Computer Science & ITKnowledge of Computer Applications

MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) & Shortcut Keys

Document formatting and Mail Merge in MS Word, formulas, charts, and cell references in MS Excel, slide transitions in PowerPoint, file extensions, and standard keyboard shortcuts.

SOLVED MCQS

400

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90%

AVG / EXAM

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📝 Solved Questions on MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) & Shortcut Keys (400)

Start Timed Test (400 Qs)Self-Paced Practice

1📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&K UTHistory

Who is popularly known as the "Grand Old Man of India"?

Explanation

Dadabhai Naoroji is known as the 'Grand Old Man of India'. He was a prominent leader in the Indian national movement and formulated the Drain of Wealth theory.

دادا بھائی نائوروجی (Dadabhai Naoroji) کو 'Grand Old Man of India' کہا جاتا ہے۔ انہوں نے پسماندگی اور معاشی نکاس کا نظریہ پیش کیا تھا۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

2📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyChi Square Test

What is the formula for Chi square test?

Explanation

The Chi-square formula is: χ² = Σ [(O - E)² / E], where O is the observed frequency and E is the expected frequency.

کائی اسکوائر ٹیسٹ کا فارمولا ہے: χ² = Σ [(مشاہدہ شدہ قدر - متوقع قدر)² / متوقع قدر]۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

3📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryOrganometallic Chemistry

Predict the number of Fe-Fe bonds in [(eta^5-C_5H_5)Fe(CO)]_2 molecules using the 18 electron rule:

Explanation

The formula represents the cyclopentadienyl iron dicarbonyl dimer [CpFe(CO)2]2 (with a typo in the exam paper missing the 2 after CO). Under the 18-electron rule, each Fe atom contributes 8e^-, Cp contributes 5e^-, two CO ligands contribute 4e^-, totaling 17e^-. To satisfy the 18-electron rule, there must be exactly 1 Fe-Fe single bond.

اس کمپاؤنڈ [CpFe(CO)2]2 میں لوہے (Fe) کا ہر ایٹم 18 الیکٹران کا قاعدہ پورا کرنے کے لیے آپس میں ایک Fe-Fe بانڈ (One) بناتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

4📚Digital Evidence & Data RecoveryIP Addressing

Which of the following is a necessary part of the IPv6 datagram?

Explanation

The base header is a mandatory, fixed-size 40-byte header that must be present in every IPv6 datagram, whereas extension headers are optional.

آئی پی ورژن 6 (IPv6) ڈیٹا گرام میں بیس ہیڈر (Base header) کا ہونا لازمی ہے، جبکہ ایکسٹینشن ہیڈرز اختیاری ہوتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

5📚Cryptography & Network SecurityOperating Systems

Which of the following are the two parts of the file name?

Explanation

In standard computer operating systems, a file name consists of two parts: the base name and the extension, which indicates the file format (separated by a dot).

فائل کے نام کے دو اہم حصے اس کا نام اور اس کی ایکسٹینشن (Extension and name) ہوتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

6📚Cyber Law, IT Act & Digital ForensicsSQLite Databases

Which of the following statements is true about SQLite encryption?

Explanation

Standard SQLite does not include encryption by default. It supports it through commercial add-ons like the SQLite Encryption Extension (SEE).

ایس کیو لائٹ انکرپشن کے بارے میں یہ درست ہے کہ یہ ایس ای ای (SEE) ایکسٹینشن کے ذریعے انکرپشن کو سپورٹ کرتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

7📚Cyber Law, IT Act & Digital ForensicsPrivacy Tools

_____ is a popular tool to block social-media websites to track your browsing activities.

Explanation

Blur (Abine Blur) is a well-known privacy tool and browser extension designed to block social media trackers, block ads, and mask user details.

فیس بک اور دوسرے سوشل میڈیا ٹریکرز کو آپ کی براؤزنگ ٹریک کرنے سے روکنے کے لیے بلر (Blur) ایک مقبول ٹول ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

8📚Cell Biology & Molecular GeneticsCrime Scene Reconstruction

In crime scene reconstruction, what does "conjecture" mean?

Explanation

In the process of crime scene reconstruction, a conjecture refers to a preliminary, working hypothesis or possible explanation formulated before comprehensive and detailed laboratory analysis is completed.

کرائم سین کی تعمیر نو (reconstruction) میں، تفصیلی سائنسی تجزیہ کرنے سے پہلے ایک ابتدائی ممکنہ وضاحت یا مفروضہ تیار کرنے کو کنجیکچر (conjecture) کہتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

9📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyMolecular Biology

Arrange the temperatures of Polymerase Chain Reaction in order according to the procedural steps of the reaction setup.
i. 72°C
ii. 60°C
iii. 92°C

Explanation

The typical steps in a PCR cycle are: Denaturation at ~92°C to 95°C (iii), Annealing of primers at ~50°C to 60°C (ii), and Extension of DNA at ~72°C (i). Hence, the order of temperatures is iii, ii, i.

پی سی آر (PCR) سائیکل کا درجہ حرارت اور ترتیب یہ ہے: سب سے پہلے ڈی نیچوریشن 92°C (iii)، پھر اینیلنگ 60°C (ii)، اور آخر میں ایکسٹینشن 72°C (i)۔ اس لیے ترتیب iii، ii، i ہوگی۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

10📚Handwriting Examination & ComparisonHistory of Forensics

The concept of 'Every contact leaves a trace' is associated with which of the following forensic scientist?

Explanation

The fundamental tenet of forensic science, 'Every contact leaves a trace', is known as Locard's Exchange Principle, formulated by Sir Edmond Locard.

فارنزک سائنس کا سب سے اہم اصول 'ہر رابطہ ایک نشان چھوڑتا ہے' فرانسیسی سائنسدان ایڈمنڈ لوکارڈ (Edmond Locard) سے منسوب ہے، جسے لوکارڈ کا تبادلہ کا اصول کہتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

11📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionANOVA Calculations

In an analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing the performance of three different study techniques, the mean scores are 75, 80, and 85 for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The overall mean is 80, and the total sum of squares is 300. What is the between-group sum of squares?

Explanation

The formula for Between-Group Sum of Squares (SSB) is SSB = sum of n_j (Mean_j - Overall_Mean)^2. Assuming equal group sizes (n = 1 for simplest representation): SSB = 1(75-80)^2 + 1(80-80)^2 + 1(85-80)^2 = (-5)^2 + 0^2 + 5^2 = 25 + 0 + 25 = 50.

گروپوں کے درمیان مجموعہِ مربعات (Between-group sum of squares) معلوم کرنے کے لیے، ہر گروپ کے اوسط کو مجموعی اوسط سے گھٹا کر اس کا مربع لیا جاتا ہے: (75-80)^2 + (80-80)^2 + (85-80)^2 = 25 + 0 + 25 = 50۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

12📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionChi-Square Calculation

In a study of preferences among three different colors (red, blue, and green), the observed frequencies are 25, 30, and 15, respectively. If the expected frequencies are 20 for each color, what is the chi-square statistic for this test?

Explanation

Using Chi-Square formula: χ² = Σ (O - E)² / E. Red: (25 - 20)² / 20 = 25 / 20 = 1.25. Blue: (30 - 20)² / 20 = 100 / 20 = 5.0. Green: (15 - 20)² / 20 = 25 / 20 = 1.25. χ² = 1.25 + 5.0 + 1.25 = 7.5.

فارمولا χ² = Σ (O - E)² / E کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے: سرخ کے لیے (25-20)²/20 = 1.25، نیلے کے لیے (30-20)²/20 = 5.0، اور سبز کے لیے (15-20)²/20 = 1.25۔ کل حاصل: 1.25 + 5.0 + 1.25 = 7.5۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

13📚Signatures & Forgery DetectionInk Analysis

What are Taggants in inks used as?

Explanation

Taggants are unique chemical or physical markers added to inks by manufacturers during production to allow the identification of the ink brand, formulation, and year of manufacture.

ٹیگینٹس (Taggants) وہ خاص کیمیائی مرکبات یا نشانات ہوتے ہیں جو روشنائی بنانے والی کمپنیاں اس میں شامل کرتی ہیں تاکہ ضرورت پڑنے پر روشنائی کی اصل کمپنی اور تیاری کے سال کی شناخت کی جا سکے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

14📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyExtraction Optimization

Solvent extraction is improved if done using

Explanation

According to extraction thermodynamics, partition formulas prove that performing multiple successive extractions with smaller volumes of solvent yields a higher extraction recovery than a single extraction with the same total volume.

تقسیم کے قوانین کے مطابق، سالونٹ کی بڑی مقدار ایک بار استعمال کرنے کے بجائے، اسی مقدار کو چھوٹے حصوں میں تقسیم کر کے بار بار ایکسٹریکشن کرنا زیادہ کارآمد ہوتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

15📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryChromatography Theory

What is the formula to calculate theoretical plates, where V is retention time and W_b is peak width

Explanation

The formula for the number of theoretical plates (N) is N = 16 * (t_R / W_b)², where t_R (or V_e) represents the retention time (or retention volume) and W_b is the peak width at the baseline.

کرومیٹوگرافی میں فرضی پلیٹوں کی تعداد (N) معلوم کرنے کا معیاری فارمولا N = 16 * (V_e / W_b)² ہے، جہاں V_e ریٹینشن ٹائم اور W_b پین چوڑائی ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

16📚Inorganic ChemistryActive & Passive Voice

Choose the correct active/passive voice form of the following sentence: "The prisoners have made these paintings."

Explanation

The active sentence is in Present Perfect tense ('have made'). The corresponding passive voice formula is 'object + have/has + been + past participle + by + subject', resulting in 'These paintings have been made by the prisoners.'

دیا گیا جملہ پریزنٹ پرفیکٹ ٹینس میں ہے، اس لیے اس کا پیسیو وائس (Passive Voice) 'These paintings have been made by the prisoners' ہوگا۔

2023JKSSBForest Ecology and Environment Department

17📚General Knowledge & ReasoningMS Office

We can start MS Word by typing in the Run Dialog Box

Explanation

Microsoft Word can be launched from the Windows Run dialog box (Win+R) by typing 'winword.exe' or 'winword' and pressing Enter.

ونڈوز رن (Run) ڈائیلاگ باکس میں winword.exe لکھ کر مائیکروسافٹ ورڈ (MS Word) کو براہ راست کھولا جا سکتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest Ecology and Environment Department

18📚Computer KnowledgeMS Word

Home key is used for

Explanation

The 'Home' key is a keyboard key that moves the text cursor directly to the beginning of the line on which it is currently positioned.

'Home' کلید کرسر کو اسی لائن کے شروع میں لے جانے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے جس پر وہ موجود ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

19📚Computer KnowledgeMS Word

Autocorrect was initially designed to replace

Explanation

Autocorrect was originally designed to identify and replace misspelled words or typos automatically as the user types.

آٹو کریکٹ بنیادی طور پر ٹائپنگ کے دوران غلط املا (misspelled words) کو خود بخود درست کرنے کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا گیا تھا۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

20📚Computer KnowledgeMS Word

In MS-Word, which utility enables to send the same letter to multiple participants?

Explanation

Mail Merge is a feature in MS Word that allows you to generate personalized letters or emails for multiple recipients using a single template and a data source.

میل مرج (Mail Merge) مائیکروسافٹ ورڈ کی ایک خصوصیت ہے جو ایک ہی خط کو متعدد وصول کنندگان کے لیے تیار کرنے کے کام آتی ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

21📚Computer KnowledgeMS Word

In MS-Word, from which menu option can you access picture, text box and charts?

Explanation

In MS-Word, pictures, shapes, text boxes, and charts are accessed through the 'Insert' tab/menu.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں تصاویر، ٹیکسٹ باکس اور چارٹس وغیرہ 'Insert' مینو کے ذریعے شامل کیے جاتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

22📚Reasoning & MathematicsPermutations Combinations

In a hockey championship, there are 153 matches played. Every two teams played one match with each other. The number of teams participating in the championship is:

Explanation

If there are n teams, the number of matches is given by the combination formula nC2 = n(n-1)/2.
So, n(n-1)/2 = 153 => n(n-1) = 306.
Solving the quadratic equation: 18 * 17 = 306. Thus, n = 18.

اگر ٹیموں کی تعداد n ہو تو میچوں کی تعداد n(n-1)/2 ہوگی۔
n(n-1)/2 = 153 => n(n-1) = 306۔ 18 * 17 = 306 ہوتا ہے، اس طرح حصہ لینے والی ٹیموں کی تعداد 18 ہے۔ (JKSSB کی آفیشل کی کے مطابق 18 کا آپشن فائنل تھا)۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

23📚Elementary MathematicsTime and Work

If 20 men can build a wall 56 metres long in 6 days, what length of a similar wall can be built by 35 men in 3 days?

Explanation

Using formula M1 D1 / W1 = M2 D2 / W2 => 20 6 / 56 = 35 3 / W2 => 120 / 56 = 105 / W2 => W2 = (105 * 56) / 120 = 49 meters.

فارمولہ M1 D1 / W1 = M2 D2 / W2 استعمال کرنے پر: 20 6 / 56 = 35 3 / W2، جس کو حل کرنے پر W2 = 49 میٹر حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

24📚General Awareness & Current AffairsSearch Engines

An example of an 'Internet search engine' is:

Explanation

Yahoo is a web search engine, whereas Linux and Windows are Operating Systems, and MS Excel is an application spreadsheet software.

یاہو (Yahoo) ایک ویب سرچ انجن ہے، جبکہ ونڈوز اور لینکس آپریٹنگ سسٹم ہیں اور ایکسل ایک ایپلیکیشن سافٹ ویئر ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

25📚General Awareness & Current AffairsMS Excel

In MS-Excel, one can use the formula palette to

Explanation

The formula palette in MS Excel is used to help select, build, and edit formulas that contain complex mathematical and logical functions.

ایم ایس ایکسل میں فارمولا پیلیٹ (formula palette) کا استعمال فنکشنز والے فارمولے کو منتخب کرنے اور اس میں ترمیم کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

26📚Computer ApplicationsOffice Applications

Which of the following is a spreadsheet application program?

Explanation

MS Excel is a spreadsheet application program. MS Access is a database management program, MS Word is a word processor, and MS-DOS is an operating system.

ایم ایس ایکسل (MS Excel) ایک اسپریڈ شیٹ پروگرام ہے۔ ایم ایس ورڈ ورڈ پروسیسر ہے اور ایم ایس ایکسس ڈیٹا بیس پروگرام ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

27📚Computer ApplicationsShortcuts

Which one of the following is typed in the Run dialog box to access MS Word?

Explanation

'winword' or 'winword.exe' is the executable file name for Microsoft Word. Typing this in the Windows Run dialog box launches MS Word.

ونڈوز رن (Run) ڈائیلاگ باکس میں 'winword' لکھنے سے مائیکروسافٹ ورڈ (MS Word) کھل جاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ اس کی ایگزیکیوٹیبل فائل کا نام ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

28📚💻 ComputerMS Excel

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the 'Number' type formatting of cells in MS-Excel 2007?

Explanation

In MS-Excel 2007, the maximum limit of decimal places you can format for a number cell is 30. The default value is 2.

ایم ایس ایکسل 2007 میں، نمبر سیل فارمیٹنگ میں اعشاریہ کی زیادہ سے زیادہ حد 30 ہے۔ جبکہ پہلے سے طے شدہ (Default) حد 2 ہوتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBInformation Technology Department

29📚💻 ComputerMS Word

What action is performed by pressing Ctrl+E in MS Word?

Explanation

In MS Word, the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+E is used to align the selected text to the center.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں، کی بورڈ شارٹ کٹ Ctrl+E کا استعمال منتخب متن کو اسکرین کے بیچ میں (Align Center) کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBInformation Technology Department

30📚💻 ComputerMS Powerpoint

What is the shortcut key to start a slide show in Microsoft PowerPoint?

Explanation

F5 is the shortcut key used to start the slide show from the first slide in Microsoft PowerPoint.

مائیکروسافٹ پاورپوائنٹ میں سلائیڈ شو کو شروع سے چلانے کا شارٹ کٹ بٹن F5 ہے۔

2023JKSSBInformation Technology Department

31📚Surveying & LevellingDrawing Instruments

Which grade of pencil is used for drawing arrowheads?

Explanation

A hard pencil grade such as 2H is recommended for drawing arrowheads, dimension lines, extension lines, and section lines. It maintains a sharp point, ensuring crisp and clean lines. (Softer pencils like H/HB are used for lettering and outlines).

ایرو ہیڈز (arrowheads)، ڈائمینشن اور سیکشن لائنوں کے لیے 2H گریڈ کی پنسل استعمال کی جاتی ہے، کیونکہ یہ سخت ہوتی ہے اور اس کی نوک باریک رہتی ہے جس سے لائنیں صاف بنتی ہیں۔

2023JKSSBJal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

32📚🔭 ScienceFish Nutrition

Match the following to their formula:
a. Food Conversion Ratio
b. Protein efficiency ratio
c. Feed efficiency ratio
d. Net protein utilization

Formulas:
1. Weight gain / protein intake
2. Feed intake / weight gain
3. (Nitrogen retained / nitrogen absorbed) * 100
4. Weight gain / Feed taken

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: FCR = Feed Intake / Weight Gain (a:2); PER = Weight Gain / Protein Intake (b:1); FER = Weight Gain / Feed Taken (c:4); NPU = (Nitrogen Retained / Nitrogen Absorbed) * 100 (d:3). This matches Option B.

درست فارمولے: FCR = خوراک کی مقدار / وزن کا اضافہ (a:2)؛ PER = وزن کا اضافہ / پروٹین کی مقدار (b:1)؛ FER = وزن کا اضافہ / خوراک کی مقدار (c:4)؛ NPU = جذب شدہ نائٹروجن کا حاصل کردہ تناسب (d:3)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

33📚🔭 ScienceAquaculture

Taficid-80 along with detergent kills ----- weeds

Explanation

Taficide-80 (a formulation of 2,4-D herbicide) mixed with a detergent acting as a surfactant is highly effective in controlling and eradicating Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce).

ٹیفیسائیڈ-80 (Taficide-80 - ہربیسائیڈ) اور واشنگ پاؤڈر کا مکسچر پانی کے اوپر تیرنے والی جڑی بوٹی پسٹیا (Pistia - واٹر لیٹس) کو ختم کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

34📚Knowledge of Computer ApplicationsKeyboard Shortcuts

Which function key is commonly used to refresh a web page or file explorer window in Windows?

Explanation

F5 is the standard shortcut key used to refresh or reload the active window or web page in Windows and web browsers.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

35📚Knowledge of Computer ApplicationsFile Extensions

What is the full form of the document file extension 'PDF'?

Explanation

PDF stands for Portable Document Format, developed by Adobe to present documents independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

36📚General Intelligence & ReasoningKeyboard Shortcuts

What is the keyboard shortcut to undo the last action in a Windows environment?

Explanation

The shortcut Ctrl + Z is used to undo the last action. Ctrl + Y is used to redo, Ctrl + X to cut, and Ctrl + U is often used for underline.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

37📚General Intelligence & ReasoningMS Excel

In Microsoft Excel, which symbol must be typed first to start writing any formula or mathematical function?

Explanation

All formulas and functions in Microsoft Excel must start with an equal sign (

=

).

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

38📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewer Hydraulics & Formulas

Pick the Hazen-William's formula for Sewer Design

Explanation

The Hazen-Williams formula in metric SI units for velocity of flow in pressure pipes and sewers is

V = 0.849~C~r^{0.63}S^{0.54}

(commonly written as

V = 0.85~C~r^{0.63}S^{0.54}

), where

C

is the Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient,

r

is the hydraulic radius (

R

), and

S

is the hydraulic energy slope.

سیور ڈیزائن کے لیے ہیزن-ولیمز کا فارمولا

V=0.85~C~r^{0.63}S^{0.54}

ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

39📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyWater Quality Parameters & Chemical Formulas

Consider the following pairs:
a. NGT — 1. Ferroin indicator
b. Blue baby disease — 2. Nitric acid
c.

\text{CO}_2

— 3. Excessive Nitrates
d.

\text{HNO}_3

— 4. Peroxyacetyl nitrate
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Blue baby syndrome (methemoglobinemia) is caused by Excessive Nitrates in drinking water (b-3), and

\text{HNO}_3

is the chemical formula for Nitric acid (d-2).

بلیو بیبی کی بیماری پینے کے پانی میں نائٹریٹس کی زیادتی سے ہوتی ہے (b-3) اور

\text{HNO}_3

نائٹرک ایسڈ کا فارمولا ہے (d-2)۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

40📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementFluid Hydraulics & Flowrate Formula

If the area of reactor is

0.25\text{ m}^2

through which water is flowing at a velocity of

10\text{ m/s},

what is the flowrate?

Explanation

Discharge/Flowrate

Q = \text{Cross-sectional Area } (A) \times \text{Flow Velocity } (V) = 0.25\text{ m}^2 \times 10\text{ m/s} = 2.5\text{ m}^3/\text{s}

.

بہاؤ کی شرح

Q = A \times V = 0.25 \times 10 = 2.5\text{ m}^3/\text{s}

ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

41📚Knowledge of ComputersMS Office: MS Word Printing Options

You are given an MS Word document in portrait orientation with a default size of A4, which of the following options is NOT possible in MS Word:

Explanation

All standard options (printing selected text range, specific page numbers, multi-page per sheet, and orientation switching) are native in Word. Among standard question conventions, selecting partial page inline printing requires Print Selection.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں پرنٹ کے مختلف اختیارات دستیاب ہوتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

42📚Knowledge of ComputersMS Excel Database Functions

What is the function of DCOUNT in MS EXCEL?

Explanation

The DCOUNT function in Excel is a database function that counts the cells containing numbers in a field (column) of records in a database list that match criteria specified in a criteria range.

MS Excel میں DCOUNT مخصوص شرائط پر پورا اترنے والے ڈیٹا بیس کالم کے نمبروں والے سیلز کی گنتی کرتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

43📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementCapital vs Revenue Expenditure

Which of the following is revenue expenditure for an office equipment dealer?
i) Sales promotion costs
ii) Warehouse extension costs
iii) Purchase of office equipment for resale
iv) Purchase of delivery vehicle for sales department

Explanation

For an office equipment dealer, office equipment purchased for resale is trading stock/inventory (revenue expenditure), and sales promotion is an operational selling expense (revenue expenditure). Items (ii) and (iv) are capital expenditures.

ایک ڈیلر کے لیے اشیاء کی خریداری برائے فروخت اور تشہیری اخراجات ریونیو اخراجات (i اور iii) ہیں۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

44📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS PowerPoint Shortcuts

Keyboard shortcut to view the Slide Show

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint, pressing F5 starts the Slide Show from the first slide (and Shift + F5 starts from the current slide).

پاور پوائنٹ میں سلائیڈ شو شروع کرنے کی شارٹ کٹ کی F5 ہے۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

45📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS PowerPoint Placeholders

In PowerPoint, the objects on the slide to hold the text are called as-

Explanation

In PowerPoint slide layouts, dotted-line containers that hold titles, text, tables, and charts are formally called 'Placeholders'.

پاور پوائنٹ میں متن یا تصاویر رکھنے والے ڈبوں کو پلیس ہولڈرز (Placeholders) کہا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

46📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Shortcuts

The Keyboard shortcut to switch between displaying Excel formulas or their values in a cell

Explanation

In Microsoft Excel,

\text{Ctrl} + `

(Grave Accent / Tilde key

\sim

) toggles between displaying cell formulas and calculated values.

ایم ایس ایکسل میں فارمولوں اور قیمتوں کے درمیان سوئچ کرنے کی شارٹ کٹ

\text{Ctrl}+\text{Shift}+\sim

(یا

\text{Ctrl}+`

) ہے۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

47📚📊 Construction Project ManagementPERT Expected Time Formula

The expected time (

E

) of a PERT activity in terms of optimistic time (

O

), pessimistic time (

P

) and most likely time (

M

) is given by.

Explanation

In PERT (beta distribution), the expected mean activity duration is

t_e = \frac{t_o + 4t_m + t_p}{6}

.

PERT میں متوقع وقت کا فارمولا

E = \frac{O + 4M + P}{6}

ہے۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works Department (R&B) / Jal Shakti

48📚🧱 Strength of MaterialsElongation of Tapering Bars

A steel flat of thickness

10\text{ mm}

tapers uniformly from

60\text{ mm}

at one end to

40\text{ mm}

at other end in a length of

600\text{ mm}

. If the bar is subjected to a load of

80\text{ kN}

, find its extension. Take

E = 2 \times 10^5\text{ MPa}

.

Explanation

Extension of a uniformly tapering rectangular bar

\delta L = \frac{P L}{E t (b_1 - b_2)} \ln\left(\frac{b_1}{b_2}\right) = \frac{80000 \times 600}{2 \times 10^5 \times 10 \times (60 - 40)} \ln\left(\frac{60}{40}\right) = \frac{48000000}{40000000} \ln(1.5) = 1.20 \times 0.405465 = 0.486\text{ mm}

.

ٹیپرنگ فلیٹ بار کی لمبائی میں اضافہ

\delta L = 0.486\text{ mm}

ہے۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works Department (R&B) / Jal Shakti

49📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsDimensional Analysis

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the combination given below the lists:
List - I (Physical quantity): a. Specific gravity, b. Coefficient of viscosity, c. Kinematic viscosity, d. Stress
List - II (Dimensional formula): 1.

[\text{M}^0\text{L}^2\text{T}^{-1}]

, 2.

[\text{M}^0\text{L}^0\text{T}^0]

, 3.

[\text{M}\text{L}^{-1}\text{T}^{-1}]

, 4.

[\text{M}\text{L}^{-1}\text{T}^{-2}]

The correct combination is:

Explanation

Specific gravity = Dimensionless

[M^0 L^0 T^0]

(a-2), Dynamic viscosity =

[M L^{-1} T^{-1}]

(b-3), Kinematic viscosity =

[M^0 L^2 T^{-1}]

(c-1), Stress =

[M L^{-1} T^{-2}]

(d-4). Match: a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4.

ڈائمینشنل فارمولوں کا درست ملاپ: a-2، b-3، c-1، d-4 ہے۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works Department (R&B) / Jal Shakti

50📚📐 SurveyingCurvature & Refraction Corrections

A level was set up at a point A and distance to the staff station B was

100\text{ m}

. The net combined correction due to curvature and refraction as applied to the staff reading is

Explanation

Combined correction formula

C_{comb} = -0.0673 D^2\text{ meters}

, where

D

is in kilometres. Here

D = 100\text{ m} = 0.10\text{ km}

.

C_{comb} = -0.0673 \times (0.1)^2 = -0.0673 \times 0.01 = -0.000673\text{ m}

(subtractive).

مشترکہ تصحیح C = -0.0673 \times (0.1)^2 = -0.000673 میٹر ہے۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works Department (R&B) / Jal Shakti

51📚🌊 Hydrology & Flood EstimationEmpirical Flood Formulas

According to Dicken's formula for estimating floods, the peak discharge is proportional to:
(Where

A

is catchment area in square kilometres)

Explanation

Dicken's empirical formula for peak flood discharge (widely used in Northern and Central India) is

Q_p = C_D \cdot A^{3/4}

, where

Q_p

is proportional to

A^{3/4}

.

ڈکنز کے فارمولے کے مطابق سیلابی ڈسچارج

Q_p = C_D \cdot A^{3/4}

کیچمنٹ ایریا کے

A^{3/4}

کے متناسب ہوتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works Department (R&B) / Jal Shakti

52📚Computer Knowledge & ReasoningKeyboard Shortcuts

'Ctrl+Right Arrow' is used to

Explanation

Pressing 'Ctrl + Right Arrow' moves the text insertion cursor one whole word to the right.

کی بورڈ پر 'Ctrl + Right Arrow' دبانے سے کرسر ایک لفظ دائیں منتقل ہوتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

53📚General EnglishMS Word Document Views

Which view in Microsoft Word allows you to see how your document will look when printed?

Explanation

Print Layout View in MS Word displays the document exactly as it will appear when printed on physical paper, including margins, headers, footers, and page breaks (WYSIWYG).

ایم ایس ورڈ کا 'Print Layout View' دستاویز کو بالکل ویسا دکھاتا ہے جیسا وہ پرنٹ ہونے پر نظر آئے گا۔

2023JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

54📚General EnglishMS Excel Functions & Formulas

What is the purpose of the "AutoSum" button in Excel?

Explanation

The AutoSum (

Sigma

) button in Microsoft Excel automatically enters a SUM formula to total and add up numeric values in an adjacent range of selected cells.

ایکسل میں AutoSum بٹن کا مقصد منتخب کردہ سیلز کے تمام نمبروں کا مجموعہ (Add up) نکالنا ہے۔

2023JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

55📚General EnglishDatabase Management & File Extensions

What is the file extension for a Microsoft Access database?

Explanation

Modern Microsoft Access database files (from Access 2007 onwards) use the default file extension `.accdb` (while legacy versions used `.mdb`).

مائیکروسافٹ ایکسیس ڈیٹا بیس فائل کی معیاری ایکسٹینشن `.accdb` ہے۔

2023JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

56📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KMS Excel Formulas

In A3 cell edit =A1+A2 refers to

Explanation

Entering `=A1+A2` in cell A3 calculates the mathematical sum of the values in cells A1 and A2 and displays the calculated result in cell A3.

سیل A3 میں `=A1+A2` فارمولا درج کرنے سے A1 اور A2 کی رقم کا مجموعہ A3 میں ظاہر ہوگا۔

2023JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

57📚Numerical & Reasoning AbilityMS Word Review & Collaboration

In Microsoft Word, what is the purpose of the "Track Changes" feature?

Explanation

Track Changes in Microsoft Word records and visually highlights all text insertions, deletions, formatting changes, and edits made by multiple reviewers/collaborators.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں Track Changes کا مقصد مختلف صارفین کی ترامیم اور تبدیلیوں کی نگرانی کرنا ہے۔

2023JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

58📚Basic Concepts of ComputersMS Word Shortcuts

Which of the following is the shortcut key to open a 'New Blank' document in MS-Word?

Explanation

In Microsoft Word (and Office suite), pressing

\text{Ctrl} + \text{N}

opens a new blank document window.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں نئی خالی دستاویز کھولنے کی شارٹ کٹ کی

\text{Ctrl} + \text{N}

ہے۔

2023JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

59📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KKeyboard Shortcuts in Windows/Office

Match List - I with List - II
List - I (Command): i) Replace, ii) Insert Hyperlink, iii) Paste, iv) Cut
List - II (Shortcut keys): 1) Ctrl+K, 2) Ctrl+H, 3) Ctrl+X, 4) Ctrl+V

Explanation

Replace = Ctrl+H (i-2), Insert Hyperlink = Ctrl+K (ii-1), Paste = Ctrl+V (iii-4), Cut = Ctrl+X (iv-3). Correct match: i-2, ii-1, iii-4, iv-3.

کی بورڈ شارٹ کٹس کا درست ملاپ: i-2، ii-1، iii-4، iv-3 ہے۔

2024JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

60📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KMS PowerPoint Shortcuts

Match List - I with List - II
List - I (Key): i) F5, ii) Shift+F5, iii) Alt+F5, iv) Esc
List - II (Shortcut keys on PowerPoint): 1) Start presentation from beginning, 2) Start presentation from current slide, 3) Start presentation in presenter view, 4) End presentation

Explanation

F5 = Start from beginning (i-1), Shift+F5 = Start from current slide (ii-2), Alt+F5 = Presenter View (iii-3), Esc = End presentation (iv-4). Match: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

پاور پوائنٹ شارٹ کٹس کا درست ملاپ: i-1، ii-2، iii-3، iv-4 ہے۔

2024JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

61📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KMS PowerPoint Slide Master

Which of the following statements about MS Power Point's slide master features is NOT true?

Explanation

Statement C is NOT true because modifying the master slide fonts, theme colors, and background styles is one of the primary and most powerful functions of the Slide Master.

بیان C غلط ہے کیونکہ سلائیڈ ماسٹر کا بنیادی کام ہی تمام سلائیڈز کے فونٹس اور بیک گراؤنڈ کو تبدیل کرنا ہے۔

2024JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

62📚Numerical & Reasoning AbilitySet Theory & Percentages

In a school 40% of the students play football and 50% play cricket. If 18% of the students neither play football nor cricket, the percentage of the students playing both is.

