Computer Hardware, Architecture & Operating Systems

1📚🧾 AccountsEnergy Sources

Consider the following statements:

- a. There is infinite storage of fossil fuel inside the earth.
- b. Sun can be taken as an inexhaustible source of energy.
- c. Waste from a nuclear power plant can be easily disposed of.

Which of the above statements is/are NOT correct?

Explanation

Statement a is incorrect because fossil fuels are finite and exhaustible. Statement c is incorrect because disposing of nuclear waste is highly complex, hazardous, and difficult. Statement b is correct, so a and c are NOT correct.

بیان 'a' غلط ہے کیونکہ فوسل فیول کے ذخائر محدود ہیں، اور بیان 'c' غلط ہے کیونکہ نیوکلیئر ویسٹ کو ٹھکانے لگانا انتہائی مشکل اور خطرناک کام ہے۔ اس لیے 'a' اور 'c' درست نہیں ہیں۔

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2📚🗺️ GeographyGeography

Which of the following is NOT a tributary of Jhelum River?

Explanation

Verinag is the origin spring of the Jhelum River, located in Anantnag. Vishaw, Sind Nallah, and Romushi are tributaries of the Jhelum River.

ویری ناگ (Verinag) دریائے جہلم کا منبع (origin spring) ہے، جبکہ وِشَو، سندھ نالہ، اور روموشی دریائے جہلم کی معاون ندیاں (tributaries) ہیں۔

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3📚🧾 AccountsCulture

Consider the following statements regarding Kud dance:

1. Kud dance is performed to honour the gods Lok Devtas' as a thanks giving ritual.
2. It is practiced on festive occasions like Eid and Ramzan days are going.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct. Kud is a traditional thanksgiving folk dance performed in Jammu's hilly areas to honor the Lok Devtas (local deities). Statement 2 is incorrect as it is performed during rainy nights and after harvesting, not on Eid/Ramzan.

پہلا بیان درست ہے کیونکہ کُد رقص جموں کے پہاڑی علاقوں میں مقامی دیوتاؤں (Lok Devtas) کے اعزاز میں شکرانے کے طور پر کیا جاتا ہے۔ یہ رقص عید یا رمضان کے موقع پر نہیں کیا جاتا۔

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4📚🗺️ GeographyGeography

Arrange the following Indian states in order from North to South:

- a. Himachal Pradesh
- b. Tamil Nadu
- c. Telangana
- d. Madhya Pradesh

Explanation

Geographical arrangement from North to South is: Himachal Pradesh (a), Madhya Pradesh (d), Telangana (c), and Tamil Nadu (b). This corresponds to sequence a, d, c, b.

شمال سے جنوب کی جغرافیائی ترتیب ہے: ہماچل پردیش (a)، مدھیہ پردیش (d)، تلنگانہ (c)، اور تمل ناڈو (b)۔ یعنی 'a, d, c, b'۔

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5📚📜 HistoryHistory

Who is popularly known as the "Grand Old Man of India"?

Explanation

Dadabhai Naoroji is known as the 'Grand Old Man of India'. He was a prominent leader in the Indian national movement and formulated the Drain of Wealth theory.

دادا بھائی نائوروجی (Dadabhai Naoroji) کو 'Grand Old Man of India' کہا جاتا ہے۔ انہوں نے پسماندگی اور معاشی نکاس کا نظریہ پیش کیا تھا۔

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6📚🧾 AccountsCost Accounting

Calculate the Prime Cost from the following information:

- Direct material purchased: Rs. 1,00,000
- Direct material consumed: Rs. 90,000
- Direct labour: Rs. 60,000
- Direct expenses: Rs. 20,000
- Manufacturing overheads: Rs. 30,000

Explanation

Prime Cost is the sum of direct costs: Prime Cost = Direct Materials Consumed + Direct Labour + Direct Expenses = Rs. 90,000 + Rs. 60,000 + Rs. 20,000 = Rs. 1,70,000. (Note: Purchased material is not used directly, only consumed material is counted).

پرائم کاسٹ (Prime Cost) کا فارمولا: استعمال شدہ خام مال + براہ راست اجرت + دیگر براہ راست اخراجات = 90,000 + 60,000 + 20,000 = 1,70,000 روپے ہے۔

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7📚🧾 AccountsLedger

Suppliers' personal accounts are seen in the:

Explanation

The Purchases Ledger (or Creditors Ledger) contains the personal accounts of all suppliers from whom goods have been purchased on credit.

سپلائرز (فراہم کنندگان) کے ذاتی اکاؤنٹس خریداری کھاتا یا پرچیز لیجر (Purchases Ledger) میں دیکھے جاتے ہیں۔

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8📚🧾 AccountsAccounting Concepts

Which concept suggests the exclusion of human resources in the balance sheet?

Explanation

The Money Measurement Concept states that only transactions and events that can be expressed in terms of money should be recorded. Since human resource value cannot be reliably quantified in money, it is excluded from the balance sheet.

منی میژرمینٹ (Money Measurement) کے تصور کے تحت کھاتوں میں صرف وہ چیزیں درج کی جاتی ہیں جن کی مالیاتی قدر ماپی جا سکے، اس لیے انسانی وسائل اس میں شامل نہیں ہوتے۔

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9📚🧾 AccountsPFMS

The Public Financial Management System (PFMS) was earlier known as:

Explanation

The Public Financial Management System (PFMS) was initially launched as a pilot program called the Central Plan Schemes Monitoring System (CPSMS) in 2009 to track funds released under plan schemes.

پبلک فنانشل مینجمنٹ سسٹم (PFMS) کا پرانا نام سینٹرل پلان اسکیم مانیٹرنگ سسٹم (CPSMS) تھا، جسے 2009 میں فنڈز ٹریک کرنے کے لیے شروع کیا گیا تھا۔

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10📚🧾 AccountsSingle Entry System

A statement of financial position produced from incomplete accounting records is commonly known as:

Explanation

Under the single entry system (incomplete records), a Statement of Affairs is prepared to estimate the financial position of a business and calculate opening and closing capital.

نامکمل کھاتوں (single entry system) کے تحت بنائی جانے والی مالیاتی پوزیشن کی رپورٹ کو اسٹیٹمنٹ آف افیئرز (Statement of affairs) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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11📚🧾 AccountsLedger

The method of transferring items from a journal into their respective ledger accounts is known as:

Explanation

Posting is the process of transferring debits and credits from the journal or other books of original entry to the respective ledger accounts.

روزنامچہ (journal) سے اندراجات کو کھاتہ کھتونی (ledger accounts) میں منتقل کرنے کے عمل کو پوسٹنگ (Posting) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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12📚🧾 AccountsAuditing

When an audit is undertaken to check the financial controls and irregularities in the organization, it is which type of audit?

Explanation

An internal audit is conducted within an organization to evaluate risk management, internal controls, and check for any financial irregularities/frauds.

جب تنظیم کے اندر مالیاتی کنٹرولز اور بے ضابطگیوں کو چیک کرنے کے لیے آڈٹ کیا جاتا ہے، تو اسے اندرونی آڈٹ یا انٹرنل آڈٹ (Internal audit) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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13📚🧾 AccountsTaxation

The amount payable at the time of closure or opting out of the National Pension Scheme referred to in section 80CCD shall be exempt to the extent of _____ of the total amount payable.

Explanation

Under the Income Tax Act, at the time of closure or exit from the NPS, the exemption was initially set to 40% of the total amount payable under Section 10(12A). Although it was later raised to 60%, the question features the legacy 40% value in the options which was marked as the key by JKSSB.

قانون کے مطابق، این پی ایس (NPS) اکاؤنٹ بند کرنے یا باہر نکلنے پر ملنے والی رقم کا 40% ٹیکس سے مستثنیٰ ہوتا ہے (انکم ٹیکس دفعہ 10(12A) کے تحت)۔

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14📚🧾 AccountsPartnership Accounts

Goodwill of a firm of X and Y is valued at Rs. 30,000. It is appearing in the books at Rs. 12,000. Z is admitted for a 1/4th share. What amount is Z supposed to bring for goodwill?

Explanation

The new partner Z must bring goodwill equivalent to their share in the current valued goodwill. Valued Goodwill = Rs. 30,000. Z's share = 1/4 of Rs. 30,000 = Rs. 7,500.

نئے پارٹنر Z کو موجودہ گڈ ول کی قیمت پر اپنا حصہ لانا ہوگا: گڈ ول کی قیمت = 30,000۔ Z کا حصہ = 1/4 * 30,000 = 7,500 روپے ہے۔

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15📚🧾 AccountsTaxation

Assertion (A): If the interest is payable outside India, tax must be deducted at source.
Reason (R): If tax has not been deducted at source, the amount paid as interest will not be allowed as a deduction in computing business income.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Explanation

Both are correct. Section 40(a)(i) mandates that if interest is payable outside India, tax must be deducted at source (TDS). If tax is not deducted, the interest expense is disallowed as a deduction, making R the correct explanation of A.

دعویٰ (A) اور وجہ (R) دونوں درست ہیں اور وجہ، دعویٰ کی صحیح وضاحت کرتی ہے۔ بیرون ملک سود کی ادائیگی پر TDS لازمی ہے ورنہ وہ اخراجات بزنس انکم میں منہا نہیں کیے جا سکتے۔

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16📚🧾 AccountsCost Accounting

From the following information, find out the number of units that must be sold by the firm to earn a profit of Rs. 1,80,000 per year:

- Sales price: Rs. 25 per unit
- Variable manufacturing costs: Rs. 12 per unit
- Variable selling costs: Rs. 3 per unit
- Fixed factory overheads: Rs. 5,00,000
- Fixed selling costs: Rs. 3,00,000

Explanation

Contribution per unit = Selling Price - Total Variable Cost = 25 - (12 + 3) = Rs. 10. Total Fixed Cost = 5,00,000 + 3,00,000 = Rs. 8,00,000. Required Sales Units = (Fixed Costs + Target Profit) / Contribution per unit = (8,00,000 + 1,80,000) / 10 = 9,80,000 / 10 = 98,000 units.

فی یونٹ کنٹریبیوشن = 25 - (12+3) = 10۔ کل فکسڈ لاگت = 8,00,000۔ مطلوبہ یونٹس = (فکسڈ لاگت + منافع) / کنٹریبیوشن = (8,00,000 + 1,80,000) / 10 = 98,000 یونٹس۔

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17📚📝 EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Rearrange the following jumbled phrases into a meaningful sentence:

- 1. Are tree from (free from)
- 2. Grow abundantly
- 3. Low plants
- 4. Tundra region
- 5. During the short summer
- 6. Like mosses and clinches (lichens)
- 7. And
- 8. Ice

Explanation

Option B (4, 1, 8, 5, 7, 3, 6, 2) forms the correct sentence: 'Tundra region are free from ice during the short summer, and low plants like mosses and lichens grow abundantly.'

صحیح ترتیب آپشن B ہے: 'Tundra region are free from ice during the short summer, and low plants like mosses and lichens grow abundantly.'

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18📚🔢 MathStatistics

Secondary data is primarily sourced from:

Explanation

Secondary data refers to data that was collected by someone else in the past (e.g., publications, census reports, public databases). Personal interviews, experiments, and original surveys collect primary data.

ثانوی ڈیٹا (Secondary data) وہ ڈیٹا ہوتا ہے جو پہلے سے دستیاب ہو جیسے کہ عوامی ڈیٹا بیس (databases)۔ انٹرویوز اور تجربات پرائمری ڈیٹا ہیں۔

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19📚🔢 MathStatistics

Eight randomly selected college students slept for the following hours previous night: 4, 8, 7, 5, 3, 7, 7, 3.

Arrange the following values in decreasing order:
- a. Mean of sleeping hours of the students
- b. Median of sleeping hours of the students
- c. Mode of sleeping hours of the students
- d. Number of random Sample

Explanation

Calculating values: d (Sample size) = 8. Mean (a) = (4+8+7+5+3+7+7+3)/8 = 44/8 = 5.5. Sorted data: 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7, 7, 8. Median (b) = (5+7)/2 = 6. Mode (c) = 7. Decreasing order is: d (8) > c (7) > b (6) > a (5.5), which is d, c, b, a.

حساب کتاب: کل نمونہ (d) = 8۔ اوسط یا مین (a) = 5.5۔ میڈین (b) = 6۔ موڈ (c) = 7۔ گھٹتی ہوئی ترتیب (decreasing order) ہوگی: d, c, b, a۔

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20📚🔢 MathStatistics

An economist estimated that a commodity Y had a price index of 10, calculated for 1993 with a base year of 1990, and a quantity index of 0.5 when calculated for 1990 with a base year of 1993. What is the Fisher Ideal Value Index for 1993 with the base year taken to be 1990?

Explanation

Price Index for 1993 with base 1990 (

P_{01}

) = 10. Quantity Index for 1990 with base 1993 (

Q_{10}

) = 0.5. Quantity Index for 1993 with base 1990 (

Q_{01}

) = 1 /

Q_{10}

= 1 / 0.5 = 2. Value Index =

P_{01}

$Q_{01}$ = 10 2 = 20.

حساب: پرائس انڈیکس = 10۔ کوانٹٹی انڈیکس (1990/1993) = 0.5۔ کوانٹٹی انڈیکس (1993/1990) = 1/0.5 = 2۔ ویلیو انڈیکس = پرائس انڈیکس کوانٹٹی انڈیکس = 10 2 = 20۔

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21📚🔢 MathStatistics

Consider the following statements regarding Measures of Mortality:

- a. Gross Reproduction Rate: 5. Measures the number of daughters over a lifetime.
- b. Age-Specific Fertility Rate: 3. Has modal value between 20 and 25
- c. Net Reproduction Rate: 2. Affected by mortality rates
- d. Maternal Mortality Rate: 4. Is measured per 1000 live births.

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

Matches: GRR (Gross Reproduction Rate) measures daughters born per woman without considering mortality (a-5). ASFR usually peaks in age group 20-25 (b-3). NRR is NRR = GRR * survival rate, hence affected by mortality (c-2). MMR in this specific matching maps to 4. Correct match is a-5, b-3, c-2, d-4.

صحیح جوڑے مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: GRR کا تعلق بیٹیوں کی پیدائش کی شرح سے ہے (a-5)؛ ASFR کا موڈل گروپ 20-25 عمر کے درمیان ہوتا ہے (b-3)؛ NRR پر شرح اموات اثر انداز ہوتی ہے (c-2)۔ یعنی آپشن C درست ہے۔

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22📚🔢 MathProbability

Arrange the following events in increasing order of probability:

- a. Picking a diamond from a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards.
- b. Drawing a King from a standard deck of 52 cards.
- c. Rolling a number between 1 and 6 on a fair six-sided die.
- d. Getting heads on a fair coin toss.

Explanation

Calculating probabilities:

P(b) = 4/52 \approx 0.077

.

P(a) = 13/52 = 0.25

.

P(d) = 0.5

.

P(c) = 4/6 \approx 0.67

(strictly between 1 and 6 is {2,3,4,5}). Increasing order: b, a, d, c.

امکانات کا حساب: بادشاہ نکالنے کا امکان (b) = 0.077؛ ڈائمنڈ کا امکان (a) = 0.25؛ سکے پر ہیڈز کا امکان (d) = 0.5؛ 2 سے 5 کے درمیان ڈائس کا امکان (c) = 0.67۔ صعودی ترتیب: b, a, d, c۔

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23📚📊 EconomicsEconomics

What is Gross Domestic Product?

Explanation

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific time period (usually annually).

مجموعی ملکی پیداوار (GDP) سے مراد ایک مخصوص مدت (عام طور پر ایک سال) میں ملک کی حدود کے اندر پیدا ہونے والی تمام حتمی اشیاء اور خدمات کی مالیاتی قدر ہے۔

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24📚📊 EconomicsEconomics

Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured money market instrument issued in the form of a:

Explanation

Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured, short-term money market instrument issued by highly-rated corporations in the form of a promissory note.

کمرشل پیپر (CP) ایک قلیل مدتی غیر محفوظ منی مارکیٹ انسٹرومنٹ ہے جو پرومیسری نوٹ (Promissory Note) کی شکل میں جاری کیا جاتا ہے۔

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25📚⚗️ ChemistryChemistry

What is dry ice?

Explanation

Dry ice is the common name for solid Carbon Dioxide (

CO_2

). It is used as a cooling agent because it sublimates directly from solid to gas.

خشک برف یا ڈرائی آئس (dry ice) دراصل ٹھوس کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ (Solid Carbon dioxide) کو کہا جاتا ہے۔

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26📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

The washing machine works on the principle of which of the following?

Explanation

A washing machine works on the principle of centrifugation. High-speed spinning creates centrifugal force that separates water from clothes.

واشنگ مشین سینٹری فیوجیشن (Centrifugation) کے اصول پر کام کرتی ہے، جس میں گھماؤ کی وجہ سے کپڑوں سے پانی الگ ہوتا ہے۔

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27📚💻 ComputerMemory

Which of the following memory is used for storing software that does not need updates?

Explanation

ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile memory used to store permanent firmware/software (like the system BIOS) that does not require regular updates.

روم (ROM) ایک ایسی غیر متغیر میموری ہے جس میں مستقل سافٹ ویئر (جیسے BIOS) محفوظ کیا جاتا ہے جسے اپڈیٹس کی ضرورت نہیں ہوتی۔

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28📚💻 ComputerSecurity

Which of the following is an antivirus?

Explanation

Norton is a widely used commercial antivirus software utility. Trojan Horse, Worms, and Macro Virus are types of malware.

نورٹن (Norton) ایک اینٹی وائرس سافٹ ویئر ہے، جبکہ ٹروجن ہارس اور ورمز وغیرہ نقصان دہ وائرس اور مالویئر ہیں۔

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29📚💻 ComputerSoftware Concepts

The term FLOSS is associated with:

Explanation

FLOSS stands for 'Free/Libre and Open-Source Software', indicating software that is free to run, copy, distribute, and modify.

اصطلاح FLOSS کا پورا نام 'Free/Libre and Open-Source Software' ہے، جو کہ اوپن سورس سافٹ ویئر (Open source software) سے متعلق ہے۔

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30📚💻 ComputerHardware

A Daisy wheel printer is what type of printer?

Explanation

A Daisy Wheel printer is an impact printer because it works by physically striking a hammer against a character wheel and ink ribbon onto the paper.

ڈیزی وہیل پرنٹر ایک امپیکٹ پرنٹر (Impact printer) ہے کیونکہ یہ کاغذ پر براہ راست چوٹ لگا کر پرنٹ کرتا ہے۔

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31📚💻 ComputerHardware

Where is firmware stored?

