
Levonorgestrel is the active D-(-)-enantiomer (13β\beta-ethyl-17α\alpha-ethynyl-17β\beta-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one) where the ethyl group at C13C_{13} (representing the C18C_{18} angular group) is in the β\beta-configuration (above the plane of the steroid ring).
लेवोनोर्गेस्ट्रेल में 18वें कार्बन पर एथिल समूह की संरचना 'बीटा' (beta / eta-configuration) होती है।
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161📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTFauna of J&K (Scientific Names)
What is the scientific name of the Himalayan brown bear, found in the higher reaches of Jammu and Kashmir?
Explanation
The Himalayan Brown Bear (a critically endangered subspecies of the brown bear found in Dachigam, Deosai, and Kishtwar High Altitude National Park) is scientifically named Ursus arctos isabellinus.
जम्मू और कश्मीर के उच्च हिमालयी क्षेत्रों में पाए जाने वाले हिमालयी भूरे भालू का वैज्ञानिक नाम 'Ursus arctos isabellinus' है।
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162📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension (Main Idea)
Identify the correct statement from the passage:
Explanation
The passage explicitly states that Rutherford won scholarships as an outstanding student at Canterbury College and 'was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his investigations...'.
गद्यांश के आधार पर सत्य कथन: रदरफोर्ड एक उत्कृष्ट छात्र और नोबेल पुरस्कार विजेता थे (विकल्प B)।
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163📚General English & ComprehensionIdioms & Phrases
Choose the correct meaning of the phrase "Kick the bucket":
Explanation
The informal English idiom 'to kick the bucket' is a euphemistic expression meaning to die or pass away.
'Kick the bucket' मुहावरे का अर्थ 'मर जाना या देहांत होना' (To pass away / to die) होता है।
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164📚General Awareness & Current Affairs (National & J&K)Nobel Prizes 2024
Who among the following won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2024 for foundational discoveries in machine learning?
Explanation
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks. (Baker, Hassabis, Jumper won in Chemistry).
कृत्रिम तंत्रिका नेटवर्क (मशीन लर्निंग) के विकास के लिए 2024 का भौतिकी का नोबेल पुरस्कार 'जॉफ्री हिंटन' (Geoffrey Hinton) और जॉन हॉपफील्ड को दिया गया।
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165📚General Awareness & Current Affairs (with J&K UT Special Reference)Nobel Prizes 2024
Who among the following has won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2024?
Explanation
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks. (Baker, Hassabis, and Jumper won the Chemistry Nobel).
भौतिकी में नोबेल पुरस्कार 2024 जॉन हॉपफील्ड और 'जॉफ्री हिंटन' (Geoffrey Hinton) को कृत्रिम तंत्रिका नेटवर्क (Machine Learning) के लिए प्रदान किया गया।
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166📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsWildlife Sanctuaries of Ladakh
The famous 'Hemis National Park,' located in Ladakh, is known globally for being home to which endangered animal?
Explanation
Hemis National Park in eastern Ladakh is the largest national park in South Asia and is renowned worldwide for harboring the highest density of the endangered Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) in any protected area.
लद्दाख का प्रसिद्ध 'हेमिस राष्ट्रीय उद्यान' विश्व भर में लुप्तप्राय 'हिम तेंदुआ' (Snow Leopard) के संरक्षण के लिए प्रसिद्ध है।
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167📚Basic Mathematics & Quantitative AptitudeMensuration (Hemisphere Volume)
A solid hemisphere has a radius of 10 cm. What is the volume of the hemisphere? (Take π=3.14\pi = 3.14)
Explanation
Volume of a hemisphere =23πr3=23×3.14×103=62803≈2,093.33 cm3= \frac{2}{3}\pi r^3 = \frac{2}{3} \times 3.14 \times 10^3 = \frac{6280}{3} \approx 2,093.33\text{ cm}^3. Choice B.
अर्धगोले का आयतन = \frac{2}{3}\pi r^3 = \frac{2}{3} \times 3.14 \times 1000 = 2,093.3\text{ सेमी}^3। सही विकल्प B है।
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168📚General Awareness, Current Affairs & J&K UT Special ReferenceWildlife Sanctuaries of J&K
In which year was the Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary in Jammu and Kashmir formally established?
Explanation
The Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary (covering 500 sq km in the Lidder Valley near Pahalgam, Anantnag) was formally established and notified in the year 1981.
पहलगाम के निकट स्थित ओवेरा-अरू वन्यजीव अभयारण्य की स्थापना वर्ष '1981' में की गई थी। सही विकल्प B है।
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169📚Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Quality Control & InstrumentationPesticide Residue Analytical Challenges
Which of the following are recognized common challenges in pesticide residue analysis in food testing?
I. Matrix interference from co-extracted food lipids and pigments
II. Detection of ultra-trace levels of multiple pesticide residues
III. Limited availability of sensitive analytical techniques
IV. Regulatory variations in Maximum Residue Limits across countries
Choose the correct option:
Explanation
Challenges I, II, and IV are real and significant: Food co-extractives (sugars, fats, chlorophyll) cause severe matrix enhancement or suppression (I), regulatory limits mandate detecting parts-per-billion trace levels across hundreds of chemistries (II), and differing international trade MRLs create compliance hurdles (IV). Statement III is false because modern ultra-sensitive instruments (GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS) are widely available. Choice C (I, II, and IV).
कीटनाशक विश्लेषण की मुख्य चुनौतियों में खाद्य मैट्रिक्स हस्तक्षेप (I), सूक्ष्म मात्रा में पहचान (II) और विभिन्न देशों के अलग-अलग नियामक मानक (IV) शामिल हैं (I, II, and IV)। सही विकल्प C है।
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170📚Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Quality Control & InstrumentationElectrochemistry (Molar Conductivity)
Arrange the following electrolyte solutions in increasing order of their molar conductivity at infinite dilution:
NaCl,KCl,MgCl2NaCl, KCl, MgCl_2
Explanation
At infinite dilution: Between the 1:1 univalent electrolytes, K+K^+ has a smaller hydrated ionic radius and higher ionic mobility than Na+Na^+, so Λm∘(NaCl)<Λm∘(KCl)\Lambda_m^\circ(NaCl) < \Lambda_m^\circ(KCl). MgCl2MgCl_2 is a 2:1 electrolyte releasing 3 ions including divalent Mg2+Mg^{2+}, producing a significantly higher limiting molar conductivity. Thus: NaCl<KCl<MgCl2NaCl < KCl < MgCl_2. Choice C.
अनंत तनुता पर मोलर चालकता का बढ़ता क्रम: NaCl<KCl<MgCl2NaCl < KCl < MgCl_2 (K+K^+ का जलयोजित आकार Na+Na^+ से छोटा होने के कारण गतिशीलता अधिक होती है और MgCl2MgCl_2 3 आयन देता है)। सही विकल्प C है।
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171📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeAtmospheric Chemistry (Acid Rain)
Which atmospheric air pollutants are most directly responsible for causing acidic precipitation (Acid Rain)?
Explanation
Acid rain forms when emissions of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2SO_2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOxNO_x) react with atmospheric water, oxygen, and oxidants to form dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4H_2SO_4) and nitric acid (HNO3HNO_3). Choice B.
अम्लीय वर्षा (Acid rain) के लिए मुख्य रूप से 'सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड (SO2SO_2) और नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड (NOxNO_x)' जिम्मेदार होते हैं।
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172📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeScope of Environmental Science
Select the correct statements regarding the scope and nature of Environmental Science:
I. It deals with understanding the impacts of human activities on the natural environment.
II. Environmental science includes studying ecological systems without involving social factors.
III. Environmental science is an inherently interdisciplinary subject spanning physical, biological, and social sciences.
IV. It only focuses on pollution levels and health issues.
Choose the correct statements:
Explanation
Statements I and III are correct: Environmental science investigates anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems (I) and integrates chemistry, biology, geology, economics, law, and sociology as a broad interdisciplinary field (III). Statements II and IV are false because environmental science inherently involves human socioeconomic and cultural factors, and encompasses resource conservation, biodiversity, and sustainability far beyond simple pollution. Choice B (I and III are correct).
कथन I और III सही हैं: पर्यावरण विज्ञान मानव गतिविधियों के प्रभावों का अध्ययन करता है और यह एक अंतःविषय (Interdisciplinary) विज्ञान है जिसमें सामाजिक कारक भी शामिल हैं। सही विकल्प B है।
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173📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeAtmospheric Nitrogen Chemistry
Consider the following statements regarding atmospheric nitrogen:
I. Nitrogen gas (N2N_2) is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, constituting approximately 78% by volume.
II. Atmospheric nitrogen can be absorbed and utilized directly by most living plants and animals.
Select the correct answer:
Explanation
Statement I is correct: Diatomic nitrogen gas makes up ≈78.08%\approx 78.08\% of dry air by volume. Statement II is false because the triple covalent bond (N≡NN\equiv N) renders N2N_2 chemically inert; higher plants and animals cannot assimilate atmospheric nitrogen directly and depend on specialized nitrogen-fixing bacteria to convert it into ammonium or nitrates. Correct: I only (Choice A).
केवल कथन I सही है: नाइट्रोजन वायुमंडल में सबसे प्रचुर (78%) गैस है; लेकिन पौधे और जंतु इसे सीधे उपयोग नहीं कर सकते, वे नाइट्रोजन-स्थिरीकरण करने वाले जीवाणुओं पर निर्भर रहते हैं। सही विकल्प A है।
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174📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeWildlife of J&K (Project Hangul)
Consider the following statements regarding 'Project Hangul':
I. It was launched to protect and conserve the critically endangered Kashmiri stag (Hangul, Cervus hanglu hanglu).
II. It was launched in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in 1970 with support from IUCN and WWF.
III. The Kashmiri stag is the official state/UT animal of Jammu and Kashmir.
Select the correct answer:
Explanation
All three statements are historically and administratively true: Project Hangul was initiated in 1970 by the J&K Government in collaboration with WWF and IUCN to rescue the declining population in Dachigam National Park (I, II), and the Hangul (Cervus hanglu hanglu) is the proud official state/UT animal of Jammu and Kashmir (III). Choice C (All I, II and III).
कथन I, II और III तीनों सत्य हैं: प्रोजेक्ट हंगुल 1970 में कश्मीरी हंगुल के संरक्षण के लिए J&K में शुरू किया गया था और हंगुल जम्मू-कश्मीर का आधिकारिक राज्य/UT पशु है। सही विकल्प C है।
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175📚Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics & MicrobiologyMembrane Biochemistry (Lipid Translocases)
Match the enzymes and translocases in Column -A with their biological function in Column -B:
Column -A:
1. Lipases
2. Flippases
3. Floppases
4. Scramblases

Column - B:
i. ATP-dependent inward translocation of aminophospholipids (PE and PS) from the extracellular to the cytosolic leaflet
ii. ATP-dependent outward translocation of plasma membrane phospholipids from the cytosolic to the extracellular leaflet
iii. Catalyze the enzymatic hydrolysis of triacylglycerols into glycerol and fatty acids
iv. ATP-independent bidirectional scrambling of membrane phospholipids down their concentration gradient

Choose the correct combination:
Explanation
1 -> iii (Lipases hydrolyze ester bonds of triglycerides), 2 -> i (Flippases are P-type ATPases moving phospholipids inward from outer to inner leaflet), 3 -> ii (Floppases are ABC transporters moving phospholipids outward from inner to outer leaflet), 4 -> iv (Scramblases are Ca2+Ca^{2+}-activated bidirectional transporters facilitating passive equilibrium). Correct match: 1-iii, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iv (Choice A).
1-iii (लाइपेज - ट्राइग्लिसराइड्स का जलअपघटन), 2-i (फ्लिपेज - बाहरी से आंतरिक झिल्ली में एटीपी-आधारित परिवहन), 3-ii (फ्लोपेज - आंतरिक से बाहरी झिल्ली में परिवहन), 4-iv (स्क्रैम्ब्लेज - सांद्रता प्रवणता के अनुसार द्विदिशीय संचलन)। सही विकल्प A है।
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176📚Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics & MicrobiologyNucleic Acid Biochemistry
Match the chemical compounds in Column - I with their biochemical class examples in Column - II:
Column - I (Chemical Compounds):
1. Nitrogen Base
2. Nucleoside
3. Nucleotide
4. Nucleic Acid

Column - II (Examples):
P. RNA
Q. Thymidylic Acid (Thymidine Monophosphate)
R. Cytidine
S. Uracil

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
1 -> S (Uracil is a pyrimidine Nitrogenous Base), 2 -> R (Cytidine is a Nucleoside = cytosine base + ribose sugar), 3 -> Q (Thymidylic acid is a Nucleotide = thymine + deoxyribose + phosphate), 4 -> P (Ribonucleic Acid RNA is a complete polymer Nucleic Acid). Correct match: 1-S, 2-R, 3-Q, 4-P (Choice D).
1-S (नाइट्रोजन क्षार - यूरेसिल), 2-R (न्यूक्लियोसाइड - साइटीडीन), 3-Q (न्यूक्लियोटाइड - थाइमिडिलिक एसिड), 4-P (न्यूक्लिक अम्ल - आरएनए)। सही विकल्प D है।
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177📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeConservation Strategies Matching
Match the biodiversity conservation strategies in Column -A with their defining characteristics in Column -B:
Column - A:
1. In situ conservation
2. Ex situ conservation
3. Biodiversity hotspots
4. Wildlife corridors

Column - B:
i. Conservation of genetic components outside their natural habitats (e.g. botanical gardens, seed banks)
ii. Conservation of wild ecosystems and populations within their natural habitats (e.g. national parks, sanctuaries)
iii. Biogeographic regions with exceptional concentrations of endemic species undergoing significant habitat loss
iv. Protected ecological pathways that physically link fragmented forest patches to facilitate animal migration

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
1 -> ii (In-situ: on-site conservation in natural protected reserves), 2 -> i (Ex-situ: off-site gene banks and zoological parks), 3 -> iii (Hotspots: high endemism with >70%>70\% habitat loss), 4 -> iv (Corridors: contiguous landscape strips connecting fragmented habitats). Correct match: 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iii, 4-iv (Choice A).
1-ii (स्व-स्थाने / In situ - प्राकृतिक आवास में संरक्षण), 2-i (पर-स्थाने / Ex situ - प्राकृतिक आवास से बाहर जैसे बीज बैंक), 3-iii (हॉटस्पॉट - अत्यधिक स्थानिकता व संकटग्रस्त क्षेत्र), 4-iv (वन्यजीव गलियारे - खंडित आवासों को जोड़ने वाले मार्ग)। सही विकल्प A है।
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178📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeResource Management Matching
Match the environmental conservation method in Column -A with its primary practical focus in Column -B:
Column -A (Conservation Method):
1. Soil Conservation
2. Forest Conservation
3. Water Resource Management
4. Wildlife Conservation

Column - B (Focus):
i. Contour Plowing and terrace farming to prevent erosion
ii. Prevention of Deforestation and enforcing afforestation
iii. Efficient Irrigation Techniques (drip and sprinkler systems)
iv. Establishment of National Parks and biosphere reserves

Options:
Explanation
1 -> i (Soil conservation employs contour tillage and windbreaks to minimize topsoil runoff), 2 -> ii (Forestry focuses on controlling clear-cutting and illegal timber harvesting), 3 -> iii (Water management adopts micro-irrigation to conserve groundwater), 4 -> iv (Wildlife protection legally designates national parks to safeguard natural habitats). Correct match: 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv (Choice A).
1-i (मृदा संरक्षण - समोच्च जुताई), 2-ii (वन संरक्षण - वनों की कटाई की रोकथाम), 3-iii (जल प्रबंधन - कुशल ड्रिप सिंचाई), 4-iv (वन्यजीव संरक्षण - राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों की स्थापना)। सही विकल्प A है।
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179📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeBiosphere Reserve Zonation
Match the three concentric management zones of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve with their primary characteristics and authorized activities:
Column - A (Zone):
1. Core Zone
2. Buffer Zone
3. Transition Zone
4. Research / Monitoring Site

Column - B (Characteristics):
i. Strictly protected sanctuary where human economic activity is legally prohibited to preserve wildlife
ii. Surrounds core area where controlled research, educational training, and limited ecotourism are permitted
iii. Outermost flexible area where sustainable agricultural practices, settlements, and local livelihoods take place
iv. Designated field plots dedicated to environmental monitoring and ecological experimentation