Explanation

Percentage playing at least one game

= 100\% - 18\% = 82\%

. Using union formula:

n(F \cup C) = n(F) + n(C) - n(F \cap C) \implies 82\% = 40\% + 50\% - n(F \cap C) \implies n(F \cap C) = 90\% - 82\% = 8\%

.

دونوں کھیل کھیلنے والے طلباء کا فیصد =

40 + 50 - (100 - 18) = 90 - 82 = 8\%

ہے۔

2024JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

63📚Basic Concepts of ComputersMS Excel Macros & VBA

\underline{\hspace{1.5cm}}

is the programming language used to write a Macro in MS Excel.

Explanation

Macros in Microsoft Excel are written and edited using VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) / VB Script.

ایم ایس ایکسل میں میکروز لکھنے کے لیے VBA / VB Script کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

64📚Basic Concepts of ComputersMS Excel Functions: COUNTIF

What is the function of =COUNTIF () in Excel?

Explanation

The `=COUNTIF(range, criteria)` statistical function in Excel counts the number of cells within a specified range that meet a given condition or criteria.

ایکسل کا `=COUNTIF()` فنکشن مخصوص شرط (Criteria) پر پورا اترنے والے سیلز کی گنتی کرتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBGeneral Administration / Various Departments

65📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering: Inventory Control (EOQ)

When the ordering cost is increased to 4 times, the economic order quantity (EOQ) will be increased to:

Explanation

Wilson's Economic Order Quantity formula:

EOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2 D S}{H}}

. If ordering cost

S

increases by a factor of 4:

EOQ' = \sqrt{\frac{2 D (4S)}{H}} = \sqrt{4} \times EOQ = 2 \times EOQ

.

آرڈرنگ لاگت 4 گنا بڑھنے پر اقتصادی آرڈر کی مقدار (EOQ)

\sqrt{4} = 2

گنا بڑھ جائے گی۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

66📚Basic MathematicsHCF and LCM

The HCF of two numbers is 11, and their LCM is 7700. If one of the numbers is 275, then the other number is

Explanation

Formula:

\text{Product of numbers} = \text{HCF} \times \text{LCM} \implies 275 \times N = 11 \times 7700 \implies N = \frac{11 \times 7700}{275} = \frac{84700}{275} = 308

.

دوسرا عدد =

\frac{11 \times 7700}{275} = 308

ہے۔

2023JKSSBVarious Departments

67📚General Awareness & SciencePhysics: Lens Formula

An object is placed 10 cm from a diverging lens which forms an image 6.5 cm from the lens. What is the focal length of the lens?

Explanation

For a diverging (concave) lens: object distance

u = -10\text{ cm}

, virtual image distance

v = -6.5\text{ cm}

. Using lens formula:

\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u} = \frac{1}{-6.5} - \frac{1}{-10} = -\frac{2}{13} + \frac{1}{10} = \frac{-20 + 13}{130} = -\frac{7}{130} \implies f = -\frac{130}{7} \approx -18.57\text{ cm} \approx -18.5\text{ cm}

.

لینز فارمولے سے فوکل لمبائی f = -18.5 سینٹی میٹر حاصل ہوتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBVarious Departments

68📚General Awareness & ScienceEconomic Nationalism & Drain of Wealth

The theory of economic drain of India during British imperialism was propounded by

Explanation

Dadabhai Naoroji (the 'Grand Old Man of India') first formulated and popularized the 'Drain of Wealth' theory in his landmark book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' (1901).

ہندوستان سے دولت کی غیر ملکی منتقلی کا نظریہ (Drain of Wealth) دادا بھائی نوروجی نے پیش کیا۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

69📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry: Chemical Formulas of Minerals

Which one of the following is the chemical formula of gypsum?

Explanation

Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulphate dihydrate with the chemical formula

\text{CaSO}_4\cdot 2\text{H}_2\text{O}

. (Plaster of Paris is the hemihydrate

\text{CaSO}_4\cdot \frac{1}{2}\text{H}_2\text{O}

).

جپسم کا کیمیائی فارمولا

\text{CaSO}_4\cdot 2\text{H}_2\text{O}

ہے۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

70📚General Awareness & ScienceSoftware Types: Word Processors vs Suites

Which of the following is NOT an example of word processing software?

Explanation

MS Office is a complete multi-program Office Productivity Suite (containing Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access), whereas Microsoft Word, LibreOffice Writer, and Google Docs are individual word processing applications.

MS Office ایک مکمل سافٹ ویئر سوٹ ہے، مخصوص ورڈ پروسیسنگ ایپلیکیشن نہیں ہے۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

71📚Knowledge of ComputersMS PowerPoint Fundamentals

What is the term used for a single slide in a PowerPoint presentation?

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint presentation software, an individual presentation page displayed on the screen is called a Slide.

پاور پوائنٹ پریزنٹیشن کے ایک صفحے کو سلائیڈ (Slide) کہا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBDepartment of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

72📚General Intelligence & ReasoningCell Referencing: Relative vs Absolute

In MS Excel, which of the following is an absolute cell reference?

Explanation

In Microsoft Excel, placing dollar signs before both the column letter and row number (

A

1) creates an Absolute Cell Reference that locks the coordinates during formula autofill.

ایم ایس ایکسل میں ایبسولیوٹ سیل ریفرنس کے لیے کا نشان (A\USD 1) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

73📚General Intelligence & ReasoningKeyboard Shortcuts: F7 Spell Check

In MS Word, which of the following shortcut key is used to check spelling?

Explanation

Function key F7 is the standard universal keyboard shortcut in Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) to open the Spelling and Grammar check dialog.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں املا اور گرامر چیک کرنے کے لیے شارٹ کٹ کی F7 ہے۔

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74📚General Intelligence & ReasoningTables in MS Word

What is the minimum number of rows and columns that a table in MS Word can have?

Explanation

A valid table in Microsoft Word requires at least one cell, which corresponds to a minimum of 1 row and 1 column.

ایم ایس ورڈ کے ٹیبل میں کم از کم 1 قطار اور 1 کالم (1 row and 1 column) ہو سکتا ہے۔

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75📚General Intelligence & ReasoningKeyboard Navigation & Selection Shortcuts

In MS Word, using CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys

Explanation

Pressing CTRL+SHIFT with Left/Right arrow keys selects/highlights text word by word; with Up/Down arrow keys it selects paragraph by paragraph.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں CTRL+SHIFT+Arrow دبا کر الفاظ یا پیراگراف کو ہائی لائٹ اور منتخب (Highlights text) کیا جاتا ہے۔

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76📚General Intelligence & ReasoningPowerPoint Handouts Printing Options

In MS Power Point, the following is not an option when printing handouts?

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint, the available handout layout options are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 slides per page. 'Five slides per page' is NOT a supported printing handout layout.

ایم ایس پاور پوائنٹ میں ہینڈ آؤٹ پرنٹنگ کے لیے '5 سلائیڈز فی صفحہ' کا آپشن موجود نہیں ہوتا۔

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77📚Basic MathematicsPowerPoint Shortcuts: Insert Slide

In MS Power Point, to insert a new slide in the current presentation, we press the following command.

Explanation

Ctrl + M is the shortcut key in PowerPoint to insert a New Slide into the current presentation. (Ctrl + N creates a brand new blank presentation file).

پاور پوائنٹ میں موجودہ پریزنٹیشن کے اندر نئی سلائیڈ شامل کرنے کے لیے شارٹ کٹ 'Ctrl + M' ہے۔

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78📚Basic MathematicsSlide Setup and Page Orientation

What is the default page orientation for slides in MS Power Point?

Explanation

The default slide page orientation in Microsoft PowerPoint presentations is Landscape (horizontal 16:9 widescreen layout).

ایم ایس پاور پوائنٹ میں سلائیڈ کی ڈیفالٹ سمت لینڈ اسکیپ (Landscape) ہوتی ہے۔

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79📚Basic MathematicsPowerPoint Components

MS Power Point presentation is a collection of

Explanation

A PowerPoint presentation file (.pptx) is an integrated document collection comprising display slides, printable audience handouts, presenter speaker notes, and text outlines. All of the above are components.

پاور پوائنٹ پریزنٹیشن سلائیڈز، ہینڈ آؤٹس، نوٹس اور آؤٹ لائنز سب کا مجموعہ ہے (All of the above)۔

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80📚Basic MathematicsNumber Series: Cubic Differences

Find the missing number in the series?
4, 18, ?, 100, 180, 294, 448

Explanation

Formula pattern:

n^3 - n^2 = n^2(n-1)

.
- For

n=2

:

2^3 - 2^2 = 8 - 4 = 4

- For

n=3

:

3^3 - 3^2 = 27 - 9 = 18

- For

n=4

:

4^3 - 4^2 = 64 - 16 = 48

- For

n=5

:

5^3 - 5^2 = 125 - 25 = 100

- For

n=6

:

6^3 - 6^2 = 216 - 36 = 180

- For

n=7

:

7^3 - 7^2 = 343 - 49 = 294

- For

n=8

:

8^3 - 8^2 = 512 - 64 = 448

Missing number is 48.

حسابی فارمولا:

n^3 - n^2

۔

n=4

کے لیے:

4^3 - 4^2 = 64 - 16 = 48

۔

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81📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceBraking Distance Calculations

On a foggy day, two bus drivers spot each other traveling at

20\text{ m/sec}

and

10\text{ m/sec}

towards each other. Both apply brakes decelerating at

5\text{ m/s}^2

. What is the total combined distance covered by both buses before coming to a stop?

Explanation

Stopping distance formula

s = \frac{v^2}{2a}

:
- For Bus 1:

s_1 = \frac{20^2}{2(5)} = \frac{400}{10} = 40\text{ m}

- For Bus 2:

s_2 = \frac{10^2}{2(5)} = \frac{100}{10} = 10\text{ m}

Total combined stopping distance required

= 40 + 10 = 50\text{ meters}

.

دونوں بسوں کا رکنے کے لیے درکار مجموعی فاصلہ = \frac{20^2}{10} + \frac{10^2}{10} = 40 + 10 = 50 میٹر ہے۔

2023JKSSBTransport / Various Departments

82📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlKinetic Energy of Moving Vehicles

If a 1000 kg vehicle is moving at

10\text{ m/s}

, it has a kinetic energy of

Explanation

Kinetic energy formula

E_k = \frac{1}{2} m v^2 = \frac{1}{2} \times 1000\text{ kg} \times (10\text{ m/s})^2 = 500 \times 100 = 50,000\text{ Joules}

.

حرکی توانائی = \frac{1}{2} m v^2 = \frac{1}{2} \times 1000 \times 100 = 50,000 جول۔

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83📚Mental Ability / ReasoningFile Extensions: Plain Text

What type of file extension do Notepad text files use?

Explanation

Microsoft Notepad creates and saves unformatted plain text documents with the default file extension `.txt`.

نوٹ پیڈ کی فائل کا ڈیفالٹ ایکسٹینشن `.txt` ہوتا ہے۔

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84📚Mental Ability / ReasoningExcel Grid Limits: Rows & Columns

What is the maximum row limit in a single worksheet of MS Excel 2019?

Explanation

Since Excel 2007 through Excel 2019/365, each worksheet supports exactly

1,048,576

rows (

2^{20}

) by

16,384

columns (

2^{14}

).

ایم ایس ایکسل میں قطاروں (Rows) کی زیادہ سے زیادہ حد 1,048,576 ہے۔

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85📚Mental Ability / ReasoningPowerPoint Shortcuts

Which shortcut key inserts a new slide into the current PowerPoint presentation?

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint, pressing Ctrl + M immediately inserts a new blank slide into the current deck. (Ctrl + N creates a new presentation file).

پاور پوائنٹ میں نئی سلائیڈ شامل کرنے کا شارٹ کٹ 'Ctrl+M' ہے۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

86📚Computer ApplicationsLinear Acceleration Formula ($a = \Delta v / \Delta t$)

A body of mass 10 kg is moving with a constant initial velocity of

+10\text{ m/s}

. When a constant force acts for 4 seconds on it, the body moves with a velocity of

2\text{ m/s}

in the opposite direction (

-2\text{ m/s}

). The acceleration produced is:

Explanation

Using kinematics:

u = +10\text{ m/s}

,

v = -2\text{ m/s}

,

t = 4\text{ s}

. Acceleration

a = \frac{v - u}{t} = \frac{-2 - 10}{4} = \frac{-12}{4} = -3\text{ m/s}^2

.

اسراع (Acceleration) کا حساب:

a = \frac{-2 - 10}{4} = -3\text{ m/s}^2

۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

87📚Accountancy & Financial ManagementRanking and Order Test

Sidharth ranks twenty-fifth (25th) from the bottom and ninth (9th) from the top in a class. How many students are there in the class?

Explanation

Total students formula

N = \text{Rank from Top} + \text{Rank from Bottom} - 1 = 9 + 25 - 1 = 33

.

طلباء کی کل تعداد =

9 + 25 - 1 = 33

ہے۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

88📚General English & ComprehensionPercentages & Expenditure Invariance

If the price of a commodity is increased by 50%, by what fraction must its consumption be reduced so as to keep the expenditure unchanged?

Explanation

Reduction in consumption formula:

\text{Fraction} = \frac{r}{100 + r} = \frac{50}{100 + 50} = \frac{50}{150} = \frac{1}{3}

.

صرف میں کمی کا کسر

= \frac{50}{150} = \frac{1}{3}

ہے۔

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89🔬General ScienceExcel Keyboard Shortcuts: Column Selection

To select an entire column in Microsoft Excel, which keyboard shortcut is used?

Explanation

In MS Excel, pressing Ctrl + Spacebar selects the entire active column. (Pressing Shift + Spacebar selects the entire row).

ایکسل میں مکمل کالم منتخب کرنے کا شارٹ کٹ 'Ctrl + Spacebar' ہے۔

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90📚Computer (Characteristics & Applications)PowerPoint Slide Views

The PowerPoint view that displays only plain text (slide titles and main bullet points) without graphics is

Explanation

Outline View displays the slide text content in an outline format without showing images or design elements, ideal for fast editing.

آؤٹ لائن ویو (Outline View) صرف ٹیکسٹ اور بلٹ پوائنٹس کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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91📚Computer (Characteristics & Applications)Slide Sorter View

Which PowerPoint view displays each slide of the presentation as a miniature thumbnail and is useful for rearranging slides?

Explanation

Slide Sorter View displays all presentation slides as horizontal thumbnail tiles, allowing easy reordering, deleting, and adding transition effects.

سلائیڈ سارٹر (Slide Sorter) ویو تمام سلائیڈز کو تھمب نیلز کے طور پر دکھاتا ہے۔

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92📚Computer (Characteristics & Applications)Excel Comments and Cell Tips

In Microsoft Excel, informative pop-up notes or comments attached to specific cells are called

Explanation

In MS Excel, small yellow hover text pop-ups attached to cells are historically called Cell Tips or Cell Comments.

ایکسل میں سیل کے ساتھ لگائے جانے والے وضاحتی نوٹ کو سیل ٹپ (Cell Tip) کہتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBSocial Welfare Department

93📚Computer (Characteristics & Applications)Cell Referencing: Relative vs Absolute

Which of the following represents an absolute cell reference in MS Excel formula syntax?

Explanation

An Absolute Cell Reference locks both column and row using dollar signs (`

A

1`), so the cell reference does not change when copied across formulas.

ایکسل میں ایبسولیوٹ سیل ریفرنس کا فارمیٹ `

A

1` ہے۔

2024JKSSBSocial Welfare Department

94📚Specialisation (Sociology, Social Work & Child Development)Sociological Theories: W.G. Sumner on Institutions

Which eminent sociologist defined a social institution as "a concept (idea, notion, doctrine, or interest) and a structure"?

Explanation

William Graham Sumner in his classic 1906 treatise Folkways famously formulated: "An institution consists of a concept (idea, notion, doctrine, or interest) and a structure."

ڈبلیو جی سمنر (W.G. Sumner) نے ادارے کی تعریف 'تصور اور ساخت' کے طور پر کی۔

2024JKSSBSocial Welfare Department

95📚Specialisation (Sociology, Social Work & Child Development)Nature of Social Institutions

Consider the following sociological statements:
a) Society is a system of social relationships while institutions are established rules of procedures.
b) Institutions are recognized and accepted by society.
c) Institutions govern relations between members of society.
d) Society represents the human aspect, while an institution is a social condition of conduct.
Which of the statements are correct?

Explanation

All four statements accurately represent the classical sociological distinction formulated by MacIver & Page between Society (the web of human relations) and Social Institutions (the established normative procedures and rules).

معاشرے اور سماجی اداروں کے تعلق کے بارے میں تمام چاروں بیانات (a, b, c, d) درست ہیں۔

2024JKSSBSocial Welfare Department

96📚Specialisation (Sociology, Social Work & Child Development)Major Theories in Sociology and Psychology

Match the psychological/sociological theories with their theorists:
a) Field Theory — 2. Kurt Lewin
b) Social Exchange Theory — 1. George Homans
c) Psychosocial Development Theory — 3. Erik Erikson
d) Social Conflict Theory — 4. Lewis Coser

Explanation

Theories matching: Kurt Lewin developed Field Theory in social psychology (a-2); George C. Homans pioneered Social Exchange Theory (b-1); Erik Erikson formulated the 8 stages of Psychosocial Development (c-3); Lewis Coser advanced the functions of Social Conflict (d-4)

\implies

a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4.

نظریات کے ماہرین: کرٹ لیون (a-2)، جارج ہومنز (b-1)، ایرک ایرکسن (c-3)، لیوس کوزر (d-4)۔

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97📚Specialisation (Sociology, Social Work & Child Development)Landmark Judgments: D.K. Basu Guidelines

Mandatory guidelines and procedural safeguards governing the arrest and detention of individuals by police were laid down by the Supreme Court of India in which landmark case?

Explanation

In D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997), the Supreme Court formulated 11 mandatory guidelines (including arrest memos, medical examinations, and informing relatives) to prevent custodial torture and unlawful detention.

گرفتاری اور حراست سے متعلق تاریخی رہنما اصول سپریم کورٹ نے ڈی کے باسو بنام مغربی بنگال کیس (1997) میں دیے۔

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98📚Specialisation (Sociology, Social Work & Child Development)Piaget's Formal Operational Stage

According to Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, at which developmental stage do children acquire the capacity for abstract thinking, hypothetical deductive reasoning, and systematic problem solving?

Explanation

Piaget's 4th stage, the Formal Operational Stage (ages 11 and up), enables adolescents to think abstractly, reason hypothetically, and formulate deductive scientific logic.

پیاجے کے مطابق تجریدی اور منطقی سوچ کا ارتقاء فارمل آپریشنل مرحلے (Formal Operational Stage) میں ہوتا ہے۔

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99📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&KNumber Theory: Sum of Odd Numbers

What is the sum of all consecutive odd numbers up to 180?

Explanation

The odd numbers up to 180 are

1, 3, 5, ..., 179

. The number of odd terms

n = \frac{180}{2} = 90

. Formula for sum of first

n

odd numbers:

S_n = n^2 = 90^2 = 8100

.

180 تک طاق اعداد کی تعداد

n = 90

ہے۔ مجموعہ =

90^2 = 8100

ہے۔

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100📚Computer ApplicationsWord Keyboard Shortcuts

What does the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + I accomplish in Microsoft Word?

Explanation

In word processing, pressing Ctrl + I toggles Italic formatting on or off for the currently selected text.

ورڈ میں منتخب ٹیکسٹ کو ترچھا (Italic) کرنے کا شارٹ کٹ 'Ctrl + I' ہے۔

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101📚Computer ApplicationsCross-References & Bookmarks

Which of the following elements can be inserted as a Cross-Reference target in Microsoft Word?

Explanation

Cross-references in MS Word allow automated navigation to specific Bookmarks, Headings, Footnotes, Figures, and numbered items.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں کراس ریفرنس کے طور پر بُک مارکس (Bookmarks) اور ہیڈنگز شامل کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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102📚Computer ApplicationsFormula Referencing

What happens when you select a cell in MS Excel and type "=C19" followed by pressing Enter?

Explanation

Entering `=C19` creates a dynamic formula reference, causing the target cell to display whatever value is present in cell C19.

منتخب سیل میں وہی قیمت نظر آئے گی جو سیل C19 میں موجود ہے۔

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103📚Computer ApplicationsNumber Formatting: Accounting Style

In MS Excel, the Accounting number format displays negative numbers enclosed in

Explanation

The standard Accounting Number Format aligns currency symbols and encloses negative numeric values in Parentheses `( )` instead of a minus sign.

ایکسل کے اکاؤنٹنگ فارمیٹ میں منفی اعداد بریکٹس یا کوسین (Parentheses) میں دکھائے جاتے ہیں۔

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104📚Computer ApplicationsExcel Interface: Formula Bar

Which dedicated area in an MS Excel window allows typing, viewing, and editing data values and cell formulas?

Explanation

The Formula Bar (located directly above the worksheet grid) displays the underlying formula or text value of the active cell and allows editing.

فارمولا بار (Formula Bar) میں فارمولے اور قیمتیں درج و تبدیل کی جاتی ہیں۔

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105📚Computer ApplicationsSpreadsheet Components: Cells

The rectangular intersection of a column and a row in a spreadsheet worksheet is called a

Explanation

A Cell is the fundamental building block in a spreadsheet created by the intersection of a vertical column and a horizontal row (e.g., A1, B5).

قطار اور کالم کے درمیانی خانے کو سیل (Cell) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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106📚Computer ApplicationsExcel Keyboard Commands: Escape Key

In MS Excel, if you begin typing an entry into a cell and then realize you want to cancel and discard your entry, which key should you press?

Explanation

Pressing the Escape (Esc) key immediately cancels cell editing mode and restores the cell to its original state without committing changes.

سیل میں ٹائپنگ منسوخ کرنے کے لیے 'Esc' کی دبائی جاتی ہے۔

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107📚Computer ApplicationsAnimations and Motion Paths

In Microsoft PowerPoint, 'Ellipse Motion' is a predefined type of

Explanation

In PowerPoint, Ellipse Motion is a predefined custom Motion Path Animation that guides an object along an elliptical trajectory.

پاور پوائنٹ میں ایلیپس موشن اینیمیشن اور موشن پاتھ (Animation scheme) کی قسم ہے۔

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108📚Computer ApplicationsSlide Transitions vs Animations

In Microsoft PowerPoint, special visual effects used to introduce and transition between slides during a presentation are called

Explanation

Slide Transitions are the motion effects that occur when moving from one slide to the next during a full Slide Show.

ایک سلائیڈ سے دوسری سلائیڈ پر جاتے وقت ظاہر ہونے والے اثرات کو سلائیڈ ٹرانزیشنز (Slide transitions) کہتے ہیں۔

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109📚Computer ApplicationsPage Setup & Printing Orientations

In Microsoft PowerPoint, what is the default page setup orientation for Notes Pages, Outlines, and Handouts?

Explanation

While presentation slides default to Landscape orientation, Notes Pages, Outlines, and Handouts default to Portrait orientation for printable letter formats.

پاور پوائنٹ میں نوٹس اور ہینڈ آؤٹس کی ڈیفالٹ اورینٹیشن پورٹریٹ (Portrait) ہوتی ہے۔

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110📚Computer ApplicationsPowerPoint Templates

Pre-designed slide formats, colour palettes, and typography styles created to maintain presentation consistency are known as

Explanation

A PowerPoint Template (`.potx`) is a pre-designed pattern or blueprint of a slide containing layouts, theme colors, theme fonts, and background styles.

پاور پوائنٹ میں پہلے سے بنے ہوئے ڈیزائن اور تھیم کے نمونے کو ٹیمپلیٹ (Template) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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111📚General Awareness & ScienceEinstein's Theory of Relativity

Who formulated the revolutionary Special and General Theories of Relativity in modern physics?

Explanation

Albert Einstein proposed the Special Theory of Relativity in 1905 (

E = mc^2

) and the General Theory of Relativity in 1915.

نظریہ اضافیت (Theory of Relativity) البرٹ آئن سٹائن نے پیش کیا تھا۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

112📚Basic MathematicsCompound Interest: Growth Factor

A principal sum becomes 27 times its original value in 3 years when compounded annually at a certain rate of interest. Calculate the annual interest rate.

Explanation

Compound interest formula:

A = P(1 + r)^3 = 27P \implies (1 + r)^3 = 27 = 3^3 \implies 1 + r = 3 \implies r = 2 = 200\%

.

سالانہ شرح سود

= (3 - 1) \times 100 = 200\%

ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

113📚Basic MathematicsHeron's Formula for Triangle Area

Triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle with centre O. If

AB = 17\text{ cm}

,

BC = 10\text{ cm}

, and

AC = 9\text{ cm}

, find the area of triangle ABC.

Explanation

Using Heron's formula: Semi-perimeter

s = \frac{17 + 10 + 9}{2} = 18\text{ cm}

.

\text{Area} = \sqrt{s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)} = \sqrt{18(18 - 17)(18 - 10)(18 - 9)} = \sqrt{18 \times 1 \times 8 \times 9} = \sqrt{1296} = 36\text{ cm}^2

.

ہیرون کے فارمولے سے مثلث کا رقبہ

= \sqrt{18 \times 1 \times 8 \times 9} = 36\text{ cm}^2

ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

114📚Basic EnglishSuccessive Discounts Formula

Find a single discount equivalent to two successive discounts of 10% and 20%.

Explanation

Formula for equivalent single discount:

D = d_1 + d_2 - \frac{d_1 d_2}{100} = 10 + 20 - \frac{10 \times 20}{100} = 30 - 2 = 28\%

.

10% اور 20% کے پے در پے ڈسکاؤنٹ کا واحد مساوی ڈسکاؤنٹ

= 28\%

ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

115📚General Intelligence & ReasoningTrue Discount & Commercial Mathematics

The true discount on Rs. 1800 due after a certain time at 10% per annum is Rs. 200. The time after which it is due is:

Explanation

Present Worth (PW):

\text{PW} = \text{Amount} - \text{True Discount} = 1800 - 200 = 1600

Using the formula

\text{TD} = \frac{\text{PW} \times R \times T}{100}

:

200 = \frac{1600 \times 10 \times T}{100} = 160T

T = \frac{200}{160} = \frac{5}{4}\text{ years} = \frac{5}{4} \times 12 = 15\text{ months}.

वर्तमान मूल्य

(\text{PW}) = 1800 - 200 = 1600

रुपये।

\text{TD} = \frac{\text{PW} \times R \times T}{100} \implies 200 = \frac{1600 \times 10 \times T}{100} = 160T

T = \frac{200}{160} = \frac{5}{4} वर्ष = 15 महीने।

2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments

116📚Basic Concepts of ComputersSimple and Compound Interest

The difference between simple interest and compound interest (interest is compounded half yearly) on a sum at the rate of 25% per annum for one year is Rs. 4,575. What will be the principal?

Explanation

For half-yearly compounding over 1 year:
- Number of conversion periods

n = 2

- Rate per half-year

r = \frac{25}{2}\% = 12.5\% = \frac{1}{8}

Difference formula for 2 periods:

\text{Diff} = P \left(\frac{r}{100}\right)^2 = P \left(\frac{1}{8}\right)^2 = \frac{P}{64}

Given

\text{Diff} = 4575

:

P = 4575 \times 64 = 292,800\text{ Rs}.

अर्धवार्षिक दर

r = 12.5\% = \frac{1}{8}

(2 अवधियाँ)।
अंतर = P \times (\frac{1}{8})^2 = \frac{P}{64} = 4575 रुपये
P = 4575 \times 64 = 2,92,800 रुपये।

2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments

117📚Basic Concepts of ComputersMS Word & Keyboard Shortcuts

Which of the following is the correct shortcut key combination for the "Find and Replace" feature in MS Word?

Explanation

In Microsoft Word, 'Ctrl + H' directly opens the 'Find and Replace' tab of the Navigation/Find dialog box. (Ctrl + F opens Find, Ctrl + R aligns right).

MS Word में 'ढूंढें और बदलें' (Find and Replace) के लिए शॉर्टकट कुंजी 'Ctrl + H' होती है।

2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments

118📚Basic Concepts of ComputersSystem vs Application Software

Which of the following is an application software?
I. Unix
II. Mac OS
III. MS Office

Choose the correct Answer:

Explanation

Unix and Mac OS are System Software (Operating Systems). MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) is an Application Software designed for end-user productivity tasks. Thus, III only is correct.

यूनिक्स (Unix) और मैक ओएस (Mac OS) ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम (सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर) हैं, जबकि एमएस ऑफिस (MS Office) एक एप्लिकेशन सॉफ्टवेयर है। अतः केवल III सही है।

2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments

119📚Basic MathematicsPercentages & Compound Growth

If the population of a town increases by 12% annually, what will be the population after 5 years if the current population is 50,000?

Explanation

Compound population formula:

P_5 = P_0 \times (1 + r)^n = 50000 \times (1.12)^5

.

(1.12)^5 \approx 1.76234168

.

P_5 = 50000 \times 1.76234168 \approx 88,117

.

जनसंख्या वृद्धि सूत्र:

50000 \times (1 + 0.12)^5 = 50000 \times 1.76234 \approx 88,117

।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

120📚General Awareness & Current AffairsChemical Compounds & Daily Life Chemistry

What is the chemical formula for table salt?

Explanation

Common table salt is composed of Sodium Chloride, represented by the chemical formula NaCl (an ionic lattice of

Na^+

and

Cl^-

ions).

साधारण नमक (सोडियम क्लोराइड) का रासायनिक सूत्र NaCl होता है।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

121📚Health Psychology & Research MethodologySolution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)

Which of the following are key techniques in solution-focused brief therapy?
1. Miracle questioning
2. Role reversal
3. Exaggeration
4. Exception questions
5. Formula first session task

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT, Steve de Shazer & Insoo Kim Berg) is defined by: (1) The Miracle Question, (4) Exception Questions, and (5) Formula First Session Task. (Role reversal and exaggeration are Gestalt/Psychodrama techniques). Thus, 1, 4 and 5 only are correct.

सॉल्यूशन-फोकस्ड ब्रीफ थेरेपी (SFBT) की मुख्य तकनीकें: मिरेकल क्वेश्चन (1), एक्सेप्शन क्वेश्चन (4), और फॉर्मूला फर्स्ट सेशन टास्क (5)। अतः 1, 4 और 5 सही हैं।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

122📚Power Generation & DistributionRange Extension of Ammeters

A DC ammeter has a resistance of 0.2 Ω and its current range is 0 - 50 A. If the range is to be extended to 0 - 250 A, then the meter requires the following shunt resistance:

Explanation

Multiplying power of shunt

m = \frac{I}{I_m} = \frac{250\text{ A}}{50\text{ A}} = 5

.
Required shunt resistance:

R_{sh} = \frac{R_m}{m - 1} = \frac{0.2\ \Omega}{5 - 1} = \frac{0.2}{4} = 0.05\ \Omega.

गुणक

m = \frac{250}{50} = 5

।
आवश्यक शंट प्रतिरोध

R_{sh} = \frac{0.2}{5 - 1} = \frac{0.2}{4} = 0.05\ \Omega

।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

123📚General English & Quantitative AptitudeMicrosoft Word & Document Formatting

In MS Word, which feature allows you to apply the same formatting to multiple sections?

Explanation

Format Painter (or Style Templates) allows users to copy font styles, margins, colors, and paragraph formatting from selected text and paste it onto other text sections.

MS Word में 'फॉर्मेट पेंटर' (Format Painter) एक स्थान की फॉर्मेटिंग को कॉपी करके अन्य टेक्स्ट पर लागू करने की सुविधा देता है।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

124📚General English & Quantitative AptitudeMicrosoft Excel & Data Analysis (Pivot Tables)

What function does the 'Pivot Table' serve in MS Excel?

Explanation

A Pivot Table in Microsoft Excel is an interactive data summarization tool that enables users to rapidly aggregate, slice, cross-tabulate, group, and analyze large datasets dynamically.

MS Excel में पिवट टेबल (Pivot Table) बड़े डेटासेट को गतिशील रूप से सारांशित (Summarize), समूहीकृत और विश्लेषित करने का एक शक्तिशाली उपकरण है।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

125📚Database Management Systems (SQL)IPv6 Architecture & Features

Which of the following statements about IPv6 are correct?
1. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address
2. IPv6 supports header extensions for additional information
3. IPv6 has a checksum in the header
4. IPv6 supports multicast addressing

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct. Statement 3 is false because IPv6 completely eliminated the header checksum field to accelerate routing throughput and avoid recalculation at every hop. Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि IPv6 हेडर में चेकसम (Checksum) को हटा दिया गया है ताकि रूटिंग तेज हो सके। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

126📚Radiotherapy Equipment (Linac, Telecobalt)Decay Constant Formula

The half-life of radionuclide is 77 days, then its decay constant is:

Explanation

Decay constant:

\lambda = \frac{\ln 2}{T_{1/2}} = \frac{0.69315}{77\text{ days}} \approx 0.009\text{ day}^{-1}.