Explanation

Firmware is a specific class of computer software that provides low-level control for the device's hardware, permanently stored in non-volatile ROM/Flash chips.

فرم ویئر (firmware) عام طور پر روم (ROM) یا نان وولیٹائل میموری چپس میں مستقل طور پر محفوظ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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32📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Psychology

Which of the following techniques are used to observe psychosomatic changes?

i. Polygraphy
ii. Psychological Stress Evaluator
iii. Brain fingerprinting

Explanation

Polygraphy and the Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE) measure physiological responses (autonomic nervous system activity) related to psychological stress (psychosomatic changes). Brain fingerprinting measures cognitive brainwaves (P300), which are cognitive/recognition-based rather than psychosomatic/emotional.

پولی گرافی اور سائیکولوجیکل اسٹریس ایلوایٹر (PSE) نفسیاتی تناؤ سے متعلق جسمانی تبدیلیوں (psychosomatic changes) کی پیمائش کرتے ہیں۔ برین فنگر پرنٹنگ دماغی لہروں (P300) کی پیمائش کرتی ہے جو علمی شناخت پر مبنی ہے۔

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33📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Administration

The Directorate of Forensic Science Services was bifurcated from BPR & D based on the recommendations of

i. Malimath Committee
ii. Padmanabhaiah Committee
iii. National Human Rights Commission

Explanation

The bifurcation of the Directorate of Forensic Science Services (DFSS) from the Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPR&D) in 2002 was based on the recommendations of the Padmanabhaiah Committee on Police Reforms and the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).

ڈائریکٹوریٹ آف فارنسک سائنس سروسز (DFSS) کو 2002 میں بی پی آر اینڈ ڈی سے الگ کرنا پدمنبھیا کمیٹی اور نیشنل ہیومن رائٹس کمیشن (NHRC) کی سفارشات پر مبنی تھا۔

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34📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Institutions

Arrange the following Forensic Institution as per their year of establishment from older to latest.

a. GEQD Calcutta
b. CFPB Calcutta
c. CFPB, New Delhi
d. GEQD Hyderabad
e. GEQD Shimla

Explanation

The correct chronological order of establishment is: CFPB Calcutta (1897) -> GEQD Shimla (1906) -> GEQD Calcutta (1964) -> GEQD Hyderabad (1968) -> CFPB New Delhi (1973). This corresponds to order: b, e, a, d, c.

صحیح تاریخی ترتیب ہے: فنگر پرنٹ بیورو کلکتہ (1897) -> GEQD شملہ (1906) -> GEQD کلکتہ (1964) -> GEQD حیدرآباد (1968) -> CFPB نئی دہلی (1973)۔ جو ترتیب 'b, e, a, d, c' بنتی ہے۔

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35📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

Specimen of material collected from crime scene for comparing with the questioned material is called as

Explanation

A control sample is a specimen of material collected from the crime scene (e.g. from an adjacent, unstained area of a substrate) to compare with the questioned evidence to ensure that background or substrate interference is accounted for.

کنٹرول سیمپل (Control Sample) جرم کی جگہ سے حاصل کردہ وہ نمونہ ہوتا ہے جو معاون سطح یا پس منظر کی جانچ کے لیے حاصل کیا جاتا ہے تاکہ موازنے کو درست بنایا جا سکے۔

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36📚🔢 MathStatistics

The English word "Statistics" is derived from

i. Latin word "Status"
ii. Italian word "Statista"
iii. German word "Statistik"

Explanation

The word 'Statistics' has been derived from the Latin word 'Status', Italian word 'Statista', and the German word 'Statistik'. All refer to the political state or data concerning it.

لفظ 'Statistics' لاطینی لفظ 'Status'، اطالوی لفظ 'Statista'، اور جرمن لفظ 'Statistik' سے اخذ کیا گیا ہے۔ اس لیے تینوں درست ہیں۔

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37📚🔢 MathStatistics

If the class-intervals in a frequency distribution are 72-73.9, 74-75.9, 76-77.9, 78-79.9, then the mid-value of the class 74-75.9 is:

Explanation

The mid-value (class mark) is calculated as (Lower limit + Upper limit) / 2 = (74 + 75.9) / 2 = 149.9 / 2 = 74.95.

درمیانی قدر (mid-value) کا حساب لگانے کا فارمولا ہے: (زیریں حد + بالائی حد) / 2۔ یعنی (74 + 75.9) / 2 = 74.95۔

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38📚🔢 MathStatistics

Which of the following is a positional average?

Explanation

Mode and Median are positional averages because their values depend on their position in the distribution. Arithmetic, Geometric, and Harmonic means are mathematical averages.

موڈ (Mode) اور میڈین پوزیشنی اوسط (positional averages) کہلاتے ہیں کیونکہ ان کا انحصار تقسیم میں ان کی پوزیشن پر ہوتا ہے۔ باقی ریاضیاتی اوسط ہیں۔

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39📚🔢 MathStatistics

Marks obtained by 9 students in mathematics as 52, 75, 40, 70, 43, 40, 65, 35, 48. The arithmetic mean is:

Explanation

Sum of values = 52 + 75 + 40 + 70 + 43 + 40 + 65 + 35 + 48 = 468. Number of observations = 9. Arithmetic Mean = 468 / 9 = 52.

اوسط کا حساب: مجموعہ = 468؛ کل طلباء = 9؛ حسابی اوسط = 468 / 9 = 52۔

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40📚🔢 MathStatistics

Consider the following statements and choose the best alternative:

Assertion (A): Histogram is a graphical presentation of data
Reason (R): Statistical data can be represented in the form of graphs.

i. A is true
ii. R is true
iii. A is False
iv. R is False

Explanation

Both Assertion A (Histogram is a graphical presentation) and Reason R (data can be represented as graphs) are true statements.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں: دعویٰ A (ہسٹوگرام گراف کی شکل ہے) اور وجہ R (اعداد و شمار کو گراف کی شکل دی جا سکتی ہے) دونوں سچ ہیں۔ یعنی 'i اور ii' صحیح جواب ہے۔

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41📚🔢 MathStatistics

Match the following:

List-I
i. Mean
ii. Median
iii. Mode
iv. Range

List-II
a. Difference between largest and smallest value
b. Precise
c. Middle most term
d. Highest Frequency

Explanation

The correct matches are: Mean is a precise mathematical average (i-b); Median is the middlemost term (ii-c); Mode corresponds to the highest frequency (iii-d); Range is the difference between largest and smallest values (iv-a).

صحیح جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: اوسط (Mean) -> درست/پریسائز (i-b)؛ میڈین (Median) -> بالکل درمیانی رقم (ii-c)؛ موڈ (Mode) -> سب سے زیادہ فریکوئنسی (iii-d)؛ رینج (Range) -> سب سے بڑی اور چھوٹی قدر کا فرق (iv-a)۔

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42📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Match the following:

List-I
i. Microns
ii. Angstroms
iii. Fermi
iv. Kilometers

List-II
a. Distance between earth and moon.
b. Inter atomic distance in a solid
c. Size of nucleus.
d. Wavelength of infrared laser.

Explanation

The correct matching of length scales is: Microns corresponds to infrared laser wavelength (i-d); Angstroms corresponds to inter-atomic distances (ii-b); Fermi corresponds to nuclear size (iii-c); Kilometers corresponds to Earth-Moon distance (iv-a).

صحیح جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: مائیکرون (Microns) -> انفرا ریڈ لیزر طول موج (i-d)؛ اینگسٹرام (Angstroms) -> جوہروں کے درمیان فاصلہ (ii-b)؛ فرمی (Fermi) -> نیوکلیئس کا سائز (iii-c)؛ کلومیٹر -> زمین اور چاند کا فاصلہ (iv-a)۔

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43📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Arrange the following in the increasing chronological order of their occurrence:

i. Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction.
ii. Benjamin Franklin proves lightning is electricity.
iii. Nicolas Tesla develops AC current
iv. Thomas Edison develops DC current

Explanation

The chronological order is: Benjamin Franklin's lightning experiment (1752, ii) -> Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction (1831, i) -> Thomas Edison develops DC (1882, iv) -> Nikola Tesla develops AC (1888, iii). Thus, the order is ii, i, iv, iii.

صحیح تاریخی ترتیب ہے: بنجمن فرینکلن کا بجلی کا تجربہ (1752) -> مائیکل فیراڈے کی برق مقناطیسی انڈکشن (1831) -> تھامس ایڈیسن کا DC کرنٹ (1882) -> نکوولا ٹیسلا کا AC کرنٹ (1888)۔ یعنی 'ii, i, iv, iii'۔

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44📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

Charge is distributed uniformly along a long straight wire. The electric field at 2cm from the wire is 20 newton/coulomb. The electric field at 4cm from the wire is:

Explanation

For an infinite line charge, the electric field (E) is inversely proportional to distance (r) from the wire: E = λ / (2πε₀r). As distance doubles (from 2cm to 4cm), the electric field halves (from 20 N/C to 10 N/C).

سیدھی برقی تار کی وجہ سے برقی میدان (E) فاصلے (r) کے معکوس متناسب ہوتا ہے۔ جب فاصلہ دوگنا ہو جاتا ہے (2cm سے 4cm) تو برقی میدان آدھا رہ جائے گا (20 N/C سے 10 N/C)۔

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45📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

If "r" is the distance of a moving charge, the magnitude of magnetic field produced by the charge is proportional to:

Explanation

According to the Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field produced by a moving charge is inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r) from the charge (B ∝ 1/r²).

بائیوٹ ساورٹ قانون کے مطابق، متحرک چارج سے پیدا ہونے والے مقناطیسی میدان کی طاقت فاصلے (r) کے مربع کے معکوس متناسب ہوتی ہے (B ∝ 1/r²)۔

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46📚⚛️ PhysicsPhysics

According to Faraday's Law, an induced emf is proportional to

Explanation

Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction states that the induced electromotive force (emf) in a closed circuit is directly proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.

فیراڈے کے قانون کے مطابق، بند سرکٹ میں پیدا ہونے والی برقی قوت (emf) مقناطیسی بہاؤ یا فلکس کی تبدیلی کی شرح (rate of change of magnetic flux) کے براہ راست متناسب ہوتی ہے۔

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47📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGait Analysis

For evaluating gait pattern evidence by forensic science laboratory staff, the minimum number of consecutive foot or footwear marks required is:

Explanation

To perform an analysis of a gait pattern (step length, stride length, step angle, etc.), a minimum sequence of 3 consecutive prints is required by forensic examiners.

فارنسک لیبارٹری میں چال (gait pattern) کا تجزیہ کرنے کے لیے پاؤں یا جوتے کے کم از کم 3 مسلسل نشانات کا ہونا ضروری ہے۔

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48📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFootprints

Match the following:

List-I
i. Casting track marks
ii. Lifting track marks
iii. Photograph of track marks
iv. Tracing track marks

List-II
a. Plastic sheet is preferable.
b. Easy to do under artificial light.
c. A bromide paper sheet can be used for.
d. Plasticine can be used for.

Explanation

The correct matches are: Casting track marks - Plasticine can be used (i-d); Lifting track marks - Bromide paper can be used (ii-c); Photograph - oblique/artificial light is helpful (iii-b); Tracing - plastic sheet is preferable (iv-a).

صحیح جوڑ یہ ہیں: ٹریک کی کاسٹنگ (Casting) -> پلاسٹیسین مٹی استعمال ہو سکتی ہے (i-d)؛ لفٹنگ (Lifting) -> برومائیڈ پیپر استعمال ہو سکتا ہے (ii-c)؛ فوٹوگرافی -> مصنوعی لائٹ میں آسان ہے (iii-b)؛ ٹریسنگ (Tracing) -> پلاسٹک شیٹ بہتر ہے (iv-a)۔

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49📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass

Match the following:

List-I (Element)
i. Arsenic
ii. Cobalt
iii. Chromium
iv. Titanium

List-II (Effect on Glass)
a. Air Bubble removal
b. Blue colour
c. Decolourisation
d. Green Colour

Explanation

The matching is: Arsenic is used for air bubble removal (i-a); Cobalt imparts a blue color (ii-b); Chromium imparts a green color (iii-d); Titanium is used for decolorisation (iv-c).

صحیح جوڑ: آرسینک (Arsenic) -> ہوا کے بلبلوں کا خاتمہ (i-a)؛ کوبالٹ -> نیلا رنگ (ii-b)؛ کرومیم -> ہرا رنگ (iii-d)؛ ٹائٹینیم -> رنگ کا اڑنا یا ڈی کلرائزیشن (iv-c)۔

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50📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass

Which of the following physical property is most valuable in distinguishing small glass fragments?

Explanation

Refractive Index (RI) is the most valuable and measurable physical property for analyzing and distinguishing very small glass fragments in a forensic laboratory.

شیشے کے انتہائی چھوٹے ٹکڑوں کے موازنے اور شناخت کے لیے ان کا انعطاف نما انڈیکس یا ریفریکٹیو انڈیکس (Refractive Index) سب سے اہم اور سائنسی خصوصیت ہے۔

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51📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms

Which of the following statements are true for Breech face?

i. It is the area surrounding the firing pin hole.
ii. It seals the barrel from chamber side.
iii. It comes in close contact with the base of the cartridge.

Explanation

The breech face is the portion of the bolt or breech block that seals the rear of the chamber, surrounds the firing pin hole, and directly supports the base of the cartridge case during firing.

بریچ فیس (Breech face) وہ حصہ ہے جو فائرنگ پن کے سوراخ کے گرد ہوتا ہے، چیمبر کی طرف سے نالی کو بند کرتا ہے اور فائرنگ کے وقت کارٹریج کی بنیاد (base) سے جوڑتا ہے۔ اس لیے تینوں سچ ہیں۔

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52📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFirearms

Which of the following marks are usually present on a cartridge fired from a good quality firearm?

i. Firing pin mark.
ii. Breech face.
iii. Chamber marks.

Explanation

When a cartridge is fired, the firing pin indent, breech face marks (transferred under high pressure), and chamber scraping marks are typically left on the primer and cartridge case.

فائر کیے گئے کارتوس پر فائرنگ پن کا نشان، بریچ فیس کا نشان، اور چیمبر کے رگڑنے والے نشانات (chamber marks) تینوں موجود ہوتے ہیں جن سے بندوق کی شناخت ہوتی ہے۔

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53📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTrajectory

The lateral deviation of trajectory of projectile from the plane of departure is known as

Explanation

Drift is the lateral (sideways) deviation of a spinning bullet from the vertical plane of departure, primarily caused by gyroscopic spin and air interaction.

گولی کے گھومنے کی وجہ سے اپنے اصل سیدھے راستے سے دائیں یا بائیں انحراف کرنے کے عمل کو ڈرفٹ (Drift) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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54📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGSR Analysis

The most impressive and effective method to evaluate GSR is

Explanation

Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) is the gold standard for GSR analysis because it allows identification of both the chemical composition and the spherical morphology of individual particles.

بارود کے بقایا جات (GSR) کے تجزیہ کا سب سے بہترین اور معتبر طریقہ اسکیننگ الیکٹران مائیکروسکوپ (SEM) ہے، جو ذرات کی بناوٹ اور کیمیکل دونوں کو چیک کرتا ہے۔

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55📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTerminal Ballistics

Penetration power of a firearm and its ammunition is measured from the penetration of the projectile in

Explanation

Historically, the standard material used to empirically measure and compare the penetration power of bullets is dry, soft pine wood boards of a standard thickness.

گولی کی گھسنے کی طاقت (penetration power) کو ماپنے کے لیے بیلسٹکس میں روایتی طور پر نرم صنوبر کی لکڑی (Soft pine wood) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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56📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Anthropology

Under which of the following branches of forensic science are age estimations from skeletal remains (bones) carried out?

Explanation

Forensic Anthropology is the application of the anatomical science of anthropology and its various subfields in a legal setting, including estimating age, sex, stature, and ancestry from skeletal remains.

فارنسک انتھروپولوجی (Forensic Anthropology) انتھروپولوجی کے جسمانی سائنس کا قانونی متبادل ہے، جس میں ہڈیوں کے ڈھانچے سے عمر، جنس، قد اور نسل کا تخمینہ لگانا شامل ہے۔

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57📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

The following steps are involved in the crime scene processing:

i. Packaging of evidence
ii. Collection of evidence
iii. Securing the crime scene
iv. Sketching and videography of the crime scene

Which of the following sequence/order is correct beginning from the first step?

Explanation

The standard sequence of crime scene processing is: first securing the scene (iii), documenting via sketching and photography (iv), collecting evidence (ii), and then packaging it (i).

کرائم سین پروسیسنگ کی صحیح ترتیب یہ ہے: سب سے پہلے جائے وقوعہ کو محفوظ کرنا (iii)، خاکہ سازی اور فوٹوگرافی (iv)، شواہد جمع کرنا (ii)، اور پھر ان کی پیکیجنگ کرنا (i)۔

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58📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

After a culprit murders a person in a house and then burns the body in a forest miles away from the house. What is the crime scene where the body is burnt called?

Explanation

The house where the murder occurred is the primary crime scene, and the forest where the body was burned is the secondary crime scene.

وہ مکان جہاں قتل ہوا وہ بنیادی کرائم سین (primary) کہلائے گا، اور جنگل جہاں لاش جلائی گئی وہ ثانوی کرائم سین (secondary) کہلائے گا۔

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59📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

The following steps are involved in crime scene reconstruction:

i. Conjecture
ii. Testing and theory formation
iii. Data collection
iv. Hypothesis testing

Which of the following sequence/order is correct beginning from the first step?

Explanation

Crime scene reconstruction involves: Data collection (iii) -> Conjecture/observation (i) -> Hypothesis testing (iv) -> Testing and theory formation (ii).

کرائم سین کی تعمیر نو (Reconstruction) کے مراحل ہیں: ڈیٹا اکٹھا کرنا (iii) -> قیاس آرائی (i) -> مفروضہ کی جانچ (iv) -> نظریہ کی تشکیل اور ٹیسٹنگ (ii)۔

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60📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

Which of the following is a measurement technique used to sketch a crime scene?

Explanation

Polar coordinates is a mapping method using distance and angles from a single reference point to locate evidence.

پولر کوآرڈینیٹس (Polar coordinates) جائے وقوعہ کا خاکہ بنانے کے لیے پیمائش کا ایک طریقہ ہے جس میں ایک ہی حوالے کے نقطے سے فاصلہ اور زاویہ ناپا جاتا ہے۔

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61📚⚗️ ChemistryArson Investigation

How must the charred or burnt debris that may have absorbed accelerants from the crime scene be packaged?