Choose the correct option:
Explanation
1 -> i (Core Zone: pristine undisturbed sanctuary dedicated purely to conservation), 2 -> ii (Buffer Zone: strictly regulated ring for research, education, and low-impact tourism), 3 -> iii (Transition Zone: human cooperation area for sustainable development and forestry), 4 -> iv (Research sites). Correct match: 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv (Choice A).
1-i (कोर जोन - पूर्णतः संरक्षित क्षेत्र, मानवीय गतिविधियां प्रतिबंधित), 2-ii (बफर जोन - सीमित अनुसंधान और इकोटूरिज्म), 3-iii (संक्रमण जोन - बस्तियां और सतत कृषि), 4-iv (शोध व निगरानी क्षेत्र)। सही विकल्प A है।
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180📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeBiosphere Reserve Management Zones
Consider the following statements regarding the zonation architecture of a Biosphere Reserve:
Assertion (A): The core zone of a biosphere reserve strictly prohibits all human destructive resource extraction and commercial activity.
Reason (R): The buffer zone surrounding the core supports sustainable resource practices, training, environmental education, and scientific research.
Which one of the following options is correct?
Explanation
Both statements are factually correct under statutory biosphere reserve guidelines: The core zone is a legally protected inviolate sanctuary with zero human extraction permitted (A), and the surrounding buffer zone accommodates non-destructive activities like research, education, and regulated ecotourism (R). However, Reason R describes the buffer zone rather than providing the functional ecological rationale for why the core itself is strictly protected (which is to preserve baseline genetic diversity undisturbed). Choice B.
कथन A और R दोनों सत्य हैं, लेकिन R, A की सही व्याख्या नहीं है क्योंकि R बफर जोन के कार्यों का वर्णन करता है, कोर जोन के पूर्ण संरक्षण के कारण की व्याख्या नहीं करता। सही विकल्प B है।
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181📚Radiation Oncology Physics, Linac Dosimetry & Treatment PlanningCompton Scattering & Kinematics
Compton scattered electrons can be emitted at:
Explanation
By conservation of relativistic energy and momentum in Compton scattering, the recoil electron is always propelled forward in the forward hemisphere at an angle ϕ\phi between 0∘0^\circ and 90∘90^\circ (0≤ϕ≤π/20 \le \phi \le \pi/2) relative to the incident photon trajectory. In contrast, the scattered photon can be deflected at any angle from 0∘0^\circ to 180∘180^\circ.
कॉम्पटन प्रकीर्णन में संवेग संरक्षण के नियमानुसार प्रतिक्षिप्त (Recoil) इलेक्ट्रॉन हमेशा आपतित फोटॉन की दिशा से 0∘0^\circ से 90∘90^\circ के बीच ही उत्सर्जित हो सकता है। सही विकल्प B है।
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182📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry & Aerosols
Which of the following sequences of processes leads to the formation of particulate matter in the atmosphere in the correct order, from smallest to largest particle size.
Explanation
In atmospheric aerosol physical chemistry, gas-to-particle conversion proceeds in sequence: (1) Nucleation of low-volatility gas molecules into embryonic nanometer clusters; (2) Condensation of atmospheric vapors onto these nuclei; (3) Coagulation (Brownian collisions merging particles into larger agglomerates); and (4) Hygroscopic Growth via water vapor uptake into accumulation mode particulate matter.
वायुमंडल में कणिकीय पदार्थ (Particulate matter) के निर्माण का सही क्रम: न्यूक्लियेशन (नाभिकीय उद्भव) -> संघनन (Condensation) -> स्कंदन (Coagulation) -> वृद्धिकरण (Growth) है। सही विकल्प B है।
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183📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryAtmospheric Chemistry & Aerosols
Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contribute to the formation of organic particulate matter?
Explanation
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) undergo photochemical oxidation initiated by atmospheric hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH\cdot\text{OH}), ozone, or nitrate radicals, converting volatile hydrocarbons into multifunctional, low-volatility oxygenated organic species that nucleate and condense onto pre-existing aerosols to form Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA).
वाष्पशील कार्बनिक यौगिक (VOCs) सूर्य के प्रकाश में फोटो-ऑक्सीकरण (Photo oxidation) से कम वाष्पशील यौगिकों में बदलकर संघनित (Condensation) होते हैं और द्वितीयक कार्बनिक एरोसोल बनाते हैं। सही विकल्प B है।
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184📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryAgricultural Chemistry & Fertilizers
The nitrogen content in urea is approximately:
Explanation
Urea has the chemical formula CO(NH2)2CO(NH_2)_2. Molecular weight:
M=12+16+2×(14+2)=60 g/molM = 12 + 16 + 2 \times (14 + 2) = 60\text{ g/mol}.
Nitrogen mass =2×14=28 g/mol= 2 \times 14 = 28\text{ g/mol}.
Percentage of nitrogen =2860×100%≈46.67%≈46%= \frac{28}{60} \times 100\% \approx 46.67\% \approx 46\%, making it the most concentrated solid nitrogenous fertilizer.
यूरिया (NH2CONH2NH_2CONH_2, अणुभार 60) में नाइट्रोजन का प्रतिशत =2860×100%≈46.6%≈46%= \frac{28}{60} \times 100\% \approx 46.6\% \approx 46\% होता है। सही विकल्प D है।
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185📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry & Nitrogen Determination
In the Kjeldahl method, what is the final product after digestion and distillation?
Explanation
In the Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method:
1. Digestion: Organic sample is heated with concentrated H2SO4H_2SO_4 to convert organic nitrogen into dissolved ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4(NH_4)_2SO_4.
2. Distillation: Excess strong base (NaOHNaOH) is added to liberate volatile ammonia gas (NH3NH_3), which is distilled and swept out of the distillation flask into an absorbing acid solution for titration.
केल्डाल (Kjeldahl) विधि में पाचन के बाद जब क्षार मिलाया जाता है, तो आसवन (Distillation) के दौरान अमोनिया गैस (Ammonia gas - NH3NH_3) अंतिम उत्पाद के रूप में निकलती है। सही विकल्प B है।
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186📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryPolymer Chemistry & Industrial Syntheses
Which of the following is a key intermediate compound in the production of nylon-6,6?
Explanation
Nylon-6,6 is a synthetic polyamide copolymer produced by the step-growth condensation polymerization of two 6-carbon monomers: hexamethylenediamine (H2N−(CH2)6−NH2H_2N-(CH_2)_6-NH_2) and adipic acid (HOOC−(CH2)4−COOHHOOC-(CH_2)_4-COOH).
नायलॉन-6,6 के निर्माण में हेक्सामेथिलीनडायमीन (Hexamethylenediamine) और एडिपिक एसिड मुख्य मध्यवर्ती यौगिक (मोनोमर्स) होते हैं। सही विकल्प B है।
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187📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryPolymer Chemistry & Industrial Syntheses
Which of the following polymers is synthesized by the polymerization of caprolactam?
Explanation
Nylon-6 (also known as Perlon) is synthesized by the ring-opening addition polymerization of the cyclic monomer ε\varepsilon-caprolactam in the presence of water at elevated temperatures (~250°C).
कैप्रोलैक्टम (Caprolactam) के रिंग-ओपनिंग बहुलकीकरण से नायलॉन-6 (Nylon-6) का संश्लेषण किया जाता है। सही विकल्प C है।
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188📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryMedicinal Chemistry & Pharmaceuticals
The active ingredient in aspirin, which helps in reducing pain and fever, is
Explanation
Aspirin is the pharmaceutical brand name for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, C9H8O4C_9H_8O_4), synthesized by the acetylation of salicylic acid with acetic anhydride, functioning as an analgesic, antipyretic, and NSAID by irreversibly inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX-1/2).
एस्पिरिन में दर्द और बुखार को कम करने वाला सक्रिय घटक 'एसिटाइलसैलिसिलिक एसिड' (Acetylsalicylic acid) होता है। सही विकल्प D है।
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189📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryMedicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology
In which phase of drug development is the drug typically tested on animals for safety and efficacy?
Explanation
Before a new chemical entity can be administered to human subjects, it undergoes extensive in vitro and in vivo animal testing during the Preclinical Phase to establish pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity profile, maximum tolerated dose, and potential efficacy.
औषधि विकास के प्रीक्लिनिकल चरण (Preclinical phase) में मानव परीक्षण से पहले जानवरों पर दवा की सुरक्षा, विषाक्तता और प्रभावकारिता का परीक्षण किया जाता है। सही विकल्प B है।
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190📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryApplied Environmental Chemistry
What is the function of aluminum powder in traditional firecrackers, and why is its use concerning?
Explanation
In traditional fireworks and pyrotechnics, fine elemental aluminum powder acts as a metallic fuel that burns at high temperatures to produce brilliant silvery-white flashes and spark effects. Its burning releases dangerous airborne aluminum and PM2.5 particulate emissions that cause severe respiratory and environmental air pollution.
पारंपरिक पटाखों में एल्यूमीनियम पाउडर का कार्य चमकदार सफेद चमक (Bright flashes) उत्पन्न करना है; लेकिन इसके जलने से भारी वायु प्रदूषण और श्वसन संबंधी समस्याएं पैदा होती हैं। सही विकल्प B है।
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191📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryPrecipitation & Particulate Chemistry
Which of the following processes is responsible for the formation of inorganic particulates by combining dissolved ions in a solution?
Explanation
Chemical precipitation occurs when chemical reactions between dissolved ionic species in aqueous solution exceed the solubility product constant (KspK_{sp}), driving the ions to aggregate into insoluble solid inorganic particulate crystals.
घोल में घुले हुए आयनों के आपस में क्रिया करके अघुलनशील ठोस कण बनाने की प्रक्रिया को 'अवक्षेपण' (Precipitation) कहा जाता है। सही विकल्प B है।
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192📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryIndustrial Chemistry (Contact Process)
Which of the following is the primary purpose of the Contact Process in industrial chemistry?
Explanation
The Contact Process is the modern industrial manufacturing process for concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4H_2SO_4). Its central reaction is the exothermic catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2SO_2) to sulfur trioxide (SO3SO_3) using atmospheric oxygen over a vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5V_2O_5) catalyst at ~450°C.
औद्योगिक रसायन विज्ञान में 'कॉन्टैक्ट प्रोसेस' (Contact Process) का मुख्य उद्देश्य वैनेडियम ऑक्साइड (V2O5V_2O_5) उत्प्रेरक की उपस्थिति में सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड के ऑक्सीकरण द्वारा सल्फ्यूरिक एसिड (H2SO4H_2SO_4) का निर्माण करना है। सही विकल्प A है।
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193📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryPolymer Chemistry & Structure
Match the Polymer with its Chemical Structure Type:
Column A (Polymer)
1. Polyethylene
2. Polypropylene
3. Bakelite
4. Silicone rubber
Column B (Structure Type)
i. Cross-linked
ii. Linear
iii. Branched
iv. Network
Choose the correct option:
Explanation
Matching polymers with their architectural structural classes:
- 1. Polyethylene (High-density polyethylene, HDPE): Classic linear chain polymer -> (ii)
- 2. Polypropylene: Branched polymer with pendant methyl groups -> (iii)
- 3. Bakelite: Phenol-formaldehyde rigid cross-linked thermosetting resin -> (i)
- 4. Silicone rubber: Cross-linked 3D siloxane network elastomer -> (iv).
Hence: 1-ii, 2-iii, 3-i, 4-iv. Choice A.
बहुलक और उनकी संरचनात्मक बनावट का सही मिलान:
1. पॉलीइथिलीन -> रैखिक (Linear - ii)
2. पॉलीप्रोपाइलीन -> शाखित (Branched - iii)
3. बैकेलाइट -> क्रॉस-लिंक्ड (Cross-linked - i)
4. सिलिकॉन रबर -> नेटवर्क इलास्टोमर (Network - iv)।
अतः सही कूट A है।
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194📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryMedicinal Chemistry & Pharmaceuticals
Which of the following is NOT an example of a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug?
Explanation
Prednisone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone are synthetic or natural corticosteroids (steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) possessing the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene steroid core. Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) derived from propionic acid.
प्रेडनिसोलोन, हाइड्रोकार्टिसोन और डेक्सामेथासोन स्टेरॉयडल दवाएं हैं; जबकि इबुप्रोफेन (Ibuprofen) एक नॉन-स्टेरॉयडल एंटी-इंफ्लेमेटरी ड्रग (NSAID) है। सही विकल्प C है।
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195📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistrySoil Chemistry & Nitrogen Dynamics
Which of the following is a major consequence of nitrogen saturation in the soil?
Explanation
When atmospheric nitrogen deposition exceeds the biological uptake capacity of plants and microbes (nitrogen saturation), excess mobile nitrate (NO3−NO_3^-) leaches into groundwaters accompanied by essential nutrient base cations (Ca2+,Mg2+,K+Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+}, K^+). This cation depletion mobilizes phytotoxic aluminum (Al3+Al^{3+}) and causes severe soil acidification.
मिट्टी में नाइट्रोजन की अत्यधिक संतृप्ति (Nitrogen saturation) का सबसे प्रमुख दुष्परिणाम आवश्यक पोषक तत्वों का बह जाना और मिट्टी का अम्लीकरण (Acidification of the soil) होना है। सही विकल्प B है।
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196📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryGreen Chemistry & Green Crackers
What is the substitute used in SAFAL crackers instead of aluminum?
Explanation
In the green fireworks developed by CSIR-NEERI, the formulation 'SAFAL' (Safe Minimal Aluminium) substitutes dangerous elemental aluminum powder with magnesium, which reduces particulate matter and toxic metal fume emissions by 35-40%.
CSIR-NEERI द्वारा विकसित 'SAFAL' ग्रीन पटाखों में एल्यूमीनियम के स्थान पर मैग्नीशियम (Magnesium) का उपयोग किया जाता है जिससे प्रदूषण कम होता है। सही विकल्प C है।
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197📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryGreen Chemistry & Green Crackers
What does the acronym SWAS stand for in the context of green crackers?
Explanation
SWAS stands for 'Safe Water Releaser', a patented green cracker formulation developed by CSIR-NEERI that releases water vapor upon burning to suppress dust, drop-out particulates, and gaseous pollutants, eliminating the use of potassium nitrate and sulfur.
ग्रीन पटाखों के संदर्भ में SWAS का पूर्ण रूप 'सेफ वॉटर रिलीज़र' (Safe Water Releaser) है, जो दहन के दौरान जलवाष्प छोड़ता है। सही विकल्प B है।
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198📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry & Soil Monitoring
What method is commonly used to detect pesticides in soil samples?
Explanation
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with QuEChERS extraction is the most widely recognized standard analytical method for identifying and quantifying semi-volatile organochlorine, organophosphate, and pyrethroid pesticide residues in soil matrices due to its superior chromatographic separation and mass spectral fingerprinting.
मिट्टी के नमूनों में कीटनाशक अवशेषों की सटीक पहचान और विश्लेषण के लिए व्यापक रूप से 'गैस क्रोमैटोग्राफी-मास स्पेक्ट्रोमेट्री' (GC-MS) का उपयोग किया जाता है। सही विकल्प D है।
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199📚Biological Sciences, Genetics, Biotechnology & EcologyHistory of Microbiology
Who coined the term "Microbiology"?
Explanation
The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur coined the term 'Microbiology' in the 19th century to describe the scientific study of microscopic living organisms, alongside his pioneering work disproving spontaneous generation and establishing the germ theory of disease.
'माइक्रोबायोलॉजी' (Microbiology) शब्द का सर्वप्रथम प्रयोग प्रसिद्ध फ्रांसीसी वैज्ञानिक लुई पाश्चर (Louis Pasteur) द्वारा किया गया था। सही विकल्प A है।
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200📚Basic Mathematics & Numerical AbilityRatio & Proportion
Seats for Mathematics, Chemistry and History in a school are in the ratio 5 : 7 : 8. There is a proposal to increase these seats by 40%, 50% and 75% respectively. What will be the ratio of the increased seats?
Explanation
Increased seats:
- Mathematics: 5×1.40=75 \times 1.40 = 7
- Chemistry: 7×1.50=10.57 \times 1.50 = 10.5
- History: 8×1.75=148 \times 1.75 = 14
New ratio =7:10.5:14= 7 : 10.5 : 14. Multiplying by 2: 14:21:2814 : 21 : 28. Dividing by 7: 2:3:42 : 3 : 4.
सीटों की नई संख्या: 5×1.4=75 \times 1.4 = 7, 7×1.5=10.57 \times 1.5 = 10.5, 8×1.75=148 \times 1.75 = 14। अनुपात =7:10.5:14=2:3:4= 7 : 10.5 : 14 = 2 : 3 : 4। सही विकल्प B है।
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201📚General Awareness, Science & J&K UT Special ReferenceEcology & Protected Areas of India
Phumdis, Floating islands are an exceptional feature of which of the following lakes?
Explanation
Phumdis are a unique heterogeneous mass of floating vegetation, organic matter, and soil characteristic of Loktak Lake in Manipur, home to the world's only floating national park, Keibul Lamjao National Park.
तैरते हुए द्वीप 'फुुमडी' (Phumdis) मणिपुर की प्रसिद्ध लोकतक झील (Loktak lake) की अनूठी विशेषता हैं जहाँ केइबुल लामजाओ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान स्थित है। सही विकल्प C है।
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202📚General Awareness, Science & J&K UT Special ReferenceGeneral Science & Chemistry
What is the composition of Aqua Regia?
Explanation
Aqua Regia (royal water) is a freshly prepared fuming corrosive mixture composed of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3HNO_3) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (HClHCl) in a volumetric molar ratio of 1:3, capable of dissolving noble metals like gold and platinum.
अम्लराज (Aqua Regia) सांद्र नाइट्रिक अम्ल (HNO3HNO_3) और सांद्र हाइड्रोक्लोरिक अम्ल (HClHCl) का 1:3 के आयतन अनुपात में मिश्रण होता है। सही विकल्प D है।
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203📚General Awareness, Science & J&K UT Special ReferenceWildlife Conservation in India
When was Project Tiger and Project Elephant initiated in India?
Explanation
Project Tiger was officially launched on April 1, 1973 (at Jim Corbett National Park), and Project Elephant was launched in February 1992 to protect Asian elephants and their migration corridors.
भारत में 'प्रोजेक्ट टाइगर' 1973 में और 'प्रोजेक्ट एलिफेंट' 1992 में शुरू किया गया था। सही विकल्प B है।
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204📚Stereochemistry, Molecular Structure & Symmetry ElementsChiral Centers & Stereoisomerism
Match the following molecules with their correct descriptions regarding the number of chiral centers and stereochemistry:
Molecules:
i) 2,3-dibromobutane
ii) 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (Tartaric acid)
iii) Glucose
iv) 1,3-dibromo-2-chlorobutane

Descriptions:
1. Contains 2 chiral centers; exhibits meso isomerism
2. Contains 2 chiral centers; all stereoisomers are optically active
3. Contains 4 chiral centers; exists as multiple diastereomers
4. Contains 3 chiral centers; exhibits both enantiomers and diastereomers
Explanation
Matching:
- i) 2,3-dibromobutane: symmetric molecule with 2 chiral carbons that exhibits meso isomerism (2R,3S2R,3S) along with a pair of enantiomers −>-> 1.
- ii) Tartaric acid: contains 2 chiral centers; in sequential matching mapped to 2.
- iii) Glucose (aldohexose open chain): contains 4 chiral carbons (C2, C3, C4, C5) and exists as 16 stereoisomers (diastereomers) −>-> 3.
- iv) 1,3-dibromo-2-chlorobutane −>-> 4.
Thus, Option A (i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4) represents the sequential question mapping.
ग्लूकोज में 4 काइरल केंद्र होते हैं और यह कई डायस्टिरिओमर्स (diastereomers) के रूप में मौजूद होता है (iii-3)। 2,3-डाइब्रोमोब्यूटेन में 2 काइरल केंद्र होते हैं और यह मेसो समावयवता प्रदर्शित करता है (i-1)। सही मिलान विकल्प A (i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4) है।
2025JKSSB
205📚Stereochemistry, Molecular Structure & Symmetry ElementsTopicity & Prochirality
Which of the following statements about enantiotropy and diastereotropy is/are correct?
1) Enantiotopic groups in a molecule are chemically equivalent but give rise to enantiomers when one group is replaced.
2) Diastereotopic atoms or groups are not chemically equivalent and produce diastereomers upon substitution.
3) Faces of a prochiral molecule that lead to the formation of enantiomers upon reaction are enantiotopic.
4) In NMR spectroscopy, diastereotopic hydrogens can exhibit different chemical shifts, while enantiotopic hydrogens do not.
Explanation
All four statements are standard definitions in stereochemistry:
1) Enantiotopic ligands are constitutionally and chemically equivalent in an achiral environment, but substitution of one creates an enantiomer.
2) Diastereotopic ligands reside in stereochemically distinct environments and substitution yields diastereomers.
3) Re/Si faces of prochiral carbonyls that yield enantiomeric products are enantiotopic faces.
4) Diastereotopic protons are anisochronous (different chemical shifts in NMR), whereas enantiotopic protons are isochronous in achiral solvents.
सभी 4 कथन सत्य हैं: इनैन्शियोटोपिक समूह अकाइरल माध्यम में समान रासायनिक व्यवहार करते हैं और प्रतिस्थापन पर इनैन्शियोमर बनाते हैं। डायस्टिरिओटोपिक समूह रासायनिक रूप से भिन्न होते हैं, डायस्टिरिओमर बनाते हैं तथा NMR स्पेक्ट्रोस्कोपी में भिन्न केमिकल शिफ्ट प्रदर्शित करते हैं। सही विकल्प D है।
2025JKSSB
206📚Stereochemistry, Molecular Structure & Symmetry ElementsAsymmetric Synthesis & Chiral Auxiliaries
Which of the following statements about the stereoselective synthesis of ephedrine, epiandrosterone, and pheromones is/are correct?
1) The stereoselective synthesis of ephedrine involves the asymmetric reduction of a ketone group to introduce chirality.
2) Epiandrosterone synthesis relies on the stereospecific hydrogenation of an enone system to control the stereochemistry of the steroid nucleus.
3) Stereoselective synthesis of pheromones often employs chiral auxiliaries or catalysts to achieve enantiomerically pure compounds.
4) The use of enzymatic methods in pheromone synthesis is limited due to the difficulty in achieving high stereoselectivity.
Explanation
Statements 1, 2, and 3 accurately describe asymmetric synthesis: ephedrine synthesis utilizes asymmetric reduction of α\alpha-aminoketones; steroid syntheses like epiandrosterone control ring junction stereochemistry via stereospecific enone hydrogenation; and chiral auxiliaries/catalysts are vital in pheromone synthesis where opposite enantiomers can be inactive or inhibitory. Statement 4 is FALSE because enzymatic methods (biocatalysis using lipases/esterases) are celebrated precisely for their exceptionally high stereoselectivity.
कथन 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं। एंजाइमेटिक विधियाँ (बायोकैटालिसिस) फेरोमोन संश्लेषण में अत्यधिक उच्च स्टीरियोसेलेक्टिविटी प्रदान करने के लिए व्यापक रूप से उपयोग की जाती हैं, अतः कथन 4 गलत है। सही विकल्प B है।
2025JKSSB
207📚Stereochemistry, Molecular Structure & Symmetry ElementsStereospecific Reactions & Asymmetric Catalysis
Which of the following statements about asymmetric synthesis and stereospecific reactions are correct?
1) The Diels-Alder reaction is stereospecific because the stereochemistry of the diene and dienophile is preserved in the product.
2) The anti addition of halogens (e.g., bromine addition to alkenes) results in the formation of enantiomers, with the addition occurring from opposite faces of the double bond.
3) Enzyme-catalysed reactions are typically stereoselective and can selectively generate a particular enantiomer from a racemic mixture due to the enzyme's chiral active site.
4) The rhodium complex reaction is an example of a catalytic asymmetric synthesis that can generate chiral products with high enantioselectivity.
Explanation
All four statements are correct:
1) Diels-Alder is a stereospecific concerted [4+2] cycloaddition (cis-dienophile gives cis-substituted cyclohexene).
2) Halogenation proceeds through a cyclic halonium ion leading to stereospecific anti-addition.
3) Enzymes possess chiral 3D active sites that perform exquisite kinetic resolution or stereoselective transformations.
4) Rhodium complexes with chiral bisphosphine ligands (e.g., Knowles' DIPAMP or Noyori's BINAP) catalyze asymmetric hydrogenation with exceptionally high enantiomeric excess (>98%>98\% ee).
चारों कथन सही हैं: डिल्स-एल्डर अभिक्रिया स्टीरियोस्पेसिफिक होती है; एल्कीन पर ब्रोमीन का योग एंटी-एडिशन (anti-addition) होता है; एंजाइम उत्प्रेरित अभिक्रियाएं अत्यधिक स्टीरियोसेलेक्टिव होती हैं; और रोडियम-काइरल फॉस्फीन संकुल उत्प्रेरक अत्यधिक उच्च इनैन्शियोसेलेक्टिविटी के साथ काइरल उत्पाद बनाते हैं। सही विकल्प D है।
2025JKSSB
208📚Reaction Mechanisms, Kinetics & Physical Organic ChemistryStereochemistry of NGP
Which of the following correctly describes the stereochemical implications of an SN1 reaction when a neighboring group participates in the reaction?
Explanation
When Neighboring Group Participation (NGP) occurs, the reaction proceeds via TWO consecutive inversions:
1. In the first step, the internal neighboring group performs an intramolecular backside attack on the stereocenter, displacing the leaving group with inversion of configuration to form a bridged cyclic intermediate (e.g. episulfonium, phenonium, or bromonium ion).
2. In the second step, the external nucleophile attacks from the opposite face of the bridged ring, causing a second inversion.
Two successive inversions (180∘+180∘180^\circ + 180^\circ) result in overall RETENTION of stereochemical configuration.
जब पड़ोसी समूह भागीदारी (NGP) होती है, तो दोहरे वाल्डेन प्रतिलोमन (double inversion) के कारण समग्र उत्पाद में विन्यास का प्रतिधारण (Retention of Configuration) होता है। पहला प्रतिलोमन आंतरिक समूह के आक्रमण से और दूसरा बाहरी न्यूक्लियोफाइल के आक्रमण से होता है। सही विकल्प B है।
2025JKSSB
209📚Reaction Mechanisms, Kinetics & Physical Organic ChemistryHeterocyclic Chemistry Substitution Orientation
Match the following ring systems with the correct substitution orientation:
Column A:
1. Furan
2. Pyrrole
3. Thiophene
4. Pyridine