क्षय स्थिरांक

\lambda = \frac{0.693}{77} \approx 0.009/\text{day}

।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

127📚Radiotherapy Equipment (Linac, Telecobalt)Acoustic Impedance Formula

Acoustic impedance is defined as:

Explanation

Specific acoustic impedance (

Z

) is defined as the product of the physical density of the medium (

\rho

) and the speed of sound propagation in that medium (

c

):

Z = \rho \cdot c

(measured in Rayls).

ध्वनिक प्रतिबाधा (Acoustic impedance) माध्यम के घनत्व (

\rho

) और ध्वनि की गति (

c

) का गुणनफल होती है:

Z = \rho c

।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

128📚Clinical Oncology & Treatment PlanningUltrasound Pulse-Echo Distance Formula

Bone thickness is equal to:

Explanation

In pulse-echo ultrasound, sound travels to the reflecting bone interface and back (two-way transit time

\Delta t

). The one-way anatomical thickness is

d = \frac{c \cdot \Delta t}{2}

.

पल्स-इको अल्ट्रासाउंड में परावर्तन समय

\Delta t

के लिए दूरी का सूत्र

d = \frac{c \cdot \Delta t}{2}

होता है।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

129📚Radiation Safety, Protection & Quality AssuranceSterling's Equivalent Square Field Formula

What is the equivalent square of a 5×20 cm2 rectangular field?

Explanation

According to Sterling's formula for equivalent square field (

S_{eq}

):

S_{eq} = \frac{4 \times \text{Area}}{\text{Perimeter}} = \frac{4 \times (a \times b)}{2(a + b)} = \frac{2 \times a \times b}{a + b}

For

a = 5\text{ cm}

and

b = 20\text{ cm}

:

S_{eq} = \frac{2 \times 5 \times 20}{5 + 20} = \frac{200}{25} = 8.0\text{ cm}.

स्टर्लिंग सूत्र के अनुसार तुल्य वर्गाकार क्षेत्र (Equivalent Square):
S = \frac{2 \times a \times b}{a + b} = \frac{2 \times 5 \times 20}{5 + 20} = \frac{200}{25} = 8.0 cm।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

130📚Cutaneous Infections, Infestations & STIsCutaneous Tuberculosis

Which of the following best describes scrofuloderma?

Explanation

Scrofuloderma (tuberculosis colliquativa cutis) occurs by direct contiguous extension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from underlying lymph nodes or bone to overlying skin, forming cold abscesses and discharging sinuses.

स्क्रोफुलोडर्मा (Scrofuloderma) अंतर्निहित ट्यूबरकुलस लिम्फ नोड्स से त्वचा में फैलने वाला टीबी का रूप है जिसमें साइनस बनते हैं।

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131📚History of India & Freedom StruggleNehru Report & Simon Commission

The first effort at drafting a dominion status constitution for India was made in response to the

Explanation

The Nehru Report (1928), drafting a dominion status constitution for India, was formulated by the all-parties committee in response to Lord Birkenhead's challenge following the Simon Commission.

साइमन कमीशन के विरोध और लॉर्ड बर्केनहेड की चुनौती के जवाब में 1928 में नेहरू रिपोर्ट (डोमिनियन स्टेटस संविधान) तैयार की गई थी।

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132📚Refrigeration Cycles, Tools & PsychrometricsSeries Resistance Formula

When two resistors,

R_1

and

R_2

, are connected in series, what is their combined resistance?

Explanation

In a series circuit, total equivalent resistance is the arithmetic sum of individual resistances:

R_{eq} = R_1 + R_2

.

श्रेणी क्रम (Series) में कुल प्रतिरोध

R_{eq} = R_1 + R_2

होता है।

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133📚Comfort Conditions, Insulation, Piping & RefrigerantsPOE Lubricants

Which property is considered ideal for POE lubricant in refrigeration systems?

Explanation

Polyolester (POE) synthetic oils are formulated specifically because they exhibit excellent chemical miscibility with hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants like R-134a and R-410A.

POE सिंथेटिक तेल की सबसे प्रमुख आदर्श विशेषता HFC रेफ्रिजरेंट्स (जैसे R-134a) के साथ इसकी उत्कृष्ट घुलनशीलता (Miscible with HFCs) है।

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134📚Electrical Controls, Troubleshooting & Absorption SystemsElectrical Wire Joints

Which joint is used in overhead lines for extending the length of the wire (shown in the diagram with twisted interlocked wire turns)?

Explanation

The Western Union splice (Lineman's joint) wraps two conductors around each other and tightly coils them to provide high tensile mechanical strength in overhead wire extensions.

चित्र में सिरोपरि लाइनों (Overhead lines) में तार की लंबाई बढ़ाने के लिए प्रयुक्त वेस्टर्न यूनियन जॉइंट (Western union joint) दिखाया गया है।

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135📚Inclusive Pedagogy, Sensory Impairments & Legal ActsEducational Frameworks

Choose the correct full from in NCFSE

Explanation

NCFSE stands for National Curriculum Framework for School Education, formulated by NCERT.

NCFSE का पूर्ण रूप 'National Curriculum Framework for School Education' (विद्यालयी शिक्षा के लिए राष्ट्रीय पाठ्यचर्या रूपरेखा) है।

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136📚Inclusive Pedagogy, Sensory Impairments & Legal ActsTeaching Methodologies

In which type of method rote memory is being encouraged among the students as a result of which they do not become self - independent?

Explanation

In a traditional deductive approach, students are given abstract rules or formulas first to memorize by rote before applying them to examples, inhibiting independent discovery.

निगमनात्मक उपागम (Deductive approach) में नियमों को रटवाने पर बल दिया जाता है जिससे छात्र आत्मनिर्भर नहीं बन पाते।

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137📚Curriculum Development & Teaching MethodologiesEducational Management Approaches

Management approach is designed by

Explanation

I.K. Davies formulated the Management Approach in educational technology and curriculum development, dividing teaching into Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling.

शिक्षण में प्रबंधन उपागम (Management approach) आई.के. डेविस (I.K. Davies) द्वारा तैयार किया गया था।

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138📚Curriculum Development & Teaching MethodologiesCurriculum Development Cycle

The main step of curriculum development is -

Explanation

The Tylerian curriculum development model encompasses four essential steps: Formulation of Objectives, Selection of Learning/Instructional Methods, Organization of Content, and Comprehensive Evaluation.

पाठ्यचर्या विकास में उद्देश्य, शिक्षण विधियाँ और मूल्यांकन (All of the above) सभी मुख्य चरण हैं।

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139📚Curriculum Development & Teaching MethodologiesBloom's Taxonomy

Taxonomy of cognitive domain is given by

Explanation

Benjamin S. Bloom (1956) formulated the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives for the Cognitive Domain.

संज्ञानात्मक क्षेत्र का वर्गीकरण (Taxonomy of Cognitive Domain) बी.एस. ब्लूम (B.S. Bloom) द्वारा दिया गया था।

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140📚Human Anatomy, Physiology & Public Health ProgrammesHealth Administration in India

Who was the first Director-General of Health Services (DGHS) in independent India, tasked with formulating policies on public health?

Explanation

Pioneering physician Dr. B.C. Roy (and Dr. Jivraj Mehta) formulated post-independence medical and public health policy frameworks.

स्वतंत्र भारत में सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य नीतियों के निर्माण में डॉ. बी.सी. रॉय (Dr. B.C. Roy) का अग्रणी योगदान रहा।

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141📚Food Safety (HACCP), Public Health Legislation & MCHHealth Policy Formulation

What is the primary function of the "National Health Policy" in a country's healthcare system?

Explanation

A National Health Policy establishes the visionary blueprint, strategic directions, investment priorities, and regulatory goals guiding resource allocation across the entire national health system.

राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य नीति का मुख्य कार्य समग्र स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र के लिए रणनीतिक दिशाएं, लक्ष्य और प्राथमिकताएं निर्धारित करना (Set strategic directions and goals) है।

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142📚Organic Chemistry, Stereochemistry & Reaction IntermediatesResonance Theory

What does the Rule of Resonance State?

Explanation

The resonance model states that when a single Lewis formula cannot accurately describe electron distribution, the true molecule is a hybrid of two or more canonical resonance structures.

अनुनाद नियम के अनुसार विस्थानीकृत इलेक्ट्रॉनों वाले अणु को दो या दो से अधिक मान्य लुईस संरचनाओं (Resonance structures) द्वारा दर्शाया जाता है।

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143📚Experimental Designs, Psychological Assessment & PsychometricsClinical Case Formulation

Assessment is related to case-formulation as a matter of which of these processes?
i. Results
ii. Interpretation
iii. Insights
iv. Inferences
Options:

Explanation

Clinical case formulation transforms raw assessment psychometric findings through clinical interpretation (ii), psychological insights (iii), and evidence-based diagnostic inferences (iv) into a coherent explanatory treatment roadmap.

केस फॉर्मूलेशन में मनोवैज्ञानिक परिणामों की व्याख्या (ii), अंतर्दृष्टि (iii), और नैदानिक निष्कर्ष (iv) की प्रक्रियाएं शामिल होती हैं।

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144📚Medical Terminology, Statistics & Hospital AdministrationBed Turnover Rate Formula

How is the "bed turnover rate" calculated?

Explanation

Bed Turnover Rate (

BTR

) measures the average number of patients treated per available bed over a specific period:

BTR = \frac{\text{Total Discharges (including Deaths)}}{\text{Average Available Beds}}

.

बेड टर्नओवर रेट की गणना कुल डिस्चार्ज (मौतों सहित) को औसत उपलब्ध बिस्तरों की संख्या से विभाजित (Total discharges divided by average available beds) करके की जाती है।

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145📚ICD Coding, Record Audits & Quantitative AptitudeControlled Substance Documentation

Under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, what is a healthcare provider's legal obligation regarding the recording and prescription of controlled substances?

Explanation

Statutory drug schedules mandate detailed recording of all controlled substances in a dedicated register, including date, patient name/diagnosis, drug formulation, quantity dispensed, and prescriber signature.

ड्रग्स एंड कॉस्मेटिक्स एक्ट के तहत डॉक्टर को नियंत्रित दवाओं के पर्चे, मात्रा और नुस्खे के कारण का पूरा दस्तावेजीकरण करना कानूनी रूप से अनिवार्य है।

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146📚Basic Mathematics & Numerical AbilityCost Price Formula

If a person sells a 'sari' for Rs. 5,200, making a profit of 30%, then the cost price of the sari is

Explanation

Cost price

CP = \frac{5200}{1.30} = \text{Rs. } 4000

.

क्रय मूल्य

= 5200 / 1.30 = 4000

रुपये।

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147📚Basic Mathematics & Numerical AbilityNumber Properties

One number is 50% greater than the other. Their LCM is 6, and their HCF is 36. Find their sum. (Note: Data formulation in problem

a=1.5b

, product

= 216

).

Explanation

Let numbers be

3k

and

2k

. Product

= 6k^2 = \text{LCM} \times \text{HCF} = 6 \times 36 = 216 \implies k^2 = 36 \implies k = 6

. The numbers are

3(6) = 18

and

2(6) = 12

. Sum

= 18 + 12 = 30

.

a = 1.5b \implies 3k, 2k

। गुणनफल

= 6k^2 = 216 \implies k = 6

। संख्याएं 18 और 12 हैं, कुल योग

= 30

।

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148📚Basic Mathematics & Quantitative AptitudeLCM and HCF Formula

The LCM of two number is 1008 and their HCF is 36. If one of the two number is 144, find the other number.

Explanation

\text{Other number} = \frac{\text{LCM} \times \text{HCF}}{\text{First number}} = \frac{1008 \times 36}{144} = \frac{1008}{4} = 252

.

दूसरी संख्या

= \frac{1008 \times 36}{144} = 252

।

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149📚Basic Mathematics & Quantitative AptitudeCompound Interest Formula

What will be the compound interest on a sum of Rs.50000 after 4 years at the rate of 10% per annum?

Explanation

Amount

A = 50000 \times (1.10)^4 = 50000 \times 1.4641 = 73,205

. Compound Interest

CI = 73,205 - 50,000 = \text{Rs. } 23,205

.

मिश्रधन

= 50000 \times 1.4641 = 73205

। चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज

= 73205 - 50000 = 23,205

रुपये।

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150📚Basic Mathematics & Quantitative AptitudeInterest Formulas Matching

Match List - I with List- II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List -I (Problem on S.I and C.I.):
1. Find the simple interest on Rs.22,000 for 5 years at 8% per annum
2. Find the compound interest on Rs.2000 for 9 months at 40% p.a. compounded quarterly
3. Find the difference between C.I. and S.I. on Rs.6,400 for 2 years at 12.5% p.a.

List-II (Solution):
i. Rs.100
ii. Rs.662
iii. Rs.8,800

Choose the correct answer:

Explanation

1 -> iii (

SI = \frac{22000 \times 5 \times 8}{100} = 8800

), 2 -> ii (

R = 10\% \text{ per quarter}, n = 3 \implies 2000(1.331 - 1) = 662

), 3 -> i (

Diff = P(R/100)^2 = 6400(1/8)^2 = 100

). Match is 1-iii, 2-ii, 3-i.

1-iii (8800), 2-ii (662), 3-i (100)। सही विकल्प D है।

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151📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsPowder Flowability Indices

The mathematical formula for calculating Hausner ratio is:

Explanation

Hausner Ratio (

HR

) measures powder flowability and is calculated as:

\text{Hausner Ratio} = \frac{\text{Tapped Density} (\rho_{\text{tapped}})}{\text{Bulk Density} (\rho_{\text{bulk}})}

.

हॉसनर अनुपात (Hausner ratio) का सूत्र

\frac{\text{Tapped density}}{\text{Bulk density}}

(टैप्ड घनत्व / बल्क घनत्व) होता है।

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152📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsParenteral Additives

The anticoagulant heparin solution does not contain:

Explanation

Commercial multidose heparin sodium injection formulations contain antimicrobial/preservative agents (like benzyl alcohol or parabens) but do not contain specific antiviral agents.

हेपरिन इंजेक्शन में एंटीमाइक्रोबियल प्रिजर्वेटिव होते हैं, लेकिन इसमें 'एंटीवायरल एजेंट' (Antiviral agents) शामिल नहीं होते हैं।

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153📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry & Biology)Pressure Principles

Which of the following statements is true about pressure?

Explanation

By the formula

P = F/A

, pressure is directly proportional to normal force (

P \propto F

) and inversely proportional to contact area (

P \propto 1/A

). Both A and B are true.

दाब बल के सीधे आनुपातिक और क्षेत्रफल के व्युत्क्रमानुपाती होता है (Both A and B)।

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154📚Research Methodology, Psychometrics & StatisticsHypothesis Formulation

Hypothesis in experiment assesses ______

Explanation

An experimental hypothesis formalizes and assesses the proposed functional Relationship (or causal effect) between independent and dependent variables.

एक प्रयोगात्मक परिकल्पना चरों के बीच प्रस्तावित कार्यात्मक 'संबंध' (Relationship) या प्रभाव का आकलन करती है।

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155📚Research Methodology, Psychometrics & StatisticsExperimental Research Steps

Arrange the steps of conducting a two-group experimental design in the correct order:
I. Randomly assign participants to groups
II. Introduce the independent variable
III. Measure the dependent variable
IV. Define the independent and dependent variables
V. Formulate a hypothesis
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Logical scientific sequence: V (Formulate hypothesis) -> IV (Define operational variables) -> I (Randomly assign participants) -> II (Introduce/manipulate IV) -> III (Measure DV). Sequence: V -> IV -> I -> II -> III.

प्रयोगात्मक डिजाइन के चरणों का सही क्रम: V -> IV -> I -> II -> III। सही विकल्प A है।

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156📚Research Methodology, Psychometrics & StatisticsPhilosophy of Science

Who introduced the concept of critical realism?

Explanation

The philosophical paradigm of Critical Realism was pioneered and formulated by the British philosopher Roy Bhaskar in his seminal works A Realist Theory of Science (1975).

'क्रिटिकल रियलिज्म' (Critical Realism / आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवाद) की अवधारणा ब्रिटिश दार्शनिक 'रॉय भास्कर' (Roy Bhaskar) ने प्रस्तुत की थी।

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157📚Health, Industrial-Organizational & Psychotherapy ModelsVroom's Expectancy Theory

According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory, which factors influence job satisfaction and motivation?
I. Valence: The importance of the reward to the individual.
II. Instrumentality: The belief that performance will lead to rewards.
III. Expectancy: The belief that effort will lead to performance.
IV. Security: The assurance of job stability.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Victor Vroom's Expectancy Theory of motivation is defined by the formula:

\text{Motivation} = \text{Expectancy (E)} \times \text{Instrumentality (I)} \times \text{Valence (V)}

. Statements I, II, and III constitute the model. Correct: I, II and III only.

व्रूम के प्रत्याशा सिद्धांत में तीन मुख्य कारक हैं: प्रत्याशा (III), साधनता (II), और संयोजकता/वैलेंस (I)। सही विकल्प B है।

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158📚Developmental Psychology, Child Counseling & RehabilitationDevelopmental Theorists Chronology

Arrange the following theorists based on the year in which they gave their theories, starting from the earliest.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Chronological timeline of moral/developmental theories: Jean Piaget (pioneered cognitive and moral development stages in 1930s-1950s) -> Lawrence Kohlberg (formalized moral development stages in 1958/1969) -> Carol Gilligan (formulated ethics of care in 1982). Sequence: Piaget -> Kohlberg -> Gilligan.

सिद्धांतकारों का सही कालानुक्रमिक क्रम: पियाजे -> कोहलबर्ग -> गिलिगन। सही विकल्प A है।

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159📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Word Keyboard Shortcuts

Which keyboard shortcut in Microsoft Word is used to remove the document window split?

Explanation

In Microsoft Word, Alt + Shift + C removes an active document window split (or Ctrl + Alt + S toggles/splits the window).

MS Word में डॉक्यूमेंट विंडो स्प्लिट को हटाने के लिए 'Alt + Shift + C' शॉर्टकट का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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160📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Word Mail Merge

What is the process in Microsoft Word that combines names and addresses with a standard document called?

Explanation

Mail Merge is the feature in MS Word that merges a boilerplate document with a structured data source (recipient list) to produce personalized letters, labels, or emails.

डॉक्यूमेंट में नामों और पतों की सूची को जोड़कर व्यक्तिगत पत्र तैयार करने की प्रक्रिया 'मेल मर्ज' (Mail Merge) कहलाती है।

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161📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Word Document Operations

Which of the following steps is/are correct for opening an existing document and selecting text in Microsoft Word?

Explanation

The standard correct procedure is navigating to File -> Open to load an existing document and dragging the mouse cursor to select text.

मौजूदा दस्तावेज़ को खोलने और टेक्स्ट का चयन करने का सही क्रम: File -> Open Document -> Select text by dragging the cursor।

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162📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Word Features

What is the purpose of Compatibility Checker in Microsoft Word?

Explanation

The Compatibility Checker inspects the document to identify formatting and interactive features that may be disabled or degraded when opened in older versions of Word (e.g. Word 97–2003).

कम्पैटिबिलिटी चेकर का उद्देश्य उन सुविधाओं की पहचान करना है जो Word के पुराने संस्करणों में समर्थित नहीं हो सकती हैं।

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163📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Word AutoCorrect Options

How can you customise the AutoCorrect option in Microsoft Word?

Explanation

AutoCorrect settings in MS Word are customized via: File > Options > Proofing > AutoCorrect Options.

MS Word में ऑटो-करेक्ट को 'File > Options > Proofing > AutoCorrect Options' पथ द्वारा अनुकूलित किया जाता है।

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164📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Excel Data Consolidation

Which feature in Microsoft Excel allows you to gather data from different worksheets into a master worksheet?

Explanation

The 'Consolidate' tool (Data tab > Data Tools > Consolidate) combines and summarizes data from multiple separate worksheets or ranges into a single master worksheet.

Excel में विभिन्न वर्कशीट के डेटा को एक मास्टर वर्कशीट में संयोजित करने की सुविधा 'कंसोलिडेट' (Consolidate) है।

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165📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Excel Shortcuts Matching

Match Column - X (Shortcut) with Column - Y (Function) concerning operations in Microsoft Excel and select the answer using the codes given below:
Column - X (Shortcut):
1. Ctrl + Shift +
2. Ctrl + Arrow Key
3. Ctrl + G

Column - Y (Function):
I. Open the "Go To" dialog box
II. Apply currency format to selected cells
III. Navigate to the last used cell in the current column

Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

1 -> II (Ctrl + Shift + : Currency format), 2 -> III (Ctrl + Arrow Key: Navigate to edge of data/last cell), 3 -> I (Ctrl + G: Go To dialog box). Correct match: 1-II, 2-III, 3-I.

1-II (मुद्रा प्रारूप), 2-III (अंतिम सेल पर जाना), 3-I (Go To बॉक्स)। सही विकल्प C है।

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166📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Excel Date-Time Functions

Which of the following functions can be used to return the current date and time in Microsoft Excel?

Explanation

`NOW()` returns the current serial system date and time, whereas `TODAY()` returns only the current date without the time component.

Excel में वर्तमान दिनांक और समय दोनों वापस करने वाला फ़ंक्शन `NOW()` है।

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167📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Excel Math Functions

What is the value of the Microsoft Excel function "Floor(16,6)"?

Explanation

The `FLOOR(number, significance)` function rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of significance. The nearest multiple of 6 below 16 is

6 \times 2 = 12

.

Excel फ़ंक्शन `FLOOR(16, 6)` 16 को 6 के निकटतम निचले गुणज पर पूर्णांकित करता है, जो कि 12 है।

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168📚Relational Database Management Systems (DBMS & SQL)DBMS Datasheet View

What is the primary feature of a datasheet in a database?

Explanation

A Datasheet view in relational databases (such as MS Access) displays table records in rows and fields in columns in a grid format similar to an Excel spreadsheet.

डेटाबेस में डेटाशीट दृश्य उपयोगकर्ताओं को डेटा को पंक्तियों (Rows) और स्तंभों (Columns) में स्प्रेडशीट की तरह देखने और संपादित करने की सुविधा देता है।

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169📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Excel Navigation Keys

Match Column - X with Column - Y concerning Microsoft Excel and select the answer using the codes given below:
Column - X (Keys):
1. Home
2. Ctrl+Home
3. Page Down

Column - Y (Function):
I. Moves the active cell down by one screen
II. Moves the active cell to the first column of the current row
III. Moves the active cell to the beginning of the worksheet

Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

1 -> II (Home: Moves to column A of the current row), 2 -> III (Ctrl+Home: Moves to cell A1 / beginning of worksheet), 3 -> I (Page Down: Moves down by one screen). Correct match: 1-II, 2-III, 3-I.

1-II (पंक्ति के पहले कॉलम पर), 2-III (वर्कशीट की शुरुआत A1 पर), 3-I (एक स्क्रीन नीचे)। सही विकल्प C है।

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170📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Excel Automation

Which of the following statements about MS Excel is correct?

Explanation

Statement C is correct: MS Excel enables task automation using VBA macros, scripts, and comprehensive built-in formula functions.

MS Excel उपयोगकर्ताओं को अंतर्निहित फ़ंक्शनों और मैक्रोज़ (Macros) का उपयोग करके कार्यों को स्वचालित करने की अनुमति देता है।

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171📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Excel Chart Types

A Doughnut Chart in Excel is similar to a

Explanation

A Doughnut chart is functionally and visually identical to a Pie Chart, displaying data as proportional segments of a whole with an open center hole.

Excel में डोनट चार्ट (Doughnut Chart) संरचनात्मक रूप से 'पाई चार्ट' (Pie Chart) के समान होता है।

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172📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Excel Sparklines

What is the primary purpose of sparkline in a worksheet?

Explanation

A Sparkline (introduced by Edward Tufte) is a tiny word-sized chart embedded directly within a single worksheet cell to show data trends at a glance.

स्पार्कलाइन (Sparkline) सेल के भीतर डेटा के रुझान को दर्शाने वाला एक छोटा सूक्ष्म-चार्ट (Tiny chart within a cell) होता है।

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173📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS Excel SUM Formula

Which formula is used in MS Excel to calculate the sum of numeric values in column D, specifically from rows 11 to 16?

Explanation

The colon `:` operator defines a continuous contiguous cell range from cell D11 through cell D16: `=SUM(D11:D16)`. (A comma only sums the two individual isolated cells).

सेल D11 से D16 तक के सभी मानों का योग निकालने का सही सूत्र `=SUM(D11:D16)` है।

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174📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)Windows File Formats

What is the default file extension used for saving Paint Brush files in Windows?

Explanation

In modern Microsoft Windows (Windows 7/8/10/11), MS Paint saves image files by default with the `.png` (Portable Network Graphics) extension (historically `.bmp` in legacy Windows 95/98).

Windows में MS Paint फाइलों को सहेजने के लिए डिफ़ॉल्ट फ़ाइल एक्सटेंशन `.png` (या ऐतिहासिक रूप से `.bmp`) होता है।

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175📚Computer Networks, Internet Protocols & Web TechnologiesWebpage Formats

Webpages are typically saved in which format?

Explanation

Webpages are authored and saved using Hypertext Markup Language with the `.html` (or `.htm`) file extension.

वेबपेज मुख्य रूप से `.html` (या `.htm`) प्रारूप में सहेजे जाते हैं।

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176📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS PowerPoint Shortcuts

Which shortcut key is used in Microsoft PowerPoint to create a new blank presentation?

Explanation

`Ctrl + N` creates a new blank presentation document in Microsoft PowerPoint (while `Ctrl + M` inserts a new slide into the active presentation).

PowerPoint में नई खाली प्रस्तुति (New presentation) बनाने के लिए 'Ctrl + N' शॉर्टकट का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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177📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS PowerPoint Slide Show Shortcuts

Match the Column - X with Column - Y with reference to Microsoft PowerPoint:
Column - X (Shortcuts):
1. Alt+F5
2. Ctrl+H
3. Shift+F5

Column - Y (Description):
I. Hide the pointer and navigation buttons
II. Start the presentation in the Presenter's View
III. Start the presentation from the current slide

Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

1 -> II (Alt + F5: Launches slide show in Presenter View), 2 -> I (Ctrl + H: Hides mouse pointer and navigation buttons during slide show), 3 -> III (Shift + F5: Starts slide show from current slide). Correct match: 1-II, 2-I, 3-III.

1-II (प्रेजेंटर व्यू में शुरू), 2-I (पॉइंटर छिपाएं), 3-III (वर्तमान स्लाइड से स्लाइड शो)। सही विकल्प C है।

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178📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS PowerPoint Animations

What feature allows you to add dynamic effects to the text in PowerPoint?

Explanation

The Animations tab in PowerPoint allows users to apply dynamic entrance, emphasis, exit, and motion path effects to text boxes, shapes, and images.

PowerPoint में टेक्स्ट और ऑब्जेक्ट्स पर डायनामिक प्रभाव जोड़ने की सुविधा 'एनीमेशन' (Animations) है।

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179📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS PowerPoint Media Insertion

In most presentation packages, which option allows the user to add .jpg file to slides?

Explanation

To insert a `.jpg` picture onto a slide, users navigate to the Insert tab and select Images / Pictures.

स्लाइड में .jpg चित्र जोड़ने के लिए 'Insert > Images / Pictures' विकल्प का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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180📚Computer Fundamentals, Number Systems & MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)MS PowerPoint Action Settings

Which of the following options in a presentation package would you use to create interactive elements, such as hyperlinks, within a slide show?

Explanation

The 'Action Settings' / 'Action' button tool in PowerPoint allows users to assign interactive behaviors (hyperlinks to other slides/URLs, macro execution, or playing sounds upon clicking/hovering).

स्लाइड शो में हाइपरलिंक्स जैसे इंटरएक्टिव तत्व जोड़ने के लिए 'Action Settings' (एक्शन सेटिंग्स) का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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181📚Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence, Drug Acts & Regulatory AffairsCode of Pharmaceutical Ethics

Who formulated the code of ethics for the Pharmacy Profession?

Explanation

The Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) formulated the official Code of Pharmaceutical Ethics governing pharmacists' relationships to their job, trade, medical profession, and profession.

फार्मेसी पेशे के लिए नैतिक आचार संहिता 'फार्मेसी काउंसिल ऑफ इंडिया' (PCI) द्वारा तैयार की गई है।

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182📚Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence, Drug Acts & Regulatory AffairsDPCO Pricing Formulas

For calculation of price of bulk drugs a return of 12% is allowed on ______ costing

Explanation

Under DPCO bulk drug pricing formulas, pre-tax return of 14% on net worth or 12% on Long Term Marginal Costing is allowed for calculating bulk drug ceiling prices.

बल्क ड्रग्स के मूल्य निर्धारण में 12% का रिटर्न 'दीर्घकालिक सीमांत लागत' (Long term marginal costing) पर अनुमत है।

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183📚Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence, Drug Acts & Regulatory AffairsDPCO Rate of Return

For production from basic stage post tax return of ______ on net worth is considered.

Explanation

Under national pharmaceutical pricing formulas for active pharmaceutical ingredients manufactured from the basic chemical stage, an incentive post-tax return of 18% on net worth is permitted.

मूल रासायनिक चरण से उत्पादन के लिए निवल मूल्य (Net worth) पर 18% कर-पश्चात रिटर्न पर विचार किया जाता है।

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184📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsTablet Defects (Sticking)

Excessive moisture present in tablet granules is responsible for

Explanation

Excessive residual moisture in dried granules causes the formulation to adhere to the die wall and punch faces during compression, resulting in Sticking (and picking).

टैबलेट ग्रेन्यूल्स में अत्यधिक नमी पंच और डाई की सतह पर सामग्री के 'चिपकने' (Sticking) का मुख्य कारण बनती है।

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185📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsEmulsion Formulation Ratios

For the preparation of primary emulsion containing fixed oil, the ratio of fixed oil: water :gum is

Explanation

The classic Continental/Dry Gum method uses a standard ratio for primary emulsion: Fixed Oils = 4 : 2 : 1 (Oil:Water:Gum); Mineral Oils = 3 : 2 : 1; Volatile Oils = 2 : 2 : 1.

स्थिर तेलों (Fixed oils) के लिए प्राथमिक इमल्शन का मानक अनुपात '4 : 2 : 1' (तेल : जल : गोंद) होता है।

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186📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsBioequivalence Study Requirements

Bioequivalence studies are necessary:

Explanation

In vivo bioequivalence testing is mandatory for multi-active Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) generic formulations with systemic action to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence.

प्रणालीगत प्रभाव वाले 'निश्चित खुराक संयोजन उत्पादों' (Fixed dose combination products with systemic action) के लिए जैव-समतुल्यता (Bioequivalence) अध्ययन अनिवार्य हैं।

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187📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsSuspension Formulation Chemistry

Suspending agents are added to suspension for

Explanation

Suspending and deflocculating agents increase the medium viscosity and adjust the surface electrical charge, Increasing the Zeta Potential to prevent rapid irreversible cake formation.

निलंबन में सस्पेंडिंग एजेंट 'ज़ेटा क्षमता को बढ़ाकर' (Increasing the zeta potential) और श्यानता बढ़ाकर स्थिरता प्रदान करते हैं।

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188📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsICH Stability Testing Guidelines

Guidelines for stability testing of drugs are given by

Explanation

International harmonization guidelines for drug stability testing (Q1A-Q1F) are formulated jointly by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) and adopted by regulatory authorities including the USFDA and CDSCO (Both).

दवाओं के स्थिरता परीक्षण के वैश्विक दिशानिर्देश ICH और USFDA दोनों (Both) द्वारा प्रदान किए जाते हैं।

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189📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsParenteral Particulate Matter Standards

A 500 ml infusion bag of a formulation complies the particulate matter test if the average number of particles greater than or equal to 10 microns, present in the units does not exceed:

Explanation

Under USP <788> and IP particulate matter standards for large volume parenterals (

>100\text{ mL}

), the formulation passes if the average count does not exceed 25 particles/mL

\ge 10\ \mu\text{m}

(and 3 particles/mL

\ge 25\ \mu\text{m}

).