Explanation

Charred debris from suspected arson must be packaged in airtight containers (like metal cans) to prevent volatile accelerant vapors from evaporating.

آتش زدگی کے جائے وقوعہ سے جلی ہوئی راکھ اور ملبے کو ہوا بند ڈبوں (Airtight containers) میں پیک کرنا ضروری ہے تاکہ بھاپ بن کر اڑنے والے کیمیکلز ضائع نہ ہوں۔

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62📚⚗️ ChemistryArson Investigation

In arson cases, what does "pyromania" mean?

Explanation

Pyromania is an obsessive, impulsive disorder characterized by the deliberate and repetitive setting of fires.

پائرومینیا (Pyromania) سے مراد آگ لگانے کی جنونی اور غیر اختیاری خواہش یا نفسیاتی بیماری ہے۔

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63📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

What is a specimen for example a hair sample whose origin is known with certainty and is used for comparison called?

Explanation

A sample whose origin is known with certainty (like hair taken directly from a suspect's head) is called a standard or known sample.

وہ نمونہ جس کا ماخذ یقینی طور پر معلوم ہو (مثلاً مشتبہ شخص کے سر سے لیا گیا بال) اسے موازنے کے لیے 'اسٹینڈرڈ سیمپل' (Standard sample) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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64📚🧬 BiologyAlternate Light Source

The trace evidence sometimes fluoresces under UV light used at the crime scene. What is its range?

Explanation

The ultraviolet (UV) electromagnetic spectrum ranges from 100 nm to 400 nm.

بالائے بنفشی یعنی الٹرا وائلٹ (UV) شعاعوں کی طول موج کی حد 100 سے 400 نینو میٹر (nm) ہوتی ہے۔

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65📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Safety

After processing the crime scene, the Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) has to be removed in a sequence. Consider the following sequence.

i. Outer gloves, if double-gloved
ii. Booties if separate from overgarments
iii. Surgical mask
iv. Eye protection

Which of the following sequences is correct starting from the first to be removed the last?

Explanation

The proper sequence to remove PPE to avoid contamination is: outer gloves (i), booties (ii), eye protection (iv), and surgical mask last (iii) to prevent inhalation of airborne contaminants.

جائے وقوعہ کی تفتیش کے بعد پی پی ای (PPE) اتارنے کی صحیح ترتیب یہ ہے: پہلے دستانے (i)، پھر بوٹ کور (ii)، پھر عینک یا آنکھوں کا تحفظ (iv)، اور آخر میں ماسک (iii)۔

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66📚⚛️ PhysicsMicroscopy

What is the part of the microscope under the stage which focuses light on the specimen called?

Explanation

The condenser is situated beneath the stage and functions to collect and focus light from the light source onto the specimen.

مائیکروسکوپ کی اسٹیج کے نیچے نصب وہ حصہ جو روشنی کو نمونے (specimen) پر مرکوز کرتا ہے، کنڈینسر (Condenser) کہلاتا ہے۔

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67📚🔢 MathStatistics

What is the value with the most instances or occurrences in the list called?

Explanation

In statistics, the mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set.

موڈ (Mode) یعنی کثیر المیعاد وہ قیمت ہے جو دیئے گئے اعداد و شمار میں سب سے زیادہ مرتبہ آتی ہے۔

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68📚🔢 MathHypothesis Testing

If the F statistic is larger than the critical F value.

Explanation

If the calculated F-statistic exceeds the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis (H₀) and accept the alternate hypothesis (H₁).

اگر حاصل کردہ F قدر فائنل ہدف (critical value) سے زیادہ ہو، تو ہم بنیادی مفروضے (H₀) کو مسترد کر کے متبادل مفروضے (H₁) کو قبول کرتے ہیں۔

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69📚🧬 BiologyLewis Blood Group

Which of the following statements pertaining to the Lewis antigen system is INCORRECT?

Explanation

The Lewis antigen expression is governed by the FUT3 (Lewis) and FUT2 (Secretor) genes on chromosome 19. There are no genes named LEW1 and LEW2.

لیوس اینٹیجن کی تشکیل FUT3 (Lewis) اور FUT2 (Secretor) جینز کے ذریعے ہوتی ہے۔ LEW1 اور LEW2 نامی کوئی جینز موجود نہیں ہیں، اس لیے یہ بیان غلط ہے۔

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70📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Botany

Which of the following statements pertaining to use of palynomorphs in forensics is INCORRECT?

Explanation

Finding diatoms in the stomach alone does not prove drowning, as diatoms can be swallowed with drinking water. Diatoms must be recovered from closed organs like bone marrow, brain, or liver to indicate drowning.

معدے میں ڈائیٹمز (diatoms) کی موجودگی اکیلے ڈوب کر مرنے کو ثابت نہیں کرتی کیونکہ یہ پینے کے پانی کے ذریعے بھی جا سکتے ہیں۔ ڈوبنے کو ثابت کرنے کے لیے ڈائیٹمز کا بند اعضاء جیسے ہڈی کے گودے میں پایا جانا ضروری ہے۔

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71📚⚗️ ChemistryImmunoassays

In an immunochromatography assay, what would the control zone comprise of?

Explanation

The control line contains immobilized antiglobulin antibodies (e.g., anti-mouse IgG) that capture excess dye-labeled detection antibodies to show the test ran correctly.

امیونو کرومیٹوگرافی ٹیسٹ (جیسے حمل کی پٹی) کی کنٹرول لائن میں غیر متحرک اینٹی گلوبولن (antiglobulin) ہوتی ہے جو فالتو اینٹی باڈیز کو جکڑ کر ٹیسٹ کے درست کام کرنے کی گواہی دیتی ہے۔

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72📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Botany

Cannabis plants are often grown indoors illegally. Their pollen can be collected as evidence from the cracks and crevices of the indoor environment by investigative team long after the plantation has been shifted or eradicated. What type of pollination does Cannabis exhibit?

Explanation

Cannabis is an anemophilous (wind-pollinated) plant, producing lightweight pollen that disperses easily and lingers in cracks and indoor spaces.

بھنگ کا پودا (Cannabis) ہوا کے ذریعے پولینیشن (Anemophilous) کرتا ہے، اسی لیے اس کے پولن ہوا میں اڑ کر طویل عرصے تک آس پاس کی دراڑوں میں جمع رہتے ہیں۔

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73📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology

Arrange the sequence of steps you will perform as a forensic entomologist in an outdoor crime scene:

i. Collection of live adult flies
ii. Collection of soil temperatures under the body after its removal
iii. Photography, notations of the overall crime scene from a safe distance
iv. Collection of insects on the body

Explanation

First photograph the scene (iii), catch flying adult insects before they disperse (i), collect crawling insects/maggots from the remains (iv), and lastly collect soil temperatures beneath the body once it is moved (ii).

صحیح ترتیب: جائے وقوعہ کی دور سے تصویر کشی (iii) -> اڑنے والے کیڑوں کو پکڑنا (i) -> لاش پر موجود رینگنے والے کیڑے جمع کرنا (iv) -> لاش ہٹانے کے بعد مٹی کا درجہ حرارت لینا (ii)۔

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74📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Botany

During processing of pollen samples from soil, what is the chemical used to remove silica?

Explanation

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is used in palynology to dissolve silicate minerals and release pollen grains from soil/sediment samples.

مٹی سے پولن (pollen) کے نمونے الگ کرنے کے عمل میں، مٹی میں موجود سلیکا (silica) کو گھولنے کے لیے ہائیڈروفلورک ایسڈ (HF) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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75📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Entomology

State which of the statements are true?

i. Insects can indicate movement of body from rural to urban areas
ii. Insect colonisation patterns help determine wound sites
iii. Unwrapped and wrapped carcasses will show similar insect colonisation patterns
iv. In general, more beetles are found in the indoor environment, and more flies outdoors.

Explanation

Statements i (rural vs. urban species) and ii (wounds attract unusual egg-laying) are true. Wrapping delays colonization, and fly and beetle distribution varies based on decomposion stage, not simply indoor/outdoor.

پہلا اور دوسرا بیان درست ہے: کیڑے لاش کو دیہی سے شہری علاقے میں منتقل کرنے کی نشاندہی کر سکتے ہیں (i) اور کیڑوں کا جھرمٹ زخموں کی جگہ کا تعین کرنے میں مدد دیتا ہے (ii)۔

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76📚🧬 BiologyWildlife Protection

A wildlife poacher is interested in illegal trade of tiger skin. What method of poaching will he prefer?

Explanation

Poachers targeting tiger skins prefer legtraps (jaw traps) because they are silent and do not damage the pelt with bullet holes, ensuring maximum market value.

ٹائیگر کی کھال کا غیر قانونی دھندا کرنے والے شکاری پھندوں یا لیگ ٹریپس (Legtraps) کا استعمال پسند کرتے ہیں، کیونکہ گولی چلانے سے کھال خراب ہو جاتی ہے اور آواز بھی ہوتی ہے۔

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77📚🧬 BiologySaliva Analysis

What cells detected during microscopic examination would indicate the presence of saliva?

Explanation

The presence of buccal squamous epithelial cells (shed from the inner lining of the cheek) during microscopic exam points to saliva.

لعاب دہن (saliva) کی خوردبینی جانچ کے دوران منہ کے گال کی جھلی سے جھڑے ہوئے خلیات یعنی بکل اسکواومس خلیات (Buccal squamous epithelial cells) پائے جاتے ہیں۔

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78📚🧬 BiologyHair Analysis

Which of the following statements aptly define the difference between Human hair and animal hair?

i. The colour in human is relatively uniform throughout the shaft as opposed to that in animal hair
ii. The medulla is less than 1/3rd width of the shaft in human hair and greater than 1/3rd width in animal hair
iii. Scaling pattern of human hair is imbricate while that of animal hair is varied

Explanation

All three statements correctly differentiate human from animal hair: human hair has uniform pigmentation (i), a narrow medulla (index < 0.33) (ii), and consistently imbricate scales (iii).

تینوں بیانات انسانی اور حیوانی بالوں کا صحیح موازنہ کرتے ہیں: انسانی بال کا رنگ یکساں ہوتا ہے (i)؛ اس کا اندرونی دھاگہ یا میڈولا ریشے کے تہائی حصے سے چھوٹا ہوتا ہے (ii)؛ اور اس کے اسکیلز ہمیشہ فلیٹ یا امبریکیٹ ہوتے ہیں (iii)۔

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79📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic DNA

Which of the following DNA markers shows maternal inheritance?

Explanation

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited exclusively from the mother because mitochondria are supplied by the egg cell, not the sperm.

مائٹوکونڈریل ڈی این اے (Mitochondrial DNA) مادی طور پر یعنی صرف ماں کی طرف سے منتقل ہونے والی موروثی وراثت کی ایک مثال ہے۔

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80📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Science

Examination of physical and trace evidences collected from crime scene for the aiding of justice delivery is known as

Explanation

Criminalistics is the branch of forensic science that deals with the recording, identification, and scientific analysis of physical and trace evidence.

کرمنلسٹکس (Criminalistics) فارنسک سائنس کی وہ شاخ ہے جو جائے وقوعہ سے جمع کیے گئے مادی اور ٹریس شواہد کی شناخت، ریکارڈنگ اور سائنسی تجزیے سے نمٹتی ہے۔

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81📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Botany

Examination of pollen and seeds as trace evidences collected from crime scene is done by

Explanation

Forensic Botany involves the application of plant sciences (such as examining pollen grains, seeds, leaves, and wood) to legal investigations.

فارنسک بوٹنی (Forensic Botany) میں پودوں سے متعلق سائنس (جیسے پولن، بیج، پتے اور لکڑی) کا استعمال کرائم سین پر شواہد کی تفتیش کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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82📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

Wet seminal stains on an clothing is preserved by

Explanation

Biological fluids like semen and blood must be air-dried at room temperature away from direct sunlight, and then packaged in a breathable paper bag to prevent bacterial growth.

کپڑوں پر موجود گیلے سیمن یا خون کے دھبوں کو پہلے سائے میں ہوا میں خشک (Air drying) کیا جاتا ہے اور پھر کاغذ کے لفافے میں محفوظ کیا جاتا ہے تاکہ وہ سڑ نہ جائیں۔

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83📚⚗️ ChemistryImpression Evidence

Which is not a component of a kit required for lifting footprint from a crime scene?

Explanation

FTK (Flinders Technology Key) card is used for collecting and preserving DNA samples, not footprints. Plaster of Paris, tape, and oblique lighting are standard footprint recovery materials.

ایف ٹی کے (FTK) کارڈ ڈی این اے نمونوں کو جمع کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے، جبکہ جوتوں یا پاؤں کے نشانات لینے کے لیے پلاسٹک آف پیرس اور ترچھی لائٹ (oblique light) کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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84📚🔢 MathStatistics

______ is defined as the difference between the value of the extreme items of a series

Explanation

Range is the simplest measure of dispersion, defined as the difference between the maximum (largest) and minimum (smallest) values in a data set.

رینج (Range) سے مراد کسی ڈیٹا سیریز کی سب سے بڑی اور سب سے چھوٹی قیمتوں کے درمیان کا فرق ہوتا ہے۔

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85📚🔢 MathError Analysis

In which of the following situations is the measured value most likely to be the true value of the quantity being measure?

Explanation

High accuracy ensures the measured value is close to the true value, while high precision ensures consistency, making a high accuracy and high precision measurement the closest to the true value.

جب کسی پیمائش میں درستی (accuracy) اور تسلسل (precision) دونوں بہت زیادہ ہوں، تو وہ قدر اپنے اصل اور درست ترین قدر کے سب سے قریب ہوتی ہے۔

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86📚⚖️ LawLegal Sections

A person lays stick over a pit, with the intension of causing death whosoever step on it. What offence has he committed?

Explanation

This is a classic illustration from Section 299 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) for Culpable Homicide. Laying sticks over a pit with the intention of causing death, whereby someone falls in and is killed, constitutes culpable homicide.

یہ تعزیرات ہند (IPC) کی دفعہ 299 کی ایک کلاسک مثال ہے جس کے تحت گڑھے پر لکڑیاں بچھا کر مارنے کی نیت کرنا مجرمانہ قتل (Culpable homicide) کے زمرے میں آتا ہے۔

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87📚⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics

'Affeem' is the common name for what narcotic substance.

Explanation

'Afeem' (or Afeem) is the common Hindi/Urdu term for Opium, which is derived from the latex of the Papaver somniferum poppy.

افیم (Afeem) دراصل اوپیم یعنی افیون (Opium) کا مقامی اور عام نام ہے، جو پوست کے پودے سے حاصل کی جاتی ہے۔

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88📚⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics

What is not a phenanthrene alkaloid extracted from Opium plant?

Explanation

Opium alkaloids include phenanthrenes (morphine, codeine, thebaine) and benzylisoquinolines (narcotine/noscapine, papaverine). Thus, Narcotine is not a phenanthrene alkaloid.

افیون میں موجود الکلائڈز میں مارفین، کوڈین اور تھیبین فینانتھرین کلاس سے ہیں، جبکہ نارکوٹین (Narcotine) بینزائل آئیسوکوئنولین کلاس سے تعلق رکھتا ہے۔

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89📚⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics

Cocaine is extracted from plant belonging to family

Explanation

Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of the Erythroxylum coca plant (family Erythroxylaceae). Erythroxylum is the genus name representing this botanical source.

کوکین کو اریتھروکسیلم کوکا (Erythroxylum coca) نامی پودے کے پتوں سے حاصل کیا جاتا ہے، جس کی فیملی اریتھروکسیلیسی ہے۔

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90📚⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics

What controlled substance can be used to synthesize heroin from morphine?

Explanation

Acetic anhydride is a key precursor chemical used to acetylate morphine into heroin (diacetylmorphine). It is highly controlled internationally.

ایسٹک اینہائیڈرائڈ (Acetic anhydride) وہ ممنوعہ کیمیکل ہے جو مارفین سے ہیروئن تیار کرنے کے لیے ایسیٹیلیشن (acetylation) کے عمل میں استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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91📚⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics

What is an example of synthetic drug?

Explanation

Barbiturates (like phenobarbital) are fully synthetic sedative-hypnotic drugs. Codeine, Cocaine, and Cathinone are natural alkaloids or derived from plants.

باربیٹیوریٹس (Barbiturate) مکمل طور پر مصنوعی طریقے سے بنائی گئی نیند آور دوا (synthetic drug) ہے، جبکہ کوکین اور کوڈین پودوں سے حاصل ہوتی ہیں۔

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92📚⚗️ ChemistryChemical Tests

Griess test with Zinc dust is used for the detection of

Explanation

The Griess reagent directly detects nitrites. Adding Zinc dust reduces nitrates to nitrites, allowing the Griess test to detect Nitrates (such as residues from gunpowder).

گریس ٹیسٹ بنیادی طور پر نائٹرائٹس کی جانچ کے لیے ہے، لیکن زنک ڈسٹ ڈالنے سے نائٹریٹ (Nitrates) نائٹرائٹ میں بدل جاتے ہیں اور ان کا پتہ چل جاتا ہے۔

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93📚⚗️ ChemistryExplosives

What is the best solvent to extract secondary high explosives?

Explanation

Acetone is the most commonly used organic solvent to dissolve and extract secondary high explosives (like RDX, TNT, PETN, and HMX) from post-blast debris.

ایسیٹون (Acetone) وہ بہترین نامیاتی سالونٹ ہے جو دھماکے کے ملبے سے سیکنڈری ہائی ایکسپلوسوز (جیسے RDX اور TNT) کو نکالنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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94📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

Primary evaluation as done by the First Responder should include

Explanation

A first responder's initial assessment (primary evaluation) must establish the size/scope of the incident, identify what emergency services are needed, and evaluate hazard/safety concerns.

فرسٹ ریسپونڈر کی ابتدائی تشخیص (Primary evaluation) میں حادثے کا دائرہ کار، درکار ہنگامی خدمات اور جائے وقوعہ پر موجود خطرات کی جانچ (All of the above) شامل ہونی چاہیے۔

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95📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology

Urine testing kit for the exposure to drugs is based on principle of

Explanation

Commercial rapid urine drug test kits utilize lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (Immunoassays) to detect drugs or their metabolites.