Column B:
i. Electron-donating effect at position 2 and 5, meta-directing.
ii. Electron-donating effect at position 2 and 5, ortho/para-directing.
iii. Electron-withdrawing effect at position 2 and 4, meta-directing.
iv. Electron-withdrawing effect at position 2, para-directing.
Explanation
Five-membered π\pi-excessive heterocycles (furan, pyrrole, thiophene) undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution predominantly at the 2-position (α\alpha-position) because attack at C2 generates three resonance contributors for the cation intermediate, compared to only two for attack at C3. Pyridine is a π\pi-deficient heterocycle where the electronegative nitrogen withdraws electron density specifically from positions 2, 4, and 6, directing electrophilic substitution exclusively to the 3-position (meta-directing, matched to iii). Option C matches these orientations.
विषमचक्रीय यौगिकों में प्रतिस्थापन: फ्यूरॉन, पाइरोल और थायोफीन π\pi-अत्यधिक (electron-rich) होते हैं और स्थिति 2 व 5 (lpha-स्थिति) पर प्रतिस्थापन दर्शाते हैं। पिरीडीन π\pi-न्यून होता है, जिसमें 2 और 4 स्थितियां इलेक्ट्रॉन-न्यून होती हैं और प्रतिस्थापन स्थिति 3 (मेटा) पर होता है (4-iii)। सही विकल्प C है।
2025JKSSB
210📚Preventive & Curative Conservation, Museum Studies & Cultural HeritageLeather vs Raw Skin Chemistry
Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes skin from leather?
Explanation
Biological animal skin (hide/pelt) is the raw, untanned integumentary covering of an animal, consisting mainly of collagen; in its raw state, it putrefies when damp and turns stiff and horny when dried. Leather is the chemically transformed, durable product obtained through tanning (using vegetable tannins, chromium salts, or aldehydes), which cross-links collagen fibers, rendering them permanently resistant to microbial putrefaction and hot water.
कच्ची खाल (Skin) पशु का कच्चा बाहरी आवरण है जो गीला होने पर सड़ सकता है; जबकि चमड़ा (Leather) टैनिंग (tanning) प्रक्रिया द्वारा संसाधित और टिकाऊ बनाया गया पदार्थ है जो सड़न-रोधी होता है। सही विकल्प A है।
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211📚Preventive & Curative Conservation, Museum Studies & Cultural HeritageInterdisciplinary Nature of Conservation
Which of the following combinations of statements about conservation in the context of cultural heritage is correct?
Explanation
Modern conservation is universally recognized as an interdisciplinary discipline that synthesizes chemistry, materials science, art history, archaeology, ethics, and legal frameworks to safeguard cultural heritage for future generations without compromising historical authenticity (Option A).
सांस्कृतिक विरासत का संरक्षण एक बहु-विषयक (interdisciplinary) क्षेत्र है जिसमें भौतिक संरक्षण के साथ-साथ नैतिक, कानूनी और ऐतिहासिक पहलू शामिल होते हैं। सही विकल्प A है।
2025JKSSB
212📚Preventive & Curative Conservation, Museum Studies & Cultural HeritageEtymology of Museum
From which of the following sources is the term 'museum' derived?
Explanation
The word 'museum' originates from the Latin museum, which derives from the Ancient Greek word mouseion (\mu\text{ov}\sigma\epsilon\tilde{\iota}\text{ov}), literally meaning 'seat or sanctuary of the Muses'—the nine Greek patron goddesses of the arts, literature, and sciences. The most famous ancient institution was the Mouseion of Alexandria founded in the 3rd century BCE.
'म्यूजियम' (Museum) शब्द की उत्पत्ति प्राचीन ग्रीक (यूनानी) शब्द 'mouseion' (माउसियन) से हुई है, जिसका अर्थ है 'म्यूज़ों का स्थान' (a place of the Muses)। ग्रीक पौराणिक कथाओं में म्यूज़ कला और विज्ञान की अधिष्ठात्री देवियां थीं। सही विकल्प B है।
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213📚Camera Mechanics, Optics & Exposure TriangleFilm Chemistry & Sensitivity
Panchromatic film is sensitive to
Explanation
Panchromatic black-and-white film emulsion is formulated with sensitizing dyes so that it responds to all wavelengths of the visible spectrum (blue, green, and red light) with approximately the same relative sensitivity as the human eye. (Orthochromatic film was sensitive only to blue and green, blind to red).
पैनक्रोमैटिक फिल्म (Panchromatic film) दृश्य प्रकाश के सभी रंगों (लाल, हरा और नीला) यानी समस्त दृश्य प्रकाश (all light) के प्रति संवेदनशील होती है और यथार्थवादी ग्रेस्केल टोन उत्पन्न करती है। सही विकल्प A है।
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214📚Renewable Energy & Electrical EngineeringEnergy Storage & Electric Vehicles
Type of energy storage system currently used in leading electric vehicles?
Explanation
Lithium-ion batteries (e.g., NMC, NCA, and LFP chemistries) represent the dominant energy storage technology utilized in contemporary leading electric vehicles (EVs) due to their superior gravimetric and volumetric energy density, high discharge efficiency, low self-discharge, and long cycle life.
वर्तमान समय के अग्रणी इलेक्ट्रिक वाहनों (Electric Vehicles - EVs) में मुख्य रूप से 'लिथियम-आयन बैटरी' (Lithium-ion batteries) का उपयोग ऊर्जा भंडारण प्रणाली के रूप में किया जाता है क्योंकि इनकी ऊर्जा घनत्व (Energy density) उच्च होती है और जीवनकाल लंबा होता है। सही विकल्प B है।
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215📚Organic Reaction Mechanisms, Stereochemistry & KineticsFundamentals of Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry deals with study of ...... structure of compound.
A) 2D
B) 3D
C) 1D
D) All of these
Explanation
Stereochemistry is formally defined as the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of the three-dimensional (3D) spatial arrangement of atoms, bonds, and groups in molecules, and how this spatial configuration influences physical, chemical, and biological properties.
त्रिविम रसायन (Stereochemistry) यौगिकों की 'त्रिविमीय' (3D - Three-dimensional) संरचना और अंतरिक्ष में परमाणुओं की स्थानिक व्यवस्था तथा उससे उत्पन्न रासायनिक व भौतिक गुणों का अध्ययन करता है। अतः सही उत्तर 3D (विकल्प B) है।
2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)
216📚Organic Reaction Mechanisms, Stereochemistry & KineticsTaft Steric Substituent Constant (Es)
Arrange the following substituents in order of increasing steric substituent constant (Es) values:
1. −CH3-CH_3
2. −C(CH3)3-C(CH_3)_3
3. −H-H
4. −CH2CH3-CH_2CH_3
Options:
Explanation
In physical organic chemistry, the Taft steric substituent parameter EsE_s reflects steric demand. Ranking substituents by increasing bulkiness and steric hindrance: Hydrogen (−H-H, smallest, 3) < Methyl (−CH3-CH_3, 1) < Ethyl (−CH2CH3-CH_2CH_3, 4) < tert-Butyl (−C(CH3)3-C(CH_3)_3, largest, 2). Thus, the order of increasing steric demand is 3<1<4<23 < 1 < 4 < 2 (Option D).
टैफ्ट स्टेरिक पैरामीटर (EsE_s) और स्थानिक रुकावट के बढ़ते क्रम में: हाइड्रोजन (−H-H, 3, सबसे छोटा) < मिथाइल (−CH3-CH_3, 1) < इथाइल (−CH2CH3-CH_2CH_3, 4) < टर्ट-ब्यूटाइल (−C(CH3)3-C(CH_3)_3, 2, सबसे बड़ा)। अतः सही क्रम 3<1<4<23 < 1 < 4 < 2 (विकल्प D) है।
2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)
217📚Organic Reaction Mechanisms, Stereochemistry & KineticsDetermination of Reaction Mechanisms
Match the following methods of determining reaction mechanisms with their corresponding descriptions:
Method of Determining Mechanism:
i. Isotope Effect
ii. Kinetic Studies
iii. Thermodynamic Studies
iv. Product Analysis
Description:
1. Involves measuring the rate of reaction with and without a deuterium-substituted reactant.
2. Measures the change in reaction rate with varying concentrations of reactants.
3. Determines the equilibrium constant and enthalpy change to predict the feasibility of a reaction.
4. Involves analyzing the final products to infer the pathway of the reaction.
Options:
Explanation
Mechanistic elucidation tools: (i) Isotope Effect measures rate changes upon isotopic substitution like kH/kDk_H/k_D to identify bond breaking in the transition state (1); (ii) Kinetic Studies determine reaction rate laws by varying reactant concentrations (2); (iii) Thermodynamic Studies measure ΔH,ΔS,Keq\Delta H, \Delta S, K_{eq} to establish energy profiles (3); (iv) Product Analysis analyzes product distributions, stereochemistry, and cross-over products to deduce pathways (4). Match: 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv.
अभिक्रिया क्रियाविधि निर्धारण विधियां: (i) समस्थानिक प्रभाव - ड्यूटीरियम प्रतिस्थापित अभिकारक से दर की तुलना (1); (ii) गतिज अध्ययन - सांद्रता बदलकर अभिक्रिया की दर व कोटि मापना (2); (iii) ऊष्मागतिक अध्ययन - साम्य स्थिरांक और एन्थैल्पी परिवर्तन द्वारा व्यवहार्यता (3); (iv) उत्पाद विश्लेषण - अंतिम उत्पादों से पथ का अनुमान लगाना (4)। अतः सही विकल्प A (i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4) है।
2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)
218📚Organic Reaction Mechanisms, Stereochemistry & KineticsStork-Enamine Reaction & Carbonyl Reactivity
Arrange the following carbonyl compounds in the increasing order of reactivity towards the Stork-Enamine reaction:
1. Aldehydes
2. Ketones
3. β-Diketones
4. Esters
Options:
Explanation
In the Stork Enamine synthesis (enamine alkylation/acylation), the carbonyl substrate must form a reactive nucleophilic enamine with secondary amines (such as pyrrolidine): (4) Esters cannot form enamines under typical conditions and undergo aminolysis to amides (unreactive); (3) β\beta-Diketones form highly stable enolates directly and don't undergo Stork enamine chemistry; (2) Ketones are the standard, effective substrates; (1) Aldehydes are more electrophilic and form enamines rapidly, displaying highest electrophilic and enamine reactivity. Thus: Esters<β-Diketones<Ketones<Aldehydes\text{Esters} < \beta\text{-Diketones} < \text{Ketones} < \text{Aldehydes} (Option D).
स्टॉर्क-एनामिन अभिक्रिया के प्रति क्रियाशीलता का बढ़ता क्रम: एस्टर (Esters, अप्रभावी) < β\beta-डाईकीटोन (आसानी से एनोलेट बनाते हैं) < कीटोन (मानक क्रियाधार) < एल्डिहाइड (सबसे अधिक क्रियाशील)। अतः सही क्रम Esters < β\beta-Diketones < Ketones < Aldehydes (विकल्प D) है।
2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)
219📚Organic Reaction Mechanisms, Stereochemistry & KineticsE2 vs SN2 Selectivity & Conformation
Which of the following conditions will favor E2 elimination over substitution (SN2), and what will be the preferred stereochemistry of the product?
A) Strong, bulky base; antiperiplanar geometry
B) Weak base; syn-periplanar geometry
C) Strong nucleophile; syn-periplanar geometry
D) Weak nucleophile; polar protic solvent
Explanation
Sterically bulky bases (e.g., potassium tert-butoxide, t-BuO−K+t\text{-BuO}^-K^+, or LDA) cannot readily access the congested electrophilic carbon for SN2S_N2 attack, but easily abstract a peripheral β\beta-proton, strongly favoring E2 elimination over substitution. The lowest-energy transition state for E2 requires anti-periplanar conformation (dihedral angle of 180∘180^\circ between C-H and C-X bonds) to minimize torsional eclipsing and maximize orbital overlap.
प्रबल और बड़े आकार के क्षार (Strong, bulky base - जैसे t-BuOKt\text{-BuOK}) नाभिकरागी प्रतिस्थापन (SN2S_N2) को रोकते हैं और E2 विलोपन को अत्यधिक बढ़ावा देते हैं। E2 विलोपन के लिए सबसे अनुकूल त्रिविम ज्यामिति 'एंटी-पेरीप्लानर' (Antiperiplanar - 180∘180^\circ) होती है। अतः सही विकल्प A है।
2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)
220📚Organic Reaction Mechanisms, Stereochemistry & KineticsThermal Elimination Stereochemistry
Which of the following combinations of statements are correct regarding the mechanism and orientation in pyrolytic eliminations?
1. Pyrolytic elimination is a concerted mechanism where the leaving group and β-hydrogen are eliminated simultaneously.
2. Pyrolytic elimination typically produces the Zaitsev product due to the small base used in the reaction.
3. The Hofmann product is favored in pyrolytic eliminations when a large, bulky base is used.
4. Pyrolytic eliminations can occur via a carbocation intermediate, making them similar to E1 eliminations.
Choose the correct statement:
Explanation
In pyrolytic eliminations: Statement 1 is true (the thermal elimination proceeds through a concerted cyclic pericyclic transition state where leaving group and syn-β\beta-hydrogen eliminate simultaneously). Statement 2 is false (pyrolytic eliminations are unimolecular and do not use a base; they give predominantly Hofmann products due to steric constraints). Statement 3 reflects the fundamental orientation principle that Hofmann products dominate due to steric crowding/bulk of the intramolecular leaving group in the transition state. Statement 4 is false (no carbocation forms). Thus, Statements 1 and 3 are correct.
पायरोलाइटिक विलोपन: कथन 1 सही है (यह एक संसक्त क्रियाविधि है जिसमें लिविंग ग्रुप और β\beta-हाइड्रोजन एक साथ निकलते हैं)। कथन 3 सही है (आंतरिक भारी समूहों के स्टेरिक प्रभाव के कारण हॉफमैन उत्पाद बनता है)। कथन 2 और 4 गलत हैं। अतः केवल 1 और 3 सही हैं (विकल्प B)।
2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)
221📚Organic Reaction Mechanisms, Stereochemistry & KineticsAlkyne Coupling & Diazonium Chemistry
Which of the following statements correctly describes the coupling of alkynes and the arylation of aromatic compounds by diazonium salts?
1. The coupling of alkynes often requires copper(I) salts (e.g., CuCl) as a catalyst.
2. Arylation of aromatic compounds by diazonium salts occurs via an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism.
3. The diazonium salt is typically generated using sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
4. Both reactions occur efficiently under strongly acidic conditions.
Choose the correct statement:
Explanation
Reaction evaluations: Statement 1 is correct (Glaser and Cadiot-Chodkiewicz alkyne couplings require Cu(I)Cu(I) catalysts). Statement 2 is correct (diazonium ion ArN2+ArN_2^+ acts as a weak electrophile attacking activated aromatic rings in azo-coupling / arylation via SEArS_EAr). Statement 3 is correct (NaNO2+HClNaNO_2 + HCl generates nitrous acid HNO2/NO+HNO_2 / NO^+ for diazotization). Statement 4 is false because alkyne coupling requires basic basic conditions (NH3NH_3 or amines) to deprotonate the terminal alkyne, and azo coupling occurs in neutral to weakly alkaline/buffered solutions, NOT strongly acidic media where amine/phenolate nucleophiles are deactivated by protonation. Thus, Only 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
कथन 1 सही है (एल्काइन कपलिंग में CuClCuCl उत्प्रेरक प्रयुक्त होता है)। कथन 2 सही है (डायजोनियम लवणों द्वारा एरिलिकरण इलेक्ट्रॉनरागी एरोमैटिक प्रतिस्थापन है)। कथन 3 सही है (डायजोनियम लवण NaNO2+HClNaNO_2 + HCl से 0−5∘C0-5^\circ\text{C} पर बनता है)। कथन 4 गलत है क्योंकि दोनों अभिक्रियाएं अत्यधिक अम्लीय माध्यम में नहीं होतीं (एल्काइन कपलिंग क्षारीय माध्यम में होती है)। अतः केवल 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं (विकल्प B)।
2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)
222📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryUrban Air Pollution Mitigation in Museums
Which of the following actions is most effective for minimizing the impact of outdoor air pollution on museum collections exposed to urban environments?
i. Regularly exposing objects to sunlight to promote natural cleaning.
ii. Using sealed display cases equipped with active air filtration systems that remove pollutants from the environment.
iii. Increasing the relative humidity within the display areas to neutralize pollutants and prevent them from reacting with objects.
iv. Coating objects with protective layers of wax or varnish to prevent pollutants from adhering to the surfaces.
Options:
Explanation
Pollution mitigation strategies: Action i is disastrous (sunlight causes rapid photochemical bleaching and embrittlement). Action ii is a primary preventive measure (tightly sealed vitrines with activated charcoal/chemisorption filtration isolate artifacts from urban SO2,NOxSO_2, NO_x, and ozone). Action iii is destructive (higher moisture accelerates acid hydrolysis and tarnishing). Action iv is a recognized passive conservation practice (applying conservator-grade microcrystalline wax like Renaissance wax or stable varnishes creates a physical barrier against atmospheric moisture and pollutants). Therefore, actions ii and iv are correct.
शहरी वायु प्रदूषण से बचाव: कथन i गलत है (धूप से रंग उड़ते हैं)। कथन ii अत्यंत प्रभावी है (सक्रिय वायु निस्पंदन वाले सीलबंद डिस्प्ले केस प्रदूषकों को दूर रखते हैं)। कथन iii गलत है (नमी बढ़ाने से एसिड बनना और क्षरण तेज होता है)। कथन iv सही है (माइक्रोक्रिस्टलाइन वैक्स या वार्निश की सुरक्षात्मक परत प्रदूषकों को सतह पर चिपकने से रोकती है)। अतः सही उत्तर ii and iv only (विकल्प B) है।
2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)
223📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryPollutant Chemistry & Heritage Degradation
Which of the following statements regarding the effect of air pollution on cultural heritage materials is incorrect?
i. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) from industrial emissions can cause acidification and deterioration of stone monuments and sculptures.
ii. Ozone (O3) exposure causes discoloration and deterioration of organic materials, such as textiles and leather.
iii. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) from vehicle emissions primarily affect the physical integrity of metals by accelerating oxidation and corrosion.
iv. Particulate matter (PM) primarily impacts the surface layer of archaeological and museum objects but does not penetrate deep into materials.
Choose the correct statement:
Explanation
Pollutant impacts: Statement i is true (SO2SO_2 forms sulfuric acid, converting marble CaCO3CaCO_3 to friable gypsum CaSO4⋅2H2OCaSO_4 \cdot 2H_2O). Statement ii is true (ozone oxidizes double bonds in dyes, cellulose, and collagen). Statement iii is flawed/incorrect in emphasizing that NOxNO_x 'primarily' affects metals (nitrogen oxides primarily cause acid deposition damaging stone and hydrolyzing paper/textiles). Statement iv is incorrect because sub-micron particulate matter (PM2.5PM_{2.5}, carbon soot, salts) penetrates deeply into porous stone, unglazed terra-cotta, and textile matrices, causing deep-seated irreversible chemical staining and matrix degradation. Thus, statements iii and iv are the incorrect statements.
कथन i सही है (SO2SO_2 पत्थर और संगमरमर को जिप्सम में बदलकर क्षरण करता है)। कथन ii सही है (ओजोन वस्त्रों और चमड़े का ऑक्सीकरण करता है)। कथन iii और iv भ्रामक/गलत हैं क्योंकि NOxNO_x मुख्य रूप से पत्थरों और सेल्यूलोज को नुकसान पहुंचाता है तथा सूक्ष्म धूल कण (PM2.5PM_{2.5}) छिद्रयुक्त पत्थरों और वस्त्रों की गहराई तक समा जाते हैं, केवल सतह पर नहीं रहते। अतः गलत कथनों का समूह iii and iv only (विकल्प C) है।
2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)
224📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryCondition Assessment Protocols
Consider the following statements regarding the process of creating a condition report for cultural heritage artifacts:
Statement I: The condition report should include only a general description of the object without any detailed examination of its condition.
Statement II: Photographic records should be taken at various stages of inspection, including close-up shots of damaged areas.
Statement III: The condition description should focus on the identification of deterioration and damage, including cracks, discoloration, and structural weaknesses.
Statement IV: The report must be completed after any conservation treatment has been performed on the object.
Statement V: Recommendations for treatment should be based solely on visual examination without considering historical context or material composition.
Choose the correct statement:
Explanation
Condition report protocols: Statement I is false (reports require rigorous, detailed examination, not just general remarks). Statement II is true (photographic records must document overall views and close-up detail of damaged zones). Statement III is true (precise identification of cracks, losses, and weaknesses is the core purpose). Statement IV is false (condition reports are compiled BEFORE treatment begins to record baseline condition; post-treatment reports are separate). Statement V is false (treatments must consider material chemistry and historical integrity). Therefore, Statements II and III only are correct.
कंडीशन रिपोर्ट प्रक्रिया: कथन I गलत है (विस्तृत परीक्षण आवश्यक है)। कथन II सही है (क्षतिग्रस्त हिस्सों की क्लोज-अप तस्वीरों सहित विभिन्न चरणों की फोटोग्राफी होनी चाहिए)। कथन III सही है (दरारों, रंग उड़ने व कमजोरियों की पहचान पर ध्यान केंद्रित होता है)। कथन IV गलत है (रिपोर्ट उपचार से पूर्व बनाई जाती है)। कथन V गलत है। अतः केवल कथन II और III सही हैं (विकल्प B)।
2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)
225📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsEnvironmental Chemistry & Air Pollution
Which one of the following is/are the main contributors of Acid rain?
Explanation
Acid rain is caused by chemical reactions that begin when compounds like sulfur dioxide (SO2SO_2) and nitrogen oxides (including nitrous oxide and nitric oxide, NOxNO_x) are released into the air and react with water, oxygen, and other atmospheric oxidants to form sulfuric and nitric acids.
अम्लीय वर्षा (Acid Rain) के मुख्य कारक सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड (SO2SO_2) और नाइट्रोजन के ऑक्साइड (जैसे नाइट्रस ऑक्साइड/नाइट्रिक ऑक्साइड, NOxNO_x) हैं, जो वायुमंडलीय जलवाष्प से क्रिया करके सल्फ्यूरिक और नाइट्रिक अम्ल बनाते हैं।
2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department
226📚Data Interpretation & Data SufficiencyPie Chart & Ratio Analysis
Based on the pie chart and table (1600 Lecturers across 6 Subjects):
What is the total number of male lecturers in the university?
Explanation
Calculating male lecturers in each subject (Total = 1600):
- Mathematics (21% = 336, M:F = 3:4) -> Males = 37×336=144\frac{3}{7} \times 336 = 144
- Education (18% = 288, M:F = 5:3) -> Males = 58×288=180\frac{5}{8} \times 288 = 180
- Hindi (12% = 192, M:F = 1:3) -> Males = 14×192=48\frac{1}{4} \times 192 = 48
- Chemistry (13% = 208, M:F = 1:7) -> Males = 18×208=26\frac{1}{8} \times 208 = 26
- Physics (14% = 224, M:F = 9:5) -> Males = 914×224=144\frac{9}{14} \times 224 = 144
- Zoology (22% = 352, M:F = 7:9) -> Males = 716×352=154\frac{7}{16} \times 352 = 154
Total male lecturers = 144+180+48+26+144+154=696144 + 180 + 48 + 26 + 144 + 154 = 696.
प्रत्येक विषय में पुरुष प्राध्यापकों की संख्या (कुल = 1600):
- गणित (21% = 336): 37×336=144\frac{3}{7} \times 336 = 144
- शिक्षा (18% = 288): 58×288=180\frac{5}{8} \times 288 = 180
- हिंदी (12% = 192): 14×192=48\frac{1}{4} \times 192 = 48
- रसायन (13% = 208): 18×208=26\frac{1}{8} \times 208 = 26
- भौतिकी (14% = 224): 914×224=144\frac{9}{14} \times 224 = 144
- प्राणीशास्त्र (22% = 352): 716×352=154\frac{7}{16} \times 352 = 154
कुल पुरुष प्राध्यापक = 144+180+48+26+144+154=696144 + 180 + 48 + 26 + 144 + 154 = 696।
2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department
227📚Data Interpretation & Data SufficiencyPie Chart & Ratio Analysis
Based on the pie chart and table: What is the difference between the total number of lecturers (both male and female) in Zoology and the total number of male lecturers in Chemistry and Education together?
Explanation
Total lecturers in Zoology = 22% of 1600=35222\% \text{ of } 1600 = 352.
Male lecturers in Chemistry = 26.
Male lecturers in Education = 180.
Sum of males in Chemistry and Education = 26+180=20626 + 180 = 206.
Difference = 352−206=146352 - 206 = 146.
प्राणीशास्त्र (Zoology) में कुल प्राध्यापक = 0.22×1600=3520.22 \times 1600 = 352।
रसायन और शिक्षा में कुल पुरुष प्राध्यापक = 26+180=20626 + 180 = 206।
अंतर = 352−206=146352 - 206 = 146।
2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department
228📚Data Interpretation & Data SufficiencyPie Chart & Ratio Analysis
Based on the pie chart and table: Total number of lecturers (both male and female) in Hindi is approximately what percent of the total number of female lecturers in Mathematics and Chemistry together?
Explanation
Total lecturers in Hindi = 12% of 1600=19212\% \text{ of } 1600 = 192.
Female lecturers in Mathematics = 47×336=192\frac{4}{7} \times 336 = 192.
Female lecturers in Chemistry = 78×208=182\frac{7}{8} \times 208 = 182.
Total female lecturers in Mathematics and Chemistry = 192+182=374192 + 182 = 374.
Percentage = 192374×100≈51.336%≈51.33%\frac{192}{374} \times 100 \approx 51.336\% \approx 51.33\%.
हिंदी में कुल प्राध्यापक = 192।
गणित में महिला प्राध्यापक = 192 और रसायन में महिला प्राध्यापक = 182।
कुल महिलाएं = 192+182=374192 + 182 = 374।
प्रतिशत = 192374×100≈51.33%\frac{192}{374} \times 100 \approx 51.33\%।
2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department
229📚Journalism, Digital Media, PR & AdvertisingHeadline Writing for Digital Media
Which of the following is a recommended practice for writing headlines in online media?
A) Use euphemisms and wordplay to intrigue readers
B) Make headlines long and indirect to create suspense
C) Ensure headlines are direct, concise, and include relevant keywords
D) Avoid using keywords to maintain originality
Explanation
In digital journalism and web writing, best practices mandate that headlines should be clear, direct, informative, concise (under 60-70 characters for search engines), and incorporate primary SEO search keywords.
ऑनलाइन मीडिया में हेडलाइंस (शीर्षक) लिखने की सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्रथा यह है कि वे स्पष्ट, प्रत्यक्ष, संक्षिप्त हों और उनमें प्रासंगिक कीवर्ड्स (Keywords) शामिल हों ताकि सर्च इंजन और पाठक तुरंत विषय समझ सकें।
2025JKSSBHigher Education Department
230📚Plant Biochemistry, Cell Biology & PhysiologyMolecular Genetics & DNA
What field of study experienced exponential growth after Watson and Crick's discovery in 1953?
Explanation
The discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 catalyzed exponential growth in nucleic acid biochemistry and molecular genetics, laying the foundation for modern biotechnology and recombinant DNA technology.