500 ml इन्फ्यूजन बैग में

10\ \mu\text{m}

से बड़े कणों की औसत संख्या प्रति मिली 25 कणों (25 particles per ml) से अधिक नहीं होनी चाहिए।

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190📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsOphthalmic Ointments

Ophthalmic ointments are primarily anhydrous and contain mineral oil and white petrolatum as the base ingredients.______

Explanation

Pharmacopoeial sterile ophthalmic ointment bases are anhydrous lipophilic systems formulated with white soft paraffin (petrolatum), liquid paraffin (mineral oil), and wool fat.

कथन पूर्णतः सत्य है (The Statement is Correct) - नेत्र मरहम बेस मुख्य रूप से निर्जल होते हैं और मिनरल ऑयल तथा व्हाइट पेट्रोलेटम से बने होते हैं।

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191📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsSuppository Displacement Value

What is the term used for the displacement value in suppository formulation?

Explanation

The Displacement Value is the number of parts by weight of a medicament that displaces 1 part by weight of the suppository base (representing the volume of base displaced by the drug).

सपोसिटरी निर्माण में विस्थापन मान (Displacement value) दवा द्वारा विस्थापित बेस की मात्रा/आयतन को दर्शाता है।

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192📚Pharmaceutical Analysis, Limit Tests & Quality ControlMulti-Component Spectrophotometry

Paracetamol and ibuprofen combination can be analyzed by using the following method.

Explanation

Binary combination formulations (Paracetamol + Ibuprofen) with overlapping UV absorption spectra are quantitatively resolved without chemical separation using the Simultaneous Equation Method (Vierordt's two-wavelength method).

पैरासिटामोल और इबुप्रोफेन के संयोजन का एक साथ विश्लेषण 'युगपत समीकरण विधि' (Simultaneous Equation method / वियरॉर्ड विधि) द्वारा किया जाता है।

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193📚Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction & AC FundamentalsHysteresis Loss Principles

Which of the following statements about hysteresis loss in a ferromagnetic material is/are correct?
1. Hysteresis loss is directly proportional to the frequency of the applied magnetic field in a dynamic system.
2. The area of the hysteresis loop determines the energy lost per cycle of magnetization.
3. Hysteresis loss is independent of temperature changes below the Curie temperature.
4. Materials with high coercivity generally exhibit higher hysteresis loss compared to those with low coercivity.
Choose the correct statements:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct (Steinmetz formula:

P_h = \eta B_{\max}^{1.6} f V

; Loop area = energy loss/cycle; hard magnetic materials with high coercivity have high hysteresis loss). Statement 3 is false as permeability and loop area vary with temperature. Correct: 1, 2 and 4.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं (हिस्टैरिसीस हानि आवृत्ति और लूप क्षेत्रफल के समानुपाती होती है)। सही विकल्प C है।

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194📚Studio Lighting, Composition & Digital Image ProcessingPhotoshop Shortcuts

A Photoshop document can be searched using the key combination:

Explanation

In modern Adobe Photoshop, pressing 'Ctrl + F' (or Cmd + F on macOS) opens the universal in-app Search bar (for tools, tutorials, layers, and Adobe Stock assets).

फोटोशॉप में सर्च बार खोलने के लिए 'Ctrl + F' शॉर्टकट का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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195📚Civil Engineering & Building MaterialsTheory of Simple Bending

The ______ establishes a relationship between the radius of curvature to which the beam bends, the bending stresses and its (beam) cross-sectional dimensions.

Explanation

The classic Pure Bending Equation (Flexure formula)

\frac{M}{I} = \frac{\sigma}{y} = \frac{E}{R}

directly relates the bending moment, stress, section dimensions (moment of inertia), and the radius of curvature (

R

).

बेंडिंग समीकरण (Bending equation

\frac{M}{I} = \frac{\sigma}{y} = \frac{E}{R}

) वक्रता त्रिज्या, बेंडिंग प्रतिबल और अनुप्रस्थ काट आयामों के बीच संबंध स्थापित करता है।

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196📚Mechanical Engineering & Thermal SciencesRefrigeration COP and Heat Pumps

Consider the following statements:
I. Energy Performance Ratio (E.P.R) is the same as Coefficient of Performance (C.O.P) of a refrigerator system
II. The Coefficient of Performance (COP) of a refrigerator system is the ratio of heat supplied to the work done
III.

\text{E.P.R} = \text{C.O.P} + 1

IV.

\text{E.P.R} = \text{C.O.P} - 1

Which of the following statement is/are correct:

Explanation

Energy Performance Ratio (EPR) represents the COP of a heat pump:

\text{COP}_{\text{HP}} = \text{COP}_{\text{ref}} + 1 \implies \text{E.P.R} = \text{C.O.P} + 1

. Statement II defines general COP formula. Correct: II and III.

कथन II और III सही हैं (हीट पंप का निष्पादन गुणांक / EPR = COP + 1 होता है)। सही विकल्प C है।

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197📚Computer Science, Operating Systems & MS OfficeMS Excel File Extensions

Which of the following is the default file extension for a workbook in Microsoft Excel?

Explanation

The default XML-based workbook file format extension for Microsoft Excel (2007 and newer) is .xlsx.

माइक्रोसॉफ्ट एक्सेल वर्कबुक का डिफ़ॉल्ट फाइल एक्सटेंशन '.xlsx' होता है।

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198📚Computer Science, Operating Systems & MS OfficeMS Excel Data Types

Which of the following is not a valid data type in MS Excel?
I. Number
II. Character
III. Label
IV. Time/Data
Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Microsoft Excel fundamentally classifies cell data into Numbers, Text/Labels, Dates/Times, Booleans, and Formulas. 'Character' is not a native Excel data type category. Choice C (Only II).

एक्सेल में डेटा श्रेणियों में Number, Text, Date/Time होते हैं; 'Character' अलग से एक्सेल डेटा प्रकार नहीं है (Only II)। सही विकल्प C है।

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199📚Computer Science, Operating Systems & MS OfficeMS Word Font Limits

Maximum font size of MS Word is:

Explanation

Microsoft Word supports manual entry of font sizes ranging from a minimum of 1 point up to a maximum limit of 1638 points.

MS Word में अधिकतम फॉन्ट साइज '1638' पॉइंट तक हो सकता है।

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200📚Computer Science, Operating Systems & MS OfficeMS PowerPoint Chart Insertion

Which program opens when you insert a new chart into MS PowerPoint?

Explanation

When you insert a chart into Microsoft PowerPoint, an integrated Microsoft Excel data spreadsheet window automatically opens to input and edit chart series numbers.

पावरपॉइंट में नया चार्ट सम्मिलित करने पर डेटा दर्ज करने के लिए 'एक्सेल' (Excel) स्प्रेडशीट खुलती है।

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201📚Computer Science, Operating Systems & MS OfficeMS PowerPoint Animations

What are lines, curves, free form, and scribbles in MS powerpoint?

Explanation

In MS PowerPoint animations, Lines, Curves, Freeform, and Scribbles are standard options for drawing Custom Motion Paths for animated objects.

पावरपॉइंट एनिमेशन में रेखाएं, वक्र और फ्रीफॉर्म 'कस्टम मोशन पाथ' (Types of Custom Motion Paths) के प्रकार हैं।

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202📚Medical Records Management & Hospital Information Systems (HMIS)Public Health Uses of Records

Why are medical records essential for public health authorities?

Explanation

Public health epidemiologists rely on disease registers and hospital discharge data to monitor disease incidence, track communicable epidemics, and formulate national immunization policies.

सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य अधिकारियों के लिए मेडिकल रिकॉर्ड 'रोगों के प्रसार पर नज़र रखने' (To track the spread of diseases) और महामारी विज्ञान अध्ययन के लिए आवश्यक हैं।

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203📚Basic Mathematics, Numerical Ability & Hospital StatisticsHospital Statistics Formulas

How is the discharge rate calculated in hospital statistics?

Explanation

In healthcare utilization statistics, Discharge Rate is defined as:

\text{Discharge Rate} = \frac{\text{Number of patients discharged}}{\text{Total hospital admissions}} \times 100

.

अस्पताल सांख्यिकी में डिस्चार्ज दर = \frac{\text{डिस्चार्ज मरीजों की संख्या}}{\text{कुल प्रवेश (Admissions)}} \times 100 द्वारा निकाली जाती है।

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204📚Basic Mathematics, Numerical Ability & Hospital StatisticsHospital Mortality Rates

Which formula is used to calculate the gross death rate?

Explanation

Gross Hospital Death Rate (GDR) is calculated as:

\text{GDR} = \frac{\text{Total inpatient deaths}}{\text{Total discharges (including deaths)}} \times 100

.

सकल मृत्यु दर (Gross death rate) = \frac{\text{कुल मृत्यु}}{\text{कुल डिस्चार्ज (मृत्यु सहित)}} \times 100। सही विकल्प A है।

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205📚Classification Schemes (DDC, CC, UDC) & Cataloguing Codes (AACR-2, CCC, RDA)PMEST Fundamental Categories

Which of the following is NOT one of the five fundamental categories in Colon Classification?

Explanation

Dr. S.R. Ranganathan formulated the PMEST postulate consisting of five fundamental categories: Personality [P], Matter [M], Energy [E], Space [S], and Time [T]. 'Language' is not a fundamental category (it is a language isolate).

कोलन वर्गीकरण की PMEST पांच मूलभूत श्रेणियों में Personality, Matter, Energy, Space और Time शामिल हैं; 'Language' इनमें शामिल नहीं है।

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206📚Library Automation, Digital Libraries, Networking & ICT ApplicationsInformation Retrieval & Truncation

"Truncation" is used for

Explanation

Truncation (using wildcard symbols like , ?, ) is an information retrieval technique used in Search Formulation to retrieve variant word endings and root stems (e.g. librar retrieves library, librarian, libraries).

सूचना पुनर्प्राप्ति में 'ट्रंकेशन' (Truncation / काट-छांट) का उपयोग 'खोज सूत्रीकरण' (Search Formulation) में शब्द के विभिन्न रूपों को खोजने के लिए किया जाता है।

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207📚Information Sources, Reference Services & BibliometricsBradford's Law of Scattering

Who developed the 'law of scattering'?

Explanation

Samuel Clement Bradford formulated the bibliometric 'Law of Scattering' (Bradford's Law) in 1934, describing the distribution of literature on a subject across core and peripheral journals in concentric zones (

1 : n : n^2

).

ग्रंथसूची बिखराव का नियम (Bradford's Law of Scattering) 1934 में 'सैमुअल सी. ब्रैडफोर्ड' (Samuel C. Bradford) द्वारा विकसित किया गया था।

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208📚Information Sources, Reference Services & BibliometricsTheories of Reference Service

Who among the following are associated with established theories of reference service?
i) C.M. Winchell
ii) James I Wyer
iii) Daniel Brophy
iv) Samuel Rothstein
Code:

Explanation

James I. Wyer (1930 - formulated Conservative, Moderate, and Liberal theories) and Samuel Rothstein (1961 - Minimum, Middling, and Maximum theories) established the foundational theories of reference service. Correct: (ii) and (iv).

संदर्भ सेवा के प्रसिद्ध सिद्धांतों का प्रतिपादन 'जेम्स आई. वायर' (Wyer) और 'सैमुअल रोथस्टीन' (Rothstein) द्वारा किया गया है (ii और iv)। सही विकल्प B है।

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209📚Classification Schemes (DDC, CC, UDC) & Cataloguing Codes (AACR-2, CCC, RDA)Colon Classification Facet Formula Application

Arrange the following according to the principles of facet sequence of Colon Classification, 6th edition:
i) Tuberculosis
ii) Child
iii) Lung
iv) Treatment
Codes:

Explanation

In Medicine (

L

), facet formula is

L\ [P]:[E][2P]:[2E][3P]

. Here: Organ / Personality

[P] = \text{Lung (iii)}

, Problem / Matter/Energy

[E] = \text{Tuberculosis (i)}

, Action

[2E] = \text{Treatment (iv)}

, Special

[P_2] = \text{Child (ii)}

. Facet sequence: (iii), (i), (iv), (ii).

कोलन वर्गीकरण के पक्ष अनुक्रम के अनुसार सही क्रम: Lung (iii)

->

Tuberculosis (i)

->

Treatment (iv)

->

Child (ii)। सही विकल्प D है।

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210📚Food Chemistry, Lipids, Proteins & CarbohydratesWater Activity Formula

Water Activity can be calculated as:

Explanation

Water Activity (

a_w

) is defined thermodynamically as the ratio of the partial vapor pressure of water in the food (

p

) to the equilibrium saturation vapor pressure of pure water (

p_0

) at the identical temperature:

a_w = rac{p}{p_0} = rac{\%\text{ ERH}}{100}

.

जल गतिविधि (

a_w

) = \frac{\text{भोजन में जल का आंशिक वाष्प दबाव}}{\text{उसी तापमान पर शुद्ध जल का वाष्प दबाव}} (

p / p_0

)। सही विकल्प A है।

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211📚Human Nutrition, Micronutrients & Dietary DeficienciesBiological Value (BV) Formula

Formula of Biological Value of proteins:
[Where N is Nitrogen]

Explanation

Biological Value (BV) is a measure of the proportion of absorbed nitrogen that is retained in the body for maintenance and growth:

\text{BV} = \frac{\text{Nitrogen Retained}}{\text{Nitrogen Absorbed}} \times 100 = \frac{N_I - (N_F - N_{F0}) - (N_U - N_{U0})}{N_I - (N_F - N_{F0})} \times 100

.

प्रोटीन का जैविक मूल्य (Biological Value / BV) = \frac{\text{प्रतिधारित नाइट्रोजन (N retained)}}{\text{अवशोषित नाइट्रोजन (N absorbed)}} \times 100 होता है। सही विकल्प A है।

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212📚Food Microbiology, Fermentation & Safety LawsInfant Food Packaging Regulations (BPA-Free)

As per the Food Safety and Standards (Foods for Infant Nutrition) Regulations, 2019, infant nutrition products must:

Explanation

Under FSS (Foods for Infant Nutrition) Regulations 2019 and Packaging Regulations 2018, all infant formula containers and feeding bottles must strictly comply with food contact norms and be completely Free from Bisphenol A (BPA-free).

FSSAI शिशु पोषण विनियम 2019 के अनुसार शिशु खाद्य उत्पादों की पैकेजिंग 'बिस्फेनॉल ए (BPA) से पूरी तरह मुक्त' (Free from BPA) होनी चाहिए।

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213📚Food Microbiology, Fermentation & Safety LawsCodex Standard Formulation Steps

Arrange the following steps in the correct chronological order for the JECFA and Codex evaluation process:
I. Establishment of a Codex standard
II. Evaluation of toxicological data by JECFA
III. Risk assessment and formulation of recommendations
IV. Public consultation and review of the draft standard
V. Adoption of the standard by the Codex Alimentarius Commission
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Standard Codex 8-Step Procedure: (1) II. Toxicological data evaluation by JECFA

->

(2) III. Risk assessment and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) recommendation

->

(3) I. Drafting of Codex standard

->

(4) IV. Government comments and public consultation

->

(5) V. Formal Adoption by CAC. Choice A.

कोडेक्स मानक विकास का सही क्रम: JECFA द्वारा विषैले डेटा का मूल्यांकन (II)

->

जोखिम मूल्यांकन (III)

->

मसौदा मानक (I)

->

परामर्श (IV)

->

CAC द्वारा अंतिम अंगीकरण (V)। सही विकल्प A है।

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214📚Environmental Biostatistics, Solid Waste & Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)Moisture Content Formula

If 'a' is an initial mass of solid waste sample and 'b' is mass of sample after drying. What is the formulae moisture content (in %)?

Explanation

Moisture content on a wet-weight basis is calculated as:

\%\text{ Moisture} = \frac{\text{Initial Wet Mass } (a) - \text{Dry Mass } (b)}{\text{Initial Wet Mass } (a)} \times 100 = \left(\frac{a - b}{a}\right) \times 100

.

नमी की मात्रा (% गीला आधार)

= \left(\frac{a - b}{a}\right) \times 100

। सही विकल्प D है।

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215📚Environmental Microbiology, Toxic Chemicals & Environmental LawsMoEFCC Administrative Mandate

Which of the following ministry is responsible at the central level for planning, promotion, coordination and overseeing the implementation of environmental pollution legislations?

Explanation

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India, is the nodal central ministry responsible for formulating environmental policies, coordinating pollution control, and administering the Water, Air, and EP Acts.

केंद्रीय स्तर पर पर्यावरण संरक्षण और प्रदूषण नियंत्रण नीतियों के लिए जिम्मेदार नोडल मंत्रालय 'पर्यावरण, वन और जलवायु परिवर्तन मंत्रालय' (MoEFCC) है।

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216📚Environmental Microbiology, Toxic Chemicals & Environmental LawsOrganic Hydrocarbons (Alkynes)

C_3H_4

is a

Explanation

Propyne (methylacetylene,

CH_3-C\equiv CH

) with molecular formula

C_3H_4

conforms to the general alkyne formula

C_nH_{2n-2}

and is an Unsaturated Hydrocarbon possessing a carbon-carbon Triple Bond (or allene with two double bonds).

C_3H_4

(प्रोपाइन / Propyne) एक असंतृप्त हाइड्रोकार्बन है जिसमें 'त्रि-बंध' (Unsaturated hydrocarbon with a triple bond) होता है।

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217📚Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence, Drug Regulatory Acts & Forensic PharmacyDPCO 2013 Statutory Basis

The Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 2013, was issued under which act?

Explanation

The Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO), 2013 is promulgated by the Central Government under Section 3 of The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 to regulate the ceiling prices of essential scheduled formulations.

औषधि मूल्य नियंत्रण आदेश (DPCO, 2013) 'आवश्यक वस्तु अधिनियम, 1955' (The Essential Commodities Act, 1955) के तहत जारी किया गया था।

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218📚Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence, Drug Regulatory Acts & Forensic PharmacyDPCO Retailer Margin (16%)

A margin of what percent shall be allowed while fixing a ceiling price of scheduled formulations and retail prices of new drugs?

Explanation

Under the provisions of DPCO 2013, a statutory Retailer Margin of 16% is allowed to retailers while fixing the ceiling prices of scheduled bulk formulations.

DPCO 2013 के तहत अनुसूचित दवाओं के अधिकतम मूल्य निर्धारण में खुदरा विक्रेताओं को '16%' (16%) का मार्जिन दिया जाता है।

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219📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Form Technology & PharmacokineticsVanishing Cream Bases

In the preparation vanishing creams, which types of bases are generally used?

Explanation

Vanishing creams are oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions formulated with stearic acid and alkali, functioning as Water-Removable Bases that spread smoothly and wash off easily without greasy residue.

वैनिशिंग क्रीम (Vanishing creams) के निर्माण में 'जल-हटाने योग्य बेस' (Water removable / O/W इमल्शन बेस) का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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220📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Form Technology & PharmacokineticsFreezing Point Isotonicity Calculation

What is the concentration of NaCl required to make 1% solution of cocaine HCl isotonic with blood plasma? Freezing point of 1% w/v solution of NaCl is 0.576°C and freezing point of 1% w/v cocaine HCl is 0.09°C.

Explanation

Using freezing point depression formula for isotonicity: Blood plasma

\Delta T_f = 0.52^\circ ext{C}

. Depression produced by

1\%

cocaine

ext{HCl} = 0.09^\circ ext{C}

. Additional depression needed

= 0.52 - 0.09 = 0.43^\circ ext{C}

. Since

1\%\text{ NaCl}

produces

0.576^\circ ext{C}

depression, Required

\%\text{ NaCl} = \frac{0.43}{0.576} = 0.7465\% \approx 0.746\%\text{ w/v}

. Choice A.

आइसोटोनिक गणना: आवश्यक NaCl सांद्रता

= \frac{0.52 - 0.09}{0.576} = 0.746\%\text{ w/v}

। सही विकल्प A है।

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221📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Form Technology & PharmacokineticsZero-Order Half-Life Formula

The mathematical formula to calculate zero order half-life is:

Explanation

In zero-order elimination kinetics:

-\frac{dC}{dt} = K_0 \implies C = C_0 - K_0 t

. At half-life (

C = 0.5 C_0

),

0.5 C_0 = K_0 t_{1/2} \implies t_{1/2} = \frac{0.5 C_0}{K_0} = \frac{C_0}{2K_0}

. Choice B.

शून्य-कोटि उन्मूलन की अर्ध-आयु का सूत्र

t_{1/2} = \frac{0.5 C}{K}

(

t_{1/2} = \frac{C_0}{2K}

) होता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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222📚Pharmaceutical Analysis, Quality Control & Limit TestsNielsen Rules for UV Absorption

The

\lambda_{\max}

in

\alpha,\beta

-unsaturated acids can be determined by:

Explanation

Nielsen's Rules (empirically modified extension of Woodward's rules) are specifically used to calculate the

\lambda_{\max}

of conjugated

lpha,eta

-unsaturated carboxylic acids and esters.

\alpha,\beta

-असंतृप्त अम्लों और एस्टर के

\lambda_{\max}

की गणना 'नीलसन नियम' (Nielsen rules) द्वारा की जाती है।

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223📚Pharmaceutical Analysis, Quality Control & Limit TestsAlcohol Determination Assay

As per the Indian Pharmacopoeia, the determination of alcohol content in a liquid pharmaceutical formulation is typically done using which of the following reagents?

Explanation

In the IP assay for ethanol content, distilled alcohol is quantitatively oxidized by standardized acidic Potassium Dichromate (

K_2Cr_2O_7 / H_2SO_4

) solution, followed by iodometric back-titration.

IP के अनुसार तरल दवाओं में अल्कोहल की मात्रा का निर्धारण 'पोटेशियम डाइक्रोमेट' (Potassium dichromate) अभिकर्मक द्वारा ऑक्सीकरण करके किया जाता है।

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224📚Pharmaceutical Analysis, Quality Control & Limit TestsAlcohol Regulatory Purpose

In the Indian Pharmacopoeia, what is the primary purpose of the alcohol determination in liquid formulations?

Explanation

The primary regulatory purpose of alcohol determination under IP and Excise rules is ensuring that the product contains the declared alcohol concentration stated on the label (within pharmacopoeial

\pm 5\%

limits) for therapeutic safety and statutory labeling compliance.

तरल योगों में अल्कोहल निर्धारण का प्राथमिक उद्देश्य 'अल्कोहल सांद्रता का उचित लेबलिंग अनुपालन सुनिश्चित करना' (To ensure proper labeling of alcohol concentration) है।

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225📚Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology & Pharmacognosy4-Point Bioassay Calculation

What is the formula for a 4 point assay calculation?

Explanation

A 4-point bioassay (parallel line

2 \times 2

assay) calculates unknown sample potency by Comparing the linear log-dose responses of two doses of standard (

S_1, S_2

) and two doses of test (

T_1, T_2

) on parallel dose-response curves.

4-पॉइंट बायोअसे में डोज़-रिस्पॉन्स वक्र पर मानक और परीक्षण के विभिन्न बिंदुओं पर प्रतिक्रियाओं की तुलना करके क्षमता की गणना की जाती है।

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226📚Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology & PharmacognosyTulsi Medicinal Parts

Which part of tulsi is used for medicinal purposes?

Explanation

In classical pharmacopoeial herbal formulations, the fresh and dried Leaves of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) are the principal botanical part used for medicinal preparations.

औषधीय प्रयोजनों के लिए तुलसी के मुख्य भाग के रूप में 'पत्तियों' (Leaves only) का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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227📚Quantitative Aptitude & MathematicsHeron's Formula Area

Triangle ABC inscribed in a circle with centre O. If

AB = 17\text{ cm}, BC = 10\text{ cm}

and

AC = 9\text{ cm}

, Find the area of the triangle ABC.

Explanation

Using Heron's formula for triangle with sides

a = 17, b = 10, c = 9

: Semi-perimeter

s = \frac{17 + 10 + 9}{2} = 18\text{ cm}

. Area

= \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)} = \sqrt{18(18-17)(18-10)(18-9)} = \sqrt{18 \times 1 \times 8 \times 9} = \sqrt{1296} = 36\text{ cm}^2

. Choice B.

हीरोन का सूत्र:

s = 18

। क्षेत्रफल = \sqrt{18 \times 1 \times 8 \times 9} = \sqrt{1296} = 36\text{ सेमी}^2। सही विकल्प B है।

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228📚Knowledge of Computer Applications & ITMS Office (MS Excel)

Workbook in computer application is basically related to:

Explanation

In Microsoft Office applications, a Workbook is a spreadsheet file in MS Excel (.xlsx) that contains one or more worksheets.

कंप्यूटर अनुप्रयोगों में 'वर्कबुक' (Workbook) मूल रूप से 'MS Excel' से संबंधित स्प्रेडशीट फ़ाइल होती है।

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229📚Knowledge of Computer Applications & ITFile Extensions

The windows sound file has the extension:

Explanation

The standard uncompressed audio/sound file format used natively in Microsoft Windows operating systems has the file extension .wav (Waveform Audio File Format).

विंडोज में मानक ऑडियो/ध्वनि फ़ाइल का एक्सटेंशन '.wav' (Waveform Audio) होता है।

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230📚Knowledge of Computer Applications & ITWord Processing Page Formatting

What is gutter margin?

Explanation

In word processing (MS Word) and page layout printing, the Gutter Margin is extra spacing added to the inside binding edge (or top edge for notepads) to prevent text from being hidden or obscured during bookbinding.

गटर मार्जिन (Gutter margin) छपाई के दौरान 'पृष्ठ के बाइंडिंग वाले किनारे पर जोड़ा जाने वाला अतिरिक्त स्थान' (Margin added to the binding side) होता है।

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231📚Knowledge of Computer Applications & ITExcel Formulas & Functions

Which of the following function in excel counts the numbers of Characters in a cell?

Explanation

In Microsoft Excel, the =LEN(text) function returns the total number of characters in a specified text string, including letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and spaces.

MS Excel में किसी सेल में वर्णों (अक्षरों) की संख्या गिनने के लिए '=LEN()' फ़ंक्शन का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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232📚Knowledge of Computer Applications & ITSpreadsheet Capabilities

Spreadsheets in computer cannot:

Explanation

Spreadsheet applications (like Excel) perform mathematical calculations, plot dynamic graphs, and generate analytical charts; they are not computer-aided design (CAD) or raster graphics creation software to 'create graphics'. Choice B.

स्प्रेडशीट सॉफ्टवेयर गणनाएं कर सकते हैं, ग्राफ और चार्ट बना सकते हैं; वे उन्नत 'ग्राफिक्स निर्माण' (Create graphics) के लिए नहीं बने हैं। सही विकल्प B है।

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233📚Digital Journalism, Online Media & Communication Research MethodologyResearch Process Steps

Arrange the following steps in the research process in the correct sequence:
i. Formulating hypotheses.
ii. Collecting and organizing data
iii. Defining and redefining problems.
iv. Testing conclusions against hypotheses.
v. Making deductions and reaching conclusions.
Correct Sequence:

Explanation

Clifford Woody's scientific research sequence: iii. Defining the research problem

->

i. Formulating hypotheses

->

ii. Collecting and organizing data

->

v. Analyzing data, making deductions, and reaching conclusions

->

iv. Testing conclusions against hypotheses. Correct sequence: iii, i, ii, v, iv.

वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान का सही क्रम: समस्या की पहचान (iii)

->

परिकल्पना निर्माण (i)

->

डेटा संग्रह (ii)

->

निष्कर्ष निकालना (v)

->

परिकल्पना परीक्षण (iv) (iii, i, ii, v, iv)। सही विकल्प A है।

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234📚Digital Journalism, Online Media & Communication Research MethodologyExperimental Research Design Steps

Arrange the following steps in the experimental method in the correct sequence:
i. Formulate a hypothesis.
ii. Manipulate the independent variable.
iii. Observe the effect on the dependent variable.
iv. Establish causal links between variables.
Choose the correct answer:

Explanation

Experimental scientific protocol: i. Formulate a directional testable hypothesis

->

ii. Systematically manipulate the Independent Variable (

IV

)

->

iii. Measure and observe the resultant effect on the Dependent Variable (

DV

)

->

iv. Statistically establish causal relationships. Correct sequence: i, ii, iii, iv.

प्रायोगिक विधि के चरण: परिकल्पना तैयार करना (i)

->

स्वतंत्र चर में हेरफेर (ii)

->

आश्रित चर पर प्रभाव देखना (iii)

->

कारण संबंध स्थापित करना (iv) (i, ii, iii, iv)। सही विकल्प A है।

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235📚Mass Communication Theories, Models & EffectsRasa Theory (Bharata Muni)

Which Indian scholar proposed that the ancient concept of 'rasa' is central to communication theory?

Explanation

Bharata Muni in his seminal Sanskrit treatise Natya Shastra (c. 200 BCE–200 CE) formulated the Rasa Theory (Rasa Sutra), establishing that the primary goal of aesthetic performance and communication is evoking emotional sentiment (Rasa) in the audience.

प्राचीन नाट्यशास्त्र में 'रस' (Rasa) के सिद्धांत को संचार और प्रदर्शन कलाओं का केंद्र मानने वाले विद्वान 'भरत मुनि' (Bharata Muni) हैं।

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236📚Digital Journalism, Online Media & Communication Research MethodologyExploratory Research Design

What is the primary objective of "Exploratory Research"?

Explanation

Exploratory Research is conducted when a problem is broad, ambiguous, or in its preliminary stages, aiming to gain initial background insights, clarify research questions, and formulate hypotheses for subsequent study.

खोजपूर्ण अनुसंधान (Exploratory Research) का प्राथमिक उद्देश्य 'प्रारंभिक बुनियादी ज्ञान उत्पन्न करना और समस्या से जुड़े मुद्दों को स्पष्ट करना' (Generate basic knowledge & clarify issues) है।

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237📚Development Communication, Rural Media & International CommunicationDiffusion of Innovations (Everett Rogers)

Which of the following scholars is credited with pioneering the 'diffusion of innovations' model in development communication?

Explanation

Everett M. Rogers formulated the landmark 'Diffusion of Innovations' theory in 1962, classifying adopters into Innovators, Early Adopters, Early Majority, Late Majority, and Laggards along an S-shaped adoption curve.

विकास संचार में 'नवाचारों का प्रसार' (Diffusion of Innovations) सिद्धांत का प्रतिपादन 'एवरेट रोजर्स' (Everett Rogers, 1962) ने किया था।

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238📚Development Communication, Rural Media & International CommunicationArusha Programme (G-77 Self-Reliance)

The Arusha Programme, formulated by the Group of Seventy-Seven (G-77), emphasized which approach to development?

Explanation

The Arusha Programme for Collective Self-Reliance (adopted in Arusha, Tanzania in 1979 by the G-77 developing nations) emphasized Collective South-South Economic Self-Reliance, indigenous technological autonomy, and reduced dependency on Northern capitalist economies.

G-77 द्वारा तैयार किए गए अरुशा कार्यक्रम (Arusha Programme, 1979) ने 'सामूहिक आत्मनिर्भरता और स्वायत्त विकास' (Self-reliance and autonomous development) पर बल दिया।

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239📚Digital Journalism, Online Media & Communication Research MethodologyClifford Woody Research Definition

According to Clifford Woody, which of the following is NOT a step in the research process?

Explanation

Clifford Woody defines research as defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting/evaluating data, making deductions, and carefully testing conclusions. 'Applying research findings directly to industrial problems' without verification is commercial engineering, NOT a step in the research process.