پیشاب میں منشیات کی فوری جانچ کے لیے استعمال ہونے والی کٹس ایمیونوایسے (Immunoassay) کے سائنسی اصول پر کام کرتی ہیں۔

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96📚⚗️ ChemistryChemical Tests

Fisher Morris test for Heroin shows what colour in chloroform layer

Explanation

The Fisher-Morris test is a color test used to differentiate heroin from morphine. Heroin yields a faint blue color in the aqueous layer and a yellow color in the chloroform layer.

ہیروئن کے لیے کیے جانے والے فشر مورس ٹیسٹ (Fisher Morris test) میں کلوروفارم کی تہہ (chloroform layer) میں پیلا (Yellow) رنگ ظاہر ہوتا ہے۔

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97📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

Dragendorff's Reagent gives what colour in response to alkaloids on TLC

Explanation

Dragendorff's reagent (potassium bismuth iodide) yields bright orange-red or orange-brown spots when it reacts with alkaloids on a TLC plate.

ٹی ایل سی (TLC) پلیٹ پر الکلائڈز پر ڈریگینڈورف ری ایجنٹ (Dragendorff's Reagent) چھڑکنے سے نارنجی (Orange) رنگ کے نشانات بنتے ہیں۔

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98📚⚗️ ChemistryPetroleum Products

What is the common name for petroleum oil?

Explanation

Petroleum (crude oil) is commonly referred to as 'Black Gold' due to its dark appearance when extracted and its high economic value.

پیٹرولیم یا خام تیل کو اس کی بہت زیادہ معاشی اہمیت اور سیاہ رنگت کی وجہ سے 'کالا سونا' (Black Gold) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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99📚⚗️ ChemistryPetroleum Products

What is not the component of a commercial motor gasoline?

Explanation

Motor gasoline consists primarily of hydrocarbons belonging to paraffins (alkanes), olefins (alkenes), naphthenes (cycloalkanes), and aromatics. Neoalkanes is not classified as a distinct bulk component group in petroleum fuel analysis.

موٹر پٹرول میں پیرافین، اولیفین اور نیپتھین بنیادی اجزاء ہوتے ہیں، جبکہ نیوالکینز (Neoalkanes) اس کا کوئی بڑا تجارتی جزو گروپ نہیں ہے۔

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100📚⚗️ ChemistryPetroleum Products

Adulteration of motor gasoline with kerosene oil can be detected by

Explanation

Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) is the gold standard method to analyze fuel profiles and detect adulteration of gasoline with heavier kerosene fractions by resolving hydrocarbon peaks.

پٹرول میں مٹی کے تیل کی ملاوٹ کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے گیس مائع کرومیٹوگرافی (Gas Liquid Chromatography) کا طریقہ کار سب سے زیادہ مستند مانا جاتا ہے۔

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101📚⚗️ ChemistryArson Investigation

Debris collected from the arson crime scene should be collected in

Explanation

Arson debris must be collected in an airtight container, such as a clean metal box/can with a tight lid, to prevent volatile accelerant vapors (like gasoline) from escaping.

آگ زنی کے ملبے کو ہوا بند صاف دھاتی ڈبے (Metal box with lid) میں رکھا جاتا ہے تاکہ پٹرول یا مٹی کے تیل کے بخارات اڑ نہ جائیں۔

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102📚⚗️ ChemistryCarbohydrate Chemistry

Glucose molecule react with X number of molecules of phenyl hydrazine to yield osazone. The value of X is

Explanation

One molecule of glucose reacts with exactly 3 molecules of phenylhydrazine to form glucose phenylosazone (osazone), aniline, and ammonia.

گلوکوز کا ایک مالیکیول فینائل ہائیڈرازین کے 3 مالیکیولز (Three) کے ساتھ ردعمل کر کے اوسازون (osazone) کرسٹل بناتا ہے۔

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103📚⚗️ ChemistryLipid Chemistry

The greater the unsaturation of oil or a fat ______ is the iodine value.

Explanation

The iodine value measures the degree of unsaturation in a fat or oil; more double bonds react with more iodine, resulting in a greater iodine value.

کسی تیل یا چربی میں ڈبل بانڈز (unsaturation) جتنے زیادہ ہوں گے، اس کی آیوڈین ویلیو اتنی ہی زیادہ (Greater) ہوگی۔

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104📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology Extraction

Modified Stass-Otto Method is used for the isolation of

Explanation

The Stas-Otto process (and its modifications) is the standard forensic method used to extract non-volatile organic poisons (like alkaloids, barbiturates, and other drugs) from visceral tissues.

موڈیفائیڈ اسٹاس-اوٹو طریقہ (Stass-Otto Method) جسم کے اعضاء (viscera) سے غیر متزلزل یعنی نان-وولاٹائل زہروں (Non Volatile Poison) کو الگ کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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105📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology

Smell of bitter almonds is seen in poisoning with

Explanation

Hydrocyanic acid (cyanide) poisoning is classically recognized by a characteristic smell of bitter almonds from the breath or tissues.

ہائیڈرو سائینک ایسڈ یا سائینائڈ (Hydrocyanic acid) کے زہر سے مرنے والے شخص کی لاش سے کڑوے بادام (bitter almonds) جیسی بو آتی ہے۔

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106📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology ADME

The most important factor that determines whether a substance will be well absorbed within the stomach is the:

Explanation

The acidic pH of the stomach determines the ionization state of a drug. Weak acids (non-ionized at low pH) are well-absorbed from the stomach, making pH the key factor.

معدے میں کسی دوا کے جذب ہونے کا سب سے اہم عنصر وہاں کی پی ایچ (pH) ہے، کیونکہ تیزابی پی ایچ میں کمزور تیزاب غیر آئنائزڈ ہو کر آسانی سے جذب ہو جاتے ہیں۔

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107📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology ADME

The "first pass" phenomenon pertains to:

Explanation

First-pass metabolism refers to the drug metabolism where substances absorbed from the GI tract travel via the portal vein directly to the liver first, before reaching systemic circulation.

فرسٹ پاس ایفیکٹ (first pass) سے مراد وہ جسمانی نظام ہے جس میں آنتوں سے جذب ہونے والے کیمیکلز پہلے پورٹل رگ کے ذریعے جگر (liver) میں جاتے ہیں اور پھر پورے جسم میں پھیلتے ہیں۔

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108📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology ADME

The organ that has greatest ability to bio transform the Xenobiotic is?

Explanation

The liver is the primary organ for drug metabolism/biotransformation due to its high concentration of cytochrome P450 and other metabolic enzymes.

جگر (Liver) وہ سب سے اہم عضو ہے جس میں زہریلے مادوں اور دواؤں کو میٹابولائز (biotransform) کرنے کی صلاحیت سب سے زیادہ ہوتی ہے۔

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109📚⚛️ PhysicsLasers

Laser is a type of light source which has the unique characteristics of

Explanation

Laser light possesses high monochromaticity (single wavelength), directionality (narrow beam), and coherence/penetration power.

لیزر (Laser) روشنی کی ایک ایسی شعاع ہے جس میں یک رنگی (monochromaticity)، ایک سمت میں چلنے کی صلاحیت (directionality) اور نفوذ پذیری (penetration) کی منفرد خصوصیات ہوتی ہیں۔

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110📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Extractions

______ technique involves the use of a fiber coated with an extracting phase, that can be a liquid (polymer) or a solid (sorbent)

Explanation

Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) uses a fine fiber coated with a polymer extraction phase to adsorb volatile and semi-volatile analytes directly from headspaces.

سالڈ فیز مائیکرو ایکسٹریکشن (SPME) میں ایک خاص کوٹیڈ ریشہ یا فائبر (fiber) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے جو محلول سے مطلوبہ کیمیکلز کو جذب کرتا ہے۔

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111📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

Efficiency of column separation is

Explanation

The efficiency of a chromatographic column (number of theoretical plates N) is inversely proportional to the Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate (HETP): N = L / HETP. Thus, smaller HETP means higher efficiency.

کرومیٹوگرافی کالم کی کارکردگی (efficiency) اس کی HETP کے بالواسطہ متناسب (Indirectly proportional) ہوتی ہے؛ یعنی HETP جتنا کم ہوگا، کارکردگی اتنی ہی بہتر ہوگی۔

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112📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

When the velocity of the mobile phase is increased the transverse and longitudinal mobile diffusion?

Explanation

According to the Van Deemter equation, longitudinal diffusion (B-term, which is B/u) decreases as the mobile phase velocity (u) increases, because the analyte spends less time diffusing along the column.

وین ڈیمٹر مساوات کے مطابق، جب موبائل فیز کی رفتار بڑھائی جاتی ہے تو طولانی ڈفیوژن یعنی لانگیچیوڈنل ڈفیوژن کم (Decreases) ہو جاتا ہے۔

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113📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

Paper chromatography is an example of

Explanation

Paper chromatography is primarily partition chromatography, where the stationary phase is water molecules bound within the cellulose paper fibers, and the mobile phase is a solvent.

پیپر کرومیٹوگرافی (Paper chromatography) بنیادی طور پر پارٹیشن کرومیٹوگرافی (Partition chromatography) کی ایک مثال ہے۔

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114📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

In quantitative TLC radioactive material can be studied by

Explanation

Radioactive zones on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates are detected and measured quantitatively using a Geiger counter or a radio-chromatogram scanner.

ٹی ایل سی (TLC) پلیٹ پر ریڈیو ایکٹو مواد کی مقداری جانچ کے لیے گیگر کاؤنٹر (Geiger counter) یا ریڈیو اسکینر کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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115📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

The purpose of the sample introduction system in GC is

Explanation

The inlet/injection system of a Gas Chromatograph introduces/injects the liquid sample (A), instantly vaporizes it (B), and mixes the vapor with the carrier gas stream (C).

گیس کرومیٹوگرافی (GC) کے انجیکشن پورٹ کا کام نمونے کو داخل کرنا، اسے فوری طور پر بھاپ بنانا اور کیریئر گیس کے ساتھ ملانا ہوتا ہے (All of the above)۔

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116📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

Which of the following is the disadvantage of nitrogen, which can be used as carrier gas in gas chromatography?

Explanation

Nitrogen acts as a heavier carrier gas compared to Helium or Hydrogen, leading to reduced sensitivity or slower analysis speed in mass spectrometers and specific GC detectors.

گیس کرومیٹوگرافی میں نائٹروجن کو کیریئر گیس کے طور پر استعمال کرنے کا نقصان یہ ہے کہ یہ کچھ ڈیٹیکٹرز میں حساسیت کو کم (Reduced Sensitivity) کر دیتی ہے۔

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117📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

What is the full form for the ODS column used in HPLC?

Explanation

The ODS column in HPLC stands for Octadecyl Silane (C18), which is the most widely used stationary phase for reversed-phase chromatography.

HPLC میں استعمال ہونے والے او ڈی ایس (ODS) کالم کا پورا نام آکٹا ڈیسائل سائلین (Octa Decyl Silane) ہے، جسے C18 کالم بھی کہتے ہیں۔

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118📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptographic Protocols

Typically, _____ can receive application data from any application layer protocol, but the protocol is normally HTTP.

Explanation

Both SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) reside at the transport/session layer and can secure any application-layer protocol, although HTTP is the most common use case (resulting in HTTPS).

ایس ایس ایل (SSL) اور ٹی ایل ایس (TLS) دونوں ہی کسی بھی ایپلی کیشن لیئر پروٹوکول سے ڈیٹا حاصل کر سکتے ہیں، حالانکہ عام طور پر یہ ایچ ٹی ٹی پی (HTTP) ہوتا ہے۔

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119📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCryptography

In an RSA system, if the user chooses both prime number as p=59, q=61, then what is the value of n?

Explanation

In the RSA cryptosystem, the modulus n is the product of the two prime numbers: n = p q = 59 61 = 3599.

آر ایس اے (RSA) الگورتھم میں n کی قیمت دونوں پرائم نمبرز کا حاصل ضرب ہوتی ہے: n = 59 * 61 = 3599۔

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120📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetworking

PDU stands for

Explanation

PDU stands for Protocol Data Unit, which represents a single unit of information transmitted among peer entities of a computer network (e.g. segments in TCP, packets in IP, frames in Ethernet).

پی ڈی یو (PDU) کا مخفف پروٹوکول ڈیٹا یونٹ (Protocol data unit) ہے۔

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121📚🔢 MathStatistics

If 35 is removed from the data, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 then the median increased by

Explanation

For 8 sorted numbers, Median = (36 + 37)/2 = 36.5. If 35 is removed, remaining 7 numbers have 4th value = 37. Median increase = 37 - 36.5 = 0.5.

دی گئی سیریز کا اوسط پہلے 36.5 تھا، 35 کو ہٹانے کے بعد یہ 37 ہو گیا، یعنی اوسط (median) میں 0.5 کا اضافہ ہوا۔

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122📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsVirtualization

VMWare Workstation is

Explanation

VMWare Workstation is a Type-2 hypervisor, which runs as a virtualization software application on top of a host operating system.

وی ایم ویئر ورک اسٹیشن (VMWare) ایک ورچوئلائزیشن ایپلی کیشن (Virtualization Application) ہے جو ایک ہی ہوسٹ پر ورچوئل مشینیں چلانے میں مدد کرتی ہے۔

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123📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsVirtualization

Which of the following is another name for a system virtual machine?

Explanation

A system virtual machine simulates a complete hardware platform to execute an entire guest operating system. Hence, it is also called a Hardware Virtual Machine.

سیمپل سسٹم ورچوئل مشین کو ہارڈ ویئر ورچوئل مشین (Hardware Virtual Machine) بھی کہا جاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ ایک مکمل ہارڈ ویئر پلیٹ فارم مہیا کرتی ہے۔

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124📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsInformation Security

Message _____ means that the data must arrive at the receiver exactly as sent.

Explanation

Message integrity ensures that the transmitted data remains unaltered, accurate, and complete during transit from the sender to the receiver.

پیغام کی سالمیت (Message Integrity) کا مطلب یہ ہے کہ وصول کنندہ کے پاس ڈیٹا بالکل اسی حالت میں پہنچے جس حالت میں بھیجا گیا تھا۔

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125📚🌍 General AwarenessHash Functions

MD5 is widely used hash function for producing hash value of _____ bits.

Explanation

MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5) produces a fixed-size cryptographic hash value of 128 bits (represented as a 32-character hexadecimal number).

ایم ڈی 5 (MD5) ہیش الگورتھم 128 بٹس کا ہیش آؤٹ پٹ تیار کرتا ہے۔

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126📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLinux Commands

Identify the command which is used to create Linux File systems.

Explanation

The `mkfs` (make filesystem) command in Linux is used to build a specific filesystem (like ext4) on a partition or storage device.

لینکس میں نیا فائل سسٹم بنانے کے لیے mkfs (make file system) کمانڈ استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔

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127📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLinux Operating System

LILO stands for

Explanation

LILO stands for Linux Loader, which was the standard, simple boot loader used for Linux systems before GRUB became popular.

لیلو (LILO) کا پورا نام لینکس لوڈر (Linux loader) ہے، جو کہ ایک بوٹ لوڈر ہے۔

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128📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLinux Commands

Which of the following commands is used to display and create files?

Explanation

The `cat` command (short for concatenate) in Unix-like systems is commonly used to display file content, merge files, or create new files using redirection operators (e.g. `cat > file.txt`).

لینکس میں فائلوں کو دکھانے اور بنانے کے لیے 'cat' کمانڈ کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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129📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLinux Commands

Which Linux command is used to see all the hidden files?

Explanation

In Linux, running `ls -a` (list all) displays all files and directories in the directory, including hidden files (those starting with a dot).

لینکس میں چھپی ہوئی (hidden) فائلوں کو دیکھنے کے لیے 'ls -a' کمانڈ کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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130📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsWeb Servers

Identify among the following which is mainly used to host web site.

Explanation

A web server is a software and hardware system designed to store, process, and deliver website pages to clients over the HTTP/HTTPS protocols.

वेब سائیٹس کی ہوسٹنگ کے لیے بنیادی طور پر ویب سرور (Web server) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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131📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetwork Protocols

What is the standard form of SNMP?

Explanation

SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol, a standard Internet protocol used to collect, organize, and manage information from managed devices on IP networks.

ایس این ایم پی (SNMP) کا پورا نام سمپل نیٹ ورک مینجمنٹ پروٹوکول (Simple Network Management Protocol) ہے۔

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132📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringComputer Architecture

Which of the following is used in main memory?

Explanation

DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory) is widely used for the computer's main memory due to its lower cost and higher density, while SRAM (Static RAM) is used for cache memory.

کمپیوٹر کی مین میموری (RAM) میں بنیادی طور پر ڈائنامک ریم یعنی ڈی ریم (DRAM) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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133📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringComputer Architecture

Components that provide internal storage to the CPU are

Explanation

Registers are high-speed internal storage locations directly built inside the CPU to store data, instructions, and intermediate results during processing.

سی پی یو (CPU) کے اندر عارضی اور تیز ترین اسٹوریج فراہم کرنے والے حصوں کو رجسٹرز (Registers) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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134📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsIP Addressing

Which of the following is a necessary part of the IPv6 datagram?

Explanation

The base header is a mandatory, fixed-size 40-byte header that must be present in every IPv6 datagram, whereas extension headers are optional.

آئی پی ورژن 6 (IPv6) ڈیٹا گرام میں بیس ہیڈر (Base header) کا ہونا لازمی ہے، جبکہ ایکسٹینشن ہیڈرز اختیاری ہوتے ہیں۔

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135📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsOperating Systems

Which of the following is not an operating system?

Explanation

Oracle is a multinational technology corporation known primarily for its Database Management System (DBMS), not an operating system. Linux, DOS, and Windows are OS.

اوریکل (Oracle) ایک ڈیٹا بیس اور سافٹ ویئر کمپنی ہے، یہ آپریٹنگ سسٹم نہیں ہے جبکہ ونڈوز اور لینکس آپریٹنگ سسٹمز ہیں۔

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136📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringComputer Architecture

BIOS is used by

Explanation

The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is used by the operating system during start-up (boot strapping) to detect hardware configuration and load the main OS from storage.

کمپیوٹر شروع ہوتے وقت ہارڈ ویئر سے رابطہ قائم کرنے کے لیے آپریٹنگ سسٹم (Operating system) بنیادی ان پٹ/آؤٹ پٹ سسٹم (BIOS) کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔

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137📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringComputer Architecture

The number of cycles of operations performed by a processor per second is called its

Explanation

The clock speed (or clock rate) measures the number of cycles a CPU executes per second, typically measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz).