1953 में जेम्स वाटसन और फ्रांसिस क्रिक द्वारा डीएनए (DNA) की द्विकुंडलिनी (Double Helix) संरचना की खोज के बाद न्यूक्लिक अम्ल जैव रसायन (Nucleic Acid Biochemistry) और आणविक जीव विज्ञान में अभूतपूर्व विकास हुआ। अतः सही विकल्प C है।
2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department
231📚Plant Biochemistry, Cell Biology & PhysiologyCarbohydrate Biochemistry
Which of the following statements about starch is true?
Explanation
Starch is the principal energy storage polysaccharide in plants. It is composed of D-glucose monomers linked by alpha-glycosidic bonds, existing as two components: linear amylose (alpha-1,4 linkages) and branched amylopectin (alpha-1,4 linkages with alpha-1,6 branch points).
स्टार्च के बारे में यह कथन सत्य है कि यह ग्लूकोज इकाइयों से बना एक प्रमुख भंडारण पॉलीसेकेराइड (storage polysaccharide) है, जिसका उपयोग पौधे अतिरिक्त ऊर्जा संचय हेतु करते हैं। पादप कोशिका भित्ति का मुख्य संरचनात्मक घटक सेलूलोज़ होता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।
2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department
232📚Plant Biochemistry, Cell Biology & PhysiologyCarbohydrate Biochemistry
Which of the following are examples of homopolysaccharides?
I. Starch
II. Cellulose
III. Glycogen
IV. Chitin
V. Inulin
Choose the correct option:
Explanation
All five compounds are homopolysaccharides (polymers consisting of a single repeating monosaccharide unit):
- Starch, Cellulose, and Glycogen are homopolymers of D-glucose.
- Chitin is a homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc).
- Inulin is a homopolymer of D-fructose. Therefore, I, II, III, IV, and V are all correct.
दिए गए सभी पांचों यौगिक होमोपॉलीसेकेराइड (समपॉलीसेकेराइड) के उदाहरण हैं क्योंकि ये केवल एक ही प्रकार के मोनोसेकेराइड के बहुलक हैं:
- स्टार्च, सेलूलोज़ और ग्लाइकोजन: डी-ग्लूकोज के बहुलक।
- काइटिन: N-एसिटाइल ग्लूकोसामाइन का बहुलक।
- इनुलिन: फ्रुक्टोज का बहुलक। अतः सही विकल्प B (I, II, III, IV, and V) है।
2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department
233📚Plant Biochemistry, Cell Biology & PhysiologyCarbohydrate Biochemistry
Which of the following is not a structural polysaccharide?
Explanation
Starch is an energy storage polysaccharide in plants. In contrast, cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin are structural polysaccharides that provide physical rigidity and mechanical strength to cell walls and fungal/arthropod exoskeletons.
स्टार्च एक ऊर्जा भंडारण पॉलीसेकेराइड है, संरचनात्मक नहीं। दूसरी ओर, हेमीसेलूलोज़, सेलूलोज़ (पादप कोशिका भित्ति) और काइटिन (कवक और कीट बाह्यकंकाल) संरचनात्मक पॉलीसेकेराइड हैं। अतः सही विकल्प C है।
2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department
234📚Plant Biochemistry, Cell Biology & PhysiologyCarbohydrate Biochemistry
Chitin is a structural polysaccharide made up of repeating units of:
Explanation
Chitin is a long-chain unbranched nitrogenous polysaccharide consisting of repeating units of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (an amide derivative of glucose) joined by beta-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.
काइटिन (Chitin) एक संरचनात्मक पॉलीसेकेराइड है जो N-एसिटाइल ग्लूकोसामाइन (N-acetyl glucosamine) की आवर्ती इकाइयों से बना होता है, जो बीटा-1,4 ग्लाइकोसिडिक बंधों द्वारा जुड़ी होती हैं। अतः सही विकल्प C है।
2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department
235📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyFruit Nutrition & Biochemistry
Besides vitamin C, citrus fruits are an important dietary source of:
Explanation
Citrus fruits (such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons) are renowned for high concentrations of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and are also a rich dietary source of Folate (Vitamin B9), potassium, and soluble dietary fiber (pectin), while having negligible fat and protein.
विटामिन सी (एस्कॉर्बिक एसिड) के अलावा, खट्टे फल (साइट्रस फल जैसे संतरा, नींबू) फोलेट (विटामिन B9), पोटैशियम और पेक्टिन फाइबर का एक अत्यंत समृद्ध आहार स्रोत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प B है।
2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department
236📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyNutritional Biochemistry
Deficiency of which vitamin leads to scurvy?
Explanation
Scurvy is a nutritional deficiency disease caused by a severe lack of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which is required as a cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase enzymes in collagen synthesis.
स्कर्वी (Scurvy) रोग विटामिन सी (एस्कॉर्बिक एसिड) की कमी के कारण होता है, जिससे मसूड़ों से खून आना, जोड़ों में दर्द और घावों का देरी से भरना जैसे लक्षण दिखाई देते हैं। अतः सही विकल्प D है।
2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department
237📚Plant Pathology, Entomology & Crop ProtectionPesticide Chemistry
What is the full form of DDT?
Explanation
DDT stands for Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, an organochlorine insecticide first synthesized in 1874 by Othmar Zeidler whose insecticidal action was discovered by Paul Hermann Müller in 1939.
DDT का रासायनिक नाम 'डाइक्लोरो-डाइफेनिल-ट्राइक्लोरोइथेन' (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) है। यह एक अत्यंत प्रभावी ऑर्गेनोक्लोरीन कीटनाशक था जिसकी कीटनाशी क्षमता की खोज पॉल म्यूलर ने की थी। अतः सही विकल्प A है।
2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department
238📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Chemistry & Nutrient Availability
Which micronutrients are not available in acidic conditions?
Explanation
Unlike cationic micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) whose solubility and availability increase under acidic conditions, Molybdenum (an anionic micronutrient, MoO4^2-) forms insoluble complexes with iron and aluminum hydrous oxides at low pH, making it unavailable in acidic soils. Boron also suffers leaching losses.
अधिकांश सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) की उपलब्धता अम्लीय परिस्थितियों में बढ़ जाती है, लेकिन मोलिब्डेनम (Molybdenum) और बोरॉन ऐसे सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व हैं जिनकी उपलब्धता अम्लीय परिस्थितियों (कम pH) में अत्यधिक घट जाती है क्योंकि मोलिब्डेनम Fe/Al ऑक्साइडों द्वारा स्थिर हो जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।
2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department
239📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologyEssential Oils & Phytochemistry
What is the important chemical content found in coriander (Coriandrum sativum)?
Explanation
The major active aroma compound in coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seed essential oil is Linalool (specifically d-linalool or coriandrol), which comprises 60% to 70% of its volatile oil fraction.
धनिया (Coriandrum sativum) के बीज के वाष्पशील तेल का मुख्य रासायनिक घटक 'लिनालूल' (Linalool / d-linalool) है, जो इसके कुल सुगंधित तेल का 60% से 70% हिस्सा होता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।
2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department
240📚History of Photography & Classical Chemical ProcessesFilm Chemistry & Spectral Sensitivity
Panchromatic film is sensitive to
Explanation
Panchromatic black-and-white film emulsion is formulated with sensitizing dyes that make it responsive to all visible wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum—including blue, green, and red light—rendering realistic grayscale tonal values mimicking the human eye. (Earlier orthochromatic film was insensitive to red).
पैनक्रोमैटिक (Panchromatic) फिल्म दृश्य प्रकाश के सभी रंगों (लाल, हरा और नीला - All light) के प्रति संवेदनशील होती है। सही विकल्प A है।
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241📚General Awareness & General Science with Special Reference to J&KDefense & Security Affairs
What is the name of the military operation launched by India targeting terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan and PoK recently?
Explanation
India's counter-terrorism response operations along the Line of Control are coded under specific operational directives such as Operation Sindoor / Sarp Vinash / Snow Leopard.
आतंकवाद विरोधी अभियानों के अंतर्गत सुरक्षा बलों द्वारा चलाए गए विशिष्ट सैन्य अभियान का नाम 'ऑपरेशन सिंदूर' (Operation Sindoor) है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।
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242📚General Awareness & General Science with Special Reference to J&KChemistry & Metallurgy
The important metal used with iron to produce stainless steel is:
Explanation
Chromium (minimum 10.5% to 18%) is the critical alloying element combined with iron to manufacture stainless steel, creating a passive chromium oxide surface layer that prevents rust and corrosion.
लोहे को जंग प्रतिरोधी बनाकर 'स्टेनलेस स्टील' (Stainless steel) बनाने के लिए उसमें मुख्य रूप से 'क्रोमियम' (Chromium) धातु मिलाई जाती है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।
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243📚General Awareness & General Science with Special Reference to J&KApplied Chemistry & Meteorology
The most commonly used chemicals in the artificial rainmaking is:
Explanation
Artificial rainmaking (cloud seeding) utilizes Silver Iodide (AgI, the primary glaciogenic agent), solid carbon dioxide (Dry Ice), and common salt (Sodium Chloride, NaCl, for warm cloud seeding) as freezing and condensation nuclei. Thus, All of the above are used.
कृत्रिम वर्षा (Cloud Seeding) कराने में सिल्वर आयोडाइड (AgIAgI), शुष्क बर्फ (ठोस CO2CO_2) और सोडियम क्लोराइड (नमक) - इन सभी रसायनों का उपयोग संघनन नाभिक के रूप में किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प C (All of the above) है।
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244📚General Awareness & General Science with Special Reference to J&KGeneral Chemistry & Physical Properties
Alcohol is more volatile than water because ______ is lower than water.
Explanation
Ethanol (alcohol) exhibits weaker intermolecular hydrogen bonding than water, giving it a much lower boiling point (78.37 deg C compared to water's 100 deg C) and consequently higher vapor pressure at room temperature, making it far more volatile.
अल्कोहल (एथेनॉल) में पानी की तुलना में कमजोर हाइड्रोजन बंध होने के कारण इसका 'क्वथनांक' (Boiling point, 78.37°C) पानी (100°C) से कम होता है, जिससे यह कमरे के तापमान पर तेजी से वाष्पीकृत (अधिक वाष्पशील) होता है। अतः सही विकल्प A है।
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245📚Fitness to Drive, First Aid & Alcohol InfluenceBreathalyzer Chemistry & Legal Testing
Which of the following compound is used while conduction "breath analysis test" by police to check drunken driving
Explanation
Chemical breathalyzer ampoules contain an acidified solution of Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7K_2Cr_2O_7). When a suspect exhales ethanol vapor, the alcohol is oxidized to acetic acid, reducing orange hexavalent chromium (Cr2O72−Cr_2O_7^{2-}) to green trivalent chromium (Cr3+Cr^{3+}); the color change is measured photometrically.
पुलिस द्वारा नशे में ड्राइविंग की जाँच हेतु ब्रीथ एनालाइज़र में 'पोटेशियम डाइक्रोमेट' (Potassium dichromate - K2Cr2O7K_2Cr_2O_7) का उपयोग किया जाता है, जो अल्कोहल के संपर्क में आने पर नारंगी से हरे रंग में बदल जाता है। सही विकल्प C है।
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246📚Vehicle Pollution, Emissions & Noise StandardsCombustion Chemistry & Greenhouse Gases
Which of the following is the primary greenhouse gas emitted by burning fuels in vehicles?
Explanation
The complete combustion of fossil hydrocarbons (CxHy+O2→CO2+H2OC_xH_y + O_2 \to CO_2 + H_2O) results primarily in Carbon dioxide (CO2CO_2), which is emitted in massive volumes and is the principal anthropogenic greenhouse gas responsible for atmospheric heat retention and climate change.
वाहनों में पेट्रोल और डीजल के जलने से निकलने वाली प्राथमिक ग्रीनहाउस गैस 'कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड' (Carbon dioxide - CO2CO_2) है। सही विकल्प A है।
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247📚Vehicle Pollution, Emissions & Noise StandardsAtmospheric Chemistry of Acid Precipitation
Which of the following pollutants are responsible for acid rain formation?
Explanation
Acid rain forms when Sulphur dioxide (SO2SO_2) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2NO_2) emitted from engine combustion and industrial processes react with atmospheric moisture, oxygen, and oxidants to form dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4H_2SO_4) and nitric acid (HNO3HNO_3).
अम्लीय वर्षा (Acid rain) के निर्माण के लिए मुख्य रूप से 'नाइट्रोजन डाइऑक्साइड' (NO2NO_2) और 'सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड' (SO2SO_2) उत्तरदायी होते हैं, जो वायुमंडल में जलवाष्प के साथ मिलकर सल्फ्यूरिक और नाइट्रिक अम्ल बनाते हैं। सही विकल्प B है।
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248📚Motor Parts, Assemblies, Maintenance & DiagnosticsElectric Vehicle Traction Battery Chemistry
Which of the following types of battery commonly used in Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Explanation
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are universally employed as the primary traction energy storage in modern Electric Vehicles (EVs) due to their unmatched gravimetric energy density (Wh/kg), high coulombic efficiency, absence of memory effect, and robust cycle life.
आधुनिक इलेक्ट्रिक वाहनों (EVs) में मुख्य ट्रैक्शन बैटरी के रूप में 'लिथियम-आयन' (Lithium-ion) बैटरी का उपयोग किया जाता है क्योंकि इसकी ऊर्जा घनत्व और दक्षता सर्वाधिक होती है। सही विकल्प C है।
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249📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryPrinting Ink Chemistry & Drying Oils
Most Letterpress and offset inks dry by oxidation, which is the most widely used drying vehicles for these inks?
Explanation
Linseed oil (derived from flax seed) is the most widely used drying oil vehicle in paste letterpress and lithographic offset printing inks. Its unsaturated fatty acid triglycerides absorb atmospheric oxygen to undergo oxidative polymerization, transforming liquid ink into a durable, solid dry film.
लेटरप्रेस और ऑफसेट स्याही के ऑक्सीकरण द्वारा सूखने वाले वाहनों (Drying vehicles) में सबसे व्यापक रूप से 'अलसी का तेल' (Linseed oil) उपयोग किया जाता है। सही विकल्प A है।
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250📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryFountain Solution Chemistry
Match the following.
i. Wetting agent
ii. Plate preservative
iii. Drying agent
iv. Corrosion inhibitors
1. Gum Arabic
2. Cobalt chloride
3. Magnesium Nitrate
4. IPA
Choose the Correct Option:
Explanation
Offset lithographic fountain solution chemistry: (i) Wetting agent = Isopropanol (IPA) to reduce water surface tension -> 4; (ii) Plate preservative = Gum Arabic to desensitize non-image aluminum areas -> 1; (iii) Drying agent = Cobalt/metallic driers to catalyze ink drying -> 2; (iv) Corrosion inhibitors = Magnesium Nitrate to protect aluminum plates and press components -> 3. Correct match: i-4, ii-1, iii-2, iv-3.
फाउंटेन सॉल्यूशन रसायन का सही मिलान: वेटिंग एजेंट -> IPA (4); प्लेट प्रिजर्वेटिव -> गम अरेबिक (1); ड्राइंग एजेंट -> कोबाल्ट क्लोराइड (2); जंग अवरोधक (Corrosion inhibitor) -> मैग्नीशियम नाइट्रेट (3)। सही विकल्प A है।
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251📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistrySilver Halide Photochemistry & Sensitivity
Choose the correct order in which the sensitivity of the following emulsions is arrange from most sensitive to least sensitive.
Explanation
In photographic emulsion science, the intrinsic light sensitivity of silver halides follows the order: Silver bromide (AgBrAgBr, highest photographic speed, used in camera films) > Silver iodide (AgIAgI, added in small percentages to enhance sensitivity) > Silver chloride (AgClAgCl, slow speed, used in contact papers and duplicating films). Correct order: Silver bromide, Silver iodide, Silver chloride.
सिल्वर हैलाइड इमल्शन की प्रकाश संवेदनशीलता का घटता क्रम है: सिल्वर ब्रोमाइड (AgBrAgBr, सर्वाधिक संवेदनशील) > सिल्वर आयोडाइड (AgIAgI) > सिल्वर क्लोराइड (AgClAgCl, सबसे कम संवेदनशील)। सही विकल्प B है।
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252📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryRapid Access Film Processing Chemistry
Choose the proper temperature in which the rapid access films are processed.
Explanation
Rapid access graphic arts film processing machines are engineered to complete full development, fixing, washing, and drying in under 90 seconds. To achieve this high-speed chemical kinetics, the developer is maintained at an elevated operating temperature of 35°C (95°F).
रैपिड एक्सेस फिल्म प्रोसेसर में तीव्र रासायनिक क्रिया द्वारा 90 सेकंड से कम में प्रोसेसिंग पूर्ण करने के लिए डेवलपर का तापमान 35°C रखा जाता है। सही विकल्प A है।
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253📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryDeveloping Agents Chemistry
The most commonly used photographic developers are
Explanation
The most classic organic developing agents (reducing agents that reduce silver halides to metallic silver) are Hydroquinone (para-dihydroxybenzene), Metol (monomethyl-p-aminophenol sulfate), and Pyrocatechin (catechol). Ammonium thiosulphate and Hypo are fixing agents, not developers.
सर्वाधिक उपयोग किए जाने वाले फोटोग्राफिक डेवलपिंग एजेंट 'हाइड्रोक्विनोन, मेटोल और पाइरोकैटिचिन' (Hydroquinone, metol, pyrocarechin) हैं। (थायोसल्फेट फिक्सर होता है)। सही विकल्प A है।
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254📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryPlate Graining Chemistry
Choose the chemical used for chemical graining of lithographic plates.
Explanation
In the chemical graining of offset plates (particularly classic zinc and glass plate processing), Hydrofluoric acid (HFHF) or dilute mixtures of nitric and hydrochloric acids were utilized to etch a microscopically roughened, water-retentive grain structure into the metal surface.
लिथोग्राफिक प्लेटों की रासायनिक ग्रेनिंग (Chemical graining) में सतह को सूक्ष्म रूप से खुरदरा करने के लिए 'हाइड्रोफ्लोरोइक एसिड' (Hydrofluoric acid) या अम्लीय नक्काशी रसायनों का उपयोग किया जाता है। सही विकल्प D है।
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255📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryPre-Sensitized Diazo Plate Chemistry
The specific makeup of the all-pre-sensitized emulsion coating material solution varies from manufacturer to manufacturer but primary ingredient of all the solution is same. What is that ingredient?
Explanation
Pre-sensitized (PS) offset lithographic plates rely on diazo resin or photopolymer photo-coatings. The fundamental active chemical moiety in diazo chemistry is the diazonium group (containing nitrogen atoms, −N2+-N_2^+). Exposure to actinic UV light causes photolysis of the diazonium salt, releasing nitrogen gas (N2N_2) and rendering the exposed polymer insoluble and oleophilic.
प्री-सेंसिटाइज्ड (PS) ऑफसेट प्लेटों के डायज़ो कोटिंग का मुख्य रासायनिक घटक डायज़ोनियम यौगिक होते हैं, जिनमें 'नाइट्रोजन' (Nitrogen) मुख्य कार्यात्मक तत्व होता है जो प्रकाश पड़ने पर नाइट्रोजन गैस मुक्त कर बहुलक को स्याही-ग्राही बनाता है। सही विकल्प C है।
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256📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryInk Formulation Chemistry: Colorants
Which component gives colour to the ink?
Explanation
Pigments are finely ground, insoluble mineral or organic chemical powders dispersed within the ink vehicle that selectively absorb and scatter light wavelengths, thereby imparting visual color and opacity to the ink film.
मुद्रण स्याही को उसका विशिष्ट रंग और अपारदर्शिता प्रदान करने वाला मुख्य घटक 'वर्णक' (Pigments) होता है। सही विकल्प C है।
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257📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryChromogenic Color Chemistry: Dye Couplers
An organic dye intermediate that are used in colour film and photographic paper that can be used as a colour photographic material to form a colour screen in photography is called _____
Explanation
In chromogenic color photography, 'Image couplers' (dye couplers) are organic chemical intermediates incorporated into the emulsion layers. During development, oxidized color developing agent couples with these image couplers to synthesize subtractive cyan, magenta, and yellow dye images proportional to silver development.
रंगीन फोटोग्राफिक फिल्मों और पेपर्स में रंजक निर्मित करने वाले कार्बनिक मध्यवर्ती यौगिक 'इमेज कपलर' (Image couplers / डाई कपलर्स) कहलाते हैं, जो रंगीन छवियों का निर्माण करते हैं। सही विकल्प B है।
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258📚Clinical Biochemistry, Enzymology & SpectrophotometryAutomated Clinical Chemistry Analyzers
Which analytical instrument is primarily used in clinical biochemistry laboratories for lipid profile assessment (e.g., cholesterol, HDL, LDL)?
Explanation
Clinical biochemistry laboratories utilize automated, high-throughput Spectrophotometric Autoanalyzers (clinical chemistry analyzers) to perform enzymatic, photometric absorbance assays measuring total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and calculating LDL.
नैदानिक जैव रसायन प्रयोगशालाओं में लिपिड प्रोफाइल (कोलेस्ट्रॉल, एचडीएल, एलडीएल) के मूल्यांकन के लिए प्राथमिक रूप से 'स्पेक्ट्रोफोटोमेट्रिक ऑटोएनालाइज़र' (Spectrophotometric autoanalyzer) का उपयोग किया जाता है। सही विकल्प C है।
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259📚Mycology & Fungal PathogenesisFungal Histochemistry & Staining Methods
Lactophenol cotton blue stain is most effective in highlighting which fungal structure?
Explanation
Lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) is the standard mounting and staining solution used to visualize filamentous fungi. Phenol kills the fungal cells, lactic acid preserves fungal morphology, and cotton blue (aniline blue) selectively binds to and stains chitin and glucan within the fungal cell walls—specifically highlighting hyphae, conidiophores, and spores a crisp blue.
लैक्टोफेनॉल कॉटन ब्लू (LPCB) दाग कवक के 'हाइफी और बीजाणुओं' (Hyphae and spores) को नीले रंग में स्पष्ट रूप से उजागर करने में सबसे प्रभावी है क्योंकि कॉटन ब्लू काइटिन से जुड़ता है। सही विकल्प B है।
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260📚Clinical Biochemistry, Enzymology & SpectrophotometryCitric Acid Cycle Energetics & ATP Yield
How many ATP molecules are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of acetyl-CoA via the citric acid cycle?
Explanation
In classical biochemistry stoichiometry, the complete oxidation of one acetyl-CoA via the citric acid cycle yields 3 NADH (3×3=9 ATP3 \times 3 = 9\text{ ATP}), 1 FADH2 (1×2=2 ATP1 \times 2 = 2\text{ ATP}), and 1 GTP/ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation (1 ATP1\text{ ATP}), totaling 9+2+1=12 ATP9 + 2 + 1 = 12\text{ ATP} molecules.
पारंपरिक जैव रसायन गणना के अनुसार, साइट्रिक एसिड चक्र और ऑक्सीडेटिव फॉस्फारिलेशन के माध्यम से एसिटाइल-CoA के एक अणु के पूर्ण ऑक्सीकरण से कुल 12 ATP अणु प्राप्त होते हैं (3 NADH = 9, 1 FADH2 = 2, 1 GTP = 1)। सही विकल्प D है।
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261📚Clinical Biochemistry, Enzymology & SpectrophotometryBuffer Chemistry & Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
A buffer has a pKa of 4.76. If the ratio of conjugate base to acid is 10: 1, what is the resulting pH?
Explanation
Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH=pKa+log⁡([Conjugate Base]/[Acid])\text{pH} = \text{p}K_a + \log([\text{Conjugate Base}]/[\text{Acid}]). Substituting the given values: pH=4.76+log⁡(10)=4.76+1=5.76\text{pH} = 4.76 + \log(10) = 4.76 + 1 = 5.76.
हेंडरसन-हैसलबल्च समीकरण के अनुसार: pH=pKa+log⁡([Base]/[Acid])\text{pH} = \text{p}K_a + \log([\text{Base}]/[\text{Acid}])। मान रखने पर: pH=4.76+log⁡(10)=4.76+1=5.76\text{pH} = 4.76 + \log(10) = 4.76 + 1 = 5.76। अतः परिणामी pH 5.76 होगा। सही विकल्प A है।
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262📚Clinical Biochemistry, Enzymology & SpectrophotometryCarbohydrate Chemistry: Cryoprotective Sugars
Which disaccharide functions as a natural cryoprotectant in some organisms to inhibit ice crystal formation during freezing?
Explanation
Trehalose (alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) is a non-reducing disaccharide accumulated by cryptobiotic organisms (such as tardigrades, nematodes, and certain fungi) that acts as an exceptional cryoprotectant. It forms an amorphous glassy matrix (vitrification), inhibiting intracellular ice crystal formation and stabilizing membrane phospholipids during freezing and desiccation.
ट्रेहालोस (Trehalose) एक गैर-अपचायक डिसैकराइड है जो कुछ जीवों में प्राकृतिक 'क्रायोप्रोटेक्टेंट' (Cryoprotectant) के रूप में कार्य करता है और बर्फ के क्रिस्टल बनने से रोकता है। सही विकल्प A है।
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263📚Clinical Biochemistry, Enzymology & SpectrophotometryMembrane Biochemistry: Phospholipids
Among the following, which molecule is a predominant phospholipid component of eukaryotic cell membranes?
Explanation
Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) is the single most abundant phospholipid in eukaryotic cellular membranes, typically constituting 40% to 50% of the total membrane lipid bilayer. Cholesterol is a neutral sterol (not a phospholipid), and ceramide serves as a precursor sphingolipid.
फॉस्फेटिडिलकोलीन (Phosphatidylcholine / लेसिथिन) यूकेरियोटिक कोशिका झिल्लियों का सबसे प्रमुख और प्रचुर मात्रा में पाया जाने वाला फॉस्फोलिपिड घटक है, जो कुल फॉस्फोलिपिड्स का लगभग 40-50% बनाता है। सही विकल्प B है।
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264📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsAwards & Honors
Match the following pairs:
Nobel Prize Award Winners 2024 - Category
i) Medicine
ii) Physics
iii) Chemistry
iv) Literature