क्लिफोर्ड वुडी के अनुसार 'शोध निष्कर्षों को बिना सत्यापन सीधे औद्योगिक समस्याओं पर लागू करना' अनुसंधान प्रक्रिया का चरण नहीं है। सही विकल्प D है।

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240📚Engineering Graphics, Projections & Solid GeometryLines and Applications Matching

Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List I (Type of Lines):
i. Dashed narrow lines
ii. Continuous narrow lines
iii. Continuous wide line
iv. Long-dashed double-dotted narrow line

List II (Engineering Application):
1. Dimension line, Extension line, Grid lines
2. Hidden edges, Hidden outlines
3. Visible edges, Visible outlines
4. Centroidal lines, Parts situated in front of a cutting plane

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

i -> 2 (Dashed narrow lines: hidden outlines and edges), ii -> 1 (Continuous narrow lines: dimension lines, extension lines, leaders, hatching), iii -> 3 (Continuous wide line: visible outlines and object edges), iv -> 4 (Long-dashed double-dotted narrow line: centroidal lines, adjacent parts). Correct match: (i)-2, (ii)-1, (iii)-3, (iv)-4.

i-2 (अदृश्य किनारे), ii-1 (विमांकन और विस्तार रेखाएं), iii-3 (दृश्य किनारे), iv-4 (सेंट्रोइडल रेखाएं)। सही विकल्प D है।

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241📚Environmental Engineering, Mechanics & DynamicsD'Alembert's Principle

Which of the following statements of D'Alembert's principle are correct?
1. The net external force F actually acting on the body and the inertia force Fi together keep the body in a state of fictitious equilibrium.
2. It tends to give solution of a static problem an appearance akin to that of a dynamic problem.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Statement 1 is the exact formulation of D'Alembert's Principle:

\sum ec{F} + ec{F}_i = 0

(where

ec{F}_i = -m ec{a}

is the reversed effective inertia force creating dynamic equilibrium). Statement 2 is inverted because D'Alembert transforms dynamic problems into equivalent static equilibrium problems (not static into dynamic). Correct: Statement 1 is correct and Statement 2 is incorrect.

कथन 1 सही है और कथन 2 गलत है (डी'एलेम्बर्ट सिद्धांत गतिशील समस्याओं को स्थैतिक संतुलन समस्या में बदलता है)। सही विकल्प A है।

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242📚Computer Applications, Information Technology & NetworkingWindows Run Commands

Which one of the following is typed in the Run dialog box to access MS word?

Explanation

In Microsoft Windows, typing 'winword' (or 'winword.exe') in the Run dialog box (

Win + R

) immediately launches Microsoft Word.

विंडोज के रन (Run) डायलॉग बॉक्स में MS Word खोलने के लिए 'winword' टाइप किया जाता है।

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243📚Computer Applications, Information Technology & NetworkingMS Office (PowerPoint)

MS PowerPoint is an application software included in the MS Office package that allows us to:

Explanation

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation graphics application designed specifically to create slide-based electronic presentations containing formatted text, images, multimedia video, and animations.

MS PowerPoint का मुख्य कार्य स्लाइड-आधारित 'प्रस्तुतिकरण बनाना' (Create presentations) है।

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244📚Computer Applications, Information Technology & NetworkingMS Excel Workbook

What is the combination of several worksheets in MS Excel called?

Explanation

In Microsoft Excel, a single file containing a collection or combination of one or more related worksheets is termed a Workbook.

MS Excel में कई वर्कशीटों (Worksheets) के संयोजन को 'वर्कबुक' (Workbook) कहा जाता है।

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245📚Computer Applications, Information Technology & NetworkingSoftware Taxonomy Matching

Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List - I (Software):
i. System management programs
ii. System development programs
iii. Standard application programs
iv. Unique application programs

List - II (Task Performed):
1. designed for performing common application jobs
2. developed by the users themselves to support their specific needs
3. developing and executing application software (compilers, debuggers)
4. managing both the hardware and software systems (OS, device drivers)

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

i -> 4 (System management: OS, utilities managing hardware/software), ii -> 3 (System development: CASE tools, compilers, IDEs), iii -> 1 (Standard application: word processors, spreadsheets), iv -> 2 (Unique customized application: bespoke business software). Correct match: (i)-4, (ii)-3, (iii)-1, (iv)-2.

i-4 (सिस्टम प्रबंधन - OS), ii-3 (सिस्टम विकास - कंपाइलर), iii-1 (मानक अनुप्रयोग - वर्ड/एक्सेल), iv-2 (विशिष्ट अनुप्रयोग - उपयोगकर्ता-विशिष्ट सॉफ्टवेयर)। सही विकल्प B है।

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246📚Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Calculus & General KnowledgeDouble Integration Coordinate Forms Matching

Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List - I (Problem):
1. Area of double integral in Cartesian coordinate is equal to
2. Area of the double integral in Polar coordinate is equal to
3. Identify the appropriate formula for changing cartesian to polar co-ordinates in the double integration

\iint_R f(x, y) dx\,dy

over R

List - II (Answer):
i.

\iint_R f(r\cos\theta, r\sin\theta) r\,dr\,d\theta

ii.

\iint_R r\,dr\,d\theta

iii.

\iint_R dx\,dy

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

1 -> iii (Cartesian Area

= \iint dx\,dy

), 2 -> ii (Polar Area

= \iint r\,dr\,d heta

with Jacobian

J = r

), 3 -> i (Polar substitution

\iint f(r\cos heta, r\sin heta) r\,dr\,d heta

). Correct match: (1)-iii, (2)-ii, (3)-i.

1-iii (कार्तीय क्षेत्रफल

\iint dx dy

), 2-ii (ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रफल

\iint r dr d heta

), 3-i (ध्रुवीय रूपांतरण सूत्र)। सही विकल्प C है।

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247📚Sociology, Social Stratification & Social DevelopmentStructural Functionalism (Talcott Parsons)

Society is a system surrounded by three other systems - personality, the organism and culture. There is social equilibrium when the boundaries of the three systems are maintained and social change results from boundary breaking. Which among the sociologist proposed this theory?

Explanation

Talcott Parsons formulated the Action Frame of Reference and the AGIL functional paradigm, conceptualizing society as a Social System in dynamic equilibrium interacting with three surrounding action subsystems: Cultural System, Personality System, and Behavioral Organism.

समाज को व्यक्तित्व, जीव और संस्कृति से घिरा संतुलनकारी तंत्र बताने वाले प्रसिद्ध समाजशास्त्री 'टैलकॉट पार्सन्स' (Talcott Parsons) हैं।

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248📚Sociology, Social Stratification & Social DevelopmentPanchayati Raj & Community Development

Who appointed Balwant Rai Mehta for examining community development programme in 1957?

Explanation

The Government of India under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (via the Committee on Plan Projects) appointed the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee in January 1957 to examine and evaluate the working of the Community Development Programme (1952) and National Extension Service.

1957 में सामुदायिक विकास कार्यक्रम के मूल्यांकन के लिए बलवंत राय मेहता समिति की नियुक्ति 'पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू' सरकार द्वारा की गई थी।

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249📚Sociology, Social Stratification & Social DevelopmentSocial Stratification (Davis-Moore)

Who has given functional theory of social stratification?

Explanation

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore formulated the Functional Theory of Social Stratification in their seminal 1945 paper Some Principles of Stratification, arguing that inequality is functionally necessary to motivate qualified individuals to fill the most important positions.

सामाजिक स्तरीकरण का प्रकार्यात्मक सिद्धांत (Functional theory of social stratification / 1945) 'किंग्सले डेविस' (K. Davis) और विल्बर्ट मूर द्वारा प्रतिपादित किया गया था।

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250📚Social Work Methods, Criminology & Social PolicySocial Case Work (Mary Richmond)

Mary Richmond's "Social Diagnosis" can be considered as first book of:

Explanation

Mary Ellen Richmond's landmark text Social Diagnosis (published in 1917) formulated the first scientific, methodological, and evidence-based foundation for Social Case Work practice.

मैरी रिचमंड की प्रसिद्ध पुस्तक 'सोशल डायग्नोसिस' (Social Diagnosis / 1917) को 'सोशल केस वर्क' (Social Case Work / सामाजिक वैयक्तिक कार्य) की पहली वैज्ञानिक पुस्तक माना जाता है।

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251📚Social Work Methods, Criminology & Social PolicyChild Welfare Policies (NPAC)

The National Plan of Action for Children (NPAC) was launched in which year?

Explanation

The National Plan of Action for Children (NPAC) was formulated and released by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India in 2016, prioritizing survival, health, nutrition, education, protection, and participation.

बच्चों के लिए राष्ट्रीय कार्य योजना (NPAC) महिला एवं बाल विकास मंत्रालय द्वारा वर्ष '2016' में शुरू की गई थी।

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252📚Psychopathology, Psychoanalysis & Counselling PsychologyFreud Structural Personality Model

Freud's structural model of personality is related to:

Explanation

Sigmund Freud formulated the tripartite Structural Model of Personality comprising the Id (unconscious primal desires), the Ego (rational realistic mediator), and the Superego (internalized moral conscience).

फ्रायड का व्यक्तित्व संरचना मॉडल 'इड, ईगो और सुपर-ईगो' (Id, ego, superego) से संबंधित है।

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253📚Psychopathology, Psychoanalysis & Counselling PsychologySocial Psychology (Cognitive Dissonance)

Which theory by Leon Festinger focused upon the motivational tendency to reduce the psychological tension caused by conflicting thoughts, beliefs or actions?

Explanation

Leon Festinger formulated Cognitive Dissonance Theory (1957), which posits that experiencing contradictory cognitions, beliefs, or behaviors induces uncomfortable psychological tension (dissonance) that strongly motivates individuals to alter attitudes or rationalize actions.

लियोन फेस्टिंगर का 'संज्ञानात्मक विसंवादिता सिद्धांत' (Cognitive dissonance theory / 1957) परस्पर विरोधी विचारों या विश्वासों से उत्पन्न मानसिक तनाव को कम करने पर केंद्रित है।

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254📚Psychological Research Methodology, Statistics & PsychometricsPsychometrics Concepts Matching

Match the psychometric concepts with their techniques/formulas:
i. Item analysis
ii. Standard score
iii. Internal consistency
iv. Scaling technique

Techniques:
1) Parallel forms
2) KR-20 / Cronbach Alpha
3) Semantic differential
4) Stanine / Z-score
5) Discrimination index

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

i -> 5 (Item analysis: item difficulty and Discrimination Index

D

), ii -> 4 (Standard score: Stanine scale, Z-scores, T-scores), iii -> 2 (Internal consistency reliability: Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 / KR-20), iv -> 3 (Scaling technique: Osgood's Semantic Differential scale). Correct match: i-5, ii-4, iii-2, iv-3.

i-5 (आइटम विश्लेषण - विभेदन सूचकांक), ii-4 (मानक स्कोर - स्टेनाइन), iii-2 (आंतरिक संगति - KR-20), iv-3 (स्केलिंग तकनीक - सेमांटिक डिफरेंशियल)। सही विकल्प B है।

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255📚Guest Cycle, Reservations & TelecommunicationsTelecommunications (PBX)

A hotel's telephone switchboard equipment is known as:

Explanation

The internal private telephone switching system utilized within a hotel to connect internal room extensions with external public telephone lines is a Private Branch Exchange (PBX / PABX - Private Automatic Branch Exchange).

होटल के आंतरिक और बाहरी टेलीफोन संचार के मुख्य स्विचबोर्ड उपकरण को 'प्राइवेट ब्रांच एक्सचेंज' (PBX / PABX) कहा जाता है।

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256📚Front Office Accounting, Folios, Billing & Financial ControlsGuest Ledger Balance Formula

Choose the correct formula for calculating the net outstanding balance on a guest folio account:

Explanation

In hospitality accounting:

\text{Net Outstanding Balance} = \text{Previous/Opening Balance} + \text{Debit Entries (New Charges)} - \text{Credit Entries (Payments/Allowances)}

. Choice D.

खाता शेष (Outstanding balance) का सही सूत्र: \text{Opening balance} + \text{Debit entries (खर्च)} - \text{Credit entries (भुगतान)}। सही विकल्प D है।

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257📚Night Audit Operations, Hospitality Ratios & Yield ManagementRoom Rate Pricing Methodologies

Which among these approaches is used to establish room rates in hotels?

Explanation

Hospitality management utilizes three primary room pricing methodologies: 1. Market Condition Approach (competitive benchmarking), 2. Hubbart Formula (bottom-up cost pricing based on target ROI), and 3. Rule-of-Thumb Approach (₹1 per ₹1,000 of construction cost per room)

\implies

All of these. Choice D.

होटल में कमरों की दरें तय करने के लिए मार्केट कंडीशन, हब्बार्ट फॉर्मूला और रूल ऑफ थंब तीनों विधियों का उपयोग किया जाता है (All of these)।

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258📚Night Audit Operations, Hospitality Ratios & Yield ManagementHubbart Formula Pricing

It is considered the bottom-up approach to pricing hotel rooms:

Explanation

The Hubbart Formula is a Bottom-Up pricing model that begins with the hotel owner's desired net return on investment (ROI), adds operating expenses and non-room departmental profits, and calculates the average room rate needed to cover total costs.

कमरे के मूल्य निर्धारण का 'बॉटम-अप दृष्टिकोण' (Bottom-up approach) 'हब्बार्ट फॉर्मूला' (Hubbart formula) कहलाता है।

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259📚Night Audit Operations, Hospitality Ratios & Yield ManagementHospitality Operating Ratios

The number of rooms occupied by more than one guest divided by the total number of rooms occupied by guests is the:

Explanation

Multiple Occupancy Percentage formula:

\text{Multiple Occupancy \%} = \frac{\text{Number of Rooms Occupied by More than One Guest}}{\text{Total Number of Rooms Occupied by Guests}} \times 100

. Choice A.

एक से अधिक अतिथियों द्वारा कब्जा किए गए कमरों की संख्या को कुल अधिकृत कमरों से भाग देने पर 'मल्टीपल ऑक्यूपेंसी प्रतिशत' (Multiple occupancy %) प्राप्त होता है।

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260📚Night Audit Operations, Hospitality Ratios & Yield ManagementAverage Daily Rate (ADR)

An occupancy ratio derived by dividing net rooms revenue by the number of rooms sold is the:

Explanation

Average Daily Rate (ADR) formula:

\text{ADR} = \frac{\text{Net Rooms Revenue}}{\text{Total Number of Rooms Sold}}

. Choice B.

कुल कमरा राजस्व को बेचे गए कमरों की संख्या से विभाजित करने पर 'औसत दैनिक दर' (ADR - Average Daily Rate) प्राप्त होती है।

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261📚Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning & Basic MathematicsPercentages (Expenditure & Consumption)

If the price of a product increases by 25%, by what percentage must a consumer reduce the consumption to maintain the same expenditure?

Explanation

Using percentage expenditure formula:

\text{Reduction } \% = \left(\frac{r}{100 + r}\right) \times 100 = \left(\frac{25}{100 + 25}\right) \times 100 = \frac{25}{125} \times 100 = \frac{1}{5} \times 100 = 20\%

. Choice A.

खर्च समान रखने के लिए उपभोग में कमी

= \frac{25}{100 + 25} \times 100 = \frac{25}{125} \times 100 = 20\%

। सही विकल्प A है।

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262📚Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning & Basic MathematicsMathematical Formulas Matching

Match the mathematical concepts with their corresponding formulas or properties:
A. Concept:
1. Compound Interest
2. Trigonometry
3. Speed, Distance and Time
4. Profit and Loss
5. Simple Interest

B. Formula/Property:
i.

(\text{Speed} \times \text{Time}) \div \text{Distance} = 1

ii.

(P \times R \times T) / 100

iii.

A = P (1 + R/100)^n

iv.

\sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1

v.

(\text{Selling Price} - \text{Cost Price}) / \text{Cost Price} \times 100

Match the correct pairs:

Explanation

1 -> iii (Compound Interest:

A = P(1+R/100)^n

), 2 -> iv (Trigonometry:

\sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1

), 3 -> i (Speed-Time-Distance:

\text{Distance} = \text{Speed} \times \text{Time}

), 4 -> v (Profit %:

\frac{SP - CP}{CP} \times 100

), 5 -> ii (Simple Interest:

\frac{PRT}{100}

). Correct match: 1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-v, 5-ii (Choice A).

1-iii (चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज), 2-iv (त्रिकोणमिति सूत्र), 3-i (चाल-दूरी-समय), 4-v (लाभ प्रतिशत), 5-ii (साधारण ब्याज सूत्र)। सही विकल्प A है।

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263📚Basic Mathematics, Numerical Ability & ReasoningLCM and HCF

The L.C.M. of two numbers is 14560 and their H.C.F. is 13. If one of them is 416, the other number is:

Explanation

Using product formula:

\text{Number}_1 \times \text{Number}_2 = \text{LCM} \times \text{HCF} \implies 416 \times x = 14560 \times 13 \implies x = \frac{14560 \times 13}{416} = \frac{189280}{416} = 455

. Choice B.

दो संख्याओं का गुणनफल

= \text{LCM} \times \text{HCF} \implies x = \frac{14560 \times 13}{416} = 455

। सही विकल्प B है।

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264📚Workplace Communication, Industrial Safety, Labor Laws & BIS StandardsFunctions of BIS

Which of the following is a key function of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)?

Explanation

The core statutory mandate of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is formulating, publishing, and enforcing national Quality Standards for goods, products, and services in India.

भारतीय मानक ब्यूरो (BIS) का प्राथमिक और प्रमुख कार्य 'वस्तुओं और सेवाओं के लिए गुणवत्ता मानक निर्धारित करना' (Setting quality standards for goods and services) है।

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265📚Basic Mathematics & Quantitative AptitudeLCM & HCF Formula

The L.C.M. of two numbers is 14560 and their H.C.F. is 13. If one of them is 416, the other is:

Explanation

Using the fundamental identity

\text{Product of two numbers} = \text{HCF} \times \text{LCM}

:

\text{Other number} = \frac{\text{HCF} \times \text{LCM}}{\text{Given number}} = \frac{13 \times 14560}{416} = \frac{14560}{32} = 455

. Choice B.

सूत्र: पहली संख्या

\times

दूसरी संख्या

= \text{HCF} \times \text{LCM}

। दूसरी संख्या

= \frac{13 \times 14560}{416} = 455

। सही विकल्प B है।

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266📚Communication Skills, Industrial Safety, Labour Laws & StandardsBIS Functions

Which of the following is a key primary function of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)?

Explanation

The core statutory function of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the formulation and implementation of National Standards setting quality, safety, and performance benchmarks for goods, processes, and services.

भारतीय मानक ब्यूरो (BIS) का मुख्य कार्य 'वस्तुओं और सेवाओं के लिए गुणवत्ता मानक निर्धारित करना' (Setting quality standards for goods and services) है।

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267📚Basic Mathematics & Quantitative AptitudeSimple Interest

Sonali borrowed Rs. 1200 at simple interest for a period equal to the rate of interest (

T = R

). At the end of the loan term, she paid Rs. 432 as interest. What was the rate of interest?

Explanation

Given

P = 1200

,

SI = 432

, and

T = R

. Simple Interest formula:

SI = \frac{P \times R \times T}{100} \implies 432 = \frac{1200 \times R^2}{100} = 12 R^2 \implies R^2 = \frac{432}{12} = 36 \implies R = 6\%

. Choice D.

सूत्र:

SI = \frac{P \times R^2}{100} \implies 432 = \frac{1200 \times R^2}{100} = 12R^2 \implies R^2 = 36 \implies R = 6\%

। ब्याज दर

6\%

है। सही विकल्प D है।

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268📚Computer Applications, IT & e-GovernanceMS Office Shortcuts (PowerPoint)

Which of the following shortcut keys in MS PowerPoint is used to start a slide show from the very beginning?

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint, pressing function key F5 starts the presentation from Slide 1 (the beginning). Shift + F5 starts the slide show from the currently selected slide.

एमएस पावरपॉइंट में शुरुआत से स्लाइड शो शुरू करने की शॉर्टकट कुंजी 'F5' होती है (Shift + F5 वर्तमान स्लाइड से शुरू करती है)।

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269📚Basic Mathematics, Quantitative Aptitude & ReasoningPercentages (Expenditure Formula)

If the price of a commodity is increased by 50%, by what fraction must its consumption be reduced so as to keep the same expenditure on its consumption?

Explanation

Reduction in consumption fraction

= \frac{r}{100 + r} = \frac{50}{100 + 50} = \frac{50}{150} = \frac{1}{3}

. Choice B.

खर्च समान रखने हेतु उपभोग में कमी का भिन्न

= \frac{50}{100 + 50} = \frac{50}{150} = \frac{1}{3}

। सही विकल्प B है।

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270📚Computer Science, Operating Systems & Digital ElectronicsCyber Security Fundamentals

Who is popularly known as the 'Father of Computer / Cyber Security' for formulating the foundational principle of cryptographic security?

Explanation

August Kerckhoffs is widely recognized as a founding father of modern cryptography and cybersecurity for Kerckhoffs's Principle (1883), which dictates that a cryptographic system must remain secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge. (Bob Thomas wrote Creeper). Choice B.

क्रिप्टोग्राफी और साइबर सुरक्षा का जनक 'ऑगस्ट करकॉफ्स' (August Kerckhoffs / करकॉफ्स सिद्धांत) को माना जाता है।

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271📚Computer Science, Operating Systems & Digital ElectronicsMS Office (Excel)

What is the smallest individual addressable unit of a worksheet in Microsoft Excel?

Explanation

A Cell (the rectangular intersection of a vertical column and a horizontal row, e.g., A1) is the fundamental smallest unit of data entry in an MS Excel worksheet.

एमएस एक्सेल वर्कशीट में डेटा प्रविष्टि की सबसे छोटी इकाई 'सेल' (Cell) होती है।

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272📚Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Quality Control & InstrumentationElemental Analysis (ICP-MS)

Which of the following modern analytical techniques is commonly used for the multi-elemental qualitative and quantitative determination of toxic heavy metal cations in agricultural and pesticide formulations?

Explanation

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is the premier instrumental method for detecting, quantifying, and profiling elemental metal cations (such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper) in chemical samples. Choice B.

धातु धनायनों और विषाक्त भारी धातुओं के मात्रात्मक विश्लेषण के लिए 'ICP-MS' का उपयोग किया जाता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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273📚Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Quality Control & InstrumentationVolumetric Calculations (Molarity)

What is the molarity (M) of a sodium hydroxide (

NaOH

) solution if 25 mL of it is required to completely neutralize 50 mL of

0.1\text{ M } HCl

solution? (Formula:

M_1V_1 = M_2V_2

)

Explanation

In a 1:1 neutralization reaction:

M_{NaOH} \times V_{NaOH} = M_{HCl} \times V_{HCl} \implies M_{NaOH} \times 25 = 0.1 \times 50 \implies M_{NaOH} = \frac{5.0}{25} = 0.2\text{ M}

. Choice C.

उदासीनीकरण सूत्र से:

M_{NaOH} \times 25 = 0.1 \times 50 \implies M_{NaOH} = \frac{5}{25} = 0.2\text{ M}

। सही विकल्प C है।

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274📚Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics & MicrobiologyOrigin of Life Theories

Match the classical theories about the Origin of Life with the scientists who proposed or tested them:
Theories about origin of Life:
1. Materialists / Chemical Evolution Theory
2. Theory of Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)
3. Theory of Biogenesis (Disproving Spontaneous Generation)
4. Biochemical Origin of Life

Name of Scientist:
i. J.B. van Helmont
ii. Ernst Haeckel
iii. A.I. Oparin (and J.B.S. Haldane)
iv. Francesco Redi

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

1 -> iii (Oparin and Haldane formulated the modern Chemical Evolution theory of coacervates), 2 -> i (Van Helmont famously advocated spontaneous generation of mice from wheat grains), 3 -> iv (Francesco Redi experimentally disproved spontaneous generation using meat in covered/uncovered jars), 4 -> ii (Haeckel proposed primitive unorganized Monera and biochemical origins). Correct match: 1-iii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-ii (Choice B).

1-iii (रासायनिक विकास सिद्धांत - ओपेरिन), 2-i (स्वतः जनन सिद्धांत - वैन हेलमोंट), 3-iv (जीवात् जीवोत्पत्ति सिद्धांत - फ्रांसिस्को रेडी), 4-ii (जैव रासायनिक उत्पत्ति - हेकेल)। सही विकल्प B है।

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275📚Radiation Oncology Physics, Linac Dosimetry & Treatment PlanningMonitor Unit & PDD Calculations

A linac is calibrated to give 1.00 cGy/MU to d_max for 10x10 cm^2 field at 100 cm SSD. How many MU are needed to deliver 200 cGy to depth if the PDD is 50% for a 10x10 cm^2 field at 100 cm SSD?

Explanation

Using the standard percent depth dose calculation formula:

\text{Dose at depth} = \text{MU} \times \text{Output} \times \left(\frac{\text{PDD}}{100}\right)

200\text{ cGy} = \text{MU} \times 1.00\text{ cGy/MU} \times 0.50

\text{MU} = \frac{200}{0.50} = 400\text{ MU}

.

मानक PDD सूत्र से:
\text{खुराक} = \text{MU} \times \text{आउटपुट} \times \frac{\text{PDD}}{100}

200 = \text{MU} \times 1.00 \times 0.50 \implies \text{MU} = \frac{200}{0.50} = 400\text{ MU}

। सही विकल्प C है।

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276📚Physical Sciences & Engineering PhysicsOptics & Lens Maker Formula

Which of the following statements is/are true about the below statement?
"If the refractive index of the medium is equal to that of the lens"
1. There will be maximum refraction at the lens surfaces.
2. The lens effectively loses its optical power.
3. As a result, the focal length becomes infinite, and the lens behaves as a flat, transparent sheet.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

According to the Lens Maker's Formula:

\frac{1}{f} = \left(\frac{\mu_{\text{lens}}}{\mu_{\text{medium}}} - 1\right)\left(\frac{1}{R_1} - \frac{1}{R_2}\right)

. When

\mu_{\text{medium}} = \mu_{\text{lens}}

, the refractive ratio is 1, so

\frac{1}{f} = 0 \implies f = \infty

. Optical power

P = 1/f = 0

, meaning the lens loses optical focusing power and light passes undeviated (no refraction). Thus, statements 2 and 3 are true, while statement 1 is false. Choice C.

लेंस मेकर सूत्र से जब माध्यम का अपवर्तनांक लेंस के समान हो (

\\mu_{\text{lens}} = \mu_{\text{med}}

), तो

\frac{1}{f} = 0 \implies f = \infty

और क्षमता

P = 0

हो जाती है, जिससे लेंस कांच की समतल शीट की तरह व्यवहार करता है। अतः कथन 2 और 3 सत्य हैं। सही विकल्प C है।

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277📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryAgricultural Chemistry & Fertilizers

The nitrogen content in urea is approximately:

Explanation

Urea has the chemical formula

CO(NH_2)_2

. Molecular weight:

M = 12 + 16 + 2 \times (14 + 2) = 60\text{ g/mol}

.
Nitrogen mass

= 2 \times 14 = 28\text{ g/mol}

.
Percentage of nitrogen

= \frac{28}{60} \times 100\% \approx 46.67\% \approx 46\%

, making it the most concentrated solid nitrogenous fertilizer.

यूरिया (

NH_2CONH_2

, अणुभार 60) में नाइट्रोजन का प्रतिशत

= \frac{28}{60} \times 100\% \approx 46.6\% \approx 46\%

होता है। सही विकल्प D है।

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278📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryGreen Chemistry & Green Crackers

What is the substitute used in SAFAL crackers instead of aluminum?

Explanation

In the green fireworks developed by CSIR-NEERI, the formulation 'SAFAL' (Safe Minimal Aluminium) substitutes dangerous elemental aluminum powder with magnesium, which reduces particulate matter and toxic metal fume emissions by 35-40%.

CSIR-NEERI द्वारा विकसित 'SAFAL' ग्रीन पटाखों में एल्यूमीनियम के स्थान पर मैग्नीशियम (Magnesium) का उपयोग किया जाता है जिससे प्रदूषण कम होता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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279📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryGreen Chemistry & Green Crackers

What does the acronym SWAS stand for in the context of green crackers?

Explanation

SWAS stands for 'Safe Water Releaser', a patented green cracker formulation developed by CSIR-NEERI that releases water vapor upon burning to suppress dust, drop-out particulates, and gaseous pollutants, eliminating the use of potassium nitrate and sulfur.

ग्रीन पटाखों के संदर्भ में SWAS का पूर्ण रूप 'सेफ वॉटर रिलीज़र' (Safe Water Releaser) है, जो दहन के दौरान जलवाष्प छोड़ता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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280📚Stereochemistry, Molecular Structure & Symmetry ElementsPrinciples of Topicity

Which of the following statements about enantiotropy and diastereotropy are correct?
1) Enantiotopic atoms are chemically equivalent but become enantiomers when one of them is replaced by a different group.
2) Diastereotopic atoms are chemically non-equivalent and generate diastereomers when substituted with different groups.
3) Enantiotopic faces of a prochiral molecule are mirror images of each other, and substitution on one face will create a chiral center, leading to the formation of enantiomers.
4) Diastereotopic faces are not mirror images, and substitution on these faces leads to the formation of diastereomers.

Explanation

All four statements precisely formulate the IUPAC stereochemical principles of topicity: enantiotopic ligands/faces are related by symmetry operations of the second kind (reflection/inversion,

\sigma

or

i

) and yield enantiomers upon reaction; diastereotopic ligands/faces are not related by any symmetry element and yield diastereomers upon replacement.

चारों कथन IUPAC त्रिविम रसायन विज्ञान के अनुसार 100% सही हैं। इनैन्शियोटोपिक समूह/फेसेस दर्पण समरूपता से संबंधित होते हैं और इनैन्शियोमर बनाते हैं, जबकि डायस्टिरिओटोपिक समूह/फेसेस डायस्टिरिओमर बनाते हैं। सही विकल्प D है।

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281📚Reaction Mechanisms, Kinetics & Physical Organic ChemistryChemical Kinetics & First-Order Rate Law

In the context of a reaction that follows the first-order rate law, which of the following statements is true?

Explanation

For a first-order reaction, the differential rate is

-\frac{d[A]}{dt} = k[A]

. Integrating yields the classic linear relationship:

\ln[A] = -kt + \ln[A_0]

(Option D). Equivalently,

[A] = [A_0]e^{-kt}

reflects that concentration decreases exponentially over time (both statements are fundamental characteristics, with Option D being the exact integrated mathematical formula). The half-life

t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{k}

is completely independent of initial concentration.

प्रथम कोटि की अभिक्रिया (first-order reaction) के लिए समाकलित दर नियम

\ln[A] = -kt + \ln[A_0]

होता है (विकल्प D)। इसकी अर्द्ध-आयु (

t_{1/2} = \frac{0.693}{k}

) प्रारंभिक सांद्रता पर निर्भर नहीं करती है। सही विकल्प D है।

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282📚Reaction Mechanisms, Kinetics & Physical Organic ChemistrySE1 Mechanism

Which of the following statements best describes the general mechanism of SE1 (Substitution Electrophilic Unimolecular) reactions?

Explanation

In physical organic terminology, the SE1 mechanism is a two-step unimolecular substitution. The first, rate-determining step involves the heterolytic ionization of the carbon-electrofuge bond to generate a carbanion (or carbanion-like intermediate), which is rapidly captured by the incoming electrophile in the second step. In the test paper's option drafting, Option B represents the two-step unimolecular pathway formulation.

S_E1

(इलेक्ट्रॉनानुरागी एक-अणुक प्रतिस्थापन) दो-चरणीय प्रक्रिया है जिसमें प्रथम मंद चरण में आयनीकरण होकर मध्यवर्ती बनता है और दूसरे तीव्र चरण में इलेक्ट्रॉनानुरागी का आक्रमण होता है। प्रश्न पत्र में विकल्प B दो-चरणीय क्रियाविधि को संदर्भित करता है।

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283📚Camera Mechanics, Optics & Exposure TriangleFilm Chemistry & Sensitivity

Panchromatic film is sensitive to

Explanation

Panchromatic black-and-white film emulsion is formulated with sensitizing dyes so that it responds to all wavelengths of the visible spectrum (blue, green, and red light) with approximately the same relative sensitivity as the human eye. (Orthochromatic film was sensitive only to blue and green, blind to red).

पैनक्रोमैटिक फिल्म (Panchromatic film) दृश्य प्रकाश के सभी रंगों (लाल, हरा और नीला) यानी समस्त दृश्य प्रकाश (all light) के प्रति संवेदनशील होती है और यथार्थवादी ग्रेस्केल टोन उत्पन्न करती है। सही विकल्प A है।

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284📚Electronic Devices, Circuits & Power SystemsNegative Feedback Amplifiers

An amplifier experiences negative feedback, reducing its gain from 320 to 160. If another amplifier, using the same feedback factor, needs to achieve a gain of 200 after feedback, what original gain in required before feedback?

Explanation

Feedback formula:

A_f = \frac{A}{1 + A\beta}

. For amplifier 1:

160 = \frac{320}{1 + 320\beta} \implies 1 + 320\beta = 2 \implies \beta = \frac{1}{320}

. For amplifier 2 with same

\beta

:

200 = \frac{A'}{1 + A'/320} \implies 200 + \frac{200}{320}A' = A' \implies 200 = A'\left(1 - \frac{5}{8}\right) = \frac{3}{8}A' \implies A' = \frac{1600}{3} \approx 533.33

.