پروسیسر کے ایک سیکنڈ میں کام کرنے کے چکروں (cycles) کی تعداد کو کلاک اسپیڈ (clock speed) کہتے ہیں۔

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138📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCyber Attacks

_____ are piece of programs or scripts that allow hackers to take control over any system.

Explanation

Exploits are code, scripts, or programs written by hackers that take advantage of specific software or hardware vulnerabilities to compromise and gain unauthorized control over a target system.

وہ پروگرام یا اسکرپٹس جن کے ذریعے ہیکرز کسی سسٹم کی خامی کا فائدہ اٹھا کر اس پر کنٹرول حاصل کرتے ہیں، ایکسپلوئٹس (Exploits) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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139📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsOperating Systems

The operating system keeps a small table containing information about all open files called

Explanation

The OS maintains an open-file table to keep track of all files currently opened by active system processes, caching information like file offset, permissions, and file descriptors.

آپریٹنگ سسٹم تمام کھلی ہوئی فائلوں کا ریکارڈ رکھنے کے لیے اوپن فائل ٹیبل (Open-file table) کا استعمال کرتا ہے۔

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140📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsOperating Systems

Which of the following are the two parts of the file name?

Explanation

In standard computer operating systems, a file name consists of two parts: the base name and the extension, which indicates the file format (separated by a dot).

فائل کے نام کے دو اہم حصے اس کا نام اور اس کی ایکسٹینشن (Extension and name) ہوتے ہیں۔

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141📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsLaw of Evidence

Photographs, videos, sound recordings, X-rays, maps drawing, graphs charts is a type of

Explanation

Illustrative evidence (or demonstrative evidence) includes items like charts, diagrams, drawings, videos, and photographs used by experts to illustrate and explain their verbal testimonies.

تصاویر، ویڈیوز اور نقشے وغیرہ عدالت میں گواہی کی وضاحت کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں، جنہیں السٹریٹو یعنی وضاحتی شواہد (Illustrative evidence) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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142📚🔬 Forensic ScienceDigital Evidence

A network sniffer program is an example of.

Explanation

In legal and digital forensics contexts, a software utility (such as a packet sniffer) used to execute a crime (intercepting password data) is classified as 'Information as an instrumentality' of the crime.

نیٹ ورک اسنفر سافٹ ویئر نیٹ ورک ٹریفک کی جاسوسی کا ایک ذریعہ یا آلہ ہے، جسے انفارمیشن یا سافٹ ویئر بحیثیت آلہ کار (Information as an instrumentality) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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143📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCloud Computing

Which of the following is the most refined and restrictive cloud service model?

Explanation

SaaS (Software as a Service) is the most refined and restrictive model for users because the provider manages all infrastructure, platforms, and software configuration, leaving users with only software application access.

سافت ویئر ایز اے سروس (SaaS) کلاؤڈ سروس کا سب سے محدود اور کنٹرولڈ ماڈل ہے جہاں صارف صرف سافٹ ویئر استعمال کر سکتا ہے۔

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144📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCloud Computing

Which of the following is an essential concept related to Cloud?

Explanation

Abstraction and Virtualization are the two core concepts of cloud computing. Physical resources are abstracted away from users via virtualization.

کلاؤڈ کمپیوٹنگ کا بنیادی تصور تجرید یعنی ایبسٹریکشن (Abstraction) ہے، جس میں صارف کو پس پردہ پیچیدہ ہارڈ ویئر کی فکر نہیں کرنی پڑتی۔

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145📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQL Injection

Which of the stored procedure is used to test the SQL injection attack?

Explanation

`xp_regwrite` is an extended stored procedure in MS SQL Server that writes values to the registry. Attackers try to invoke it to verify if they can overwrite registry values through SQL injection.

ایم ایس ایس کیو ایل (MSSQL) میں رجسڑی لکھنے کا طریقہ کار (xp_regwrite) اکثر ایس کیو ایل انجیکشن کے خطرے کو جانچنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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146📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsNetwork Forensics

The process of collection of network device logs is known as

Explanation

In network forensics, collecting data and logs directly from running network devices (routers, switches, firewalls) is known as Active Acquisition.

نیٹ ورک ڈیوائسز کے لاگز کو جمع کرنے کے عمل کو ڈیجیٹل فارنسک کی اصطلاح میں ایکٹو ایکوزیشن (Active acquisition) کہتے ہیں۔

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147📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsSQLite Databases

Which of the following SQL statements is used to drop a trigger from SQLite?

Explanation

The standard SQL syntax to delete a trigger in SQLite is: `DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;`.

ایس کیو لائٹ میں کسی بھی ٹریگر کو ختم کرنے کے لیے 'DROP TRIGGER' کمانڈ استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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148📚🌍 General AwarenessHash Functions

When a hash function is used to provide message authentication, the hash function value is referred to as

Explanation

The output value generated by a cryptographic hash function is standardly referred to as a Message Digest, Hash Value, or Digital Fingerprint.

جب ہیش فنکشن کے ذریعے پیغام کی تصدیق کی جائے تو ہیش کی قیمت کو میسج ڈائجسٹ (Message Digest) کہتے ہیں۔

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149📚🔢 MathStatistics

Which of the following correctly describes F distributions?

Explanation

The F-distribution is a continuous distribution (defined for positive real values, i.e. x >= 0). Thus, it is valid for real values (unlike discrete/integer distributions).

چونکہ ایف-ڈسٹریبیوشن ایک مسلسل (continuous) تقسیم ہے، اس لیے یہ مثبت حقیقی اعداد (Valid for all real values) کے لیے لاگو ہوتی ہے۔

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150📚🔢 MathStatistics

What is the variance of a constant 'x'?

Explanation

The variance measures dispersion. A constant does not vary, so its deviation from its mean is always zero, resulting in a variance of 0.

چونکہ کسی مستقل قیمت (constant) میں کوئی تبدیلی نہیں ہوتی، اس لیے اس کا تغیر یا ویرینس (variance) ہمیشہ صفر (0) ہوتا ہے۔

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151📚⚖️ LawIT Act

Which is the Act which provides legal framework for e-Governance in India?

Explanation

The Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act 2000) provides the legal framework for e-governance in India by validating digital signatures and electronic records.

بھارت میں ای-گورننس (e-Governance) کے لیے قانونی ڈھانچہ فراہم کرنے والا بنیادی قانون انفارمیشن ٹیکنالوجی ایکٹ 2000 (IT Act 2000) ہے۔

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152📚🔢 MathStatistics

Find the median of 4, 5, 6, 3, 2, 6, 4.

Explanation

Sort the data: 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6. The middle (4th) value in this 7-item sorted list is 4. Thus, the median is 4.

دیئے گئے ہندسوں کو ترتیب دینے پر (2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6) حاصل ہوتا ہے، جس کا درمیانی ہندسہ یا میڈین 4 ہے۔

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153📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

The following steps are carried out during crime scene processing.
i. Collect
ii. Process and preserve
iii. Record
iv. Observe
Which is the right order beginning from the first step?

Explanation

The standard sequence of crime scene processing is to first Observe (iv) the scene, Record (iii) it through notes, sketches, and photos, Collect (i) the physical evidence, and finally Process and preserve (ii) the evidence and scene details.

کرائم سین پروسیسنگ کا صحیح ترتیب یہ ہے: سب سے پہلے مشاہدہ کرنا (Observe - iv)، پھر ریکارڈ کرنا (Record - iii)، پھر نمونے جمع کرنا (Collect - i)، اور آخر میں پروسیس اور محفوظ کرنا (Process and preserve - ii)۔ یعنی iv، iii، i، ii۔

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154📚🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Collection

What is an exemplar?

Explanation

An exemplar (or reference sample) is a legally collected specimen of known origin (e.g. handwriting sample or DNA from a suspect) used to compare against the questioned evidence collected from the crime scene.

ایگزمپلر (Exemplar) سے مراد وہ معلوم نمونہ (known source) ہے جس کا موازنہ کرائم سین سے ملنے والے نامعلوم یا سوالیہ نمونے (questioned sample) سے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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155📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

Consider the following duties of the first responding officer.
i. Barricade the crime scene
ii. Compile data from the scene
iii. Attend to any injured people/survivors
iv. Remove and detain witnesses/suspects from crime scene
Arrange the duties in chronological order starting from the first duty

Explanation

The first priority of the responding officer is to preserve life by attending to the injured (iii). The next step is to secure the individuals at the scene by detaining witnesses/suspects (iv), followed by securing the physical scene by barricading (i), and finally documenting and compiling initial scene data (ii).

سب سے پہلے زخمیوں کو طبی امداد فراہم کرنا (iii)، پھر گواہوں یا مشتبہ افراد کو قابو کرنا (iv)، پھر کرائم سین کو بیریکیڈ کر کے سیل کرنا (i) اور آخر میں ڈیٹا اکٹھا کرنا (ii) ترجیحی ترتیب ہے۔

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156📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Investigation

The trace evidence sometimes fluoresces under Alternate Light Source (ALS) used at the crime scene. What is its range?

Explanation

Alternate Light Sources (ALS) utilized at crime scenes generally operate within the visible and near-ultraviolet range (typically from 400 nm to 800 nm) to detect biological fluids, fibers, and other trace evidence via fluorescence.

کرائم سین پر متبادل روشنی کے ذرائع (ALS) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے جس کی رینج 400-800 نینو میٹر (nm) ہوتی ہے، جو فلوروسینس کے ذریعے حیاتیاتی شواہد تلاش کرنے میں مدد کرتی ہے۔

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157📚🧬 BiologyEvidence Packaging

Consider the following statements about the packaging of evidence:
i. Biological samples such as bloody cloth have to be packaged in an airtight container while it's wet
ii. Samples suspected of containing accelerants from arson scenes should be packaged in airtight metal cans
iii. All the evidence collected from the crime scene should be packaged in one common container for ease of transportation
iv. Biological samples should be air-dried at room temperature and before packaging in breathable paper bags
Which of the above statements are true/correct?

Explanation

Arson evidence containing volatile accelerants must be stored in airtight metal cans to prevent evaporation (ii). Biological samples (like bloodstains) must be air-dried first and stored in breathable paper bags to prevent mold and bacterial degradation (iv). Packaging wet samples in airtight containers (i) or combining all samples (iii) causes contamination and degradation.

آتش زنی کے نمونوں کو ہوا بند دھاتی ڈبوں میں رکھنا چاہیے تاکہ اڑنے والے کیمیکل ضائع نہ ہوں (ii)۔ حیاتیاتی نمونوں کو کمرے کے درجہ حرارت پر سکھا کر سانس لینے والے کاغذی تھیلوں میں رکھنا چاہیے (iv)۔ اس لیے بیانات ii اور iv درست ہیں۔

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158📚🧬 BiologyEvidence Vocabulary

Consider the following pairs:

| Term | Definition |
| --- | --- |
| i. Elimination sample | Known source from someone who had lawful access to the scene |
| ii. Questioned sample | Known source from the crime scene which was presumably uncontaminated during a crime |
| iii. Reference sample | Known source with which evidence is compared to establish a link |
| iv. Control sample | Recovered from crime whose source is in question |

Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Pairs i and iii are correctly matched. A questioned sample is of unknown origin (ii is incorrect), and a control sample is a standard material of known origin used to verify assay validity, not a sample whose source is in question (iv is incorrect).

صرف پہلا (i - ایلیمینیشن نمونہ) اور تیسرا (iii - ریفرینس نمونہ) بیانات صحیح طور پر میل کھاتے ہیں۔ نامعلوم ماخذ والے نمونے کو کوئسچنڈ نمونہ کہتے ہیں (ii غلط ہے)۔ کنٹرول نمونہ ٹیسٹ کی درستگی جانچنے کے لیے معلوم چیز ہوتی ہے (iv غلط ہے)۔

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159📚⚗️ ChemistryArson and Explosives

Consider the following guidelines for the collection of evidence on an explosive scene
i. Collect samples in airtight glass jars without rubber liners
ii. Fill the container with evidence suspected to have accelerant full up to the brim with no space.
iii. Use breathable paper bags to collect debris with suspected explosive residue
iv. Use an activated charcoal strip placed inside the container to absorb volatile fumes from the sample
Which of the above statements is true/correct?

Explanation

Explosive debris and accelerants must be packaged in clean, airtight glass jars or metal cans without rubber liners (i) to prevent organic contamination and evaporation of volatile gases. Activated charcoal strips are placed inside the container to absorb these volatile organic compounds for headspace analysis (iv). Breathable bags (iii) allow gases to escape, and filling to the brim (ii) leaves no headspace for vapor collection.

دھماکہ خیز مواد کے ذرات کو ہوا بند شیشے کے جار میں بغیر ربڑ لائنر کے رکھنا چاہیے (i)۔ چارکول سٹرپ کا استعمال ہوا میں موجود کیمیائی گیسوں کو جذب کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے (iv)۔ کاغذی تھیلوں سے گیسیں اڑ سکتی ہیں اور برتن کو اوپر تک بھرنے سے گیس جمع ہونے کی جگہ نہیں بچتی۔ اس لیے i اور iv درست ہیں۔

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160📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Sketching

Which of the following sketches shows a side view for example perspective of a wall looking from the side?

Explanation

An elevated sketch (or elevation view) depicts a vertical plane, showing a side-on view of the scene, such as a wall containing bullet holes or blood spatter patterns.

ایلیویٹڈ ویو (Elevated view) وہ خاکہ ہے جو کرائم سین کا سائیڈ ویو دکھاتا ہے، جیسے دیوار پر موجود گولیوں یا خون کے نشانات۔

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161📚🧬 BiologyImpression Evidence

Electrostatic lifting device can be used to collect which of the following evidence from crime scene?

Explanation

An Electrostatic Dust Print Lifter (EDPL) applies a high-voltage charge to a metallized plastic sheet, drawing dry dust particles from footwear impressions on floors or carpets onto the film.

الیکٹرو سٹیٹک لفٹنگ ڈیوائس کا استعمال فرش پر موجود خشک مٹی یا دھول کے جوتوں کے نشانات (Dusty footprints) کو اٹھانے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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162📚🧬 BiologyLocard Principle

When trace evidence is transferred from source "A" to source "C" without contact via intermediate source "B" it is called?

Explanation

Secondary transfer occurs when evidence is transferred from source A to B, and then from B to C without direct contact between A and C.

جب ٹریس ثبوت براہ راست رابطہ کے بغیر کسی درمیانی ذریعے (B) کی مدد سے 'A' سے 'C' پر منتقل ہو تو اسے سیکنڈری ٹرانسفر (Secondary transfer) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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163📚🔢 MathStatistics

Consider the following pairs:
i. Mean - Most occurring value in a sample
ii. Mode - Value of the middle one of a number of vectors ordered in increasing magnitude
iii. Median - An arithmetic average of all values
iv. Standard deviation - Measure of dispersion around mean
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Only pair iv is correctly matched. The Mean is the arithmetic average (iii is incorrect), Mode is the most frequently occurring value (i is incorrect), and Median is the middle value of a sorted dataset (ii is incorrect).

صرف چوتھا بیان درست ہے کہ اسٹینڈرڈ ڈیوی ایشن (Standard deviation) اوسط کے ارد گرد پھیلاؤ کی پیمائش ہے۔ حسابی اوسط کو مین کہتے ہیں (iii غلط ہے)، سب سے زیادہ آنے والی قدر کو موڈ کہتے ہیں (i غلط ہے) اور درمیانی قدر کو میڈین کہتے ہیں (ii غلط ہے)۔

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164📚🔢 MathSampling Methods

What is systemic sampling?

Explanation

Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method where elements are selected from an ordered population at a predetermined, regular periodic interval (e.g. selecting every k-th individual).

سسٹمک سیمپلنگ (systemic sampling) وہ طریقہ ہے جس میں پوری آبادی میں سے ایک مخصوص مستقل وقفے (regular interval) پر نمونے منتخب کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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165📚🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling

In STR genotyping results for multiple contributors, four peaks were obtained on a single locus for a sample. What is your most probable conclusion?

Explanation

An individual has at most two alleles per autosomal STR locus. If four distinct peaks are observed, the sample must contain DNA from at least two heterozygous individuals who do not share any alleles at that locus (2 + 2 = 4 alleles).

کسی ایک شخص کے کروموسوم پر ایک لوکس پر زیادہ سے زیادہ 2 ایلِیل (peaks) ہو سکتے ہیں۔ اگر 4 پیکس نظر آئیں تو اس کا مطلب ہے کہ یہ دو مختلف ہیٹروزائگس (heterozygous) افراد کے ڈی این اے کا آمیزہ ہے جن کا کوئی بھی ایلِیل مشترک نہیں تھا۔

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166📚🧬 BiologyMolecular Biology

In agarose gel electrophoresis, what dye is used to visualise DNA?

Explanation

Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag in agarose gel electrophoresis to visualize DNA bands under ultraviolet light.

ایگاروز جیل الیکٹروفورسس میں ڈی این اے بینڈز کو دیکھنے کے لیے ایتھیڈیم برومائیڈ (Ethidium bromide) ڈائی کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، جو یو وی لائٹ میں چمکتا ہے۔

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167📚⚗️ ChemistryDNA Extraction

Arrange the steps of organic DNA extraction method in order
i. Ethanol precipitation
ii. Cellular lysis
iii. PCI treatment
iv. Gel electrophoresis

Explanation

The organic DNA extraction protocol follows this sequence: cellular lysis (ii) to break open cell membranes, Phenol-Chloroform-Isoamyl alcohol (PCI) treatment (iii) to separate proteins from DNA, ethanol precipitation (i) to concentrate DNA, and gel electrophoresis (iv) to analyze the quality/quantity of the isolated DNA.

ڈی این اے نکالنے (extraction) کا صحیح ترتیب یہ ہے: سب سے پہلے خلیات کو توڑنا (Cellular lysis - ii)، پھر پی سی آئی (PCI) ٹریٹمنٹ کے ذریعے پروٹین الگ کرنا (iii)، پھر ایتھنول پریسیپیٹیشن (i) اور آخر میں جیل الیکٹروفورسس (iv)۔

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168📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

Which of the following regions of the Y chromosome does not participate in homologous recombination with the X chromosome?

Explanation

The MSY (Male-specific region of the Y chromosome) makes up about 95% of the Y chromosome and does not undergo homologous recombination with the X chromosome, unlike the Pseudoautosomal Regions (PAR1 and PAR2).

وائی کروموسوم کا ایم ایس وائی (MSY - Male specific region of Y) خطہ ایکس کروموسوم کے ساتھ ہومولوگس ری کمبینیشن (recombination) میں حصہ نہیں لیتا۔

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169📚🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling

In gender typing using AMEL locus, maleness is indicated by the presence of

Explanation

The Amelogenin (AMEL) gene has copies on both the X and Y chromosomes. Males (XY) have both AMELX (106 bp) and AMELY (112 bp) alleles, yielding two peaks, whereas females (XX) show only one peak (AMELX).