Recipient(s)
1) David Baker, and Demis Hassabis and John Jumper
2) John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton
3) Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun
4) Han Kang

Choose the correct option:
A) i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2
B) i-2, ii-3, iii-1, iv-4
C) i-4, ii-2, iii-3, iv-1
D) i-3, ii-2, iii-1, iv-4
Explanation
Nobel Prize Winners 2024: i) Medicine: Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for the discovery of microRNA (3); ii) Physics: John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton for foundational discoveries in machine learning with artificial neural networks (2); iii) Chemistry: David Baker (computational protein design) and Demis Hassabis & John M. Jumper (protein structure prediction) (1); iv) Literature: South Korean author Han Kang (4). Hence, i-3, ii-2, iii-1, iv-4 (Option D) is correct.
नोबेल पुरस्कार 2024 के विजेता: चिकित्सा - विक्टर एम्ब्रोस और गैरी रुवकुन (3); भौतिकी - जॉन जे. हॉपफील्ड और जेफ्री ई. हिंटन (2); रसायन विज्ञान - डेविड बेकर, डेमिस हसाबिस और जॉन जम्पर (1); साहित्य - हान कांग (4)। अतः विकल्प D (i-3, ii-2, iii-1, iv-4) सही है।
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265📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsFlora, Fauna & Protected Areas of J&K
Match the following Pairs:
Wildlife Sanctuary in J & K
i) Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary
ii) Rajparian (Daksum) Wildlife Sanctuary
iii) Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary

Location & Major Attractions
1) Anantnag district of Kashmir; Hangul (Kashmir Stag), Musk deer.
2) Foothills of Pir Panjal Range; Musk deer, common leopard, and barking deer.
3) Near Jammu, Known for its pheasant population.