फीडबैक कारक

\beta = 1/320

। दूसरे एम्पलीफायर के लिए:

200 = A' / (1 + A'/320) \implies A' = 1600/3 \approx 533

। सही विकल्प C है।

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285📚Satellite Communications & Space SystemsKepler's First Law

Which of the following law states that "The orbit of any planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus"?

Explanation

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion (the Law of Ellipses, formulated in 1609) states that every planet moves in an elliptical orbit with the Sun situated at one of the two foci.

केप्लर का प्रथम नियम (दीर्घवृत्त का नियम) बताता है कि प्रत्येक ग्रह सूर्य के चारों ओर एक दीर्घवृत्ताकार कक्षा में चक्कर लगाता है, जिसके एक फोकस पर सूर्य स्थित होता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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286📚Electromagnetics, Antennas & RF EngineeringFriis Transmission Equation

A transmitting antenna with a 300 MHz carrier frequency produces 2 KW of power. If both transmitting and receiving antennas have unity gain, the LOS power received by the receiving antenna at a distance of 1 km is

Explanation

Frequency

f = 300\text{ MHz} \implies \lambda = \frac{3 \times 10^8}{300 \times 10^6} = 1\text{ m}

. Distance

d = 1000\text{ m}

,

P_t = 2000\text{ W}

,

G_t = G_r = 1

. By Friis Transmission Formula:

P_r = P_t G_t G_r \left(\frac{\lambda}{4\pi d}\right)^2 = 2000 \times \left(\frac{1}{4\pi \times 1000}\right)^2 = \frac{2000}{1.5791 \times 10^8} \approx 1.2665 \times 10^{-5}\text{ W} = 12.7\text{ }\mu\text{W}

.

फ्रीस संचरण सूत्र से:

P_r = P_t G_t G_r (\lambda / 4\pi d)^2

। मान रखने पर:

P_r = 2000 \times (1 / 4000\pi)^2 \approx 12.7\;\mu\text{W}

। सही विकल्प C है।

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287📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationRational Formula & Watershed Hydrology

Runoff coefficient in rational formula implies

Explanation

In the Rational Formula (

Q_p = \frac{C \cdot I \cdot A}{360}

),

C

represents the dimensionless runoff coefficient. It is defined as the ratio of the peak runoff rate (or runoff depth) to the rainfall rate (or total rainfall):

C = \frac{\text{Runoff}}{\text{Rainfall}}

.

तर्कसंगत सूत्र (Rational formula:

Q = CIA/360

) में अपवाह गुणांक (

C

) वर्षा की कुल मात्रा और उससे उत्पन्न होने वाले अपवाह (Runoff) के अनुपात को दर्शाता है (

C = \text{Runoff} / \text{Rainfall}

)। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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288📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationRational Formula & Peak Discharge

Rational formula is used for the estimation of

Explanation

The Rational Formula (

Q_p = \frac{C I A}{360}

) is the standard hydrological empirical formula widely used to estimate the peak runoff rate (

Q_p

in

\text{m}^3/\text{s}

) from small agricultural and urban watersheds (area

< 50\text{ km}^2

).

तर्कसंगत सूत्र (Rational Formula) का उपयोग छोटे जलग्रहण क्षेत्रों (Watersheds) से अधिकतम अपवाह दर (Peak runoff rate) का आकलन करने के लिए किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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289📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationFlow Measurement Structures

Francis' formula is used to the discharge through

Explanation

Francis' formula is used to compute discharge over a rectangular sharp-crested weir taking end contractions into account:

Q = 1.84 (L - 0.1 n H) H^{3/2}

, where

L

is crest length,

H

is head, and

n

is the number of end contractions (usually 2).

फ्रांसिस सूत्र (Francis' formula:

Q = 1.84 (L - 0.1 n H) H^{3/2}

) का उपयोग 'आयताकार वियर' (Rectangular weir) से प्रवाहित होने वाले विसर्जन (Discharge) की गणना के लिए किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSB

290📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsRenewable Energy & State Energy Transition

Consider the following statements regarding the purpose of the ASSET platform launched by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the Ministry of Power and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy:
I. To promote the use of renewable energy in urban areas
II. To increase funding for private-sector renewable energy projects
III. To provide financial support to states for developing energy storage solutions
IV. To assist states in accelerating their green transition and formulate energy transition blueprints
Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

The ASSET (Accelerated Sustainable State Energy Transition) platform was launched by NITI Aayog alongside the Ministry of Power, BEE, and MNRE with the specific mandate to assist Indian States and UTs in accelerating their green transition and formulating customized sub-national energy transition blueprints.

नीति आयोग द्वारा विद्युत मंत्रालय और नवीन एवं नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा मंत्रालय के सहयोग से शुरू किए गए ASSET (Accelerated Sustainable State Energy Transition) प्लेटफॉर्म का प्राथमिक उद्देश्य राज्यों को हरित ऊर्जा परिवर्तन में तेजी लाने और ऊर्जा परिवर्तन का खाका तैयार करने में सहायता करना है। इसलिए केवल IV सही है।

2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department

291📚Quantitative Aptitude & MathematicsGeometric Progressions (GP)

For the series,

1 + 5 + 5^2 + \dots

the sum to

n

terms is 3906. Find the value of

n

.

Explanation

This is a geometric progression with first term

a = 1

and common ratio

r = 5

.
Sum formula:

S_n = \frac{a(r^n - 1)}{r - 1} = \frac{5^n - 1}{5 - 1} = \frac{5^n - 1}{4} = 3906

.

5^n - 1 = 3906 \times 4 = 15624 \implies 5^n = 15625

.
Since

5^6 = 15625

,

n = 6

.

यह गुणोत्तर श्रेणी (GP) है जहाँ

a = 1, r = 5

है।
योग

S_n = \frac{5^n - 1}{4} = 3906

5^n - 1 = 15624 \implies 5^n = 15625 = 5^6

अतः

n = 6

।

2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department

292📚History & Masters of Islamic & Kashmiri CalligraphyCodification of Khat-e-Naskh

خط "نسخ" کو واضح اصولوں کے ساتھ کس نے پیش کیا؟
(Who formulated and presented Khat-e-Naskh with explicit geometric rules?)

Explanation

Abbasid Vizier Abu Ali Muhammad Ibn Muqla (وزیر ابن مقلہ, 886-940 AD) formulated the precise geometric system of proportions (al-Khatt al-Mansub) for Khat-e-Naskh using the rhomboid dot (Qat), Alif circle, and standardized baseline.

خطِ نسخ کو ہندسی اصولوں اور قط کی پیمائش (الخط المنسوب) کے باضابطہ قوانین کے ساتھ عباسی وزیر ابو علی ابنِ مقلہ نے دنیا کے سامنے پیش کیا۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

293📚History & Masters of Islamic & Kashmiri CalligraphyKhat-e-Riqa Etymology

"خط رقاع" رقعہ کی جمع ہے اس سے کیا مراد ہے؟
("Khat-e-Riqa" is the plural of Ruq'ah; what does Ruq'ah mean?)

Explanation

'Ruq'ah' (رقعہ, plural Riqa) literally signifies a small slip, note, or piece of paper/parchment. Khat-e-Riqa was formulated specifically for rapid everyday correspondence on small scraps of paper.

لفظ 'رقعہ' کے لغوی معنی کاغذ کے چھوٹے پرزے یا چٹھی کے ہیں، اور خطِ رقاع کا نام اسی مناسبت سے رکھا گیا کیونکہ یہ مختصر خطوط اور پرزوں پر تیز رفتاری سے لکھا جاتا تھا۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

294📚Urdu DTP, InPage, Digital Graphic Design & HardwareCorelDRAW Shortcuts

کورل ڈرا میں "Brightness" کے لیے کون سی شارٹ کٹ کیجی (Shortcut key) استعمال ہوتی ہے؟
(In CorelDRAW, which shortcut key is used to adjust Brightness/Contrast/Intensity?)

Explanation

In CorelDRAW, the standard shortcut key to open the 'Brightness-Contrast-Intensity' adjustment dialogue for bitmap objects is Ctrl + B.

کورل ڈرا میں تصویر یا آبجیکٹ کی برائٹنس اور کنٹراسٹ سیٹ کرنے کے لیے شارٹ کٹ کی 'Ctrl + B' استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

295📚Urdu DTP, InPage, Digital Graphic Design & HardwareInPage Shortcuts

ان پیج سافٹ ویئر میں (ctrl+s) کے استعمال سے کیا ہوتا ہے؟
(In InPage software, what is achieved by pressing Ctrl+S?)

Explanation

Ctrl + S is the universal keyboard shortcut in InPage and all Windows programs to save the active document to storage (فائل محفوظ ہو جاتی ہے).

ان پیج سمیت تمام سافٹ وئیرز میں 'Ctrl + S' کی شارٹ کٹ کی موجودہ کھلی ہوئی فائل کو محفوظ (Save) کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

296📚Urdu DTP, InPage, Digital Graphic Design & HardwareInPage Shortcuts

کوئی فائل بند کرنے کے لیے ان پیج میں کس شارٹ کٹ کیجی کا استعمال ہوتا ہے؟
(Which shortcut key is used in InPage to close an active document file?)

Explanation

In InPage (and Windows MDI applications), Ctrl + F4 is the standard shortcut key used to close the currently active document window without quitting the application.

ان پیج میں کھلی ہوئی فعال دستاویز یا فائل کو بند کرنے کے لیے 'Ctrl + F4' شارٹ کٹ کی استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

297📚History & Masters of Islamic & Kashmiri CalligraphyRules of Nastaliq

خط نستعلیق کے قواعد وضوابط کو کس نے مقرر کیا؟
(Who formulated the standardized geometric rules and proportions of Khat-e-Nastaliq?)

Explanation

Khwaja Mir Ali Tabrizi (میر علی تبریزی) set down the canonical rules, proportions, and qat measurements that defined Khat-e-Nastaliq as a distinct classical script.

خطِ نستعلیق کو باقاعدہ اصول و ضوابط، قط کی پیمائش اور مکمل قواعد کے دائرے میں میر علی تبریزی نے مرتب کیا۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

298📚Urdu DTP, InPage, Digital Graphic Design & HardwareInPage Paragraph Settings Shortcut

ان پیج میں پیراگراف سیٹنگ کے لیے کون سی "کی" کا استعمال ہوتا ہے؟
(In InPage, which shortcut key is used for Paragraph Settings?)

Explanation

In InPage Urdu, pressing Ctrl + G opens the Paragraph Format dialogue box, enabling users to adjust line spacing, indents, and justification.

ان پیج سافٹ ویئر میں پیراگراف فارمیٹنگ اور سیٹنگز کی ونڈو کھولنے کے لیے شارٹ کٹ کی 'Ctrl + G' استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

299📚Traditional Calligraphy Tools, Inks, Papers & MaterialsTraditional Ink Preparation

"دلیھو" روشنائی بنیادی طور پر کن چیزوں سے تیار ہوتی ہے؟
(From which ingredients is "Doodha / Leeho" traditional ink fundamentally prepared?)

Explanation

Traditional carbon lampblack calligraphy ink (دلیھو/دھواں سیاہی) is fundamentally formulated by burning oil (کڑوا تیل) to obtain fine soot, which is then ground and emulsified with water and gum arabic (تیل اور پانی).

روایتی کالی روشنائی (دلیھو/سیاہی) کی تیاری میں بنیادی طور پر چراغ یا تیل کے جلنے سے حاصل شدہ دھوئیں (کاجل) کو گوند اور پانی کے ساتھ گھوٹ کر تیار کیا جاتا ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

300📚Communication Models, Theories & Media SystemsClassical Communication Models

Which of the following statements about communication models are correct?
i. The Shannon-Weaver Model introduced the concept of noise.
ii. Berlo's SMCR Model emphasizes the role of the sender, message, channel, and receiver.
iii. Schramm's Model highlights the importance of shared meaning in communication.
iv. Lasswell's Model focuses primarily on media effects.
Options:

Explanation

All four statements are correct in communication theory:
- Shannon and Weaver (1949) introduced the mathematical engineering concept of channel noise.
- David Berlo (1960) formulated the SMCR (Source, Message, Channel, Receiver) model.
- Wilbur Schramm (1954) established the field of experience and circular shared meaning.
- Harold Lasswell (1948) framed the linear model ('Who says What in Which channel to Whom with What Effect') focusing on media effects.

संचार मॉडल के संदर्भ में चारों कथन सही हैं:
1. शैनन-वीवर मॉडल (1949) ने सबसे पहले 'शोर' (Noise) की अवधारणा पेश की।
2. बर्लो का SMCR मॉडल स्रोत, संदेश, माध्यम और प्राप्तकर्ता की भूमिका पर केंद्रित है।
3. श्रम का मॉडल साझा अनुभव (Shared Meaning) पर बल देता है।
4. लासवेल का मॉडल मीडिया के प्रभाव (Media Effects) पर केंद्रित है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

2025JKSSBHigher Education Department

301📚Indian Cinema, Visual Communication & Media LawsParallel Cinema in India

The term "parallel cinema" in India refers to films that:
A) Are exclusively based on historical events
B) Focus on commercial entertainment and box office success
C) Emphasize realistic storytelling and socio-political issues
D) Use only non-professional actors

Explanation

Parallel Cinema (the Indian New Wave) emerged as an alternative art movement to mainstream commercial cinema, characterized by serious socio-political themes, stark realism, naturalistic performances, and rejection of commercial song-and-dance formulas.

भारतीय सिनेमा में 'समानांतर सिनेमा' (Parallel Cinema / आर्ट फिल्म्स) से तात्पर्य उन यथार्थवादी फिल्मों से है जो व्यावसायिक मसाला फिल्मों से अलग हटकर गंभीर सामाजिक, राजनीतिक और मानवीय मुद्दों का यथार्थवादी चित्रण करती हैं (उदा. सत्यजीत रे, श्याम बेनेगल, मृणाल सेन की फिल्में)।

2025JKSSBHigher Education Department

302📚Plant Biochemistry, Cell Biology & PhysiologyCell Theory & Discovery

Who were the scientists who proposed the original cell theory in the 19th century?

Explanation

Matthias Schleiden (German botanist, 1838) and Theodor Schwann (German zoologist, 1839) originally formulated the classical Cell Theory, stating that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells and that the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.

19वीं शताब्दी में मूल कोशिका सिद्धांत (Cell Theory) का प्रतिपादन जर्मन वनस्पतिशास्त्री मैथियास स्लेडेन (1838) और प्राणीशास्त्री थियोडोर श्वान (1839) ने संयुक्त रूप से किया था। (बाद में 1855 में रुडोल्फ विरचो ने इसमें 'omnis cellula e cellula' जोड़ा)। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department

303📚Plant Pathology, Entomology & Crop ProtectionFungicide History & Formulations

Match the following:
i. Bordeaux Mixture - 1. Singh (1942)
ii. Burgundy Mixture - 2. Millardet
iii. Cheshunt Compound - 3. Bewley, 1921
iv. Chaubattia Paste - 4. "Soda Bordeaux"
Options:

Explanation

Historical plant pathology matches:
- i. Bordeaux Mixture -> Discovered by P.M.A. Millardet in 1885 (2)
- ii. Burgundy Mixture -> Prepared with sodium carbonate, known as 'Soda Bordeaux' (4)
- iii. Cheshunt Compound -> Formulated by W.F. Bewley in 1921 for damping-off (3)
- iv. Chaubattia Paste -> Formulated by U.B. Singh in 1942 in Uttarakhand for wound treatment (1)
Thus: i-2, ii-4, iii-3, iv-1.

पादप रोग विज्ञान के ऐतिहासिक कवकनाशियों का सुमेलन:
- i. बोर्डो मिश्रण (Bordeaux Mixture) = मिलाईडेट (Millardet, 1885) (2)
- ii. बरगंडी मिश्रण = कॉपर सल्फेट + सोडियम कार्बोनेट ('सोडा बोर्डो') (4)
- iii. चेशंट कम्पाउंड = बेव्ले (Bewley, 1921) (3)
- iv. चौबटिया पेस्ट = यू.बी. सिंह (Singh, 1942) (1)
अतः सही कूट A (i-2, ii-4, iii-3, iv-1) है।

2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department

304📚Plant Pathology, Entomology & Crop ProtectionToxicology & Pesticide Classification

Which type of pesticide is used to kill/control the eggs of insects?

Explanation

An ovicide is a chemical agent or pesticide specially formulated to kill or prevent the development of insect or mite eggs.

कीटों या माइट्स के अंडों को नष्ट करने या उनके विकास को रोकने के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले कीटनाशक को 'ओविसाइड' (Ovicide / अंडनाशी) कहा जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department

305📚Plant Pathology, Entomology & Crop ProtectionPesticide Formulations

In pesticide formulations, the abbreviation "EC" stands for:

Explanation

In agrochemical pesticide formulations, 'EC' stands for Emulsifiable Concentrate, a liquid homogeneous solution of active ingredient and emulsifier in organic solvent that forms a spontaneous milky emulsion upon dilution with water.

कीटनाशक निर्माण (Pesticide formulations) में 'EC' का संक्षिप्त रूप 'इमल्सीफायबल कंसन्ट्रेट' (Emulsifiable Concentrate / पायसीकरणीय सांद्र) होता है, जो पानी में मिलाने पर दूधिया पायस बनाता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department

306📚Plant Biochemistry, Cell Biology & PhysiologyPlant Tissue Culture Media

Which is the most extensively used basal media in plant tissue culture?

Explanation

Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, formulated by Toshio Murashige and Folke K. Skoog in 1962 during tobacco tissue culture research, is by far the most widely used basal nutrient medium in plant micropropagation due to its high concentration of inorganic salts.

पादप ऊतक संवर्धन में सर्वाधिक व्यापक रूप से उपयोग किया जाने वाला आधारीय माध्यम 'मुराशीगे और स्कूग माध्यम' (Murashige and Skoog / MS medium, 1962) है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department

307📚Java Programming & JVM ArchitectureJava Compilation & Bytecode

What is the extension of a compiled Java file?

Explanation

When Java source code (.java) is compiled using the javac compiler, it generates platform-independent intermediate bytecode stored in a file with the '.class' extension.

जब जावा स्रोत कोड (.java) को कंपाइल किया जाता है, तो कंपाइलर (javac) बाइटकोड फ़ाइल उत्पन्न करता है जिसका फ़ाइल एक्सटेंशन '.class' होता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

308📚Software Engineering, Testing & Quality AssuranceCapability Maturity Model (CMM)

The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is primarily used for:

Explanation

The Capability Maturity Model (CMM), formulated by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie Mellon University, is a process improvement methodology used to evaluate and refine an organization's software development processes across five maturity levels.

क्षमता परिपक्वता मॉडल (CMM / Capability Maturity Model) का प्राथमिक उपयोग सॉफ्टवेयर विकास संगठनों में 'प्रक्रिया सुधार और गुणवत्ता आश्वासन' (Process improvement and quality assurance) के लिए किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

309📚Computer Networks, Web Technologies & CybersecurityHypermedia & Web Systems

Which of the following best describes hypermedia?

Explanation

Hypermedia is an extension of hypertext that interconnects diverse interactive multimedia formats including text, high-resolution graphics, audio, video, and animation through clickable hyperlinks.

हाइपरमीडिया (Hypermedia) हाइपरटेक्स्ट का एक विस्तार है जो विभिन्न मल्टीमीडिया तत्वों (जैसे पाठ, ग्राफिक्स, ऑडियो, वीडियो और एनीमेशन) को हाइपरलिंक्स के माध्यम से आपस में जोड़ता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

310📚History of Photography & Classical Chemical ProcessesFilm Chemistry & Spectral Sensitivity

Panchromatic film is sensitive to

Explanation

Panchromatic black-and-white film emulsion is formulated with sensitizing dyes that make it responsive to all visible wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum—including blue, green, and red light—rendering realistic grayscale tonal values mimicking the human eye. (Earlier orthochromatic film was insensitive to red).

पैनक्रोमैटिक (Panchromatic) फिल्म दृश्य प्रकाश के सभी रंगों (लाल, हरा और नीला - All light) के प्रति संवेदनशील होती है। सही विकल्प A है।

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311📚Basic Mathematics & Numerical AbilityPercentage & Area Change

The length and the breadth of a rectangle are made to increase and decrease, respectively, by 8% and 10%. What is the percentage increase or decrease in its area?

Explanation

Using the successive percentage change formula: Net Change = a + b + (a b) / 100. Here a = +8% and b = -10%. Net Change = 8 - 10 + (8 -10) / 100 = -2 - 0.8 = -2.8%. The negative sign represents a decrease of 2.8% in area.

क्षेत्रफल में शुद्ध प्रतिशत परिवर्तन = a + b + (ab / 100) सूत्र से:
यहाँ a = +8% तथा b = -10% है।
शुद्ध परिवर्तन = 8 - 10 + (8 * -10) / 100 = -2 - 0.8 = -2.8%। ऋणात्मक चिह्न 2.8% की कमी दर्शाता है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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312📚Motor Parts, Assemblies, Maintenance & DiagnosticsHydraulic Brake Fluid Functional Dynamics

Which of the following is the primary function of the brake fluid

Explanation

Hydraulic brake fluid is an incompressible liquid medium formulated under DOT specifications whose fundamental engineering role is hydraulic power transmission — transferring the mechanical force applied by the driver's foot on the brake pedal directly to the wheel slave cylinders/calipers.

हाइड्रोलिक ब्रेक फ्लूइड का प्राथमिक कार्य 'शक्ति संचरण' (Power transmission) होता है, जो पैडल से लगाए गए बल को हाइड्रोलिक दबाव के रूप में पहियों के ब्रेक कैलीपर्स तक पहुँचाता है। सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSB

313📚Printing Processes, Typography & Prepress FundamentalsOptical F-Number Calculations

If a camera lens is having a focal length of 160 mm, were to be set with an aperture of 20mm, calculate its f number.

Explanation

The relative aperture (f-number) of a lens is calculated using the formula:

f\text{-number} = \frac{\text{Focal Length (F)}}{\text{Effective Aperture Diameter (D)}} = \frac{160\text{ mm}}{20\text{ mm}} = 8

. Thus, the f-number is f 8.

लेंस का f-नंबर सूत्र f\text{-number} = \frac{\text{फोकल लंबाई}}{\text{एपर्चर व्यास}} = \frac{160}{20} = 8 (f 8) होता है। सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSB

314📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryStop Bath Formulation & Acid Neutralization

During film development which of the following concertation is used as stop bath solution.

Explanation

A photographic stop bath is a mildly acidic chemical solution formulated with 3% to 5% dilute acetic acid (

CH_3COOH

). Its low pH immediately neutralizes the alkaline developer carried over in the gelatin emulsion, instantly arresting development and preserving the acidity of the subsequent fixing bath.

फिल्म विकास प्रक्रिया में स्टॉप बाथ घोल के रूप में '3% से 5% एसिटिक एसिड' (3% to 5% of acetic acid) का उपयोग किया जाता है, जो क्षारीय डेवलपर को तुरंत उदासीन कर देता है। सही विकल्प A है।

2025JKSSB

315📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryPrinting Ink Rheology: Long vs Short Inks

What is ink length?

Explanation

In printing ink rheology, 'ink length' describes the physical property of ink related to its cohesion and body. A 'long' ink can be drawn out into long, stringy threads without breaking (flowing freely on fast rollers), whereas a 'short' ink forms buttery, stiff mounds that break quickly. It defines the consistency, stiffness, and body of the formulation.

स्याही के रियोलॉजी में 'इंक लेंथ' (Ink length) स्याही की स्थिरता (Consistency), कड़ेपन (Stiffness) या कोमलता का माप है, जो यह दर्शाता है कि स्याही को खींचने पर वह कितने लंबे तार बनाती है। सही विकल्प A है।

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316📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryInk Formulation Chemistry: Colorants

Which component gives colour to the ink?

Explanation

Pigments are finely ground, insoluble mineral or organic chemical powders dispersed within the ink vehicle that selectively absorb and scatter light wavelengths, thereby imparting visual color and opacity to the ink film.

मुद्रण स्याही को उसका विशिष्ट रंग और अपारदर्शिता प्रदान करने वाला मुख्य घटक 'वर्णक' (Pigments) होता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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317📚Color Reproduction, Sensitometry & Quality ControlPhysics of Light: Quantum Electrodynamics

An extremely precise theory of light that can explain all the physical phenomena of light and its interaction with matter, from diffraction, interference, blackbody radiation, the laser, and the photoelectric effect to Compton scattering of x-rays.

Explanation

Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), formulated by Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga, is the relativistic quantum field theory of electromagnetism describing how light (photons) and matter (electrons) interact with extreme precision across all domains.

प्रकाश और पदार्थ की अंतःक्रिया के सभी भौतिक पहलुओं की व्याख्या करने वाला अत्यंत सटीक सिद्धांत 'क्वांटम इलेक्ट्रोडायनामिक्स' (Quantum electrodynamics - QED) कहलाता है। सही विकल्प A है।

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318📚Color Reproduction, Sensitometry & Quality ControlColor Perception: Simultaneous Contrast

'An identical neutral gray tone field appears greenish on a red background and rather reddish on a green background'. This phenomenon is termed as _____

Explanation

This is the classic manifestation of 'Simultaneous contrast' (formulated by Michel Eugène Chevreul). Due to lateral inhibition in retinal receptive fields, the perceived hue of an area shifts toward the complementary color of its surrounding background; thus, neutral gray shifts toward cyan/green on red, and toward magenta/red on green.

जब एक ही न्यूट्रल ग्रे रंग लाल बैकग्राउंड पर हरा और हरे बैकग्राउंड पर लाल जैसा प्रतीत होता है, तो इस दृष्टि भ्रम को 'साइमलटेनियस कंट्रास्ट' (Simultaneous contrast / एककालिक विषमता) कहा जाता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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319📚Color Reproduction, Sensitometry & Quality ControlPress Quality Metrics: Ink Trapping

_____ is calculated from the ink densities of solid overprint patches with one, two, or three colours and in consideration of the colour sequence.

Explanation

Apparent ink 'Trapping' (measured using the Preucil or Brunner formula with a reflection densitometer) quantifies the percentage efficiency with which a wet ink film adheres to a previously printed ink film compared to printing directly onto bare paper, calculated from solid single-color and two-color overprint patch optical densities.

प्रिंटिंग में एक स्याही पर दूसरी स्याही के चिपकने की दक्षता जो ओवरप्रिंट पैचों के ऑप्टिकल घनत्व और मुद्रण क्रम को ध्यान में रखकर मापी जाती है, 'ट्रैपिंग' (Trapping / इंक ट्रैप) कहलाती है। सही विकल्प A है।

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320📚Printing Processes, Typography & Prepress FundamentalsPrepress Margins: Bleed & Trim

_____ is a design that extends an image to the edge of the printed sheet

Explanation

In graphic arts prepress, a 'Bleed' is the intentional extension of printed artwork, background color, or images beyond the finished trim line (typically by 3 mm or 1/8 inch) to ensure that mechanical variations during trimming do not leave unsightly white unprinted margins.

मुद्रित शीट के कटे हुए किनारे (Trim line) से बाहर तक फैली हुई डिज़ाइन या छवि को 'ब्लीड' (Bleed) कहा जाता है, ताकि कटाई के बाद कोई सफ़ेद किनारा न दिखे। सही विकल्प D है।

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321📚Human Anatomy, Physiology & Biosafety ManagementArthrology: Hip Joint Ligaments

Which ligament is recognized as the strongest in the human body due to its role in stabilizing the hip joint?

Explanation

The Iliofemoral ligament (also known as the ligament of Bigelow or Y-ligament of the hip) is the strongest ligament in the human body, boasting a tensile strength of over 350 kg. Located on the anterior aspect of the hip joint capsule, it prevents excessive hyperextension of the hip while maintaining erect posture.

मानव शरीर का सबसे मजबूत स्नायु (Ligament) 'इलियोफेमोरल लिगामेंट' (Iliofemoral ligament / बिगेलो का लिगामेंट) है, जो कूल्हे के जोड़ को स्थिरता प्रदान करता है और अत्यधिक हाइपरएक्सटेंशन को रोकता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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322📚Mycology & Fungal PathogenesisMycological Isolation Media: SDA

Which culture medium is specifically formulated to enhance the growth of fungi while inhibiting bacterial contaminants in clinical samples?

Explanation

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), developed by Raymond Sabouraud, has an acidic pH (~5.6) and high dextrose content (4%) that selectively supports fungal proliferation while suppressing bacterial overgrowth. Antibacterial agents like chloramphenicol and gentamicin are frequently added.

क्लिनिकल नमूनों से बैक्टीरिया के विकास को रोककर कवक (फंगस) के विकास को बढ़ावा देने वाला विशिष्ट माध्यम 'सबौराड डेक्सट्रोज अगार' (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar - SDA) है। सही विकल्प A है।

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323📚Bioinformatics, Genomics & Computational BiologyNetwork Protocols & Cybersecurity

Which protocol is used for secure communication over a computer network?

Explanation

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is an extension of HTTP used for secure, encrypted communication over computer networks and the internet. It leverages Transport Layer Security (TLS/SSL) encryption to protect sensitive data from eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, and tampering.

कंप्यूटर नेटवर्क पर सुरक्षित संचार के लिए 'HTTPS' (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) प्रोटोकॉल का उपयोग किया जाता है, जो डेटा को एन्क्रिप्ट करने के लिए TLS/SSL का उपयोग करता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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324🔬General ScienceFood Technology & Preservation

State the chronology of development of novel technologies:
I. Clean-label with natural preservation methods
II. Ultrasound, Cold Plasma, Ohmic Heating
III. Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF)
IV. High pressure Processing (HPP)
V. Edible coatings and nanotechnology

Explanation

Chronology of non-thermal and novel food technologies:
1. High Pressure Processing (IV): Foundational food preservation experiments initiated by Hite in 1899, with modern commercialization starting in Japan in 1990.
2. Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) (III): Early electrical pasteurization in 1920s (Electropure) and high-voltage PEF developments in the 1960s-1980s.
3. Ultrasound, Cold Plasma, Ohmic Heating (II): Advanced food processing developments in the 1990s-2000s.
4. Edible coatings and nanotechnology (V): Nanoemulsions and advanced nanocoatings developed extensively in the 2010s.
5. Clean-label with natural preservation methods (I): Consumer-driven reformulation trend prominent in recent years (late 2010s-2020s).
Thus, IV -> III -> II -> V -> I (Option A) represents the technological trajectory.

नवीन खाद्य प्रौद्योगिकियों का कालानुक्रमिक विकास:
1. उच्च दबाव प्रसंस्करण (HPP) (IV)
2. स्पंदित विद्युत क्षेत्र (PEF) (III)
3. अल्ट्रासाउंड, कोल्ड प्लाज्मा, ओमिक हीटिंग (II)
4. खाद्य कोटिंग और नैनो तकनीक (V)
5. प्राकृतिक संरक्षण विधियों के साथ क्लीन-लेबल (I)।
अतः सही क्रम IV, III, II, V, I है।

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325🔬General ScienceFood Technology & Preservation

Place these laws related to food safety according to the year of formulation:
I. Meat Food Products Order (MFPO)
II. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA)
III. Milk and Milk Products Order (MMPO)
IV. Fruit Products Order (FPO)
V. Vegetable Oil Products (Regulation) Order

Explanation

Chronological enactment of historic Indian food safety legislations:
1. (II) Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA): Enacted in 1954.
2. (IV) Fruit Products Order (FPO): Promulgated in 1955 under the Essential Commodities Act.
3. (I) Meat Food Products Order (MFPO): Promulgated in 1973.
4. (III) Milk and Milk Products Order (MMPO): Promulgated in 1992.
5. (V) Vegetable Oil Products (Regulation) Order: Promulgated in 1998.
Thus, the correct sequence is II (1954) -> IV (1955) -> I (1973) -> III (1992) -> V (1998) (Option D).

खाद्य सुरक्षा कानूनों के गठन का कालानुक्रमिक वर्ष:
1. खाद्य अपमिश्रण निवारण अधिनियम (PFA) - 1954 (II)
2. फल उत्पाद आदेश (FPO) - 1955 (IV)
3. मांस खाद्य उत्पाद आदेश (MFPO) - 1973 (I)
4. दूध और दुग्ध उत्पाद आदेश (MMPO) - 1992 (III)
5. वनस्पति तेल उत्पाद आदेश - 1998 (V)।
अतः सही क्रम II, IV, I, III, V है।

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326🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

The volume of earthwork in contour bunding is estimated from:

Explanation

In soil conservation engineering, the earthwork volume for contour bunds, trenches, and embankments is calculated using the trapezoidal formula (

V = L \times \frac{A_1 + A_2}{2}

or prismoidal formula) using cross-sectional area and bund length.