املوجینن (AMEL) جینڈر ٹائپنگ میں، مرد ہونے کی علامت یہ ہے کہ اس میں AMEL X اور AMEL Y دونوں جینز کی پٹی یا پیکس ظاہر ہوتی ہیں۔

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170📚🧬 BiologyDNA Preservation

Which of the following statements related to FTA paper stand true?
i. It is an absorbent cellulose-based paper
ii. It protects DNA from nuclease degradation
iii. It is stable at room temperature for several years
iv. It prevents bacterial growth

Explanation

FTA paper is a cellulose-based card containing chemicals that lyse cells, denature proteins, protect DNA from nuclease digestion, prevent bacterial growth, and allow long-term room temperature storage of blood or saliva samples.

ایف ٹی اے (FTA) پیپر سے متعلق تمام بیانات (i, ii, iii, iv) درست ہیں؛ یہ سیلولوز کا بنا ہوتا ہے، نیوکلیئز سے ڈی این اے کو بچاتا ہے، کمرے کے درجہ حرارت پر سالوں تک مستحکم رہتا ہے اور بیکٹیریا کی نشوونما کو روکتا ہے۔

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171📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

In what year was the Human Genome Project completed?

Explanation

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was officially completed and declared closed in April 2003, having sequenced 99% of the euchromatic human genome.

انسانی جینوم پروجیکٹ (Human Genome Project) کا کام باضابطہ طور پر سال 2003 میں مکمل ہوا تھا۔

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172📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

In snapdragons, a cross between a red flower plant and a white flower plant produces a heterozygote that has pink flowers. This is an example of

Explanation

Incomplete dominance occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is an intermediate blend of the two homozygous phenotypes (e.g. pink flowers in snapdragons from red and white parents).

سنیپ ڈریگن میں سرخ اور سفید پھولوں کے ملاپ سے گلابی پھولوں کا بننا نامکمل غلبہ (Incomplete dominance) کی مثال ہے۔

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173📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

What causes Barr body formation?

Explanation

A Barr body is an inactive, condensed X chromosome in female mammalian somatic cells, created during early development via X-chromosome inactivation (lyonization).

خواتین کے جسمانی خلیات میں ایک ایکس کروموسوم کو غیر فعال (X chromosome inactivation) کر دیا جاتا ہے، جو سکڑ کر بار باڈی (Barr body) بناتا ہے۔

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174📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

The stability of allele and genotype frequencies from one generation to the next is predicted by

Explanation

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium states that in a large, random-mating population free from evolutionary forces (like mutation, selection, drift), allele and genotype frequencies remain constant over generations.

نسل در نسل ایلِیلز اور جینوٹائپ فریکوئنسی کے مستحکم رہنے کا نظریہ ہارڈی وینبرگ ایکویلیبریم (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) کے ذریعے پیش کیا جاتا ہے۔

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175📚🧬 BiologyForensic Biology

What is examined in the hair root sheath for sex determination?

Explanation

For sex determination from hair roots, cells of the root sheath are stained and examined for the presence of a Barr body (which represents the inactive X chromosome in females).

بالوں کی جڑ کی جھلی (root sheath) میں بار باڈی (Barr body) کی جانچ کر کے جنس کا تعین کیا جاتا ہے کہ وہ عورت کا بال ہے یا مرد کا۔

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176📚🧬 BiologyDNA Profiling

A preferred procedure for analysing DNA in cases of sexual assault involving multiple unrelated perpetrators would be:

Explanation

In sexual assault cases, differential extraction is always required to separate the sperm cells from the female epithelial cells. Autosomal STR analysis is then performed on the sperm fraction to achieve maximum discrimination power, allowing the identification and individualization of each unrelated perpetrator.

متعدد نامعلوم مجرموں کے جنسی زیادتی کے کیسز میں سب سے پہلے ڈیفرینشل ایکسٹریکشن (Differential extraction) کر کے سپرم الگ کیے جاتے ہیں اور پھر جینیاتی انفرادیت معلوم کرنے کے لیے آٹوسومل ایس ٹی آر (autosomal STR) کا تجزیہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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177📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

A diploid organism in which both the alleles are the same at a given locus, is said to be

Explanation

An individual or cell is homozygous at a given genetic locus when it carries identical alleles on homologous chromosomes.

جب کسی جاندار کے پاس ایک مخصوص لوکس پر دونوں ایلِیلز بالکل ایک جیسے ہوں تو اسے ہوموزائگس (Homozygous) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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178📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

What region of a chromosome do mitotic and meiotic spindle fibers attach to?

Explanation

During cell division, the mitotic or meiotic spindle fibers attach to the centromere region of the chromosome, specifically at the kinetochore protein complex assembled there.

خلیہ کی تقسیم کے دوران تکلے کے ریشے (spindle fibers) کروموسوم کے سینٹرومیئر (Centromere) والے حصے سے جڑتے ہیں۔

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179📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

At what phase during the mitotic cell division, does the kinetochore microtubule begin to form?

Explanation

During prometaphase of mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle microtubules begin to attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes (forming kinetochore microtubules).

مائٹوسس (mitosis) تقسیم کے دوران، پرو میٹافیز (Prometaphase) مرحلے میں کائینیٹو کور مائکرو ٹیوبول بننا اور کروموسوم سے جڑنا شروع ہوتے ہیں۔

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180📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

A chromosomal aberration with a trisomy of chromosome 21 is known as

Explanation

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).

کروموسوم نمبر 21 کی تین کاپیاں بننے (trisomy 21) کی وجہ سے ہونے والی بیماری کو ڈاؤنز سنڈروم (Down's syndrome) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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181📚🧬 BiologyCell Biology

What is programmed cell death called as?

Explanation

Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms, characterized by morphological changes and cell disassembly without damage to neighboring cells.

خلیات کی پہلے سے طے شدہ یا پروگرام شدہ موت کو اپوپٹوسس (Apoptosis) کہا جاتا ہے، جبکہ حادثاتی موت کو نیکروسس کہتے ہیں۔

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182📚🔬 Forensic ScienceCrime Scene Management

What is the primary function of barricading the crime scene?

Explanation

Barricading restricts unauthorized access to the crime scene, preserving it from contamination, destruction, or alteration of crucial physical evidence by onlookers or personnel.

جائے وقوعہ کو بیریکیڈ کرنے کا بنیادی مقصد عام لوگوں اور غیر متعلقہ افراد کے داخلے کو روکنا ہے تاکہ شواہد کو خراب ہونے یا آلودہ (contamination) ہونے سے بچایا جا سکے۔

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183📚📜 HistoryInk History

Which of the following is the oldest form of ink?

Explanation

Carbon ink (made from soot/fine charcoal mixed with gum or glue) is the oldest form of writing ink, used since ancient times in Egypt and China.

کاربن انک (Carbon ink)، جو کاجل یا کوئلے کے باریک ذرات سے بنتی ہے، دنیا کی سب سے پرانی تحریری روشنائی ہے، جو قدیم چین اور مصر میں استعمال کی جاتی تھی۔

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184📚🧬 BiologyIntersecting Strokes

Which of the following method uses Kromekote paper?

Explanation

The Kromekote paper lifting method is a non-destructive forensic technique used to determine the sequence of intersecting ink strokes on a document.

کروم کوٹ پیپر طریقہ (Kromekote paper method) کا استعمال کاغذ پر دو آپس میں کاٹنے والی روشنائی کی لکیروں کی ترتیب (sequence of intersecting strokes) معلوم کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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185📚🔬 Forensic ScienceInk Analysis

Which of the following method is used for comparison of two inks?

Explanation

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is the standard and most widely used chemical separation technique for comparing the organic dyes and components of two different writing inks.

تھن لیئر کرومیٹوگرافی (TLC) روشنائی کے کیمیائی اجزاء کو الگ الگ کر کے موازنہ کرنے کا سب سے عام اور معیاری طریقہ ہے۔

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186📚🔬 Forensic ScienceDermatoglyphics

Statement A: Fingerprints study is also called as Dermatoglyphics
Statement B: Fingerprints of new born babies changes as they grow older

Explanation

Statement A is true (dermatoglyphics is the study of skin ridges). Statement B is false because fingerprint ridge patterns are permanent and do not change from birth to death; they only grow in size.

پہلا بیان (A) صحیح ہے کہ فنگر پرنٹس کے سائنسی مطالعہ کو ڈرمیٹوگلی فکس (Dermatoglyphics) کہتے ہیں۔ دوسرا بیان (B) غلط ہے کیونکہ فنگر پرنٹ عمر کے ساتھ تبدیل نہیں ہوتے، وہ مستقل رہتے ہیں، صرف ان کا سائز بڑھتا ہے۔

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187📚🔢 MathStatistics

What is the median of the following set of numbers?
10, 15, 8, 20, 12

Explanation

First, arrange the numbers in ascending order: 8, 10, 12, 15, 20. The middle value of this sorted set of 5 numbers is 12, which is the median.

اعداد کو بڑھتی ہوئی ترتیب میں رکھیں: 8، 10، 12، 15، 20۔ چونکہ کل پانچ عدد ہیں، اس لیے درمیان کا عدد '12' اس کا وسطیّہ (median) ہو گا۔

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188📚🔢 MathStatistics

If the variance of the dataset is zero, what can be said about the values in the dataset?

Explanation

Variance measures how much values spread out from the mean. If the variance is zero, there is no dispersion at all, meaning all data values in the set are identical.

تغیر پذیری (variance) ڈیٹا کے پھیلاؤ کو ناپتی ہے۔ اگر تغیر پذیری صفر (zero) ہے، تو اس کا مطلب ہے کہ ڈیٹا میں کوئی پھیلاؤ نہیں ہے اور تمام اقدار بالکل ایک جیسی ہیں۔

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189📚🔢 MathHypothesis Testing

What does the term p-value represent in hypothesis testing?

Explanation

The p-value is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the observed results, assuming that the null hypothesis is correct. It represents the likelihood of the result occurring due to random chance.

مفروضے کی جانچ (hypothesis testing) میں، پی-ویلیو (p-value) اس بات کا احتمال (probability) ہے کہ مشاہدہ شدہ نتائج محض اتفاق یا چانس کی وجہ سے حاصل ہوئے ہیں۔

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190📚🔢 MathSkewness

If a dataset has a positively skewed distribution, where is the mean in relation to the median?

Explanation

In a positively (right) skewed distribution, the extreme values in the long right tail pull the mean upward, making the Mean greater than the Median.

مثبت طور پر جھکے ہوئے (positively skewed) ڈیٹا میں، اوسط (Mean) ہمیشہ وسطیّہ (Median) سے بڑا ہوتا ہے (Mean > Median) کیونکہ بڑے اقدار اوسط کو اپنی طرف کھینچ لیتے ہیں۔

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191📚🔢 MathT-Test

In a t-test for independent samples, what does the p-value indicate?

Explanation

In an independent samples t-test, the p-value represents the probability of observing a difference in means as large as (or larger than) the one obtained, assuming that there is no true difference (null hypothesis is true).

آزاد نمونوں کے t-ٹیسٹ میں، p-value اس احتمال کو ظاہر کرتا ہے کہ دونوں گروپوں کے درمیان فرق محض اتفاقی طور پر حاصل ہوا ہے جب کہ حقیقت میں کوئی فرق نہ ہو۔

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192📚🔢 MathHypothesis Testing

In a paired-sample t-test, what does a p-value less than the chosen level of significance (e.g; 0.05) indicate?

Explanation

A p-value less than the alpha significance level (e.g., p < 0.05) provides strong evidence against the null hypothesis, indicating that we should reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.

اگر p-value مقررہ شرح (جیسے 0.05) سے کم ہو، تو اس کا مطلب ہے کہ ہم مفروضہ باطل (null hypothesis) کو مسترد (reject) کرتے ہیں کیونکہ نتائج سائنسی طور پر اہم ہیں۔

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193📚🔬 Forensic ScienceIndented Writing

Which technique is used to uncover alterations in handwritten entries by visualising impressions on the document beneath it?

Explanation

ESDA (Electrostatic Detection Apparatus) is the primary technique used to visualize indented impressions left on lower sheets of paper from writing on the top sheet.

اوپری صفحے پر تحریر کے نتیجے میں نیچے والے صفحات پر پڑنے والے دباؤ کے نشانات کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے فارنزک میں ایس ڈی اے (ESDA) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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194📚🔬 Forensic ScienceSignature Examination

Match the following:
a. Model signature -> 1. Any stroke that goes back over same writing stroke
b. Patching -> 2. A genuine sign that has been used to prepare an imitated forgery
c. Retracing -> 3. Retouching or going back over a defective portion of writing stroke
d. Pen lift -> 4. An interruption in a stroke by removing writing instrument from paper

Explanation

A model signature is a genuine signature used for imitation (a-2). Patching is the retouching of a stroke (b-3). Retracing is writing back over the same stroke (c-1). A pen lift is lifting the pen from the paper (d-4). This matches option D.

صحیح جوڑ: ماڈل دستخط (a-2) وہ اصلی دستخط ہے جس کی نقل کی جائے، پیچنگ (b-3) کا مطلب خراب حصے کو ٹھیک کرنا ہے، ری ٹریسنگ (c-1) کا مطلب اسی لکیر پر دوبارہ لکھنا ہے، اور پین لفٹ (d-4) کا مطلب کاغذ سے قلم اٹھانا ہے۔

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195📚🔬 Forensic SciencePrinter Analysis

The sequence of pages in the multipage laser-printed document could be determined from the position of which type of defect marks?

Explanation

Defects on the organic photoconductor (OPC) drum of a laser printer leave repetitive spots or marks on pages. Examining changes in these drum defect marks across pages can help determine printing sequence.

لیزر پرنٹر کے ڈرم پر پیدا ہونے والے باریک نقائص (Drum defect marks) ہر صفحے پر مخصوص فاصلے پر بار بار چھپتے ہیں، جن سے صفحات کی ترتیب کا اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے۔

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196📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis

A writer leaves 1.5 inches to the left margin. From the following, which are the spatial characteristics that margin belongs to?

Explanation

Marginal formatting and layout are classified under the spatial characteristics of page Arrangement (how writing is positioned relative to margins, edges, and paragraphs).

کاغذ پر حاشیہ (margin) چھوڑنا، اس کی جگہ اور چوڑائی لکھاوٹ کی ترتیب اور ہئیت یعنی ارینجمنٹ (Arrangement) کی خصوصیات میں شمار ہوتا ہے۔

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197📚🔬 Forensic ScienceEvidence Integrity

Read the following statements and choose the correct answer
A. Physical evidence can achieve its optimum value in criminal investigation only when the integrity of the evidence is maintained
B. It can be achieved by the IO's thorough knowledge of the crime laboratory's techniques, capabilities and limitations

Explanation

Both statements are correct. Physical evidence is only useful if its integrity is maintained, which requires the Investigating Officer to be fully aware of the crime laboratory's capabilities, limitations, and standard evidence collection guidelines.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔ مادی ثبوت اسی صورت کارآمد ہوتے ہیں جب ان کی سالمیت برقرار رہے، اور یہ تبھی ممکن ہے جب تفتیشی افسر (IO) کو لیبارٹری کی صلاحیتوں اور حدود کا مکمل علم ہو۔

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198📚🔬 Forensic ScienceTypewriting Analysis

Match the following:
a. Escapement -> i. Cylinder that serves as baking for paper and absorbs blow from typeface
b. Type-Ball -> ii. Typewriters that print 10 characters to the inch
c. Platen -> iii. Device containing all typefaces and which by tilting, prints type characters
d. PCA machines -> iv. Spacing along the line of typewriting (basic letter spacing)
[Unlabeled] -> v. Machine that prints 12 characters to the inch

Explanation

Escapement refers to carriage spacing movement (a-iv). Type-Ball is IBM Selectric's element containing characters (b-iii). Platen is the rubber backing cylinder (c-i). 'PCA' represents Pica typewriters printing 10 characters per inch (d-ii). This matches option B.

صحیح جوڑ: ایسکیپمنٹ کا مطلب افقی کیریج اسپیسنگ ہے (a-iv)، ٹائپ بال حروف والا گولا ہے (b-iii)، پلیٹن رولر سلنڈر ہے (c-i)، اور پیکا (Pica) مشین 10 حروف فی انچ چھاپتی ہے (d-ii)۔ یہ آپشن B میں ہے۔

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199📚🔬 Forensic SciencePrinting Technology

Lithography printing has the following characteristics:
a. The printing plane is engraved to various steps resulting in a raised image on the document
b. The ink is offset from the printing plate to a rubber blanket and finally to the substrate
c. The printed and non-printed areas of the plate with sides on the same plane
d. It relies on the principle that oil and water do not mix
e. The printing process utilises raised type of embossed printed images

Explanation

Lithography is planographic (c: print/non-print areas are on the same plane) and works on the oil-and-water repulsion principle (d). In offset lithography, ink transfers from the plate to a rubber blanket, then to paper (b). Engraving/raised prints (a, e) are intaglio or letterpress features. Thus, b, c, and d only are correct.

لیتھوگرافی (Lithography) کی خصوصیات یہ ہیں: روشنائی پلیٹ سے ربڑ کمبل پر اور پھر کاغذ پر منتقل ہوتی ہے (b)، پرنٹ ہونے والا حصہ اسی سطح پر ہوتا ہے (planographic - c)، اور یہ تیل اور پانی کے نہ ملنے کے اصول پر کام کرتی ہے (d)۔ ابھار والی پرنٹنگ (a, e) اس میں نہیں ہوتی۔ یعنی b, c اور d درست ہیں۔

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200📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation

What is the full form of ICP-MS?

Explanation

ICP-MS stands for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, a highly sensitive analytical technique used for elemental determination in forensic samples (such as glass and inks).

آئی سی پی-ایم ایس (ICP-MS) کا پورا نام انڈکٹولی کپلڈ پلازما ماس سپیکٹرمیٹری (Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) ہے، جو عناصر کی باریک ترین مقدار ناپنے کا جدید ترین سائنسی طریقہ ہے۔

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201📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHolography

The principle of holography is based on the interference of:

Explanation

Holography relies on creating and recording an interference pattern between two coherent light waves (usually from a laser): the reference beam and the object beam.