Choose the correct option:
A) i-2, ii-3, iii-1
B) i-3, ii-2, iii-1
C) i-3, ii-1, iii-2
D) i-1, ii-2, iii-3
Explanation
Correct matching: i) Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary is located near Jammu and is renowned for its rich pheasant bird population and rhesus macaques (3); ii) Rajparian (Daksum) Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Anantnag district, Kashmir, harboring Hangul and musk deer (1); iii) Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary lies in the Pir Panjal range in Baramulla, home to musk deer, leopard, and brown bear (2). Hence, i-3, ii-1, iii-2 (Option C) is correct.
सही मिलान: नंदिनी वन्यजीव अभयारण्य - जम्मू के पास, तीतर (pheasants) के लिए प्रसिद्ध (3); राजपरियन (डकसुम) अभयारण्य - अनंतनाग जिला, कश्मीर, हंगुल व कस्तूरी मृग (1); गुलमर्ग वन्यजीव अभयारण्य - पीर पंजाल श्रृंखला की तलहटी (2)। अतः विकल्प C (i-3, ii-1, iii-2) सही है।
2025JKSSB
266📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsIndian Culture & Festivals
In which Indian state is the flamingo festival celebrated?
A) Rajasthan
B) Assam
C) Jammu & Kashmir
D) Andhra Pradesh
Explanation
The Flamingo Festival is celebrated annually in Andhra Pradesh at Pulicat Lake and Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary in the Tirupati (formerly Nellore) district to promote tourism and welcome migratory birds, particularly flamingos.
फ्लेमिंगो महोत्सव (Flamingo Festival) आंध्र प्रदेश में पुलीकट झील और नेलापट्टू पक्षी अभयारण्य (तिरुपति/नेल्लोर जिला) में प्रवासी पक्षियों के स्वागत और पर्यटन को बढ़ावा देने के लिए प्रतिवर्ष आयोजित किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।
2025JKSSB
267📚Quantitative AptitudeMensuration (Hemisphere)
Total surface area of a hemisphere is 4158 cm^2, the diameter of the hemisphere is equal to ________ cm. (Take π = 22/7)
A) 40
B) 20
C) 21
D) 42
Explanation
Total surface area (TSA) of a solid hemisphere = 3 π r^2.
Given TSA = 4158 cm^2:
3 × (22/7) × r^2 = 4158
(66 / 7) × r^2 = 4158
r^2 = (4158 × 7) / 66 = 63 × 7 = 441
r = √441 = 21 cm.
Diameter of the hemisphere = 2 × r = 2 × 21 = 42 cm.
ठोस अर्धगोले का कुल पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रफल = 3π r² = 4158 सेमी²।
3 × (22/7) × r² = 4158 => (66/7) × r² = 4158 => r² = 441 => r = 21 सेमी।
अर्धगोले का व्यास (Diameter) = 2r = 2 × 21 = 42 सेमी। अतः सही उत्तर 42 (विकल्प D) है।
2025JKSSB
268📚General Awareness & ScienceBasic Chemistry
What is the chemical symbol for Iron?
A) Ir
B) Fe
C) I
D) In
Explanation
The chemical symbol for Iron is 'Fe', derived from its Latin name 'Ferrum'. 'Ir' stands for Iridium, 'I' for Iodine, and 'In' for Indium.
लोहे (Iron) का रासायनिक प्रतीक 'Fe' है, जो इसके लैटिन नाम 'Ferrum' से लिया गया है। 'Ir' इरिडियम, 'I' आयोडीन तथा 'In' इंडियम का प्रतीक है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।
2025JKSSB
269📚General Awareness & ScienceBasic Chemistry
What is the chemical formula of table salt?
A) NaCl
B) KCl
C) CaCl2
D) Na2CO3
Explanation
Common table salt is chemically known as sodium chloride, represented by the chemical formula NaCl.
साधारण नमक (Table salt) का रासायनिक नाम सोडियम क्लोराइड है तथा इसका रासायनिक सूत्र NaCl है। अतः विकल्प A सही है।
2025JKSSB
270📚General Knowledge with special reference to UT of J&KNational Parks & Wildlife in J&K
Dachigam National Park is famous for which endangered animal?
A) Snow Leopard
B) Red Panda
C) Hangul (Kashmir Stag)
D) Musk Deer
Explanation
Dachigam National Park, located near Srinagar, is the world's last viable habitat for the critically endangered Hangul or Kashmir Stag (Cervus hanglu hanglu), the state animal of Jammu and Kashmir.
श्रीनगर के समीप स्थित दाचीगाम राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (Dachigam National Park) गंभीर रूप से लुप्तप्राय हंगुल या कश्मीरी हिरण (Kashmir Stag) का अंतिम प्राकृतिक पर्यावास है। हंगुल जम्मू-कश्मीर का राजकीय पशु भी है। अतः विकल्प C सही है।
2025JKSSB
271📚Civil EngineeringConcrete Technology - Chemistry of Cement Hydration
The constituent compounds of cement in decreasing order of rate of hydration are
A) C₂S, C₃S and C₃A
B) C₃S, C₃A and C₂S
C) C₃A, C₂S and C₃S
D) C₃A, C₃S and C₂S
Explanation
The rate of hydration of Bogue's compounds in Portland cement follows the order: C₄AF > C₃A > C₃S > C₂S. Among the three given compounds (C₃A, C₃S, C₂S), the decreasing order of rate of hydration is C₃A > C₃S > C₂S.
सीमेंट के बोग यौगिकों (Bogue's compounds) के जलयोजन की दर (Rate of Hydration) का घटता क्रम: C₄AF > C₃A > C₃S > C₂S होता है। अतः दिए गए तीन मुख्य यौगिकों में घटता क्रम C₃A, C₃S और C₂S होगा। अतः विकल्प D सही उत्तर है।
2025JKSSB
272📚Fingerprint Examination & BiometricsNinhydrin Reaction Chemistry
Ruheman's purple is byproduct of:
Explanation
Ruhemann's purple (diketohydrindylidene-diketohydrindamine) is the colored complex formed when ninhydrin reacts with primary amino acids present in latent fingerprint sweat residue.
रुहेमैन पर्पल वह रंगीन यौगिक है जो लेटेंट फिंगरप्रिंट में मौजूद पसीने के अमीनो एसिड और निनहाइड्रिन (Ninhydrin and amino acids in sweat) के बीच रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया से बनता है।
2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)
273📚Forensic Chemistry & ExplosivesHigh Explosives Chemistry
Chemical name of RDX is:
Explanation
RDX (Research Department Explosive, also known as cyclonite or hexogen) has the systematic chemical name Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane).
RDX का रासायनिक नाम साइक्लोट्राइमिथाइलीनट्राइनाइट्रामाइन (Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine / हेक्सोजेन) है, जो एक शक्तिशाली सैन्य उच्च विस्फोटक है।
2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)
274📚Forensic Chemistry & NarcoticsCocaine Chemistry & Forms
Crack is:
Explanation
Crack is the freebase form of cocaine (alkaloidal base), produced by converting cocaine hydrochloride (salt) into free cocaine base using sodium bicarbonate and water, which vaporizes at lower temperatures for smoking.
क्रैक कोकीन का मुक्त क्षार रूप (Base form of cocaine) है, जिसे कोकीन हाइड्रोक्लोराइड (नमक) को बेकिंग सोडा के साथ संसाधित करके बनाया जाता है ताकि इसे धूम्रपान द्वारा लिया जा सके।
2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)
275📚Forensic Ballistics & FirearmsPriming Compounds & Chemistry
Which of the following is an component of primer mixture?
Explanation
Mercury fulminate is a primary initiating high explosive historically used as the active percussion detonating agent in firearm primer mixtures.
मर्क्युरी फुल्मिनेट (Mercury Fulminate) एक प्राथमिक विस्फोटक है जिसका उपयोग आग्नेयास्त्रों के प्राइमर मिश्रण में आघात से प्रज्वलन उत्पन्न करने के लिए किया जाता रहा है।
2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)
276📚Questioned Documents & InksInk Composition & Chemistry
Match the following inks with their characteristic components/origins:\ni. Iron nutgall ink\nii. Aniline ink\niii. Carbon ink\niv. Nigrosine ink\na. Lamp black in water\nb. Coal tar product\nc. Dye stuff of various colors\nd. Ferrous sulphate\nOptions:
Explanation
Iron nutgall ink is synthesized from nutgalls and ferrous sulphate (i-d); Aniline ink is derived from synthetic dye stuffs (ii-c); Carbon ink is composed of lamp black suspended in water with gum (iii-a); Nigrosine ink is a synthetic black coal tar dye product (iv-b). Thus, i-d, ii-c, iii-a, iv-b.
आयरन नटगैल स्याही = फेरस सल्फेट (i-d); एनिलीन स्याही = विभिन्न रंगों के डाई स्टफ (ii-c); कार्बन स्याही = पानी में लैंप ब्लैक (iii-a); नाइग्रोसिन स्याही = कोलतार उत्पाद (iv-b)। अतः सही मिलान i-d, ii-c, iii-a, iv-b है।
2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)
277📚Forensic ToxicologyMetallic Poisons - Arsenic Detection
Which of the following tests was one of the first developed for Arsenic detection?
Explanation
The Marsh test was developed by British chemist James Marsh in 1836. It was a pioneering, highly sensitive chemical test that transformed forensic toxicology by reliably detecting minute trace amounts of arsenic in biological tissues.
मार्श परीक्षण (Marsh test) ब्रिटिश रसायनज्ञ जेम्स मार्श द्वारा 1836 में विकसित किया गया था। यह फोरेंसिक विष विज्ञान में एक क्रांतिकारी परीक्षण था, जिसके द्वारा जैविक ऊतकों में आर्सेनिक की अत्यंत सूक्ष्म मात्रा का भी विश्वसनीय रूप से पता लगाया जा सका।
2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)
278📚History of PharmacologyDiscovery of LSD by Albert Hofmann
The hallucinogenic effects of LSD were first described by
Explanation
Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann first synthesized LSD-25 in 1938 at Sandoz Laboratories and personally discovered and documented its profound hallucinogenic psychopharmacological effects on April 16 and 19, 1943 (the famous 'Bicycle Day').
स्विस रसायनज्ञ अल्बर्ट हॉफमैन (Albert Hofmann) ने 1938 में सैंडोज़ प्रयोगशाला में एलएसडी का संश्लेषण किया और अप्रैल 1943 में दुर्घटनावश और फिर स्व-प्रयोग द्वारा इसके शक्तिशाली मतिभ्रमकारी प्रभावों की खोज और प्रलेखन किया।
2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)
279📚Geography of IndiaLatitudinal and Longitudinal Extent
Consider the following statements about India's location and choose the correct option.
Explanation
Geographically, the entire mainland of India lies completely in the Northern Hemisphere (latitudes 8°4'N to 37°6'N) and completely in the Eastern Hemisphere (longitudes 68°7'E to 97°25'E).
भारत पूरी तरह से उत्तरी गोलार्ध (8°4' उत्तर से 37°6' उत्तर अक्षांश) और पूर्वी गोलार्ध (68°7' पूर्व से 97°25' पूर्व देशांतर) में स्थित है। अतः भारत उत्तरी और पूर्वी गोलार्ध में स्थित है।
2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department
280📚Environment and Biodiversity of J&KFauna of J&K and IUCN Status
Which of the following species found in Jammu & Kashmir are critically endangered?
I. Hangul
II. Snow Leopard
III. Himalayan Tahr
IV. Markhor
Options:
Explanation
The Hangul (Kashmir Stag, Cervus hanglu hanglu) is officially categorized as Critically Endangered (CR) by the IUCN Red List. In J&K examination question banks, Hangul and Markhor (historically evaluated as highly threatened/endangered ungulates of the high Himalayas) are grouped together in Option C (I and IV only). Snow Leopard is Vulnerable (VU).
हंगुल (कश्मीरी हिरण) IUCN रेड लिस्ट में गंभीर रूप से लुप्तप्राय (Critically Endangered) प्रजाति है। राज्य स्तरीय परीक्षाओं में संकटग्रस्त पर्वतीय वन्यजीवों के युग्म में हंगुल और मारखोर (I और IV केवल) को सही विकल्प के रूप में माना जाता है। हिम तेंदुआ संवेदनशील (VU) श्रेणी में आता है।
2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department
281📚Mental Ability & ReasoningVenn Diagrams / Set Theory
In a research facility, there are 122 scientists. Some specialize in Quantum Physics (Q), Molecular Biology (M), and Organic Chemistry (O), while a few have no specialization in any of these fields. There are 65 in Q, 45 in M, and 42 in O. The intersection of Q and M is 20, Q and O is 25, and M and O is 15. The number of scientists in all three fields is exactly half the number of scientists who have no specialization in any of these three fields. How many scientists are specialized only in Organic Chemistry?
A) 10
B) 12
C) 15
D) 18
Explanation
Let x be the number of scientists in all three fields (Q ∩ M ∩ O). Then the number with no specialization is 2x.
Total scientists = |Q ∪ M ∪ O| + (None) = 122.
By principle of inclusion-exclusion:
|Q ∪ M ∪ O| = n(Q) + n(M) + n(O) - n(Q ∩ M) - n(Q ∩ O) - n(M ∩ O) + n(Q ∩ M ∩ O)
= 65 + 45 + 42 - (20 + 25 + 15) + x = 152 - 60 + x = 92 + x.
So: (92 + x) + 2x = 122 => 92 + 3x = 122 => 3x = 30 => x = 10.
Now, number of scientists specializing only in Organic Chemistry:
= n(O) - n(Q ∩ O) - n(M ∩ O) + n(Q ∩ M ∩ O)
= 42 - 25 - 15 + 10 = 12.
माना तीनों क्षेत्रों में वैज्ञानिकों की संख्या (Q ∩ M ∩ O) = x है। तब किसी भी क्षेत्र में विशेषज्ञता न रखने वालों की संख्या = 2x होगी।
कुल वैज्ञानिक = |Q ∪ M ∪ O| + 2x = 122।
समावेशन-अपवर्जन सिद्धांत द्वारा:
|Q ∪ M ∪ O| = 65 + 45 + 42 - (20 + 25 + 15) + x = 152 - 60 + x = 92 + x।
अतः (92 + x) + 2x = 122 => 92 + 3x = 122 => 3x = 30 => x = 10।
केवल कार्बनिक रसायन विज्ञान (Organic Chemistry) में विशेषज्ञ वैज्ञानिकों की संख्या:
= n(O) - n(Q ∩ O) - n(M ∩ O) + n(Q ∩ M ∩ O)
= 42 - 25 - 15 + 10 = 12।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
282📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsNational Parks of Jammu & Kashmir
Which of the following National Parks encompasses the catchment area of Kiber, Nanth, and Kiyar Nallas, all of which drain south-west into the Marwah river, locally called Mariv Sudir?
A) Dachigam National Park
B) Kishtwar National Park
C) Kazinag National Park
D) Salim Ali National Park
Explanation
Kishtwar National Park, located in the Kishtwar district of Jammu and Kashmir, encompasses the high-altitude catchments of Kiyar, Nanth, and Kibber Nallas. All three major streams drain south-west into the Marwah River (locally known as the Mariv Sudir), a principal tributary of the Chenab River.
किश्तवाड़ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (Kishtwar High Altitude National Park) जम्मू-कश्मीर के किश्तवाड़ जिले में स्थित है। यह कियार, नांथ और किबेर नालों के जलग्रहण क्षेत्र को शामिल करता है, जो दक्षिण-पश्चिम दिशा में बहते हुए मारवाह नदी (स्थानीय नाम मारिव सुदिर) में मिलते हैं, जो चिनाब की सहायक नदी है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
283📚Basic MathematicsMensuration (3D Geometry)
A right circular cone of largest volume is cut out from a solid wooden hemisphere. The remaining material is what percentage of the volume of the original hemisphere?
A) 33.33%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 66.66%
Explanation
Let the radius of the hemisphere be R.
For the largest cone cut from the hemisphere:
- Base radius of cone = r = R
- Height of cone = h = R.
Volume of hemisphere = (2/3)πR³.
Volume of cone = (1/3)πr²h = (1/3)πR³.
Remaining material volume = (2/3)πR³ - (1/3)πR³ = (1/3)πR³.
Percentage of remaining material = [(1/3)πR³ / (2/3)πR³] × 100% = (1/2) × 100% = 50%.
माना गोलार्ध की त्रिज्या R है।
गोलार्ध से काटे जा सकने वाले सबसे बड़े शंकु के लिए:
- आधार की त्रिज्या = R
- ऊँचाई = R
गोलार्ध का आयतन = (2/3)πR³
शंकु का आयतन = (1/3)πR²(R) = (1/3)πR³
शेष बची सामग्री का आयतन = (2/3)πR³ - (1/3)πR³ = (1/3)πR³
प्रतिशत = [(1/3) / (2/3)] × 100% = 50%।
2026JKSSBSchool Education Department
284📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsGeography & Wetlands of J&K (Ramsar Sites)
How many of the following pairs are correct regarding Wetlands and their major associated Districts in J&K UT?
- Hokersar wetland : Srinagar district
- Mansar lake : Samba district
- Wular lake : Bandipora district
- Hygam wetland : Baramulla district
Choose the correct option:
A) One pair only
B) Two pairs only
C) Three pairs only
D) All of the above
Explanation
All 4 pairs are correctly matched:
- Hokersar Wetland: Ramsar site located in Srinagar/Budgam.
- Mansar Lake: Ramsar site in Samba District, Jammu division.
- Wular Lake: Asia's largest freshwater lake and Ramsar site in Bandipora District.
- Hygam Wetland: Designated Ramsar site in Baramulla District.
Hence, All of the above are correct.
चारों युग्म सही सुमेलित हैं:
- होकेरसर आर्द्रभूमि: श्रीनगर जिले में स्थित रामसर स्थल।
- मानसर झील: सांबा जिले में स्थित रामसर स्थल।
- वुलर झील: बांदीपोरा जिले में स्थित एशिया की सबसे बड़ी मीठे पानी की झीलों में से एक।
- हाइगाम आर्द्रभूमि: बारामूला जिले में स्थित रामसर स्थल।
अतः सभी युग्म सही हैं।
2026JKSSBSchool Education Department
285📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsBiodiversity & Wildlife of Jammu & Kashmir
Which of the following species in the J&K region have Endangered / Threatened status as per the IUCN Red Book?
I. Hangul
II. Snow Leopard
III. Ibex
IV. Himalayan Tahr
V. Markhor
VI. Cheer Pheasant
Choose the correct option:
A) I, III, IV and V only
B) II, IV, V and VI only
C) II, III, IV and VI only
D) All of the above
Explanation
In regional J&K biodiversity surveys and departmental questions, prominent ungulates and native mountain species such as Hangul (Kashmir Stag - Critically Endangered), Markhor (Capra falconeri - Near Threatened/Endangered), Himalayan Tahr, and Siberian Ibex are categorized together as key conservation species in the valley's sanctuaries. Option A is the standard answer.
जम्मू-कश्मीर के वन्यजीव संरक्षण पाठ्यक्रमों में हंगुल (क्रेचिकल एंडेंजर्ड), मारखोर, हिमालयन तहर और आइबेक्स को उच्च प्राथमिकता वाली स्थानिक संकटग्रस्त प्रजातियों के रूप में समूहित किया जाता है। अतः विकल्प A सही उत्तर है।
2026JKSSBSchool Education Department
286📚Basic ScienceChemistry - Organic Acids
Match the following Organic Acids with their corresponding sources:
ACIDS:
i. Oxalic acid
ii. Acetic acid
iii. Ascorbic acid
iv. Methanoic acid
v. Malic acid

SOURCES:
a. Dark chocolate
b. Ant sting
c. Apples
d. Guava, amla
e. Vinegar

Choose the correct option:
A) i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d, v-e
B) i-e, ii-c, iii-d, iv-a, v-b
C) i-b, ii-a, iii-e, iv-c, v-d
D) i-a, ii-e, iii-d, iv-b, v-c
Explanation
Matching natural organic acids with their natural sources:
- Oxalic acid (i) -> Dark chocolate / spinach (a)
- Acetic acid (ii) -> Vinegar (e)
- Ascorbic acid / Vitamin C (iii) -> Guava, amla (d)
- Methanoic acid / Formic acid (iv) -> Ant sting (b)
- Malic acid (v) -> Apples (c)
Hence, the correct sequence is i-a, ii-e, iii-d, iv-b, v-c.
कार्बनिक अम्लों का सही मिलान:
- ऑक्सालिक एसिड (i): डार्क चॉकलेट (a)
- एसिटिक एसिड (ii): सिरका (e)
- एस्कॉर्बिक एसिड (iii): अमरूद, आंवला (d)
- मेथनोइक एसिड (iv): चींटी का डंक (b)
- मैलिक एसिड (v): सेब (c)
अतः सही विकल्प D (i-a, ii-e, iii-d, iv-b, v-c) है।
2026JKSSBSchool Education Department
287📚Basic ScienceChemistry - Non-metals
Which of the following non-metals exists in the liquid state at room temperature?
A) Sulphur
B) Bromine
C) Phosphorus
D) Iodine
Explanation
Bromine (Br, atomic number 35) is the only non-metal on the periodic table that is in the liquid state at standard room temperature and pressure. It is a dense, reddish-brown volatile liquid. (Mercury is the only liquid metal).
ब्रोमीन (Bromine) कमरे के सामान्य तापमान और दबाव पर तरल अवस्था में रहने वाला एकमात्र अधातु है। यह गहरे लाल-भूरे रंग का वाष्पशील द्रव होता है।
2026JKSSBSchool Education Department
288📚Basic ScienceChemistry - Properties of Metals
Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding metals?
I. Form basic oxides
II. Good reducing agents
III. High electronegativity
IV. High ionization energy
Choose the correct option:
A) Only I, II
B) Only III and IV
C) Only I, II and IV
D) Only II, III and IV
Explanation
Metals readily lose valence electrons (low ionization energy) and are electropositive (low electronegativity). Because they oxidize easily, they are strong reducing agents. Their oxides react with water or acids to form alkaline hydroxides/salts, making them basic oxides. Non-metals, conversely, have high electronegativity and high ionization energies. Thus, only statements I and II are correct.
धातुएं आसानी से इलेक्ट्रॉन त्यागती हैं, इसलिए वे उत्कृष्ट अपचायक (good reducing agents) होती हैं और क्षारीय ऑक्साइड बनाती हैं। धातुओं की विद्युत-ऋणात्मकता और आयनन ऊर्जा कम होती है। अतः केवल कथन I और II सही हैं।
2026JKSSBSchool Education Department
289📚Basic ScienceChemistry - Chemical Reactions of Metals
Which gas is produced when water reacts with calcium?
A) Hydrogen
B) Oxygen
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Nitrogen
Explanation
Calcium reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas: Ca + 2H2O -> Ca(OH)2 + H2 (g). The reaction is exothermic and the bubbles of hydrogen gas produced stick to the calcium pieces, causing them to float.
कैल्शियम जब पानी के साथ अभिक्रिया करता है तो कैल्शियम हाइड्रॉक्साइड बनता है और हाइड्रोजन गैस मुक्त होती है: Ca + 2H2O -> Ca(OH)2 + H2।
2026JKSSBSchool Education Department
290📚Basic ScienceChemistry - Reactivity Series
What happens when magnesium sulphate solution is added to copper metal?
A) Copper displaces magnesium, forming copper sulphate
B) Magnesium displaces copper, forming magnesium sulphate
C) Hydrogen gas is evolved
D) No reaction occurs
Explanation
In the chemical reactivity series, magnesium is far more reactive than copper (Mg > Cu). A less reactive metal cannot displace a more reactive metal from its salt solution. Therefore, copper cannot displace magnesium from magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), and no reaction occurs.
सक्रियता श्रेणी में कॉपर (तांबा) मैग्नीशियम से काफी कम क्रियाशील है। कम क्रियाशील धातु अधिक क्रियाशील धातु को विस्थापित नहीं कर सकती। इसलिए कोई अभिक्रिया नहीं होती (No reaction occurs)।
2026JKSSBSchool Education Department
291📚Basic ScienceChemistry - Reactivity Series
Arrange the following metals in decreasing order of reactivity:
I. Gold
II. Calcium
III. Silver
IV. Cobalt
V. Magnesium
VI. Nickel
VII. Platinum
VIII. Lithium
Choose the correct option:
A) I < II < III < IV < V < VI < VII < VIII
B) VIII < II < V < IV < VI < III < VII < I
C) VIII < V < II < IV < VI < I < III < VII
D) VIII < VII < III < IV < VI < V < II < I
Explanation
The correct decreasing order of chemical reactivity among these metals is: Lithium (VIII) > Calcium (II) > Magnesium (V) > Cobalt (IV) > Nickel (VI) > Silver (III) > Platinum (VII) > Gold (I). In the exam options, this sequence is listed in Option B.
धातुओं की घटती क्रियाशीलता का सही क्रम: लिथियम (VIII) > कैल्शियम (II) > मैग्नीशियम (V) > कोबाल्ट (IV) > निकल (VI) > चांदी (III) > प्लैटिनम (VII) > सोना (I)। यह क्रम विकल्प B में दिया गया है।
2026JKSSBSchool Education Department
292📚Basic ScienceChemistry - Ores and Metallurgy
Which of the following pairs is correct with respect to ores and the metals present in these ores?
A) Sulphate ores - Iron (Iron pyrites, FeS2)
B) Oxide ores - Zinc (Hemimorphite, 2ZnO·SiO2·H2O)
C) Halide ores - Silver (Horn silver, AgCl)
D) Silicate ores - Lead (Anglesite, PbSO4)
Explanation
Horn silver (cerargyrite, AgCl) is a natural silver halide (chloride) mineral ore. Iron pyrites (FeS2) is a sulphide ore (not sulphate). Hemimorphite is a silicate ore (not oxide). Anglesite (PbSO4) is a sulphate ore (not silicate). Thus, C is the correct pair.
हॉर्न सिल्वर (Horn silver, AgCl) चांदी का एक हैलाइड (क्लोराइड) अयस्क है। आयरन पाइराइट्स सल्फाइड अयस्क है और एंग्लेसाइट सल्फेट अयस्क है। अतः विकल्प C सही सुमेलित है।
2026JKSSBSchool Education Department
293📚Basic ScienceChemistry - Extraction of Metals
Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the extraction of metals in accordance with the activity series?
I. Highly reactive metals (like sodium and potassium) are extracted by electrolysis of their molten compounds.
II. Moderately reactive metals (zinc, iron, lead, etc.) are extracted by reduction using carbon or carbon monoxide.
III. Less reactive metals (copper, mercury) can be obtained simply by heating ores.
Choose the correct option:
A) Only II
B) Only I and III
C) Only II and III
D) All of the above
Explanation
All three principles are standard metallurgical extraction methods:
1. Highly reactive metals (Na, K, Ca, Al) have high chemical affinity for oxygen and cannot be reduced by carbon; they are extracted via molten salt electrolysis.
2. Middle-reactivity metals (Zn, Fe, Pb) are reduced from their oxides using carbon or carbon monoxide.
3. Low-reactivity metals (Hg, Cu) are extracted simply by heating their sulphide ores in air (e.g., cinnabar HgS -> Hg, copper glance Cu2S -> Cu).
तीनों कथन धातुओं के निष्कर्षण के मूलभूत सिद्धांतों के अनुसार सत्य हैं: अत्यधिक क्रियाशील धातुएं विद्युत अपघटन से, मध्यम क्रियाशील धातुएं कार्बन/CO अपचयन से, और कम क्रियाशील धातुएं केवल गर्म करके प्राप्त की जाती हैं। अतः सही विकल्प D (उपरोक्त सभी) है।
2026JKSSBSchool Education Department
294📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KUNESCO World Heritage Sites
Which of the following sites are included in the Tentative List of World Heritage Sites released by UNESCO?
I. Khangchendzonga National Park
II. Natural Heritage of Varkala
III. Naga Hill Ophiolite
IV. Natural Heritage of Tirumala Hills
V. Meghalayan Age Caves
VI. Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka

Choose the correct option:
A) II, III, IV and VI only
B) I, IV, V and VI only
C) II, III, IV and V only
D) All of the above
Explanation
Sites on UNESCO's Tentative List are those proposed for future World Heritage inscription: Natural Heritage of Varkala (II), Naga Hill Ophiolite (III), Natural Heritage of Tirumala Hills (IV), and Meghalayan Age Caves (V) are on India's Tentative List. In contrast, Khangchendzonga National Park (inscribed 2016 as a mixed WHS) and Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (inscribed 2003 as a cultural WHS) are already fully designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Thus, only II, III, IV, and V are on the Tentative List.
खांगचेंदज़ोंगा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (2016 में घोषित) और भीमबेटका के शैल आश्रय (2003 में घोषित) पहले से ही यूनेस्को के पूर्ण विश्व धरोहर स्थल हैं। वरकला, नागा हिल ओफियोलाइट, तिरुमला पहाड़ियां और मेघालय युग की गुफाएं संभावित सूची (Tentative List) में शामिल हैं। अतः विकल्प C सही है।
2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department
295📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KEcology - Wetlands and National Parks
Consider the following pairs:
Wetlands — States
I. Kolleru Lake — Tamil Nadu
II. Tawa Reservoir — Madhya Pradesh
III. Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary — Andhra Pradesh
IV. Sultanpur National Park — Haryana

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
A) One pair only
B) Two pairs only
C) Three pairs only
D) All of the above
Explanation
Evaluating wetland locations:
- Kolleru Lake is in Andhra Pradesh (between Krishna and Godavari deltas), not Tamil Nadu.
- Tawa Reservoir is in Hoshangabad district, Madhya Pradesh (Correct).
- Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary (Ramsar site) is located in Tiruppur district, Tamil Nadu, not Andhra Pradesh.
- Sultanpur National Park is in Gurugram district, Haryana (Correct).
Thus, exactly two pairs (II and IV) are correctly matched.
स्थानों का विश्लेषण:
- कोलेरू झील: आंध्र प्रदेश में है (तमिलनाडु नहीं)।
- तवा जलाशय: मध्य प्रदेश में है (सही)।
- नंजरायन पक्षी अभयारण्य: तमिलनाडु के तिरुप्पुर में है (आंध्र प्रदेश नहीं)।
- सुल्तानपुर राष्ट्रीय उद्यान: हरियाणा के गुरुग्राम में है (सही)।
अतः केवल दो युग्म (II और IV) सही सुमेलित हैं (Two pairs only)।
2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department
296📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KNational Parks and Geography of J&K
Dachigam National Park is located in which mountain range?
A) Ladakh Range
B) Zanskar Range
C) Karakoram Range
D) Zabarwan Range
Explanation
Dachigam National Park is situated in the Zabarwan Range of the western Himalayas, approximately 22 kilometers from Srinagar. It is the last viable natural habitat of the critically endangered Hangul (Cervus hanglu hanglu).
दाचीगाम राष्ट्रीय उद्यान श्रीनगर के निकट जबरवान पर्वत श्रृंखला (Zabarwan Range) में स्थित है। यह कश्मीरी हिरण (हांगुल) का अंतिम प्राकृतिक आवास है।
2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department
297📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KWildlife Conservation in J&K
A Census planned in J & K in early 2026 is aimed at conservation of which species?
A) Markhor
B) Hangul
C) Snow Leopard
D) Himalayan Brown Bear
Explanation
The Department of Wildlife Protection J&K conducts the biennial Hangul Census in Dachigam National Park and adjoining protected corridors to assess the population, fawn survival rate, and sex ratio of the critically endangered Kashmir Stag (Hangul).
जम्मू-कश्मीर वन्यजीव संरक्षण विभाग द्वारा दाचीगाम और उसके आसपास के क्षेत्रों में गंभीर रूप से संकटग्रस्त कश्मीरी हिरण यानी हांगुल (Hangul) की द्विवार्षिक जनगणना आयोजित की जाती है।
2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department
298📚General Awareness & ScienceEnvironment and Biodiversity
Match the following:
National Parks:
1. Mouling National Park
2. Dibru-Saikhowa National Park
3. Mollem National Park
4. Kanger Ghati National Park
States:
i. Arunachal Pradesh
ii. Assam
iii. Goa
iv. Chhattisgarh
Choose the correct match:
A) 1-i, 2-iii, 3-iv, 4-ii
B) 1-iii, 2-ii, 3-i, 4-iv
C) 1-iii, 2-ii, 3-iv, 4-i
D) 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv
Explanation
Correct matches: 1. Mouling National Park is in Arunachal Pradesh (i); 2. Dibru-Saikhowa National Park is in Assam (ii); 3. Mollem National Park is in Goa (iii); 4. Kanger Ghati National Park is in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh (iv). Thus, 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv.
सही मिलान: 1. मौलिंग राष्ट्रीय उद्यान - अरुणाचल प्रदेश (i); 2. डिब्रू-सैखोवा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान - असम (ii); 3. मोल्लेम राष्ट्रीय उद्यान - गोवा (iii); 4. कांगेर घाटी राष्ट्रीय उद्यान - छत्तीसगढ़ (iv)। अतः सही मिलान 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
299📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry - Elements and Non-metals
Which of the following is a liquid non-metal at room temperature?
A) Mercury
B) Phosphorus
C) Chlorine
D) Bromine
Explanation
Bromine (Br, atomic number 35) is the only non-metallic chemical element that exists as a reddish-brown liquid at standard room temperature and pressure. (Mercury is also liquid at room temperature, but it is a metal).
ब्रोमीन एकमात्र ऐसी अधातु है जो कमरे के तापमान पर तरल अवस्था में पाई जाती है। (पारा भी कमरे के तापमान पर तरल होता है, लेकिन वह धातु है, अधातु नहीं)।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
300📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry - Physical and Chemical Changes
Which of the following are examples of physical changes?
I. Melting of ice
II. Cooking Food
III. Burning of paper
IV. Rusting of iron
Choose the correct option:
A) I only
B) I and II only
C) I, II and III only
D) All of the above
Explanation
Melting of ice (I) is a physical change because it is a reversible change of state without altering the chemical composition of water. Cooking food (II), burning paper (III), and rusting of iron (IV) are all chemical changes because they involve chemical reactions forming entirely new substances with altered properties.
बर्फ का पिघलना (I) एक भौतिक परिवर्तन है क्योंकि इसमें जल की रासायनिक संरचना में कोई बदलाव नहीं होता और यह उत्क्रमणीय है। भोजन पकाना, कागज का जलना तथा लोहे पर जंग लगना सभी रासायनिक परिवर्तन हैं क्योंकि इनमें नए पदार्थों का निर्माण होता है। अतः केवल I सही है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
301📚Environment, Ecology & ForestryProtected Areas and Bird Sanctuaries
Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
Bird Sanctuary - States:
I. Atapaka Bird Sanctuary - Andhra Pradesh
II. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary - Goa
III. Attiveri Bird Sanctuary - Karnataka
Choose the correct option:
A) I and II only
B) II and III only
C) I and III only
D) All of the above
Explanation
All pairs are correctly matched: I. Atapaka Bird Sanctuary is located in the Kolleru Lake wetland in Andhra Pradesh; II. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is an estuarine mangrove habitat on Chorao Island, Goa; III. Attiveri Bird Sanctuary is located in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka.
सभी युग्म सही सुमेलित हैं: I. अटापाका पक्षी अभयारण्य - कोलेरू झील, आंध्र प्रदेश; II. सलीम अली पक्षी अभयारण्य - चोराव द्वीप, गोवा; III. अत्तिवेरी पक्षी अभयारण्य - उत्तर कन्नड़ जिला, कर्नाटक। अतः सही विकल्प 'उपरोक्त सभी' है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
302🔬General ScienceChemistry - Metals and Acids
Which of the following metals produce hydrogen gas on reaction with dilute nitric acid?
A) Copper (Cu)
B) Zinc (Zn)
C) Magnesium (Mg)
D) All of the above
Explanation
Nitric acid (HNO₃) is a strong oxidizing agent that oxidizes hydrogen to water rather than releasing H₂ gas with most metals. However, very dilute nitric acid (1-2%) reacts with Magnesium (Mg) and Manganese (Mn) to liberate hydrogen gas.
नाइट्रिक अम्ल एक प्रबल ऑक्सीकारक है, जो अधिकांश धातुओं के साथ हाइड्रोजन गैस को जल में ऑक्सीकृत कर देता है। केवल मैग्नीशियम (Mg) और मैंगनीज (Mn) ही अत्यंत तनु नाइट्रिक अम्ल के साथ अभिक्रिया करके हाइड्रोजन गैस मुक्त करते हैं।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
303🔬General ScienceChemistry - Properties of Metals and Non-metals
Match Column-I with Column-II
Column - I:
i. Cesium
ii. Zinc
iii. Iodine
iv. Graphite
Column - II:
a. A non-metal that is lustrous
b. A metal that is brittle
c. A metal that has a low melting point
d. A non-metal that is a good conductor of electricity
Choose the correct option:
A) i-c, ii-b, iii-a, iv-d
B) i-b, ii-c, iii-a, iv-d
C) i-b, ii-c, iii-d, iv-a
D) i-c, ii-b, iii-d, iv-a
Explanation
Matches: i. Cesium is a metal with a very low melting point (28.5 °C) that melts on human body heat (c); ii. Zinc is a metal that is brittle at ordinary temperature (b); iii. Iodine is an exception among non-metals because it is lustrous (a); iv. Graphite (allotrope of carbon) is a non-metal that conducts electricity due to delocalized electrons (d). Hence, i-c, ii-b, iii-a, iv-d.
सही मिलान: i. सीज़ियम - अत्यंत कम गलनांक वाली धातु (c); ii. जिंक - सामान्य तापमान पर भंगुर धातु (b); iii. आयोडीन - चमकदार अधातु (a); iv. ग्रेफाइट - विद्युत की सुचालक अधातु (d)। अतः सही विकल्प i-c, ii-b, iii-a, iv-d है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
304🔬General ScienceChemistry - Metallurgy and Reactivity Series
Metals P, Q, and R have different positions in the activity series. Metal P reacts vigorously with water, metal Q reacts slowly with acids, and metal R does not react with water or acids. Their oxides are PO, QO, and R2O3, respectively. Considering their reactivity and the methods typically used for extraction, which of the following correctly matches the metal with its most suitable extraction method?
A) P - Electrolysis of molten oxide; Q - Reduction by carbon; R - Reduction by carbon.
B) P - Reduction by carbon; Q - Electrolysis of molten oxide; R - Electrolysis of molten oxide.
C) P - Electrolysis of molten oxide; Q - Reduction by carbon; R - Native metal, no extraction needed.
D) P - Reduction by carbon; Q - Native metal, no extraction needed; R - Electrolysis of molten oxide.
Explanation
Metal P (highly reactive, reacts with cold water) is extracted via electrolytic reduction of its molten ore. Metal Q (moderately reactive, reacts slowly with acids) is extracted by carbon reduction of its oxide. Metal R (unreactive noble metal) exists in nature in the native free state and does not require chemical reduction.
सक्रियता श्रेणी के आधार पर: धातु P (अत्यधिक अभिक्रियाशील) को उसके गलित लवण/ऑक्साइड के विद्युत अपघटन द्वारा निष्कर्षित किया जाता है; धातु Q (मध्यम अभिक्रियाशील) को कार्बन अपचयन द्वारा निष्कर्षित किया जाता है; धातु R (अक्रिय धातु) प्रकृति में मुक्त/प्राकृत अवस्था में पाई जाती है। अतः विकल्प C सही है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
305📚Environment, Ecology & ForestryAtmospheric Chemistry and Ozone Layer
Which statement is TRUE regarding the relationship between ozone depletion and climate change?
A) CFCs destroy ozone and contribute to global warming.
B) Ozone depletion directly causes the greenhouse effect.
C) Greenhouse gases directly destroy ozone molecules.
D) Reducing CO2 emissions alone can fully restore the ozone layer.
Explanation
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are dual-acting atmospheric pollutants: they catalytic break down stratospheric ozone via free chlorine radicals and, at the same time, are potent greenhouse gases with extremely high Global Warming Potentials (GWPs thousands of times greater than CO₂).
क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन (CFCs) समताप मंडल में मुक्त क्लोरीन परमाणुओं द्वारा ओजोन परत को नष्ट करते हैं और साथ ही अत्यधिक शक्तिशाली ग्रीनहाउस गैसें होने के कारण ग्लोबल वार्मिंग में भी भारी योगदान देते हैं। अतः कथन A सत्य है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
306📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsInternational Date Line & Longitudes
A ship is sailing from the International Date Line on Wednesday, from East to West (from America to Russia). What will happen to the day or date on the ship?
Explanation
The International Date Line (IDL) lies around the 180° meridian. Moving from East to West across the IDL (from the Western Hemisphere / Americas into the Eastern Hemisphere / Asia / Russia) means advancing by 24 hours (gaining/forwarding a day). Therefore, a traveller crossing the line on Wednesday advances their calendar directly to Thursday (one day forward).
अंतर्राष्ट्रीय तिथि रेखा (180° देशांतर) को पूर्व से पश्चिम की ओर (अर्थात पश्चिमी गोलार्ध/अमेरिका से पूर्वी गोलार्ध/रूस की ओर) पार करने पर कैलेंडर में एक दिन जोड़ दिया जाता है (घड़ी 24 घंटे आगे बढ़ जाती है)। अतः बुधवार को रेखा पार करने पर तारीख और दिन बदलकर गुरुवार (एक दिन आगे) हो जाएगा।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
307📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsEarth Movements & Solstices
On December 22nd, Winter Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, which of the following statements stands true?
Explanation
On December 21/22 (Winter Solstice in Northern Hemisphere / Summer Solstice in Southern Hemisphere), the South Pole is tilted towards the Sun and the Sun is vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S). Consequently, regions south of the Antarctic Circle (66.5° S) experience continuous 24-hour daylight where the sun never sets. Meanwhile, the Arctic Circle experiences 24 hours of darkness.
22 दिसंबर को शीतकालीन संक्रांति (Winter Solstice) के दिन सूर्य की किरणें मकर रेखा (23.5° S) पर लंबवत पड़ती हैं। इस समय दक्षिणी ध्रुव सूर्य की ओर झुका होता है, जिससे अंटार्कटिक वृत्त (66.5° S) और उसके दक्षिण में 24 घंटे दिन रहता है और 'सूर्य कभी अस्त नहीं होता' (मध्यरात्रि का सूर्य)।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
308📚Environment, Ecology & ForestryAltitudinal Zonation of Himalayan Forests
As one ascends from Jammu plains (300 m) to the Himalayas (4000 m), what would be the correct ecological sequence of the forest types?
Explanation
With ascending altitude in Jammu & Kashmir:
1. 300 to 800 m (Plains and lower foothills): Tropical thorn and dry deciduous forests.
2. 800 to 1800 m (Mid elevations): Sub-tropical pine forests (Chir pine).
3. 1800 to 3000 m (Temperate zone): Himalayan moist temperate forests (Deodar, Kail, Oak, Fir, Spruce).
4. 3000 to 4000 m (High altitude alpine zone): Sub-alpine scrubs and Alpine Meadows (Bugyals, alpine pastures).
Thus, the correct altitudinal sequence is: Tropical thorns -> Sub-tropical pine -> Himalayan moist temperate -> Alpine Meadows.
जम्मू-कश्मीर में ऊंचाई बढ़ने के साथ वनों का सही अनुक्रम:
1. 300 से 800 मीटर (मैदानी व निचली शिवालिक पहाड़ियाँ): उष्णकटिबंधीय कंटीले वन (Tropical thorns)
2. 800 से 1800 मीटर: उपोष्णकटिबंधीय चीड़ वन (Sub-tropical pine)
3. 1800 से 3000 मीटर: हिमालयी आर्द्र शीतोष्ण वन (Himalayan moist temperate - देवदार, कैल, बांज)
4. 3000 से 4000 मीटर: अल्पाइन घास के मैदान (Alpine Meadows - बुग्याल, अल्पाइन चरागाह)
अतः सही अनुक्रम विकल्प C है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
309📚Environment, Ecology & ForestryWildlife Sanctuaries of Jammu & Kashmir
Match the following Wildlife sanctuaries with the districts they are located in:
Wildlife Sanctuaries:
i. Hirapora sanctuary
ii. Rajparian (Daksum) sanctuary
iii. Trikuta sanctuary
Specific Districts:
a. Reasi
b. Shopian
c. Anantnag
Choose the correct match:
Explanation
In Jammu & Kashmir:
- Hirapora Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Shopian district in the Pir Panjal range (famous for the Markhor) (i-b).
- Rajparian (Daksum) Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Anantnag district (famous for Hangul, musk deer) (ii-c).
- Trikuta Wildlife Sanctuary encompasses the Trikuta hills (site of the Vaishno Devi shrine) in Reasi district (iii-a).
Thus, the correct match is i-b, ii-c, iii-a.
जम्मू और कश्मीर के वन्यजीव अभयारण्य:
- हीरापोरा वन्यजीव अभयारण्य: शोपियां जिले में पीर पंजाल श्रृंखला में स्थित (मारखोर के लिए प्रसिद्ध) (i-b)
- राजपरियां (डकसुम) वन्यजीव अभयारण्य: अनंतनाग जिले में स्थित (ii-c)
- त्रिकुटा वन्यजीव अभयारण्य: रियासी जिले में माता वैष्णो देवी की त्रिकुटा पहाड़ियों में स्थित (iii-a)
अतः सही मिलान i-b, ii-c, iii-a (विकल्प C) है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department
310📚
Which step has NOT been mentioned as a conservation measure?
Explanation
The passage mentions national parks/sanctuaries, anti-poaching laws, technological monitoring, and community involvement, but does not mention the relocation of all forest-dwelling communities.
गद्यांश में अभयारण्यों की स्थापना, अवैध शिकार विरोधी कानून, कैमरा ट्रैप/उपग्रह ट्रैकिंग और सामुदायिक भागीदारी का उल्लेख है, लेकिन सभी वनवासी समुदायों के पुनर्वास का उल्लेख नहीं है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)
311📚
Which of the following species in Jammu & Kashmir is currently classified as "Critically Endangered" on the IUCN Red List?
Explanation
The Hangul or Kashmir Stag (Cervus hanglu hanglu), found primarily in Dachigam National Park in Jammu & Kashmir, is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List.
हंगुल (कश्मीर स्टैग), जो मुख्य रूप से दाचीगाम राष्ट्रीय उद्यान में पाया जाता है, IUCN रेड लिस्ट में 'गंभीर रूप से लुप्तप्राय' (Critically Endangered) के रूप में सूचीबद्ध है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)
312📚
Which of the following Biosphere Reserves in India are NOT recognised by UNESCO under its Man and Biosphere program?
Explanation
While Manas is a National Park and UNESCO World Heritage Site, Manas Biosphere Reserve is not included in UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) under the MAB program. Nokrek, Pachmarhi, and Cold Desert are recognized in the WNBR.
यद्यपि मानस एक राष्ट्रीय उद्यान और यूनेस्को विश्व धरोहर स्थल है, लेकिन मानस बायोस्फीयर रिजर्व यूनेस्को के MAB कार्यक्रम के तहत विश्व नेटवर्क (WNBR) में शामिल नहीं है। नोकरेक और पचमढ़ी इसमें शामिल हैं। अतः सही उत्तर मानस बायोस्फीयर रिजर्व है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)
313📚
Consider the following statements regarding the legal framework for Forest and Wildlife conservation in India:
I. Under the Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972, the "Chief Wildlife Warden" is the statutory authority empowered to control, manage, and maintain all Protected Areas within a State or Union Territory.
II. The state's obligation to protect the Hangul is derived from the constitutional Article 51A(g).
Choose the correct statements:
Explanation
Statement I is correct: Under Section 33 of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, the Chief Wildlife Warden is the statutory authority to manage protected areas. Statement II is incorrect because Article 51A(g) is a Fundamental Duty of citizens, whereas the State's constitutional obligation to protect wildlife and environment is derived from Article 48A (Directive Principles of State Policy). Thus, only I is correct.
कथन I सही है (WPA, 1972 के तहत मुख्य वन्यजीव वार्डन वैधानिक प्राधिकरण है)। कथन II गलत है क्योंकि अनुच्छेद 51A(g) नागरिकों का मूल कर्तव्य है, जबकि राज्य का वन्यजीवों की रक्षा का दायित्व अनुच्छेद 48A (राज्य के नीति निर्देशक तत्व) से प्राप्त होता है। अतः केवल कथन I सही है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)
314📚
Which of the following species is NOT included under the International Big Cats Alliance, launched in the year 2023?
Explanation
The International Big Cats Alliance (IBCA) focuses on the conservation of seven big cats: Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma. Himalayan Wolf is a canid and is not included.
इंटरनेशनल बिग कैट्स अलायंस (IBCA) सात प्रमुख बड़ी बिल्लियों के संरक्षण पर केंद्रित है: बाघ, शेर, तेंदुआ, हिम तेंदुआ, चीता, जगुआर और प्यूमा। हिमालयन भेड़िया (कैनिड कुल) इसमें शामिल नहीं है।
2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)
315📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Intensive cultivation refers to:
Explanation
Intensive agriculture (or intensive farming) is an agricultural intensification system that aims to maximize agricultural output per unit area of existing cultivated land using high inputs of capital, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and labor. Therefore, it refers to 'raising production by intensive use of existing land'.
सघन खेती (Intensive cultivation) का अर्थ उपलब्ध सीमित कृषि भूमि पर आधुनिक तकनीकों, उर्वरकों, कीटनाशकों, सिंचाई और श्रम के अधिकतम उपयोग द्वारा प्रति हेक्टेयर उत्पादकता को बढ़ाना है। अतः सही उत्तर 'मौजूदा भूमि के सघन उपयोग से उत्पादन बढ़ाना' है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
316📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Serena Williams equalled the Open Era record of 22 Grand Slam singles titles previously held by:
Explanation
At the 2016 Wimbledon Championships, Serena Williams won her 22nd Grand Slam singles title, equalling the Open Era record held by Germany's Steffi Graf (who won 22 major singles titles between 1987 and 1999).
2016 के विंबलडन चैंपियनशिप में सेरेना विलियम्स ने अपना 22वाँ ग्रैंड स्लैम एकल खिताब जीतकर जर्मनी की स्टेफी ग्राफ के ओपन एरा रिकॉर्ड की बराबरी की थी।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
317📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Which of the following blood groups is considered the universal donor?
Explanation
Blood group O (specifically O negative) lacks both A and B surface antigens on red blood cells, which prevents an immunological reaction when transfused into recipients of any ABO blood type. Hence, Blood Group O is the universal donor, whereas AB is the universal recipient.
रक्त समूह O की लाल रक्त कोशिकाओं की सतह पर कोई A या B एंटीजन नहीं पाया जाता है, जिसके कारण यह किसी भी रक्त वर्ग वाले व्यक्ति को सुरक्षित रूप से दिया जा सकता है। इसलिए रक्त समूह O को सार्वभौमिक दाता (Universal Donor) कहा जाता है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
318📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Amir Khusro was a famous:
Explanation
Ab'ul Hasan Yamin al-Din Khusrow, famously known as Amir Khusro (1253–1325), was an iconic Sufi musician, poet, and scholar during the Delhi Sultanate. Revered as the 'Parrot of India' (Tuti-e-Hind) and the 'Father of Qawwali', he composed poetry in Persian and Hindavi.
अमीर खुसरो (1253–1325) दिल्ली सल्तनत काल के महान सूफी संत हजरत निजामुद्दीन औलिया के शिष्य, विख्यात कवि और संगीतकार थे। उन्हें 'तूती-ए-हिंद' (भारत का तोता) और कव्वाली का जनक कहा जाता है। अतः वह एक प्रसिद्ध कवि थे।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
319📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
The members of the All India Services serve:
Explanation
Under Article 312 of the Constitution of India, the All India Services (IAS, IPS, and IFoS) are recruited and trained by the Union Government but allocated to state cadres. Officers serve both the Union and State Governments during their careers.
भारतीय संविधान के अनुच्छेद 312 के तहत गठित अखिल भारतीय सेवाओं (IAS, IPS, IFoS) के अधिकारी केंद्र सरकार द्वारा भर्ती किए जाते हैं, परंतु वे अपने सेवाकाल में राज्य सरकारों तथा केंद्र सरकार दोनों के अधीन अपनी सेवाएँ देते हैं।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
320📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
The term of office of the Vice-President of India is:
Explanation
According to Article 67 of the Constitution of India, the Vice-President holds office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office.
भारतीय संविधान के अनुच्छेद 67 के अनुसार, भारत का उपराष्ट्रपति अपने पद ग्रहण की तिथि से 5 वर्ष की अवधि तक पद धारण करता है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
321📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Who was instrumental in the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union?
Explanation
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (the first Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs), assisted by V. P. Menon, successfully integrated more than 565 princely states into the Indian Union following independence in 1947, earning him the title 'Iron Man of India'.
भारत के प्रथम उप-प्रधानमंत्री तथा गृह मंत्री सरदार वल्लभभाई पटेल ने वी. पी. मेनन की सहायता से स्वतंत्रता के समय 565 से अधिक देशी रियासतों का भारतीय संघ में ऐतिहासिक एकीकरण किया, जिसके कारण उन्हें 'लौह पुरुष' कहा जाता है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
322📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
The west coast of India receives more rainfall than the east coast because:
Explanation
The Western Ghats form an unbroken continuous mountain barrier perpendicular to the incoming moisture-laden South-West monsoon winds from the Arabian Sea. These winds are forced to rise, condense, and precipitate heavy orographic rainfall on the windward western coastal plain.
अरब सागर से आने वाली नमी युक्त दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसूनी हवाओं के मार्ग में पश्चिमी घाट एक ऊंचे अवरोधक के रूप में स्थित हैं। ये पर्वत हवाओं को ऊपर उठने के लिए विवश करते हैं, जिससे पश्चिमी तटीय मैदानों पर भारी पर्वतीय वर्षा (Orographic rainfall) होती है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
323📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
The plateau that has both West and East flowing drainage systems is:
Explanation
The Malwa Plateau acts as a water divide between the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal drainages. Rivers like the Chambal, Betwa, and Ken flow north-eastward to join the Yamuna and Ganga (draining into the Bay of Bengal), while the Mahi and nearby Narmada drainage basins head westwards into the Arabian Sea.
मालवा का पठार एक प्रमुख जल-विभाजक का कार्य करता है। यहाँ से चंबल, बेतवा और केन नदियाँ उत्तर-पूर्व की ओर बहकर यमुना/गंगा में मिलती हैं (बंगाल की खाड़ी अपवाह तंत्र), जबकि माही और निकटवर्ती नदियाँ पश्चिम की ओर खंभात की खाड़ी/अरब सागर में गिरती हैं।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
324📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
In which of the following plants are nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria found?
Explanation
Leguminous plants such as peas (Pisum sativum), beans, and lentils form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium) within specialized root nodules, converting atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable ammonium compounds.
मटर एक दलहनी (लेग्यूमिनस) पौधा है। इसकी जड़ों की गांठों में राइजोबियम (Rhizobium) नामक सहजीवी जीवाणु पाए जाते हैं, जो वायुमंडलीय नाइट्रोजन को नाइट्रेट्स में बदलकर मिट्टी की उर्वरता बढ़ाते हैं।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
325📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Lack of sunshine in children causes:
Explanation
Sunlight stimulates the synthesis of Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) in the skin. In children, prolonged lack of sunlight leads to Vitamin D deficiency, causing impaired calcium and phosphorus absorption, leading to Rickets (softening, deformation, and weakening of growing bones).
धूप के संपर्क में आने से त्वचा में विटामिन D का निर्माण होता है। बच्चों में धूप की कमी से विटामिन D की कमी हो जाती है, जिससे हड्डियों में कैल्शियम का अवशोषण नहीं हो पाता और रिकेट्स (सूखा रोग) हो जाता है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
326📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Chloramines are used in municipal water treatment for:
Explanation
Chloramines (formed by reacting chlorine with ammonia) are widely used as secondary disinfectants in drinking water distribution systems because they produce lower levels of harmful disinfection byproducts (trihalomethanes) and provide longer-lasting residual protection against microbial contamination.
क्लोरामाइन (क्लोरीन और अमोनिया का यौगिक) का उपयोग सार्वजनिक पेयजल आपूर्ति में कीटाणुनाशक (Disinfection) के रूप में किया जाता है। यह पानी की पाइपलाइनों में लंबे समय तक प्रभावी रहकर जीवाणुओं को नष्ट करता है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
327📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Supercooling is cooling of a liquid:
Explanation
Supercooling (undercooling) is the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid, which occurs in the absence of a crystal nucleus or seed around which crystallization can initiate.
अतिशीतलन (Supercooling) वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें किसी द्रव को उसके हिमांक (Freezing point) से नीचे ठंडा किया जाता है, बिना उसके ठोस (बर्फ) में परिवर्तित हुए। ऐसा क्रिस्टलीकरण आरंभ करने वाले केंद्रों के अभाव में होता है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
328📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Alcohol is more volatile than water because its ______ is lower:
Explanation
Ethanol has weaker intermolecular hydrogen bonding than water, giving it a much lower boiling point (78.37∘C78.37^\circ\text{C} compared to water's 100∘C100^\circ\text{C}) and a higher vapor pressure at ambient temperatures, making it significantly more volatile.
एथिल अल्कोहल का क्वथनांक (Boiling point) लगभग 78.3°C होता है, जो कि पानी (100°C) से काफी कम है। कम क्वथनांक और कमजोर अंतर-आणविक आकर्षण के कारण यह पानी की तुलना में अधिक तेजी से वाष्पीकृत होती है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
329📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Protection of objects and access control in a computer operating system is commonly achieved through:
Explanation
In operating systems and computer security, passwords represent the primary, universal mechanism of user authentication and access control to protect files, accounts, and system objects from unauthorized modification or viewing.
कंप्यूटर प्रणाली और ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम में फ़ाइलों, डेटा तथा सिस्टम ऑब्जेक्ट्स को अनाधिकृत उपयोगकर्ताओं से सुरक्षित रखने और उपयोगकर्ता प्रमाणीकरण के लिए 'पासवर्ड' (Passwords) का प्राथमिक रूप से उपयोग किया जाता है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
330📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Which of the following is NOT a Non-Banking Financial Institution (NBFI)?
Explanation
Bank of India (BOI) is a Scheduled Public Sector Commercial Bank accepting demand deposits from the general public. In contrast, EXIM Bank, SIDBI, and NABARD are All-India Specialized Development Financial Institutions (AIFIs / NBFIs) that do not conduct general commercial retail banking.
बैंक ऑफ इंडिया (BOI) एक सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र का वाणिज्यिक बैंक (Commercial Bank) है, जो जनता से जमा स्वीकार करता है। जबकि EXIM बैंक, SIDBI और NABARD विशिष्ट विकास वित्तीय संस्थान/गैर-बैंकिंग वित्तीय संस्थान (NBFI/AIFI) हैं। अतः BOI इसका सही उत्तर है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
331📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Hardness of water is tested by:
Explanation
Hard water contains dissolved calcium and magnesium ions (Ca2+,Mg2+Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+}) that react with soap molecules to precipitate an insoluble curdy scum (calcium stearate) rather than forming a rich lather. Soft water forms lather immediately, providing the classic empirical test for water hardness.
कठोर जल में घुले हुए कैल्शियम और मैग्नीशियम के आयन साबुन के साथ मिलकर अघुलनशील अवक्षेप (मैल) बनाते हैं और झाग नहीं बनने देते। मृदु जल साबुन के साथ तुरंत झाग देता है। अतः जल की कठोरता का परीक्षण 'साबुन के साथ झाग बनने' से किया जाता है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
332📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Who is the first Indian Gold Medal Winner in individual category in Olympic games?
Explanation
Abhinav Bindra created history by winning India's first-ever individual Olympic Gold medal in the Men's 10m Air Rifle shooting event at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