कंटूर बंडिंग (समोच्च मेड़बंदी) में मिट्टी के काम की मात्रा का आकलन ट्रैपेज़ॉइडल फॉर्मूला (Trapezoidal formula) द्वारा अनुप्रस्थ काट क्षेत्रफल और लंबाई के गुणनफल से किया जाता है।

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327🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

Which file type is used to save drawing templates in AutoCAD?

Explanation

In AutoCAD, drawing templates containing pre-set layers, dimension styles, text styles, title blocks, and drawing limits are saved with the file extension `.DWT` (Drawing Template).

ऑटोकैड में ड्राइंग टेम्पलेट्स (पूर्व-निर्धारित सेटिंग्स और लेयर्स) को सहेजने के लिए `.DWT` (Drawing Template) फ़ाइल एक्सटेंशन का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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328🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

In hydrology, what is the rational method used for?

Explanation

The Rational Formula (

Q = \frac{C \cdot I \cdot A}{360}

) is an empirical hydrological method universally used to estimate peak stormwater runoff discharge (

Q

) from small catchments (<50 km²) based on runoff coefficient (

C

), rainfall intensity (

I

), and drainage area (

A

).

जलविज्ञान (Hydrology) में रैशनल विधि का उपयोग छोटे जलग्रहण क्षेत्रों से अधिकतम अपवाह डिस्चार्ज (Calculating peak discharge) की गणना करने के लिए किया जाता है।

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329🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Which formulation has highest concentration of active ingredient?

Explanation

Ultra Low Volume (ULV) formulations are technical-grade liquids containing very high concentrations of active ingredient (typically 90% to 100% a.i.) applied undiluted in extremely fine mist droplets.

यूएलवी (ULV - Ultra Low Volume) फॉर्मूलेशन में सक्रिय घटक (Active ingredient) की सांद्रता सबसे अधिक (90-100%) होती है और इसे बिना पानी मिलाए छिड़का जाता है।

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330🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Which pesticide formulation is suitable for aerial application?

Explanation

Ultra Low Volume (ULV) formulations are specifically formulated for aerial spraying via aircraft or helicopters, utilizing concentrated liquid sprays applied at less than 5 liters per hectare without requiring bulky water carrier volumes.

हवाई छिड़काव (Aerial application) के लिए यूएलवी (ULV - Ultra Low Volume) फॉर्मूलेशन सबसे उपयुक्त है क्योंकि इसमें पानी ढोने की आवश्यकता नहीं होती।

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331🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Match the pesticide formulations with their types:
i. EC (Emulsifiable Concentrate)
ii. WP (Wettable Powder)
iii. SC (Suspension Concentrate)
iv. GR (Granules)
1. Mixed with water, forms emulsion
2. Applied as dry powder in suspension
3. Fine solid particles in liquid
4. Applied as solid without water
Options:

Explanation

Pesticide formulation matches:
- EC (Emulsifiable Concentrate) (i) -> Mixed with water, forms milky oil-in-water emulsion (1)
- WP (Wettable Powder) (ii) -> Dry powder forming a suspension when mixed with water (2)
- SC (Suspension Concentrate) (iii) -> Stable suspension of fine insoluble solid active ingredient in a liquid (3)
- GR (Granules) (iv) -> Ready-to-use coarse solid particles applied directly to soil without water (4)
Thus, Option A (i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4) is correct.

कीटनाशक फॉर्मूलेशन का सही मिलान:
- EC (i) -> पानी के साथ मिलकर इमल्शन बनाता है (1)
- WP (ii) -> पानी में निलंबन बनाने वाला सूखा पाउडर (2)
- SC (iii) -> तरल में सूक्ष्म ठोस कणों का सस्पेंशन (3)
- GR (iv) -> बिना पानी के सीधे उपयोग किए जाने वाले दाने (4)। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

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332🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): Pesticides in baited pellet form are applied dry.
Reason (R): These formulations require mixing in large volumes of water.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Assertion (A) is true; baited pellets (e.g. rodenticides, slug baits) are applied dry directly to target foraging zones. Reason (R) is false because baited pellets are ready-to-use formulations that dissolve or spoil if mixed with water.

अभिकथन (A) सत्य है कि चारा युक्त छर्रे (baited pellets) सूखे ही उपयोग किए जाते हैं। कारण (R) असत्य है क्योंकि इन्हें पानी में घोलने की आवश्यकता नहीं होती।

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333🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

The concentration of fungicide is expressed as:

Explanation

Fungicide concentrations in agricultural formulations and recommendations are expressed in parts per million (mg/L), grams of active ingredient per liter (g/L), or as a percentage (e.g., 0.1% or 0.2% spray solution).

कवकनाशी की सांद्रता को मिलीग्राम प्रति लीटर (mg/L या ppm), ग्राम प्रति लीटर (g/L), और प्रतिशत (%) इन सभी इकाइयों में व्यक्त किया जाता है।

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334🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

The active ingredient in Bordeaux mixture is:

Explanation

Bordeaux mixture is an active formulation synthesized on-site by combining copper sulphate (the active toxicant source) with lime (which neutralizes acidity and forms basic cupric sulphates). Both components are integral active reacting ingredients.

बोर्डो मिश्रण में कॉपर सल्फेट (नीला थोथा) और चूना (Lime) दोनों सक्रिय और आवश्यक घटक होते हैं जो मिलकर कवकनाशी प्रभाव उत्पन्न करते हैं। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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335🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

A Phytoecdysteroid for synchronized maturation of silkworms

Explanation

'Sampoorna' is a commercial plant-derived phytoecdysteroid formulation developed by the Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute (CSRTI), Mysore, used by sericulturists to induce rapid, uniform, and synchronized maturation in fifth instar silkworm larvae.

'सम्पूर्णा' (Sampoorna) केंद्रीय रेशम अनुसंधान एवं प्रशिक्षण संस्थान (CSRTI) मैसूर द्वारा विकसित एक फाइटोएकडिस्टेरॉइड उत्पाद है, जिसका उपयोग 5वें इन्स्टार के रेशमकीटों को एक साथ परिपक्व (synchronized maturation) करने के लिए किया जाता है।

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336🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Soil sampling for mulberry cultivation is essential to
i. Understand rearing
ii. Understand soil health
iii. Optimize nutrient management
iv. Optimize silkworm species
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Soil testing and sampling in moriculture is conducted specifically to evaluate soil fertility status and soil health (ii) and to formulate balanced fertilizer recommendations / optimize nutrient management (iii). It does not directly determine silkworm rearing or breed selection. Thus, statements ii and iii (Option D) is correct.

शहतूत की खेती में मिट्टी का नमूना लेना और परीक्षण करना मिट्टी के स्वास्थ्य और उर्वरता को समझने (ii) और संतुलित पोषक तत्व प्रबंधन (उर्वरक खुराक) को अनुकूलित करने (iii) के लिए आवश्यक होता है। अतः विकल्प D (ii and iii) सही है।

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337🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

A Juvenile Hormone for Silkworms

Explanation

'Sruthi' (and 'Riddhi') is a formulation developed by CSRTI Mysore that acts as a synthetic juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) applied to 5th instar silkworms to prolong the feeding period by 24-36 hours, thereby substantially boosting cocoon shell weight and silk yield.

रेशमकीटों के लिए जुवेनाइल हार्मोन एनालॉग के रूप में 'श्रुति' (Sruthi) का उपयोग किया जाता है, जो पांचवें इन्स्टार की आहार अवधि को थोड़ा बढ़ाकर रेशम उत्पादन और कोकून के वजन में महत्वपूर्ण वृद्धि करता है।

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338🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

To control root knot, ______ is provided every four months during intercultivation operations.
A) Dithane
B) Bionematicide
C) Kavash
D) Bavistin

Explanation

To manage root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in mulberry gardens, a bionematicide (such as Bionema, neem cake, or Paecilomyces lilacinus formulations) is applied every four months during intercultivation operations.

शहतूत में जड़ गांठ सूत्रकृमि (Root knot nematode) के नियंत्रण के लिए अंतःकर्षण के दौरान हर चार महीने में बायोनेमैटिसाइड (Bionematicide) का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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339🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Point out the bio-formulation for effective and ecofriendly management of root rot diseases of mulberry in nursery stage
A) Raksha
B) Ayar
C) Sampoorna
D) Poorva

Explanation

Raksha is a bio-formulation (based on antagonistic Trichoderma harzianum) developed by the Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute (CSRTI) specifically for the eco-friendly bio-control and management of root rot diseases in mulberry nurseries and sapling beds.

नर्सरी स्तर पर शहतूत के जड़ सड़न (root rot) रोगों के पर्यावरण-अनुकूल नियंत्रण के लिए CSRTI द्वारा विकसित जैव-सूत्रीकरण (bio-formulation) 'रक्षा' (Raksha - ट्राइकोडर्मा आधारित) है।

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340📚Computer Science & ITWord Processing (MS Word)

Sofi wrote a book with many chapters and wanted to create a Table of Contents in her document. She clicked References > Table of Contents, but a message appeared saying, 'No entry of data was found' What could be one of the reasons for this message?
A) She did not change the size of chapter titles.
B) She did not apply heading styles to the chapter titles.
C) She did not update the Table of Contents.
D) She used an unsupported file format.

Explanation

In Microsoft Word, the automatic Table of Contents generator scans the document for text formatted with built-in Heading Styles (such as Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3). If chapter titles are merely styled with larger font sizes or bolding without applying actual Heading styles, Word finds no tagged heading entries and displays the error message 'No table of contents entries found'.

माइक्रोसॉफ्ट वर्ड में स्वचालित विषय-सूची (Table of Contents) दस्तावेज़ में हेडिंग शैलियों (Heading 1, Heading 2 आदि) के आधार पर बनती है। यदि शीर्षकों पर हेडिंग स्टाइल लागू नहीं किया गया है, तो 'No entry of data was found' की त्रुटि दिखाई देती है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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341📚Computer Science & ITSpreadsheets (MS Excel Formulas)

In Excel, you have a dataset with dates in column A and sales amounts in column B. You want to calculate the total sales for the month of March 2025 using a single formula. Which of the following formulas will correctly calculate this?
(i) =SUMIFS(B:B, A:A, ">=03/01/2025", A:A, "<=03/31/2025")
(ii) =SUMPRODUCT((MONTH(A:A)=3)(YEAR(A:A)=2025)B:B)
(iii) =SUMIF(A:A, "March 2025", B:B)
(iv) =SUM(IF((TEXT(A:A,"mmmm yyyy")="March 2025"), B:B, 0)) (entered as an array formula)
Which formula(s) will correctly calculate the total sales for March 2025?
A) Only ii and iii
B) Only i, iii and iv
C) Only i, ii, and iv
D) All of the above

Explanation

Formulas (i), (ii), and (iv) are valid Excel formulas to sum by month and year: (i) uses standard SUMIFS with date boundary conditions; (ii) uses boolean multiplication inside SUMPRODUCT to isolate March 2025; and (iv) evaluates the formatted text array using SUM(IF(...)). Formula (iii) =SUMIF(A:A, "March 2025", B:B) fails because Excel dates are stored as numeric serial numbers, which do not match the literal text string 'March 2025'. Thus, Only i, ii, and iv (Option C) is correct.

एक्सेल में: फॉर्मूला (i) SUMIFS द्वारा तारीख की सीमा निर्धारित करता है; फॉर्मूला (ii) SUMPRODUCT में MONTH=3 और YEAR=2025 की जांच करता है; फॉर्मूला (iv) ऐरे फॉर्मूला के रूप में काम करता है। लेकिन फॉर्मूला (iii) काम नहीं करेगा क्योंकि एक्सेल में तारीखें सीरियल नंबर के रूप में संग्रहीत होती हैं, जो टेक्स्ट 'March 2025' से मेल नहीं खाएंगी। अतः विकल्प C (Only i, ii, and iv) सही है।

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342📚Computer Science & ITDatabases & Productivity Software

Which of the following best describes the difference between Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Access in terms of their primary functionalities?
A) Microsoft Excel is optimized for relational database management, while Microsoft Access is designed for advanced data visualization and charting.
B) Microsoft Excel is primarily a spreadsheet tool for data analysis and calculations, while Microsoft Access is a database management system for handling structured data and relationships.
C) Microsoft Excel is used for creating and managing large-scale databases, while Microsoft Access is used for performing statistical analysis and creating pivot tables.
D) Microsoft Excel is a tool for managing unstructured data, while Microsoft Access is a tool for creating and editing documents.

Explanation

Microsoft Excel is primarily a spreadsheet application designed for numerical calculations, financial modeling, statistical analysis, and chart visualization. Microsoft Access is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) designed to store, manage, query, and enforce integrity across relational tables of structured data.

माइक्रोसॉफ्ट एक्सेल मुख्य रूप से डेटा विश्लेषण, गणना और चार्टिंग के लिए एक स्प्रेडशीट टूल है, जबकि माइक्रोसॉफ्ट एक्सेस (MS Access) रिलेशनल संरचित डेटा और संबंधों (relationships) को प्रबंधित करने वाला एक रिलेशनल डेटाबेस मैनेजमेंट सिस्टम (RDBMS) है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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343🔬General ScienceSemiconductor Electronics

In a BJT transistor α is common base current gain and β is common emitter current gain. What is relation between α and β
A) α = β / (1 - β)
B) α = β / (1 + β)
C) α = β / (β - 1)
D) Relation between α and β depends on circuit

Explanation

In bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), collector current I_C = α I_E and I_C = β I_B. Since emitter current I_E = I_B + I_C, substituting gives I_C/α = (I_C/β) + I_C, leading to 1/α = (1/β) + 1 = (1 + β)/β. Inverting yields the standard fundamental formula: α = β / (1 + β).

BJT ट्रांजिस्टर में उभयनिष्ठ आधार धारा लाभ α और उभयनिष्ठ उत्सर्जक धारा लाभ β के बीच का मूलभूत संबंध α = β / (1 + β) होता है।

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344📐MathematicsSet Theory

Suppose A, B, and C are subsets of a universal set X. Which one of the following set identities is NOT universally valid?
A) n(A ∪ B) = n(A - B) - n(A ∩ B)
B) n(A - B) = n(A) - n(A ∩ B)
C) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
D) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

Explanation

Identity A is completely invalid. The correct cardinality relation is n(A ∪ B) = n(A - B) + n(B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B). The formula given in A: n(A - B) - n(A ∩ B) subtracts rather than adding elements. Identities B, C (distributive law of intersection over union), and D (distributive law of cartesian product over intersection) are universally valid theorems of set theory.

सर्वसमिका A पूरी तरह अमान्य है, क्योंकि n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B) होता है, न कि n(A - B) - n(A ∩ B)। अन्य तीनों सर्वसमिकाएं समुच्चय सिद्धांत (Set Theory) के सार्वभौमिक नियम हैं। अतः विकल्प A सही उत्तर है।

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345📚StatisticsInterpolation & Numerical Methods

If x_0 = 5, x_1 = 6, x_2 = 9 and x_3 = 11, and f(x_0) = 12, f(x_1) = 13, f(x_2) = 14 and f(x_3) = 16 then the approximate value of f(10) using Lagrange's interpolation formula is:
A) 15
B) 14.67
C) 16
D) 15.47

Explanation

Applying Lagrange's interpolation formula at x = 10 with points (5,12), (6,13), (9,14), (11,16): L0(10)12 + L1(10)13 + L2(10)14 + L3(10)16 evaluates accurately to 14.67. Thus, Option B is correct.

लैग्रेंज के अंतर्वेशन सूत्र (Lagrange's interpolation formula) का उपयोग करके x = 10 पर मान की गणना करने पर f(10) ≈ 14.67 प्राप्त होता है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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346📚StatisticsMedian of Grouped Frequency Distribution

What is the value of x if the median wage is Rs. 4675 for the following salary distribution?
Salary (in Rs.): 2000-3000 | 3000-4000 | 4000-5000 | 5000-6000 | 6000-7000
Number of Employees: 3 | 5 | x | 10 | 5
A) 8
B) 20
C) 12
D) 9

Explanation

Median = 4675 lies in class 4000-5000. Lower limit L = 4000, class width h = 1000, frequency f = x. Cumulative frequency before median class c.f. = 3 + 5 = 8. Total N = 3 + 5 + x + 10 + 5 = 23 + x. Median formula: Median = L + [ (N/2 - c.f.) / f ] h. Substituting: 4675 = 4000 + [ ((23 + x)/2 - 8) / x ] 1000 => 675 = [ (7 + x) / (2x) ] 1000 => 675 = [ (7 + x) / (2x) ] 1000 => 1350x = 7000 + 1000x => 350x = 7000 => x = 7000 / 350 = 20. Exactly 20! Thus, Option B is correct.

माध्यिका वर्ग 4000-5000 है जहाँ L = 4000, h = 1000, f = x, तथा c.f. = 8। कुल N = 23 + x। सूत्र: माध्यिका = L + [(N/2 - c.f.) / f] h में मान रखने पर: 4675 = 4000 + [((23 + x)/2 - 8)/x] 1000 => 675 = [(7 + x)/(2x)] * 1000 => 1350x = 7000 + 1000x => 350x = 7000 => x = 20। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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347📚Electrical EngineeringElectrical Machines (Magnetic Losses)

On which of the following factors does hysteresis loss depend?
i. Flux density
ii. Frequency
iii. Thickness of laminations
iv. Time
Select the correct answer from the options given below.
A) ii and iii
B) i and iv
C) iii and iv
D) i and ii

Explanation

By Steinmetz's empirical formula, hysteresis loss per unit volume is P_h = η (B_max)^x f, where B_max is maximum flux density and f is frequency. Thickness of laminations reduces eddy current loss (P_e ∝ t^2), not hysteresis loss. Thus, hysteresis loss depends on flux density (i) and frequency (ii). Option D is correct.

स्टाइनमेट्ज़ के सूत्र के अनुसार शैथिल्य हानि P_h = η B_max^1.6 f होती है, जो फ्लक्स घनत्व (i) और आपूर्ति आवृत्ति (ii) पर निर्भर करती है। पट्टियों की मोटाई (iii) भंवर धारा हानि (eddy current loss) को प्रभावित करती है। अतः विकल्प D (i and ii) सही है।

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348📚Electrical EngineeringPower System Analysis (Per-Unit System)

A synchronous generator has a direct-axis reactance X_d = 0.4 per unit, based on its nameplate ratings of 10 kV and 75 MVA. If the per-unit reactance is to be recalculated on a new base of 11 kV and 100 MVA, what will be the new per-unit value of X_d?
A) 0.54
B) 0.28
C) 0.44
D) 0.38

Explanation

Per-unit reactance conversion formula: X_pu,new = X_pu,old (MVA_new / MVA_old) (kV_old / kV_new)^2. Substituting: X_pu,new = 0.4 (100 / 75) (10 / 11)^2 = 0.4 (4 / 3) (100 / 121) = (1.6 / 3) 0.8264 = 0.5333 0.8264 = 0.4407 ≈ 0.44 per unit.

प्रति इकाई प्रतिघात परिवर्तन सूत्र: X_new = X_old (MVA_new / MVA_old) (kV_old / kV_new)^2। मान रखने पर: X_new = 0.4 (100 / 75) (10 / 11)^2 = 0.4 (4/3) (100/121) = 0.44 pu। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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349📚Electrical EngineeringControl Systems (Block Diagram Reduction)

The block diagram for a particular control system is shown in the figure. What is the transfer function C(s)/R(s) for this system?
[Figure shows forward branch with integrator s^(-1) with numerator gain 'a' in parallel forward and inner feedback 'b']
A) (s + a) / (s - b)
B) (s - b) / (s + b)
C) (s + a) / (s + b)
D) (s + b) / (s + a)

Explanation

Applying Mason's gain formula or standard block diagram reduction: the forward paths are P_1 = 1 and P_2 = a/s, so numerator is 1 + a/s = (s + a)/s. The feedback loop has loop gain -b/s, so denominator is 1 - (-b/s) = 1 + b/s = (s + b)/s. The overall closed-loop transfer function is C(s)/R(s) = [(s + a)/s] / [(s + b)/s] = (s + a) / (s + b).

ब्लॉक आरेख न्यूनीकरण द्वारा: अग्र पथ P1 = 1 तथा P2 = a/s, जिससे अंश = 1 + a/s = (s + a)/s होता है। फीडबैक लूप लाभ = -b/s होने से हर = 1 + b/s = (s + b)/s होता है। अतः समग्र अंतरण फलन C(s)/R(s) = (s + a) / (s + b) होगा। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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350📚Computer Science & Information TechnologyComputer Science & IT

In MS Word, a character that is raised and smaller above the baseline is known as:
A) Outlined
B) Raised
C) Superscript
D) Subscript

Explanation

A character formatted as superscript is positioned slightly above the normal text baseline and rendered in a smaller font size (e.g., x² or 1st). Subscript is placed below the baseline (e.g., H₂O).

MS Word में सामान्य टेक्स्ट बेसलाइन के ऊपर छोटे आकार में लिखे गए अक्षर को सुपरस्क्रिप्ट (Superscript, जैसे x²) कहा जाता है।

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351📚Computer Science & Information TechnologyComputer Science & IT

You can set the Page Border in MS Excel from:
A) From Border tab in Format Cells dialog box
B) From Border tool in Formatting toolbar
C) From Line Style tool in Drawing toolbar
D) You cannot set a page border in Excel

Explanation

Unlike Microsoft Word which has a dedicated Page Border feature in page layout settings, Microsoft Excel does not have a native page border command. In Excel, you can only format borders around individual cells or cell ranges.

MS Word के विपरीत, MS Excel में पेज बॉर्डर (Page Border) लगाने की कोई सीधी अंतर्निहित सुविधा नहीं होती है। एक्सेल में केवल सेलों या सेल रेंज पर बॉर्डर लगाया जा सकता है।

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352📚Computer Science & Information TechnologyComputer Science & IT

To insert a hyperlink in a slide:
A) Choose Insert >> Hyperlink
B) Press Ctrl + K
C) Hyperlinks can't be inserted in slides
D) Both (A) & (B)

Explanation

In PowerPoint, a hyperlink can be inserted either via the menu/ribbon by selecting 'Insert > Hyperlink' (or 'Insert > Link') or by using the universal keyboard shortcut Ctrl + K.

पावरपॉइंट स्लाइड में हाइपरलिंक डालने के लिए Insert मेनू से Hyperlink चुना जा सकता है या कीबोर्ड शॉर्टकट Ctrl + K का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। अतः दोनों (A) और (B) सही हैं।

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353📚Knowledge of Computer Applications & ITAI & Problem Solving Concepts

The process of removing detail from a given state representation is called
A) Extraction
B) Abstraction
C) Information Retrieval
D) Mining of data

Explanation

In Artificial Intelligence and problem solving, 'Abstraction' is the process of simplifying a state space by removing irrelevant low-level details while preserving essential properties necessary to formulate and solve the problem efficiently.

कंप्यूटर विज्ञान और आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजेंस में, किसी स्थिति निरूपण (State representation) से अनावश्यक विवरणों को हटाकर केवल मुख्य विशेषताओं को बनाए रखने की प्रक्रिया को 'एब्स्ट्रैक्शन' (Abstraction - अमूर्तन) कहा जाता है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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354📚General Awareness & Mental AbilityResearch Methodology

Order the sequence of steps followed in educational research:
I. Selection of research problem
II. Selection of research method
III. Formulation of research question
IV. Data collection and analysis
V. Reporting the results
Choose the correct option:
A) I - II - III - IV - V
B) I - III - II - IV - V
C) I - IV - II - III - V
D) II - I - III - IV - V

Explanation

The logical and standardized pedagogical sequence of scientific research is:
Step I: Selection of research problem
Step III: Formulation of research question / hypothesis
Step II: Selection of research design and method
Step IV: Data collection and analysis
Step V: Reporting the results.
This sequence matches Option B (I - III - II - IV - V).

अनुसंधान प्रक्रिया का तार्किक और मानक क्रम निम्न प्रकार है:
I. अनुसंधान समस्या का चयन (Selection of research problem)
III. अनुसंधान प्रश्न का निर्माण (Formulation of research question)
II. अनुसंधान विधि का चयन (Selection of research method)
IV. डेटा संग्रह और विश्लेषण (Data collection and analysis)
V. परिणामों की रिपोर्टिंग (Reporting the results)
अतः सही क्रम I - III - II - IV - V (विकल्प B) है।

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355📚Quantitative AptitudeGeometry (Polygons & Diagonals)

If a regular polygon has 20 diagonals, then the number of sides of this polygon is,
A) 5
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

Explanation

The number of diagonals D in an n-sided polygon is given by the formula:
D = n(n - 3) / 2.
Given D = 20:
n(n - 3) / 2 = 20
n(n - 3) = 40
n^2 - 3n - 40 = 0
(n - 8)(n + 5) = 0
Since the number of sides must be positive, n = 8 (an octagon).

n भुजाओं वाले बहुभुज के विकर्णों की संख्या का सूत्र:
D = n(n - 3) / 2।
20 = n(n - 3) / 2 => n(n - 3) = 40।
8 × (8 - 3) = 8 × 5 = 40।
अतः बहुभुज की भुजाओं की संख्या n = 8 (अष्टभुज) होगी। सही विकल्प C है।

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356📚Quantitative AptitudeMensuration (Cylinder Surface Area & Cost)

A water well has a height of 8m and diameter of 3.5m. What is the cost of plastering its curved surface and base at the rate of Rs.50/m^2? (Take π = 22/7)
A) Rs. 15000
B) Rs. 14500
C) Rs. 14000
D) Rs. 14700

Explanation

In standard question bank formulation and official examination answer keys for this problem, the key is option D (Rs. 14700).
Note on calculation:
Curved surface area = 2 π r h = π d h = (22/7) 3.5 8 = 88 m^2. Area of circular base = π r^2 = (22/7) (1.75)^2 = 9.625 m^2. Total area to be plastered = 88 + 9.625 = 97.625 m^2. Theoretical cost at Rs. 50/m^2 = 97.625 50 = Rs. 4,881.25. However, in this classic exam problem where options are in the 14000-15000 range (commonly stemming from rate or dimension transcription variants in competitive exam compilations), the official answer is marked as D (Rs. 14700).

प्रतियोगी परीक्षा की आधिकारिक उत्तर कुंजी के अनुसार सही विकल्प D (Rs. 14700) है।
(सैद्धांतिक गणना में: वक्र पृष्ठ क्षेत्रफल = π × d × h = (22/7) × 3.5 × 8 = 88 वर्ग मीटर; आधार का क्षेत्रफल = π × r² = 9.625 वर्ग मीटर; कुल क्षेत्रफल = 97.625 वर्ग मीटर; 50 रु./वर्ग मीटर की दर से लागत 4881.25 रु. होती है। परीक्षा प्रश्न बैंक में आयाम/दर रूपांतरण के कारण आधिकारिक कुंजी विकल्प D (14700 रु.) निर्धारित है)।

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357📚Knowledge of Computer Applications & ITWindows Shortcut Keys

Which of the following keyboard shortcuts is commonly used to rename a file or folder in Windows OS?
A) Ctrl + F5
B) Alt + Enter
C) Ctrl + R
D) F2

Explanation

In Windows Operating System, pressing the function key F2 allows the user to immediately rename the currently selected file or folder.

विंडोज ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम में किसी चयनित फाइल या फोल्डर का नाम बदलने (Rename करने) के लिए फंक्शन की 'F2' का उपयोग किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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358📚Knowledge of Computer Applications & ITMS Office Shortcut Keys

Which of the following shortcut key is used to check spelling ?
A) F1
B) F2
C) F7
D) F9

Explanation

In Microsoft Office applications (Word, Excel, PowerPoint), pressing function key F7 opens the Spelling and Grammar check tool.

माइक्रोसॉफ्ट ऑफिस (MS Word, Excel आदि) में वर्तनी और व्याकरण (Spelling and Grammar) की जांच करने के लिए शॉर्टकट की 'F7' का उपयोग किया जाता है। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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359📚Knowledge of Computer Applications & ITMS Excel Shortcuts

In MS Excel, when a range is selected, how can you activate the previous cell?
A) Press the Alt Key
B) Press Tab
C) Press Enter
D) Press Ctrl + G

Explanation

In standard competitive examination question banks and official answer keys, option D (Press Ctrl + G) is marked as the answer for this prompt (though in regular Excel usage Shift+Tab or Shift+Enter navigates to the previous cell within a selection, while Ctrl+G opens the Go To dialog to navigate to any previous cell reference).

प्रतियोगी परीक्षा के प्रश्न पत्र और आधिकारिक उत्तर कुंजी के अनुसार विकल्प D (Press Ctrl + G) सही उत्तर है (Ctrl+G 'Go To' डायलॉग बॉक्स खोलकर किसी भी पूर्व सेल को सक्रिय करने की सुविधा देता है)।

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360📚Knowledge of Computer Applications & ITMS PowerPoint Shortcuts

Which short cut key inserts a new slide in current presentation?
A) Ctrl + N
B) Ctrl + M
C) Ctrl + S
D) Ctrl + Y

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint, Ctrl + M is the shortcut key used to insert a new slide into the active presentation. (Ctrl + N opens a completely new blank presentation).

माइक्रोसॉफ्ट पावरपॉइंट (MS PowerPoint) में वर्तमान प्रस्तुति में एक नई स्लाइड (New Slide) जोड़ने के लिए 'Ctrl + M' शॉर्टकट की का उपयोग किया जाता है (जबकि Ctrl+N एक नई प्रस्तुति फाइल खोलता है)। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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361📚Basic Mathematics & Numerical AbilityPercentage

A value is first increased by 10% and then decreased by 10%. What is the net change?
A) No change
B) 1% Increase
C) 1% Decrease
D) 0.5% Decrease

Explanation

Net percentage change formula: a + b + (a b) / 100. Here a = +10, b = -10. Net change = 10 - 10 + (10 -10) / 100 = -100 / 100 = -1%. A negative sign indicates a 1% Decrease.

शुद्ध प्रतिशत परिवर्तन सूत्र: a + b + (ab)/100 = 10 - 10 + (10 * -10)/100 = -1% (यानी 1% की कमी)। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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362📚General Awareness & ScienceBasic Chemistry

What is the chemical formula of table salt?
A) NaCl
B) KCl
C) CaCl2
D) Na2CO3

Explanation

Common table salt is chemically known as sodium chloride, represented by the chemical formula NaCl.

साधारण नमक (Table salt) का रासायनिक नाम सोडियम क्लोराइड है तथा इसका रासायनिक सूत्र NaCl है। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

2025JKSSB

363📚Civil EngineeringMechanics of Materials - Cantilever Formulas

Consider the following pairs, for a cantilever beam of length (l), loaded by point load (w) at free end and flexural rigidity (EI):
i. Maximum Bending Moment - 1. wl
ii. Strain Energy - 2. wl² / (2EI)
iii. Maximum slope - 3. wl³ / (3EI)
iv. Maximum deflection - 4. w²l³ / (6EI)
Which of the pair given below is correctly matched?
A) (i) - (1), (ii) - (4), (iii) - (3), (iv) - (2)
B) (i) - (1), (ii) - (4), (iii) - (2), (iv) - (3)
C) (i) - (4), (ii) - (2), (iii) - (1), (iv) - (3)
D) (i) - (4), (ii) - (3), (iii) - (1), (iv) - (2)

Explanation

For a cantilever beam of length l carrying a point load w at the free end:
(i) Maximum Bending Moment at fixed end M_max = w l -> 1 (ii) Total Strain Energy U = ∫ (M² dx) / (2EI) = w²l³ / (6EI) -> 4 (iii) Maximum slope at free end θ_max = w l² / (2EI) -> 2
(iv) Maximum deflection at free end δ_max = w * l³ / (3EI) -> 3
Therefore, the correctly matched pair is (i)-(1), (ii)-(4), (iii)-(2), (iv)-(3).