ہولوگرافی (holography) کا اصول لیزر سے نکلنے والی مربوط روشنی کی لہروں (coherent light waves) کے درمیانی انٹرفیرنس (interference) پر مبنی ہے۔

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202📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHolography

What type of hologram records the interference pattern between a reference beam and an object beam?

Explanation

In a transmission hologram, both reference and object beams originate from the same side of the recording medium, and the hologram is reconstructed by transmitting light through it.

ٹرانسمیشن ہولوگرام (Transmission hologram) میں آبجیکٹ اور ریفرنس بیم ایک ہی طرف سے فلم پر پڑتے ہیں اور تصویر کو دیکھنے کے لیے روشنی کو ہولوگرام کے آر پار گزارا جاتا ہے۔

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203📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHolography Applications

How can holography be applied in forensic document examination?

Explanation

Holographic techniques (such as holographic interferometry) can measure microscopic paper deformations and pen pressure variations, helping to detect forged or traced signatures.

ہولوگرافی تکنیک کا استعمال دستخطوں میں کی جانے والی جعل سازی (forgeries) کو پکڑنے کے لیے پین کے دباؤ کے مائیکرو نقوش کے تقابل کے لیے کیا جا سکتا ہے۔

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204📚🔬 Forensic ScienceMeasurements

In the context of measuring instruments, the least count is:

Explanation

The least count of a measuring instrument is the smallest measurement value that can be resolved or measured accurately using that instrument.

کسی بھی پیمائشی آلے کا لیسٹ کاؤنٹ (least count) وہ سب سے چھوٹی پیمائش ہے جو اس آلے کی مدد سے بالکل درست طریقے سے لی جا سکتی ہے۔

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205📚⚛️ PhysicsMechanics

What is the maximum velocity of a car of mass 100 kg can go round a level curve without skidding? (g=10m/s² µ between road and tyre = 0.6, Radius of curvature = 20m).

Explanation

The maximum velocity without skidding on a level road is v_max = sqrt(μ g R). Substituting the values: v_max = sqrt(0.6 10 20) = sqrt(120) ≈ 10.95 m/s. The closest safe integer speed is 10 m/s (12 m/s exceeds the limit).

کیر کے پھسلنے کے بغیر زیادہ سے زیادہ رفتار کا فارمولا v = sqrt(μ g R) ہے۔ قیمتیں رکھنے پر: v = sqrt(0.6 10 20) = sqrt(120) ≈ 10.95 میٹر فی سیکنڈ۔ سب سے قریبی اور محفوظ آپشن '10 m/s' ہے۔

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206📚🔬 Forensic ScienceMeasurements

The Accuracy in measurement refers to:

Explanation

Accuracy describes how close a measured value is to the actual, true reference value. Precision, on the other hand, describes the consistency of repeated measurements.

پیمائش میں درستگی (Accuracy) سے مراد یہ ہے کہ حاصل کردہ پیمائش اصل اور حقیقی قیمت (true value) کے کتنا قریب ہے۔

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207📚⚛️ PhysicsLasers

(A): Laser light is monochromatic
(B): Coherence in laser light refers to wavelength consistency

Explanation

Both statements are correct. Laser light is monochromatic (consists of a single color/wavelength) and coherent (the light waves are in phase, maintaining spatial and temporal consistency).

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔ لیزر لائٹ یک رنگی (monochromatic) ہوتی ہے اور اس میں ربط یا کوہیرنس (coherence) پائی جاتی ہے، جس کا مطلب طولِ موج کی یکسانیت اور ہم آہنگی ہے۔

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208📚⚛️ PhysicsLasers

YAG in YAG lasers stands for:

Explanation

Nd:YAG lasers use Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Y3Al5O12) crystal as the solid-state host medium, doped with neodymium ions.

یاگ (YAG) لیزرز میں یاگ کا مطلب اِٹریم ایلومینیم گارنیٹ (Yttrium Aluminium Garnet) ہے، جو ایک ٹھوس کرسٹل ہوسٹ میڈیم ہے۔

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209📚⚛️ PhysicsLasers

The beam width of a Gaussian beam is defined as the distance between points where the intensity drops to:

Explanation

In Gaussian beam analysis, the beam width can be defined at the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM), where the intensity drops to 50% of its peak value.

گاسین بیم (Gaussian beam) کی چوڑائی اکثر اس فاصلے سے ناپی جاتی ہے جہاں شدت گر کر نصف یعنی 50 فیصد رہ جاتی ہے، جسے FWHM کہتے ہیں۔

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210📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGaussian Beams

Statement (A): A Gaussian beam is characterised by a bell-shaped intensity curve
Statement (B): A Gaussian beam has uniform intensity across the beam
Statement (C): A Gaussian beam shows exponential decrease in intensity

Explanation

A Gaussian beam has a bell-shaped radial intensity profile (A is true) and decreases exponentially as a function of the square of the distance from the beam axis (C is true). It does not have uniform intensity (B is false). Thus, only A and C are correct.

گاسین بیم کی خصوصیات یہ ہیں: اس کی شدت گھنٹی نما منحنی (bell-shaped) پیٹرن کی ہوتی ہے (A) اور یہ محور سے دور ہونے پر تیزی سے کم ہوتی ہے (C)۔ اس کی شدت ہر جگہ یکساں نہیں ہوتی (B غلط ہے)۔ یعنی صرف A اور C درست ہیں۔

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211📚⚛️ PhysicsLaser Types

The HCl and HF lasers operate in the-

Explanation

Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) and Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) chemical lasers operate and emit light in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ایچ سی ایل (HCl) اور ایچ ایف (HF) کیمیائی لیزرز برقی مقناطیسی سپیکٹرم کے انفرا ریڈ (IR) زون میں کام کرتے ہیں۔

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212📚⚛️ PhysicsLaser Properties

Compared to traditional light sources, lasers typically have:

Explanation

Lasers are distinguished from ordinary light sources by their high intensity, high directionality (low divergence), monochromaticity, and high coherence.

عام روشنی کے مقابلے میں، لیزر روشنی میں بہت زیادہ شدت (intensity)، ایک ہی سمت میں چلنے کی صلاحیت (directionality) اور ہم آہنگی (coherence) پائی جاتی ہے۔

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213📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography

Which chromatography technique is known for its separation based on boiling point?

Explanation

Gas Chromatography (GC) separates volatile substances based on their boiling points and vapor pressure, along with partition coefficients between a gas mobile phase and a liquid/solid stationary phase.

گیس کرومیٹوگرافی (GC) ایک ایسی علیحدگی کی تکنیک ہے جس میں اڑنے والے مرکبات کو ان کے نقطہ جوش (boiling point) اور بخارات کے دباؤ کے مطابق الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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214📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Instrumentation

GC-MS spectroscopy combines gas chromatography with-

Explanation

GC-MS combines Gas Chromatography (for separating mixture components) with Mass Spectrometry (for identifying the chemical structure of each separated component).

جی سی-ایم ایس (GC-MS) ٹیکنالوجی گیس کرومیٹوگرافی (علیحدگی کے لیے) اور ماس سپیکٹرمیٹری (شناخت اور ساخت معلوم کرنے کے لیے) کا مجموعہ ہے۔

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215📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForgery Types

Match the following:
i. Superimposition -> a. Simulated forgery
ii. Freehand forgery -> b. Copy-paste
iii. Practiced hand forgery -> c. By memory
iv. Lifted forgery -> d. Traced forgery

Explanation

Simulated forgery is practiced hand forgery (a-iii). Copy-paste forgery corresponds to lifted forgery (b-iv). Freehand forgery from memory without a model is c-ii. Traced forgery shows exact superimposition (d-i). This matches option D.

صحیح ملاپ: نقلی جعل سازی مشق شدہ ہاتھ سے کی جاتی ہے (a-iii)، کاپی پیسٹ لفٹڈ جعل سازی ہے (b-iv)، یادداشت سے کی جانے والی جعل سازی فری ہینڈ ہے (c-ii)، اور ٹریس کی گئی جعل سازی میں دونوں دستخط ایک دوسرے کے اوپر فٹ بیٹھتے ہیں (d-i)۔

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216📚🔬 Forensic ScienceIndented Writing

The examination of document indents is useful in detecting -

Explanation

Analyzing paper indentations (writing impressions) is useful for recovering hidden writing from sheets of paper that were beneath the sheet of paper that was written on.

کاغذ پر دبی لکھاوٹ یا نقوش (indents) کا معائنہ چھپے ہوئے تحریری نشانات (hidden writing impressions) کو ظاہر کرنے اور انہیں پڑھنے کے لیے بہت مفید ہے۔

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217📚🔬 Forensic ScienceHandwriting Analysis

In forensic document examination, the presence of consistent letter formation and spacing is considered as:

Explanation

Consistent, unique habits of letter formation, slant, connection, and spacing are individual characteristics that distinguish one person's handwriting from another.

حروف کی مخصوص ساخت اور ان کے درمیان مسلسل یکساں فاصلہ رکھنا لکھاوٹ کی انفرادی خصوصیت (individual characteristic) مانی جاتی ہے جو ہر مصنف کی الگ ہوتی ہے۔

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218📚🔬 Forensic ScienceSignature Examination

The distinctive features that makes a person's signature recognizable and unique fall under the category of:

Explanation

Unique flourishes, letter connections, and details in a signature that allow it to be distinguished from all others are classified as individual characteristics.

وہ منفرد اور مخصوص نشانات جو کسی شخص کے دستخط کو منفرد اور قابل شناخت بناتے ہیں، لکھاوٹ کی انفرادی خصوصیات (Individual characteristics) کے زمرے میں آتے ہیں۔

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219📚🔬 Forensic SciencePassport Security

What security feature is commonly used in passports to prevent tampering and forgery?

Explanation

Holograms (or holographic laminates) are placed over the biographical data page in passports to prevent alteration and copying of photo or details, making counterfeiting extremely difficult.

پاسپورٹ کے بائیو ڈیٹا پیج پر ہولوگرام (hologram) لگایا جاتا ہے تاکہ تصویر یا تفصیلات میں کوئی تبدیلی یا ٹیمپرنگ نہ کی جا سکے اور نہ ہی اس کی فوٹو کاپی بن سکے۔

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220📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFinancial Fraud

What term refers to the unauthorized copying of credit card information onto a counterfeit card for fraudulent transactions?

Explanation

Skimming is the illegal capturing and copying of the magnetic stripe data from a credit or debit card using a reading device, which is later written onto a counterfeit card.

کریڈٹ کارڈ کی مقناطیسی پٹی (magnetic stripe) پر موجود معلومات کو چوری سے کاپی کرنے کے عمل کو سکمنگ (skimming) کہتے ہیں، تاکہ بعد میں جعلی کارڈ بنایا جا سکے۔

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221📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringCrime Scene Reconstruction

________ supports a likely sequence of events by observing and evaluating physical evidence and statements made by witnesses and those involved with the incident.

Explanation

Crime scene reconstruction is the collaborative process of determining the sequence of events before, during, and after a crime using physical evidence and statements.

جائے وقوعہ کی تعمیر نو (Reconstruction) وہ عمل ہے جس کے ذریعے شواہد، گواہوں کے بیانات اور طبیعیات کے قوانین کی مدد سے جرم کے وقوع پذیر ہونے کے ترتیب وار واقعات کا تعین کیا جاتا ہے۔

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222📚⚗️ ChemistryExplosives Analysis

________ is universally accepted broad-spectrum solvent for majority of organic explosives such as RDX, HMX, TNT, PETN etc.

Explanation

Acetone is the universally preferred solvent in forensic laboratories for extracting organic explosives (like RDX, HMX, TNT, and PETN) from post-blast debris.

ایسیٹون (Acetone) آرگینک دھماکہ خیز مواد (جیسے RDX، TNT، PETN) کو دھماکے کے ذرات سے نکالنے یا تحلیل کرنے کے لیے کثرت سے استعمال ہونے والا سالونٹ ہے۔

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223📚🔢 MathStatistics

Measures of central tendency are:

Explanation

Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) are descriptive statistics that identify a single representative value around which the data values are clustered.

مرکزی رجحان کی پیمائش (Measures of central tendency) وضاحتی شماریات (descriptive statistics) کی وہ قسم ہے جو پورے ڈیٹا کی نمائندگی کرنے والے ایک مرکزی عدد (اوسط، وسطیّہ یا کثرتّیہ) کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔

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224📚🔢 MathStatistics

The ________ of a sample is the middle value when the data are arranged in ascending or descending rank order.

Explanation

The median is defined as the middle value of a sorted dataset. If the dataset has an odd number of values, it is the center value; if even, it is the average of the two middle values.

جب ڈیٹا کو ترتیب وار (بڑھتی یا گھٹتی ہوئی ترتیب) میں رکھا جائے، تو اس کے بالکل درمیان میں آنے والا عدد وسطیّہ (Median) کہلاتا ہے۔

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225📚🔢 MathProbability

A table with all possible value of a random variable and its corresponding probabilities is called

Explanation

A probability distribution lists all possible outcomes of a random variable along with their respective mathematical probabilities of occurrence.

وہ جدول (table) جو کسی رینڈم متغیر (random variable) کے تمام ممکنہ نتائج اور ان کے حاصل ہونے کے امکانات (probabilities) کو دکھاتا ہے، اسے احتمال کی تقسیم (Probability Distribution) کہتے ہیں۔

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226📚⚗️ ChemistryMeasurements

Which of the following terms refers to the degree to which a measurement approaches the true value of the quantity being measured?

Explanation

Accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the true, actual value. Precision refers to the reproducibility or consistency of repeated measurements.

کوئی پیمائش اصل اور حقیقی قیمت (true value) کے کتنے قریب پہنچتی ہے، اسے درستگی (Accuracy) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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227📚⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics Chemistry

Smack is a variable mixture of

Explanation

Smack is a common street/slang name for heroin (diacetylmorphine), which is a semi-synthetic opioid drug derived from morphine.

اسمیک (Smack) گلیوں اور بازاروں میں ہیروئن (Heroin) کے لیے استعمال ہونے والا ایک عام اور غیر قانونی نام ہے۔

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228📚⚗️ ChemistryNarcotics Chemistry

What drug is loaded on bloater sheets also before consumption.

Explanation

LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is highly potent in microgram doses. It is dissolved in solvent and loaded onto absorbent paper squares called blotter sheets (often referred to as bloater sheets) for oral ingestion.

ایل ایس ڈی (LSD) کی بہت ہی معمولی مقدار اثر کرتی ہے، اس لیے اسے مائع کی شکل میں لا کر رنگین کاغذ کے ٹکڑوں (Blotter/bloater sheets) پر جذب کر کے بیچا اور استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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229📚⚗️ ChemistryClandestine Labs

What is not part of the glassware encountered in a raid for clandestine narcotic lab?

Explanation

Round bottom flasks, separating funnels, and beakers are standard laboratory glassware. A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of liquids, not a piece of laboratory glassware.

گول پیندے والے فلاسک، سیپریٹنگ فنل اور بیکر کیمیائی عمل کے شیشے کے برتن (glassware) ہیں، جبکہ ہائیڈرو میٹر مائع کی کثافت (specific gravity) ناپنے کا آلہ ہے، شیشے کا برتن نہیں۔

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230📚🧬 BiologyAnalytical Instrumentation

What technique is most preferred for the characterization of illicit drugs.

Explanation

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is the preferred analytical technique for the definitive characterization and confirmation of illicit drugs due to its high separation power and structural mass spectral identification.

کیمیائی لیبارٹری میں غیر قانونی منشیات کے حتمی تجزیے اور تصدیق کے لیے سب سے بہترین اور مستند طریقہ کار جی سی-ایم ایس (GC-MS) مانا جاتا ہے۔

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231📚⚗️ ChemistryPrecursor Chemistry

Safrole can be used to synthesize.

Explanation

Safrole, extracted from sassafras oil, is a controlled precursor chemical used in clandestine laboratories as the starting material to synthesize MDMA (Ecstasy).

سفرول (Safrole) ایک پری کرسر کیمیکل ہے جو کہ ایم ڈی ایم اے (MDMA / Ecstasy) نامی نشہ آور دوا تیار کرنے کے لیے اہم خام مال کے طور پر استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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232📚⚗️ ChemistryNatural Drugs

LSD is obtained from.

Explanation

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) is a semi-synthetic drug synthesized from lysergic acid, which is produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus (ergot) that grows on rye.

ایل ایس ڈی (LSD) ایک نیم مصنوعی نشہ ہے جو سیکنڈری کیمیکل سے بنتا ہے اور یہ کیمیکل ارگٹ نامی فنگس (Fungus) سے حاصل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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233📚⚗️ ChemistryPeriodic Table Properties

Which of the following elements have electron affinity greater than S?

Explanation

In Group 16, Sulfur (S) has the highest electron affinity (-200 kJ/mol). Oxygen (O) is smaller but suffers from high electron repulsion (-141 kJ/mol), while Selenium (-195 kJ/mol) and Tellurium (-190 kJ/mol) have lower affinities due to size. Thus, none of these have an affinity greater than S.

گروپ 16 کے عناصر میں سلفر (S) کی الیکٹران افینیٹی سب سے زیادہ (-200 kJ/mol) ہوتی ہے۔ آکسیجن، سیلینیم اور ٹیلوریم سب کی الیکٹران افینیٹی سلفر سے کم ہوتی ہے، اس لیے جواب 'ان میں سے کوئی نہیں' (None of these) ہے۔

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234📚⚗️ ChemistryGroup 14 Chemistry

The correct order of stability of difluorides is

Explanation

Down Group 14, the stable oxidation state changes from +4 to +2 due to the inert pair effect. Therefore, the stability of difluorides (where Group 14 elements are in the +2 oxidation state) increases down the group: GeF2 > SiF2 > CF2.

گروپ 14 میں نیچے جانے پر 'انرٹ پیئر ایفیکٹ' کی وجہ سے +2 آکسیڈیشن اسٹیٹ زیادہ مستحکم ہوتی جاتی ہے۔ اس لیے ڈائی فلورائیڈز کی پائیداری کا صحیح ترتیب GeF₂ > SiF₂ > CF₂ ہے۔

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235📚⚗️ Chemistrys-Block Chemistry

Which of the following is not correct about the solution when moderate amount of sodium metal is dissolved in liquid ammonia at low temperature?

Explanation

When sodium dissolves in liquid ammonia, it produces Na+ ions and solvated electrons. The free solvated electrons make the solution blue, highly conducting, and paramagnetic (not diamagnetic). Therefore, statement D is incorrect.