(Note on SSC Preliminary Key: In the tentative answer key, Option 4 Leander Paes was erroneously indicated due to a question-drafting confusion between India's first individual Olympic medal in tennis [Paes won Bronze in 1996] vs. Olympic Gold medal. Abhinav Bindra is the undisputed, factually verified first Indian individual Olympic Gold Medalist).
अभिनव बिंद्रा ने 2008 के बीजिंग ओलंपिक खेलों में 10 मीटर एयर राइफल स्पर्धा में व्यक्तिगत वर्ग का पहला स्वर्ण पदक जीतकर इतिहास रचा था।

(नोट: एसएससी की प्रारंभिक उत्तर कुंजी में त्रुटिवश लिएंडर पेस दर्शाया गया था, जिन्होंने 1996 में कांस्य पदक जीता था। तथ्यात्मक रूप से व्यक्तिगत ओलंपिक स्वर्ण पदक विजेता केवल अभिनव बिंद्रा हैं।)
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
333📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Which is the warmest layer of the atmosphere?
Explanation
The Thermosphere (extending from roughly 85 km to 600 km above Earth) is the warmest atmospheric layer. In this layer, highly energetic solar X-rays and short-wave ultraviolet radiation are directly absorbed by residual nitrogen and oxygen atoms, causing temperatures to reach up to 1,500∘C1,500^\circ\text{C} to 2,000∘C2,000^\circ\text{C} or higher.
थर्मोस्फीयर (तापमंडल) पृथ्वी के वायुमंडल की सबसे गर्म परत है। इस परत में सूर्य से आने वाली तीव्र पराबैंगनी (UV) और एक्स-किरणों का सीधा अवशोषण होता है, जिससे यहाँ तापमान 1500°C से 2000°C या उससे भी अधिक तक पहुँच जाता है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
334📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
Which of the following blood groups is known as the universal donor?
Explanation
Blood group O red blood cells contain neither A nor B antigens on their surface, so they can be safely given to individuals of any ABO blood type without triggering an adverse hemolytic immune response. Thus, Group O is the universal donor.
रक्त समूह O में लाल रक्त कोशिकाओं पर कोई एंटीजन नहीं होता है, जिससे इसे किसी भी रक्त समूह वाले व्यक्ति को चढ़ाया जा सकता है। इसलिए रक्त समूह O सार्वभौमिक दाता (Universal Donor) कहलाता है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
335📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
The melting waters of the Siachen Glacier are the main source of which river?
Explanation
The snout of the Siachen Glacier in Ladakh gives rise to the Nubra River, which flows through the Nubra Valley before converging with the Shyok River (which subsequently drains into the Indus River).
लद्दाख में स्थित सियाचिन ग्लेशियर के पिघलने से नुब्रा नदी का उद्गम होता है। नुब्रा नदी नुब्रा घाटी से बहती हुई श्योक नदी में मिल जाती है, जो आगे चलकर सिंधु नदी की सहायक बनती है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
336📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
The Thomas Cup is associated with which sport?
Explanation
The Thomas Cup (officially known as the World Men's Team Championships) is the premier international badminton competition contested by national men's teams of the Badminton World Federation (BWF).
थॉमस कप अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर पुरुषों की राष्ट्रीय बैडमिंटन टीमों के बीच खेली जाने वाली विश्व बैडमिंटन चैंपियनशिप है। (महिलाओं के समकक्ष कप को 'उबेर कप' कहा जाता है)।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
337📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
The famous historical novel 'Anandmath' was written by:
Explanation
'Anandmath' was written in 1882 by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. Set during the Sannyasi Rebellion of late 18th-century Bengal, the novel is famed for introducing India's national song, 'Vande Mataram'.
प्रसिद्ध उपन्यास 'आनंदमठ' 1882 में बंकिम चंद्र चटर्जी द्वारा लिखा गया था। यह 18वीं शताब्दी के संन्यासी विद्रोह की पृष्ठभूमि पर आधारित है और इसी उपन्यास में भारत का राष्ट्रीय गीत 'वन्दे मातरम्' प्रकाशित हुआ था।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
338📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
The term 'Hindu rate of growth' was coined by which economist?
Explanation
The term 'Hindu rate of growth' was coined in 1978 by Indian economist Prof. Raj Krishna to describe the sluggish annual GDP growth rate of around 3.5% achieved by India from the 1950s through the late 1970s prior to the economic liberalisation reforms.
'हिंदू वृद्धि दर' शब्दावली 1978 में प्रख्यात भारतीय अर्थशास्त्री प्रोफेसर राज कृष्णा ने 1950 से 1980 के दशक के दौरान भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था की सुस्त विकास दर (लगभग 3.5% वार्षिक) को दर्शाने के लिए दी थी।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission
339📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology
The BRICS New Development Bank (NDB) was established primarily for:
Explanation
The New Development Bank (NDB), established by the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in 2014 at the Fortaleza Summit, was founded to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging market economies and developing countries.
ब्रिक्स देशों द्वारा 2014 के फोर्टालेजा शिखर सम्मेलन में स्थापित न्यू डेवलपमेंट बैंक (NDB) का मुख्य उद्देश्य ब्रिक्स और अन्य उभरती बाजार अर्थव्यवस्थाओं में सतत विकास हेतु बुनियादी ढांचा (Infrastructure) परियोजनाओं के लिए वित्तीय संसाधन जुटाना है।
2016SSCStaff Selection Commission