मुक्त सिरे पर बिंदु भार w वाले कैंटिलीवर बीम के लिए:
(i) अधिकतम बंकन आघूर्ण = wl -> 1
(ii) विकृति ऊर्जा (Strain Energy) = w²l³ / (6EI) -> 4
(iii) अधिकतम ढाल (Maximum slope) = wl² / (2EI) -> 2
(iv) अधिकतम विक्षेप (Maximum deflection) = wl³ / (3EI) -> 3
अतः सही मिलान (i)-(1), (ii)-(4), (iii)-(2), (iv)-(3) है। विकल्प B सही उत्तर है।

2025JKSSB

364📚Forensic Medicine & PathologyGestational Age Estimation

Hassae's formula helps in determination of:

Explanation

Haase's formula is an anatomical rule used in forensic medicine to estimate the intra-uterine gestational age (in lunar months) of a fetus from its crown-heel length: square root of length for months 1-5, and length divided by 5 for months 6-10.

हासे का सूत्र (Haase's formula) फोरेंसिक चिकित्सा में भ्रूण की क्राउन-हील लंबाई के आधार पर उसकी अंतर्गर्भाशयी आयु (Intra-uterine age of the foetus) का अनुमान लगाने में मदद करता है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

365📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyWidmark's Alcohol Formula

The value of distribution constant 'r' in Widmark equation is:

Explanation

In Widmark's formula for calculating blood alcohol concentration, the volume of distribution factor 'r' averages 0.68 for men (higher body water content) and 0.55 for women (higher percentage of body fat).

रक्त अल्कोहल सांद्रता की गणना के लिए विडमार्क सूत्र में वितरण स्थिरांक 'r' का औसत मान पुरुषों के लिए 0.68 और महिलाओं के लिए 0.55 होता है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

366📚Fingerprint Examination & BiometricsCyanoacrylate Fuming

Cyanoacrylate (superglue) is a:

Explanation

Cyanoacrylate is formulated as a liquid acrylic monomer (typically ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate) that readily polymerizes into a hard white polymer upon contact with moisture and fingerprint residue during fuming.

सायनोएक्रिलेट (सुपरग्लू) एक ऐक्रेलिक मोनोमर (Acrylic monomer) है, जो नमी के संपर्क में आने पर बहुलक (पॉलीमर) में परिवर्तित होकर फिंगरप्रिंट लकीरों पर जम जाता है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

367📚Forensic Ethics & Professional PracticeApplied Ethics & Forensic Practice

Consider the following statements:\nStatement - I: Study of ethical dilemmas, choices and standards of application in a particular context, including occupations, professions and situation come under applied ethics.\nStatement - II: In Forensic Science, the concept of ethics was given by Edmond Locard.\nOptions:

Explanation

Statement I is correct because applied ethics specifically deals with practical ethical dilemmas and codes in specialized professions. Statement II is incorrect because Edmond Locard formulated the Principle of Exchange, not the concept of professional ethics.

कथन I सत्य है क्योंकि अनुप्रयुक्त नैतिकता व्यावसायिक और व्यावहारिक संदर्भों में नैतिक सिद्धांतों का अध्ययन है। कथन II गलत है क्योंकि एडमंड लोकार्ड ने विनिमय का सिद्धांत दिया था, नैतिकता की अवधारणा नहीं। अतः केवल I सही है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

368📚Forensic Optics & SpectroscopySolid State Lasers (Nd:YAG)

In Nd:YAG, YAG stands for:

Explanation

In the Nd:YAG solid-state laser, YAG stands for Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (chemical formula Y3Al5O12), which serves as the host crystal doped with neodymium ions (Nd3+).

Nd:YAG लेजर में YAG का पूर्ण रूप 'Yttrium aluminium garnet' (यिट्रियम एल्युमिनियम गार्नेट - Y₃Al₅O₁₂) होता है, जो लेजर के लिए होस्ट क्रिस्टल का कार्य करता है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

369📚Questioned Documents & InksSolvent Extraction of Typewriter Inks

Typewritten matter containing oil-based ink can be partly removed by:

Explanation

Oil-based typewriter ribbon formulations contain heavy mineral oils and fatty acids, which dissolve readily in non-polar organic solvents such as petroleum ether and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

टाइपराइटर रिबन की तैलीय स्याही गैर-ध्रुवीय कार्बनिक विलायकों जैसे पेट्रोलियम ईथर और क्लोरीनीकृत हाइड्रोकार्बन (Petroleum ether and chlorinated hydrocarbons) में घुलनशील होती है और इनसे आंशिक रूप से हटाई जा सकती है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

370📚Crime Scene InvestigationCrime Scene Reconstruction

Which of the following involves forming a hypothesis of the sequence of events from before the crime was committed through its commission?

Explanation

Crime scene reconstruction is defined as the scientific process of determining the sequence of events and formulating testable hypotheses regarding what transpired before, during, and after the commission of a crime based on physical evidence analysis.

क्राइम सीन रिकंस्ट्रक्शन (अपराध स्थल पुनर्निर्माण) वह वैज्ञानिक प्रक्रिया है जिसमें भौतिक साक्ष्यों के विश्लेषण के आधार पर अपराध होने से पूर्व, अपराध के दौरान और उसके बाद की घटनाओं के सटीक क्रम की परिकल्पना तैयार की जाती है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

371📚Illicit Drugs & Street ChemistryLSD Formulations - Windowpanes

When gelatin is mixed with a hallucinogen drug and cut into small squares, it is known as

Explanation

In illicit drug street terminology, LSD prepared in thin sheets of gelatin and cut into tiny transparent or coloured squares is called 'windowpanes' (or 'clearlight'). Microdots refer to tiny pills/tablets, while Orange Sunshine and Purple Haze refer to specific historic formulations.

अवैध दवा शब्दावली में, जब एलएसडी को जिलेटिन की पतली चादरों में मिलाकर छोटे-छोटे पारदर्शी चौकोर टुकड़ों (gel tabs) में काटा जाता है, तो उसे स्ट्रीट पर 'विंडोपेंस' (Windowpanes) कहा जाता है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

372📚Petroleum ChemistryAPI Gravity and Relative Density

Which of the following is used to measure API gravity?

Explanation

API gravity (American Petroleum Institute gravity) is a dimensionless measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water, determined directly from the relative density / specific gravity of the oil at 60°F via the formula: API = (141.5 / SG) - 131.5.

एपीआई ग्रेविटी कच्चे तेल के पानी की तुलना में घनत्व / आपेक्षिक घनत्व (Density / Specific Gravity) का एक मानक पैमाना है, जिसे 60°F पर हाइड्रोमीटर द्वारा सीधे मापा जाता है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

373📚Forensic ExplosivesHMX (Octogen) Chemical Identity

Chemical name of HMX is :

Explanation

HMX (Octogen / High Melting Explosive) has the chemical formula C4H8N8O8 and is chemically named Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (or 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane). (RDX is cyclotrimethylene trinitramine).

एचएमएक्स (HMX / Octogen) का रासायनिक नाम साइक्लो-टेट्रामेथिलीन टेट्रानाइट्रामाइन (Cyclo tetramethylene Tetranitramine) है। (RDX का नाम साइक्लो-ट्राइमेथिलीन ट्राइनाइट्रामाइन है)।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

374📚MS Office ApplicationsMS Word - Mail Merge Feature

The following feature in Word allows you to combine letters with a database of addresses?

Explanation

Mail Merge is a Microsoft Word feature that merges a master template document (such as a form letter or envelope) with a structured recipient address list/database (from Excel or Access) to create personalized documents in bulk.

मेल मर्ज (Mail Merge) एमएस वर्ड की वह सुविधा है जो एक मुख्य पत्र प्रारूप को पतों के डेटाबेस (एक्सेल या एक्सेस) के साथ मिलाकर एक साथ कई व्यक्तिगत पत्र या लिफाफे तैयार करती है।

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

375📚MS Office ApplicationsMS Excel - Formulas and Syntax

_____ symbol is used to start a formula in Excel

Explanation

In Microsoft Excel, every mathematical formula and calculation function must always begin with the equals sign (=) so the spreadsheet engine evaluates it as an expression rather than plain text.

माइक्रोसॉफ्ट एक्सेल में प्रत्येक फॉर्मूला या फंक्शन हमेशा बराबर के चिह्न (=) से शुरू होना चाहिए, ताकि एक्सेल उसे सामान्य टेक्स्ट के बजाय एक गणनात्मक सूत्र के रूप में पहचाने।

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

376📚MS Office ApplicationsMS PowerPoint - Presentation Shortcuts

Which key is used to start a slide show from the beginning?

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint, pressing function key F5 immediately launches the slide show presentation from the very first slide (slide 1). Pressing Shift + F5 starts the slide show from the currently active slide.

माइक्रोसॉफ्ट पावरपॉइंट में पहली स्लाइड से स्लाइड शो शुरू करने के लिए F5 शॉर्टकट कुंजी का उपयोग किया जाता है (वर्तमान स्लाइड से शुरू करने के लिए Shift + F5 होता है)।

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

377📚Mental Ability & ReasoningVenn Diagrams / Set Theory

A survey of 500 people was conducted regarding their ownership of Smartwatches (S), Tablets (T), and VR Headsets (V). 285 people own a Smartwatch, 215 own a Tablet, and 115 own a VR Headset. Exactly 45 people own all three devices. There are 70 who own a Smartwatch and a VR Headset, while 50 own a Tablet and a VR Headset. 50 people own none of these devices. How many people own a Smartwatch and a Tablet, but not a VR Headset?
A) 45
B) 55
C) 90
D) 105

Explanation

Total = 500, None = 50 => |S ∪ T ∪ V| = 500 - 50 = 450.
Given:
n(S) = 285, n(T) = 215, n(V) = 115.
n(S ∩ T ∩ V) = 45.
n(S ∩ V) = 70, n(T ∩ V) = 50.
By inclusion-exclusion formula:
|S ∪ T ∪ V| = n(S) + n(T) + n(V) - [n(S ∩ T) + n(S ∩ V) + n(T ∩ V)] + n(S ∩ T ∩ V)
450 = 285 + 215 + 115 - [n(S ∩ T) + 70 + 50] + 45
450 = 615 - n(S ∩ T) - 120 + 45
450 = 540 - n(S ∩ T)
n(S ∩ T) = 540 - 450 = 90.
The number of people owning a Smartwatch and a Tablet, but not a VR Headset:
= n(S ∩ T) - n(S ∩ T ∩ V) = 90 - 45 = 45.

कुल व्यक्ति = 500, कोई उपकरण नहीं = 50 => |S ∪ T ∪ V| = 500 - 50 = 450।
दिए गए मान:
n(S) = 285, n(T) = 215, n(V) = 115
n(S ∩ T ∩ V) = 45, n(S ∩ V) = 70, n(T ∩ V) = 50
समावेशन-अपवर्जन सूत्र:
|S ∪ T ∪ V| = n(S) + n(T) + n(V) - [n(S ∩ T) + n(S ∩ V) + n(T ∩ V)] + n(S ∩ T ∩ V)
450 = 285 + 215 + 115 - [n(S ∩ T) + 70 + 50] + 45
450 = 540 - n(S ∩ T) => n(S ∩ T) = 90।
वे लोग जिनके पास स्मार्टवॉच और टैबलेट है, लेकिन वीआर हेडसेट नहीं:
= n(S ∩ T) - n(S ∩ T ∩ V) = 90 - 45 = 45।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

378📚General EnglishReading Comprehension

According to the passage on Normal Science and Scientific Revolutions, why do scientific revolutions represent a rupture rather than a continuation of prior science?
A) Because scientists abandon objectivity and turn to speculation.
B) Because competing paradigms redefine questions and methods, making continuity impossible.
C) Because new paradigms invalidate all previous findings.
D) Because scientists stop collecting empirical data.

Explanation

The passage explains that scientific revolutions occur when a new paradigm emerges, which is not merely an extension of the old framework but a fundamental reconceptualization of reality (akin to a gestalt switch), redefining the very questions, assumptions, and methods of science.

गद्यांश में स्पष्ट किया गया है कि वैज्ञानिक क्रांति पुराने ढांचे का मात्र विस्तार नहीं है, बल्कि वास्तविकता का एक मौलिक पुनर्गठन (gestalt switch) है, जो विज्ञान के प्रश्नों और पद्धतियों को नए सिरे से परिभाषित करता है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

379📚Basic MathematicsSimple & Compound Interest

If the difference between the compound interest and simple interest at 17% on a sum of money for 2 years (compounded annually) is Rs. 433.50, then the sum (in Rs.) is:
A) 12,000
B) 15,000
C) 25,000
D) 20,000

Explanation

The formula for the difference between CI and SI for 2 years is:
CI - SI = P × (r / 100)²
433.50 = P × (17 / 100)² = P × (289 / 10000)
P = (433.50 × 10000) / 289 = 4335000 / 289 = Rs. 15,000.

2 वर्ष के लिए CI और SI के बीच के अंतर का सूत्र:
CI - SI = P × (r / 100)²
433.50 = P × (289 / 10000)
P = (433.50 × 10000) / 289 = 4335000 / 289 = ₹15,000।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

380📚Basic Computer ApplicationsMS Word - Section Breaks & Page Numbering

Anaya is making a long report in MS Word. She wants pages 1–3 to use Roman numerals (i, ii, iii) and the rest to start from 1, 2, 3.... She does not know how to set different page numbering styles in one document. What should she do?
A) Use Mixed Numbering from the Insert tab
B) Add a section break and format page numbers separately
C) Use the Pagination Wizard from the Layout tab and assign custom numbering templates
D) Change the numbering style from the Font settings

Explanation

In Microsoft Word, formatting different page number formats (e.g., Roman numerals followed by Arabic numerals starting at 1) requires inserting a Section Break (Next Page) between the sections and unlinking headers/footers to format page numbers independently in each section.

MS Word में एक ही दस्तावेज़ में अलग-अलग पेज नंबर शैलियाँ लागू करने के लिए सेक्शन ब्रेक (Section Break) जोड़ना पड़ता है और फिर प्रत्येक सेक्शन के पेज नंबरों को स्वतंत्र रूप से फॉर्मेट किया जाता है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

381📚Basic Computer ApplicationsMS PowerPoint - Slide Master

Aarohi is creating a presentation and wants a logo to appear automatically in the same position on all current and future slides, without manually adding it to each slide. Which feature should she use?
A) Global Slide Replication
B) Layout Replicator
C) Theme Designer
D) Slide Master

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint, the Slide Master is the top hierarchy slide controlling design elements, layout templates, placeholders, and formatting across the entire deck. Placing an image or logo on the Slide Master automatically reflects it on every current and future slide.

MS PowerPoint में 'स्लाइड मास्टर' (Slide Master) का उपयोग करके जोड़ा गया कोई भी लोगो या ऑब्जेक्ट प्रस्तुति की सभी वर्तमान और नई स्लाइडों पर एक ही स्थान पर स्वचालित रूप से दिखाई देता है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

382📚Basic Computer ApplicationsMS Excel - Formula Syntax

Aditi wants Excel to calculate the average of cells A1 to A5 only if their total sum is greater than 100, otherwise she wants Excel to display "Low". She writes the following formula:
=IF(((SUM(A1:A5)>100,(AVERAGE(A1:A5),"Low")))
Will this formula work as intended?
A) Yes, it will work correctly for all values
B) Yes, but it works only with integers
C) No, it will not work because of a syntax issue
D) No, it will not work because of incorrect logic

Explanation

The formula =IF(((SUM(A1:A5)>100,(AVERAGE(A1:A5),"Low"))) contains mismatched and misplaced parentheses around function arguments. In Excel, the correct syntax is =IF(SUM(A1:A5)>100, AVERAGE(A1:A5), "Low"). The syntax error causes Excel to reject the formula with an error alert.

एक्सेल में IF फ़ंक्शन का सही प्रारूप =IF(शर्त, यदि_सत्य_हो, यदि_असत्य_हो) होता है। अदिति के सूत्र में कोष्ठकों का गलत उपयोग होने के कारण सिंटैक्स त्रुटि (syntax issue) आएगी और एक्सेल इसे स्वीकार नहीं करेगा।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

383📚Basic Concepts of ComputersData Representation & Binary Arithmetic

Which of the following statements is/are correct?
I. Overflow in two's complement addition can be detected by examining only the carry out of the most significant bit.
II. When converting an unsigned integer to a larger type, zero extension is used to preserve its value.
III. In Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) representation, each decimal digit is encoded separately using four binary bits.
IV. In a byte-addressable system, the effective address calculation is dependent on instruction length.

Choose the correct option:
A) Only IV is True
B) Only II and III are True
C) Only II and IV are True
D) Only III and IV are True

Explanation

Evaluating statements:
- Statement I is false: In two's complement addition, overflow occurs if and only if the carry-in into the sign bit differs from the carry-out from the sign bit (Cin XOR Cout = 1).
- Statement II is true: Widening an unsigned integer pads leading higher-order bits with zeros (zero-extension) to preserve numerical value.
- Statement III is true: BCD encodes each decimal digit (0–9) using its standard 4-bit binary nibble (e.g., 9 is 1001).
- Statement IV is false: Effective address calculation depends on the addressing mode and base/offset registers, not the instruction length.
Thus, only II and III are True.

कथन II और III सत्य हैं: अहस्ताक्षरित पूर्णांकों को बड़ा करने पर उच्च बिट्स में शून्य जोड़ा जाता है (शून्य विस्तार), और BCD में प्रत्येक दशमलव अंक 4 बाइनरी बिट्स द्वारा दर्शाया जाता है। कथन I गलत है क्योंकि ओवरफ्लो कैरी-इन और कैरी-आउट के अंतर पर निर्भर करता है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

384📚Basic Concepts of ComputersMS Word Features

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about MS Word?
A) A content control can restrict editing in a document; however cannot enforce data validation.
B) You can apply different first-line indents and hanging indents to different paragraphs within the same style.
C) The Navigation Pane allows searching by headings, pages, or results, but cannot directly display comments.
D) In Track Changes, accepting a change permanently removes the author's metadata associated with that change.

Explanation

Statement A is incorrect (and thus the correct answer) because Content Controls in MS Word (such as Date Picker, Dropdown List, and plain text controls with XML data binding) CAN enforce strict data validation rules on user input.

कथन A गलत है क्योंकि MS Word में कंटेंट कंट्रोल्स (जैसे ड्रॉपडाउन, डेट पिकर) इनपुट पर डेटा सत्यापन (data validation) लागू कर सकते हैं। अतः कथन A सही उत्तर है।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

385📚Basic Concepts of ComputersMS Word - Section Breaks & Formatting

Which of the following statements is true about MS Word?
A) Using Section Breaks allows different headers and footers in the same document.
B) Using Page Break allows you to have different headers and footers in the same document.
C) Headers and footers cannot be changed once set in a document.
D) Headers and footers are automatically deleted when you close the document.

Explanation

In Microsoft Word, inserting a Section Break (such as Next Page) isolates a document into independent formatting segments. By unlinking the 'Link to Previous' setting, each section can maintain entirely distinct headers, footers, margins, and page numbering.

MS Word में सेक्शन ब्रेक (Section Break) लगाने और 'Link to Previous' हटाने पर एक ही दस्तावेज़ के अलग-अलग भागों में अलग-अलग हेडर और फूटर रखे जा सकते हैं।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

386📚Basic Concepts of ComputersMS Excel - Nested IF Formulas

A company keeps sales data in column B and wants to categorise sales into three levels:
"High" if sales ≥ 1000
"Medium" if sales ≥ 500 but < 1000
"Low" if sales < 500

A student writes the formula in cell C2 as:
`=IF(B2>=1000,"High",IF(B2>=500,"Medium","Low"))`

Which of the following statements is/are correct?
A) The formula will always give an error.
B) The formula will give an error if B2 is blank.
C) The formula will give an error for non-numeric values in B2.
D) The formula will work correctly for all numeric values in B2.

Explanation

The nested formula correctly checks if B2 is at least 1000 (returning 'High'). If false, it checks if B2 is at least 500 (returning 'Medium'), and if false, returns 'Low'. For any valid numeric sales value in B2, this nested logic executes without syntax errors and correctly assigns the appropriate category.

यह नेस्टेड IF सूत्र पूरी तरह से सही सिंटैक्स और तर्क के साथ लिखा गया है। B2 में किसी भी संख्यात्मक मान के लिए यह 1000 या अधिक पर 'High', 500 से 999 पर 'Medium', और 500 से कम पर 'Low' सही ढंग से प्रदर्शित करेगा।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

387📚Basic Concepts of ComputersMS Excel - Statistical Functions

In Microsoft Excel, student scores are listed in column B (Math) and column C (Science). Which formula correctly counts the number of students who scored ≥ 80 in Math and ≥ 90 in Science? (≥ means greater than or equal to)
A) =COUNTIFS(B2:B10,">=80",C2:C10,">=90")
B) =SUMPRODUCT((B2:B10>=80),(C2:C10>=90))
C) =SUM(IF((B2:B10>=80),(C2:C10>=90),1,0))
D) None of these

Explanation

The COUNTIFS function counts the number of cells across multiple ranges that simultaneously satisfy multiple criteria: `=COUNTIFS(criteria_range1, criteria1, criteria_range2, criteria2)`. Thus, `=COUNTIFS(B2:B10,">=80",C2:C10,">=90")` is the correct and standard Excel formula.

एक्सेल में एक से अधिक शर्तों के आधार पर सेल गिनने के लिए COUNTIFS फ़ंक्शन का उपयोग किया जाता है: `=COUNTIFS(B2:B10,">=80",C2:C10,">=90")`।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

388📚Basic Concepts of ComputersMS PowerPoint - SmartArt Graphics

In Microsoft PowerPoint, which of the following existing slide contents CANNOT be directly converted into SmartArt, without re-entering the data?
A) A bulleted list
B) A table of data
C) A block of descriptive text
D) An Indented text

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint, the 'Convert to SmartArt' feature works directly on text boxes, bulleted lists, and indented hierarchical text. However, tabular data within an existing Table object cannot be automatically converted to SmartArt via this feature without manually copying or re-entering the data.

पावरपॉइंट में 'Convert to SmartArt' टूल केवल टेक्स्ट बॉक्स, बुलेटेड सूची और इंडेंटेड टेक्स्ट पर काम करता है। किसी पहले से मौजूद तालिका (Table) को सीधे स्मार्टआर्ट में नहीं बदला जा सकता।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

389📚Basic MathematicsGeometry - Polygons

The sum of interior angles of a polygon with "n" sides is:
A) 180°(n-2)
B) 90°(n-2)
C) 180°(2n-2)
D) 90°(2n-2)

Explanation

The sum of the interior angles of any n-sided polygon is given by the formula (n - 2) × 180°.

n भुजाओं वाले बहुभुज के आंतरिक कोणों का योग (n - 2) × 180° होता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

390📚Basic ReasoningNumber Series

Find the missing term in the given series:
4, 18, 48, 100, 180, ___, 448
A) 224
B) 294
C) 344
D) 348

Explanation

The terms follow the formula n³ - n² starting from n=2: 2³ - 2² = 4; 3³ - 3² = 18; 4³ - 4² = 48; 5³ - 5² = 100; 6³ - 6² = 180; for n=7: 7³ - 7² = 343 - 49 = 294; 8³ - 8² = 512 - 64 = 448. The missing term is 294.

श्रृंखला का नियम n³ - n² है: 2³ - 2² = 4, 3³ - 3² = 18, 4³ - 4² = 48, 5³ - 5² = 100, 6³ - 6² = 180, 7³ - 7² = 343 - 49 = 294। अतः लुप्त पद 294 है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

391🔬General SciencePhysics - Optics and Lenses

An object 2 m tall is placed at a distance of 50 cm in front of a convex lens. The lens has a power of +5 D. Calculate the height and nature of the image formed by the lens.
A) 1 m, virtual and erect
B) 1.33 m, real and inverted
C) 1.5 m, real and inverted
D) 1.6 m, virtual and erect

Explanation

Focal length f = 1 / P = 1 / 5 m = +20 cm. Object distance u = -50 cm, object height h = 2 m. Lens formula: 1/v - 1/u = 1/f => 1/v = 1/20 - 1/50 = (5 - 2)/100 = 3/100 => v = +100/3 cm. Magnification m = v / u = (100/3) / (-50) = -2/3. Height of image h' = m × h = (-2/3) × 2 m = -4/3 m = -1.33 m. The negative sign denotes a real and inverted image with a height of 1.33 m.

फोकस दूरी f = 1/5 m = +20 सेमी। वस्तु दूरी u = -50 सेमी, ऊँचाई h = 2 मीटर। लेंस सूत्र: 1/v - 1/u = 1/f => 1/v = 1/20 - 1/50 = 3/100 => v = +100/3 सेमी। आवर्धन m = v/u = -2/3। प्रतिबिम्ब की ऊँचाई h' = (-2/3) × 2 = -1.33 मीटर (ऋणात्मक चिह्न वास्तविक और उल्टा प्रतिबिम्ब दर्शाता है)।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

392📚Indian Polity & ConstitutionPresidential Elections in India

Identify the INCORRECT statements about the Presidential Elections in India-
I. Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha do not participate in the election of the President, but participate in the impeachment process.
II. Elected members of the State Legislative Councils also vote in the Election of the President, if the state has a bicameral legislature.
III. According to Article 55(3) of the Indian Constitution, the Presidential Election is conducted by the secret ballot.
IV. The value of each MLA's vote is the same across all states to ensure the principle of "One member, One vote".

Explanation

Statements II and IV are INCORRECT:
- Statement I is CORRECT: Under Article 54, nominated MPs do not vote in the presidential election; however, under Article 61, nominated MPs do participate in presidential impeachment.
- Statement II is INCORRECT: Members of State Legislative Councils (MLCs)—whether elected or nominated—do NOT participate in presidential elections.
- Statement III is CORRECT: Article 55(3) mandates proportional representation with single transferable vote and voting by secret ballot.
- Statement IV is INCORRECT: The value of an MLA's vote is NOT equal across all states; it is calculated using the formula: (State Population) / (Total Elected MLAs × 1000), meaning MLAs from different states have vastly different vote values (e.g., UP MLA vote value is 208, whereas Sikkim MLA vote value is 7).
Therefore, the incorrect statements are II and IV.

कथन II और IV गलत हैं:
- कथन I सही है: मनोनीत सांसद राष्ट्रपति चुनाव में भाग नहीं लेते, लेकिन महाभियोग (अनुच्छेद 61) में भाग लेते हैं।
- कथन II गलत है: राज्य विधान परिषदों (MLC) के सदस्य (चाहे निर्वाचित हों या मनोनीत) राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव में वोट नहीं डालते।
- कथन III सही है: अनुच्छेद 55(3) के तहत राष्ट्रपति का चुनाव एकल संक्रमणीय मत द्वारा आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व और गुप्त मतदान द्वारा होता है।
- कथन IV गलत है: प्रत्येक राज्य के विधायक (MLA) के वोट का मूल्य अलग-अलग होता है, जो उस राज्य की जनसंख्या और विधायकों की संख्या पर निर्भर करता है (जैसे उत्तर प्रदेश में 208, सिक्किम में 7)।
अतः गलत कथन II और IV हैं (विकल्प D)।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

393📚Basic MathematicsAverage Speed

A man covers half of his journey at 6 km/h and the remaining half at 3 km/h. His average speed is

Explanation

When two equal distances are covered at speeds u and v, the average speed is given by the harmonic mean formula:
Average Speed = 2uv / (u + v) = (2 × 6 × 3) / (6 + 3) = 36 / 9 = 4 km/h.

जब दो बराबर दूरियां u और v चाल से तय की जाती हैं, तो औसत चाल:
औसत चाल = 2uv / (u + v) = (2 × 6 × 3) / (6 + 3) = 36 / 9 = 4 किमी/घंटा (विकल्प A)।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)

394📚

Which of the following best defines Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)?

Explanation

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a formal planning and decision-making tool used to identify, predict, and evaluate the biophysical and socio-economic consequences of proposed projects prior to major decisions and commitments being made, and to formulate mitigation measures.

पर्यावरणीय प्रभाव आकलन (EIA) किसी प्रस्तावित परियोजना के संभावित पर्यावरणीय और सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रभावों की पूर्व पहचान, भविष्यवाणी और मूल्यांकन करने तथा उनके शमन की योजना बनाने की व्यवस्थित प्रक्रिया है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

395📚

Under which legislation is an On-Site Emergency Plan (OSEP) typically mandated for hazardous-industry units in India?

Explanation

Section 41-B of the Factories Act, 1948 (inserted by the 1987 Amendment Act post-Bhopal disaster) explicitly mandates that every occupier of a factory involving hazardous processes must formulate an On-Site Emergency Plan and detailed disaster control measures for workers and plant safety. (It is also reinforced under Rule 13 of the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989).

कारखाना अधिनियम, 1948 की धारा 41-B (जो 1987 के संशोधन द्वारा भोपाल आपदा के बाद जोड़ी गई थी) के तहत खतरनाक प्रक्रियाओं से जुड़ी प्रत्येक औद्योगिक इकाई के अधिभोगी (occupier) के लिए एक ऑन-साइट आपातकालीन योजना (OSEP) और आपदा नियंत्रण उपाय तैयार करना अनिवार्य किया गया है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

396📚

Which of the following is not a typical component of an Environmental Audit in an industry?

Explanation

Setting statutory pollution control standards for a State is an exclusive sovereign regulatory power vested in the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), and the Ministry of Environment. An internal or external industrial environmental audit evaluates compliance with existing standards and consent conditions, but has no authority to formulate state-wide regulatory standards.

राज्य के लिए प्रदूषण नियंत्रण मानक निर्धारित करना सरकार और वैधानिक नियामक बोर्डों (CPCB/SPCB) का विशेष संप्रभु अधिकार है। किसी उद्योग का पर्यावरण ऑडिट केवल मौजूदा मानकों और संचालन सहमति शर्तों के अनुपालन, रिकॉर्ड कीपिंग और अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन का सत्यापन करता है, वह नए मानक तय नहीं कर सकता।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

397📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic Mathematicsmath-percentages-profit-loss

Two successive discounts/decreases of 10% and 20% are equivalent to a single decrease of:

Explanation

Using the successive change formula:

\text{Net Discount} = a + b - \frac{ab}{100}

\text{Net Discount} = 10 + 20 - \frac{10 \times 20}{100} = 30 - 2 = 28\%

क्रमिक छूट के सूत्र से:

\text{समतुल्य छूट} = a + b - \frac{ab}{100}

\text{समतुल्य छूट} = 10 + 20 - \frac{10 \times 20}{100} = 30 - 2 = 28\%

2016SSCStaff Selection Commission

398📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic Mathematicsmath-percentages-profit-loss

If the simple interest on a certain sum of money for 5 years at 6% per annum is ₹60, then the sum (Principal) is:

Explanation

Using the Simple Interest formula:

SI = \frac{P \times R \times T}{100}

Substitute the given values (

SI = 60, R = 6, T = 5

):

60 = \frac{P \times 6 \times 5}{100} = \frac{30P}{100}

P = \frac{60 \times 100}{30} = 200

Hence, the Principal is ₹200.

साधारण ब्याज के सूत्र से:

SI = \frac{P \times R \times T}{100}

मान रखने पर:

60 = \frac{P \times 6 \times 5}{100}

P = \frac{60 \times 100}{30} = 200

अतः मूलधन ₹200 है।

2016SSCStaff Selection Commission

399📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic Mathematicsmath-percentages-profit-loss

If

(x - 4)(x^2 + 4x + 16) = x^3 - P

, then

P

is equal to:

Explanation

Recall the standard cubic expansion formula:

(a - b)(a^2 + ab + b^2) = a^3 - b^3

Here, setting

a = x

and

b = 4

:

(x - 4)(x^2 + 4x + 16) = x^3 - 4^3 = x^3 - 64

Comparing with

x^3 - P

, we immediately find

P = 64

.

सर्वसमिका

(a - b)(a^2 + ab + b^2) = a^3 - b^3

के अनुसार:

(x - 4)(x^2 + 4x + 4^2) = x^3 - 4^3 = x^3 - 64

समीकरण

x^3 - P

से तुलना करने पर,

P = 64

प्राप्त होता है।

2016SSCStaff Selection Commission

400📚General English & Comprehensiongeneral-english-vocabulary-idioms

Improve the bracketed part of the sentence:
"My brother [would gladly given] you his car if you had asked him."

Explanation

This is a Type-3 conditional sentence (unfulfilled past condition). The formula is:
`If + had + V3 ..., Subject + would have + V3`.
Therefore, the main clause requires "would have gladly given".

यह Third Conditional (काल्पनिक भूतकाल) का वाक्य है। नियम: `If + Past Perfect (had + V3) ..., would have + V3`। अतः सही सुधार 'would have gladly given' होगा।

2016SSCStaff Selection Commission