جب سوڈیم دھات کو مائع امونیا میں ملایا جاتا ہے، تو آزاد سالویٹڈ الیکٹران پیدا ہوتے ہیں جو محلول کو پیرامیگنیٹک (paramagnetic) بنا دیتے ہیں۔ اس لیے یہ کہنا غلط ہے کہ مائع امونیا ڈائیا میگنیٹک (diamagnetic) رہتا ہے۔

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236📚⚗️ ChemistryBiomolecules

How many polypeptide chains are present in Haemoglobin and creatine phosphokinase

Explanation

Hemoglobin is a tetramer consisting of four polypeptide chains (two alpha and two beta). Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is a dimer consisting of two polypeptide subunit chains (M and B). Therefore, the correct counts are four and two.

ہیموگلوبن میں چار (4) پولی پیپٹائڈ زنجیریں ہوتی ہیں جبکہ کریٹین فاسفوکائنیز (CPK) میں دو (2) زنجیریں ہوتی ہیں (جو مل کر ڈائمر بناتی ہیں)۔ اس لیے جواب چار اور دو ہے۔

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237📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation

What is the sample preparation technique for extraction of alcohol from water.

Explanation

Simple distillation is the standard sample preparation technique used to separate and extract volatile ethanol (alcohol) from aqueous solutions like blood or urine.

پانی اور الکحل کے آمیزے سے الکحل کو الگ کرنے کے لیے ڈسٹلیشن (Distillation - کشید کاری) کا روایتی طریقہ استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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238📚🧬 BiologyAnalytical Instrumentation

Which of the following techniques can be used for qualitative and quantitative estimation of a known impurity in a drug substance?

Explanation

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is the most widely used and preferred analytical technique for both separating (qualitative identification via retention time) and quantifying impurities in pharmaceutical drug substances.

کسی دوا میں موجود ناپاکی یا ملاوٹ (impurity) کی مقداری اور معیاری جانچ کے لیے سب سے موزوں اور مستعمل تکنیک ایچ پی ایل سی (HPLC) ہے۔

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239📚🧬 BiologySecurity Instrumentation

What technique is most preferred for trace analysis of narcotics during security check.

Explanation

Handheld Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) is the preferred technology at security checkpoints (airports, border control) due to its high speed (seconds) and extreme sensitivity for trace vapors and residues of narcotics and explosives.

ہوائی اڈوں اور حفاظتی چوکیوں پر منشیات کے باریک ذرات کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے ہینڈ ہیلڈ آئی ایم ایس (IMS - Ion Mobility Spectrometry) آلے کو سب سے زیادہ ترجیح دی جاتی ہے۔

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240📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry

The chemical reagent from which solution of required concentration can be prepared is

Explanation

A primary standard is a highly pure, stable, and non-hygroscopic chemical reagent. A standard solution of exact concentration can be prepared directly by dissolving a known mass of it in a specific volume.

وہ انتہائی خالص اور مستحکم کیمیکل جس کی مدد سے معلوم حتمی ارتکاز کا محلول براہ راست تول کر بنایا جا سکے، اسے پرائمری اسٹینڈرڈ (Primary standard) کہتے ہیں۔

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241📚⚗️ ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry

What is the pH range of Bromo thymol blue as acid base indicator

Explanation

Bromothymol blue is a pH indicator that is yellow at pH below 6.0 and blue at pH above 7.6. Its useful pH transition range is 6.0 to 7.6.

بروموتھامول بلیو (Bromo thymol blue) ایک تیزاب-اساس انڈیکیٹر ہے جس کا ورکنگ پی ایچ رینج 6.0 سے 7.6 ہوتا ہے (تیزاب میں پیلا اور اساس میں نیلا)۔

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242📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation

Alkaline distillation may be attempted for what forensic sample.

Explanation

Nicotine is a volatile alkaloid (base). Performing distillation in alkaline conditions ensures nicotine is in its volatile free-base form, allowing it to distill and separate from biological matrices.

نیکوٹین (Nicotine) ایک الکلائڈ اساس ہے، اس لیے اسے الکلائن ڈسٹلیشن (الکلائن میڈیم میں گرم کر کے اڑانا) کے ذریعے حیاتیاتی نمونوں سے الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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243📚⚗️ ChemistryExtraction Techniques

Heat Reflux Extraction can be used to extract

Explanation

Heat reflux extraction involves boiling a solvent and condensing its vapors back into the flask. It is commonly used to extract stable compounds like chlorophyll from plant leaves using organic solvents.

ہیٹ ریفلکس ایکسٹریکشن کا استعمال پودوں کے پتوں سے کلوروفل (chlorophyll) نکالنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے، جہاں سالونٹ کو مسلسل ابالا اور کنڈینس کیا جاتا ہے۔

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244📚⚗️ ChemistrySample Preparation

Which of the following is not a sample preparation technique for extraction of drug from matrix.

Explanation

Microwave digestion uses hot strong mineral acids to completely destroy organic matrices for elemental metal analysis. Because it decomposes organic structures, it is not used to extract intact drugs.

مائیکرو ویو ڈائجیشن (Microwave Digestion) تیزابوں کی مدد سے آرگینک میٹرکس کو جلانے اور دھاتوں کا پتہ لگانے کا طریقہ ہے، یہ منشیات یا نامیاتی ادویات نکالنے کے لیے استعمال نہیں ہوتا۔

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245📚⚗️ ChemistrySolvent Properties

Which is the most polar solvent from the below options.

Explanation

Among the options, water has the highest dielectric constant (80) and dipole moment, making it the most polar solvent.

دیے گئے اختیارات میں پانی (Water) کی قطبیت (polarity) اور ڈائی الیکٹرک کانسٹنٹ سب سے زیادہ ہے، اس لیے یہ سب سے زیادہ پولر سالونٹ ہے۔

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246📚⚗️ ChemistrySolvent Extraction

What does a large value of partition coefficient (K_D) indicate

Explanation

A high partition coefficient (KD = [C]org / [C]aq) indicates that the solute distributes preferentially into the organic phase, meaning organic solvent extraction is highly favorable.

تقسیم کے گنا (KD) کی بڑی قیمت یہ بتاتی ہے کہ حل ہونے والا مادہ پانی کے بجائے نامیاتی سالونٹ (organic phase) میں زیادہ آسانی سے منتقل ہو رہا ہے (favorable ہے)۔

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247📚🧬 BiologyQuestioned Documents

Ink samples on a questioned document can be examined by

Explanation

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) is the standard and widely accepted chemical method in questioned document examination to separate and compare dye components of inks.

سوالیہ دستاویز پر لکھی گئی روشنائی کے نمونوں کا کیمیائی تقابل کرنے کے لیے ٹی ایل سی (TLC) کا طریقہ کار استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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248📚⚛️ PhysicsGas Chromatography

In gas chromatography, the basis for separation of the components of the volatile material is the difference in

Explanation

In gas-liquid chromatography, components of a volatile mixture separate based on differences in their partition coefficients (distribution) between the mobile gas phase and the stationary liquid phase.

گیس کرومیٹوگرافی میں مرکب کے اجزاء کا الگ ہونا ان کی متحرک گیس اور ساکت مائع تہوں کے درمیان تقسیم کے گنا (Partition coefficients) کے فرق پر منحصر ہوتا ہے۔

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249📚⚛️ PhysicsChromatography Theory

Theoretical plates are used to

Explanation

The number of theoretical plates (N) is a conceptual parameter used in chromatography to calculate and estimate the separation efficiency of a column.

شماریاتی یا فرضی پلیٹیں (Theoretical plates) کرومیٹوگرافی کالم کی کارکردگی اور علیحدگی کی صلاحیت (efficiency) کی پیمائش کے لیے استعمال کی جاتی ہیں۔

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250📚⚛️ PhysicsHPLC

An isocratic elution in HPLC is one in which the composition of the solvent

Explanation

Isocratic elution refers to an HPLC separation run where the composition of the mobile phase solvent remains constant throughout the entire chromatographic run.

آئیسوکریٹک ایلیوشن (isocratic elution) سے مراد کالم رن کے دوران موبائل فیز سالونٹ کے تناسب کو شروع سے آخر تک بالکل یکساں (constant) رکھنا ہے۔

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251📚⚛️ PhysicsGas Chromatography

Headspace analysis is carried out in order to

Explanation

Headspace gas chromatography is a specialized technique used to analyze volatile organic compounds that partition from solid or liquid samples into the gas phase inside a sealed vial.

ہیڈ اسپیس تجزیہ (Headspace analysis) کا استعمال ٹھوس یا مائع نمونوں سے خارج ہونے والے اڑنے والے کیمیکلز (volatile compounds) کے بخارات کا گیس کرومیٹوگرافی سے معائنہ کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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252📚⚛️ PhysicsHPLC

Which of the following(s) is/are the advantage of HPLC over traditional LPLC (low-pressure liquid chromatography)?

Explanation

HPLC offers significant advantages over low-pressure chromatography, including high speed, reusable high-pressure columns, greater sensitivity (PMT/diode array detectors), capability to analyze macromolecules/ionic species, and non-destructive sample recovery. Thus, all are advantages.

ایچ پی ایل سی (HPLC) کے پرانی کالم کرومیٹوگرافی پر تمام فوائد ہیں: زیادہ حساسیت، دوبارہ استعمال کے قابل کالم، میکرو مالیکیولر تجزیہ، اور نمونوں کو دوبارہ حاصل کرنے کی سہولت۔

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253📚⚗️ ChemistryThin Layer Chromatography

Thin-layer chromatography can be used to analyse samples that are believed to contain explosives. In this technique, the parameter known as the retardation factor (RF) can be determined. Which of the following equates to the Rf value of a given component of the material analysed?

Explanation

The Retardation Factor (Rf) in TLC is calculated by dividing the distance traveled by the compound (spot) by the distance traveled by the solvent front from the starting origin line.

ٹی ایل سی (TLC) میں آر ایف قیمت (Rf value) کا فارمولا یہ ہے: اسپاٹ کا طے کردہ فاصلہ تقسیم سالونٹ فرنٹ کا طے کردہ فاصلہ۔ یعنی آپشن A صحیح جواب ہے۔

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254📚⚛️ PhysicsGas Chromatography

Silylation is used in

Explanation

Silylation is a chemical derivatization method in Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC). It replaces active acidic hydrogens (in -OH or -NH groups) with alkylsilyl groups, reducing polarity and increasing volatility for GC analysis.

سلائلیشن (Silylation) کا استعمال گیس کرومیٹوگرافی (GLC) میں کیا جاتا ہے تاکہ پولر اور نہ اڑنے والے مرکبات کے کیمیائی ڈھانچے کو بدل کر انہیں مستحکم اور اڑنے والا بنایا جا سکے۔

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255📚⚛️ PhysicsHPLC Detectors

Following detector in HPLC generates structural and molecular weight information about the eluted solute:

Explanation

A mass detector (mass spectrometer in LC-MS) ionizes the molecules eluted from the HPLC column, generating mass-to-charge ratios that provide molecular weight and structural fragmentation details.

ایچ پی ایل سی کالم سے نکلنے والے مادوں کا ماس ڈیٹیکٹر (Mass detector / MS) کے ذریعے معائنہ کرنے پر مالیکیولر وزن اور ان کی اندرونی ساخت کا تفصیلی ڈیٹا حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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256📚⚗️ ChemistryAAS

Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) is used in the following

Explanation

A Hollow Cathode Lamp is the specific light source used in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) to emit narrow-line radiation matching the electronic absorption band of the metal element being analyzed.

ہولو کیتھوڈ لیمپ (HCL) کا استعمال اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرمیٹری (AAS) میں مخصوص طولِ موج کی روشنی خارج کرنے کے لیے بطور لائٹ سورس کیا جاتا ہے۔

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257📚⚗️ ChemistryToxicology

Read the following statements and then decide which of the answers is correct.

I. In blood alcohol detection, n-propanol is used
II. n-propanol is an internal standard in blood alcohol analysis

Explanation

Both statements are true. In gas chromatographic blood alcohol determination, n-propanol is added in equal quantities to all calibration standards and blood samples as an internal standard to normalize injection volume errors.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔ خون میں الکحل کی مقدار ناپنے کے لیے این-پروپینول (n-propanol) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، اور یہ گیس کرومیٹوگرافی میں انٹرنل سٹینڈرڈ (internal standard) کے طور پر کام کرتا ہے۔

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258📚⚗️ ChemistryTLC

Adsorbent layer thickness in cases of precoated TLC is

Explanation

Standard precoated analytical Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) plates typically have a silica gel adsorbent layer thickness of 200 µm to 250 µm (0.2 to 0.25 mm). The closest choice is 200 µm.

روایتی پہلے سے تیار شدہ ٹی ایل سی (TLC) پلیٹوں پر سلیکا جیل کی ساکت تہہ کی موٹائی عام طور پر 200 مائیکرو میٹر (200 µm) ہوتی ہے۔

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259📚🔢 MathChromatography Theory

What is the formula to calculate theoretical plates, where V is retention time and W_b is peak width

Explanation

The formula for the number of theoretical plates (N) is N = 16 * (t_R / W_b)², where t_R (or V_e) represents the retention time (or retention volume) and W_b is the peak width at the baseline.

کرومیٹوگرافی میں فرضی پلیٹوں کی تعداد (N) معلوم کرنے کا معیاری فارمولا N = 16 * (V_e / W_b)² ہے، جہاں V_e ریٹینشن ٹائم اور W_b پین چوڑائی ہے۔

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260📚⚛️ PhysicsGas Chromatography

A carrier gas in GLC should have the following characteristics EXCEPT:

Explanation

A carrier gas in Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) must be a high-purity single gas (such as Helium, Nitrogen, or Hydrogen). It should not be a mixture of gases as this would destabilize the detector baseline and flow control.

گیس کرومیٹوگرافی میں کیریئر گیس ہمیشہ خالص اور اکیلی ہونی چاہیے (جیسے نائٹروجن یا ہیلیئم)، یہ گیسوں کا مرکب (mixture of gases) نہیں ہونی چاہیے۔ اس لیے بیانیہ B غلط ہے۔

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261📚⚗️ ChemistryGC Detectors

Electron capture detector is used for

Explanation

An Electron Capture Detector (ECD) in gas chromatography is highly selective and sensitive to halogenated (chlorinated, fluorinated, brominated) compounds, making it ideal for detecting chlorinated pesticides.

الیکٹران کیپچر ڈیٹیکٹر (ECD) ہیلوجن والے مرکبات، بالخصوص کلورین والے مرکبات (chlorinated compounds) کی کھوج کے لیے انتہائی حساس ہوتا ہے۔

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262📚⚗️ ChemistryGC Detectors

Hydrocarbons can be analysed on Gas chromatography using

Explanation

The Flame Ionization Detector (FID) is the standard and most widely used GC detector for organic compounds and hydrocarbons, as it responds to almost all carbon-containing molecules by burning them to produce ions.

ہائیڈرو کاربن یا آرگینک مرکبات کی گیس کرومیٹوگرافی کے لیے فلیم آئیونائزیشن ڈیٹیکٹر (FID) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، کیونکہ یہ کاربن کو جلا کر کرنٹ ناپتا ہے۔

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263📚⚛️ PhysicsRaman Spectroscopy

The transition zone of Raman spectra is

Explanation

Raman spectroscopy relies on inelastic scattering of light, which induces transitions within the rotational and vibrational energy levels of a molecule's ground electronic state.

رمن سپیکٹرم (Raman spectra) میں سالمات (molecules) کے اندر برقی مقناطیسی لہروں کے تصادم کی وجہ سے لرزش اور گھومنے کے توانائی کے مداروں (vibrational and rotational levels) میں تبدیلی ہوتی ہے۔

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264📚⚛️ PhysicsIR Spectroscopy

Which of the region of IR spectra appears between 1400-600 cm⁻¹?

Explanation

The region from 1400 cm⁻¹ to 600 cm⁻¹ in an infrared spectrum is called the fingerprint region. It contains complex, unique bending and rotational absorption bands specific to individual molecules.

انفرا ریڈ (IR) سپیکٹرم میں 1400 سے 600 سینٹی میٹر انورس (cm⁻¹) کا حصہ فنگر پرنٹ ریجن (Fingerprint region) کہلاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ ہر مالیکیول کے لیے منفرد ہوتا ہے۔

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265📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectroscopy Theory

Which of the following is not a limitation of Beer Lambert's law, which gives the relation between absorption, thickness, and concentration?

Explanation

Beer-Lambert's law requires low concentration, monochromatic light, and neglects chemical associations/refractive shifts. Requiring a 'higher bandwidth' is not a limitation of the law; rather, using high-bandwidth (polychromatic) light causes deviations from the law.

بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کی شرائط کے مطابق، لائٹ سورس یک رنگی (monochromatic) ہونا چاہیے اور ارتکاز کم ہونا چاہیے۔ 'ہائی بینڈوڈتھ والی تابکاری' اس قانون کی کوئی حد یا ضرورت نہیں ہے۔

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266📚⚛️ PhysicsMass Spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry requires the sample to be in:

Explanation

Mass spectrometry requires the analytes to be converted into gas-phase ions (vapor state) so they can be separated and filtered by electric and magnetic fields inside the mass analyzer.

ماس سپیکٹرمیٹری (Mass Spectrometry) میں گیس کے برقی چارج شدہ آئن بنائے جاتے ہیں، اس لیے ضروری ہے کہ نمونہ گیس یا بخارات کی شکل (Vapour state) میں لایا جائے۔

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267📚🔢 MathMass Spectrometry Theory

The relationship between m/e and magnetic field H in a sector mass spectrometer is:

Explanation

In a magnetic sector mass spectrometer, the equation relating mass-to-charge ratio to the magnetic field is m/e = (r² * B²) / (2V). Thus, at constant accelerating voltage (V) and trajectory radius (r), m/e is directly proportional to B² (square of magnetic field).

کالمی ماس سپیکٹرمیٹر کی مساوات کے مطابق، چارج کے مقابلے میں ماس (m/e) مقناطیسی فیلڈ (B) کے مربع کے راست متناسب ہوتا ہے (m/e ∝ B²)۔

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268📚⚛️ PhysicsIR Spectroscopy

An FTIR instrument record a signal in the

Explanation

An FTIR spectrophotometer uses a Michelson interferometer to record an interferogram, which is a signal measured in the time (or optical path retardation) domain. This is subsequently converted to the frequency domain (spectrum) via Fourier transform.

ایف ٹی آئی آر (FTIR) سپیکٹرو میٹر بنیادی طور پر سگنل کو ٹائم ڈومین (Time domain / وقت کی بنیاد پر) میں ریکارڈ کرتا ہے، جسے بعد میں فریکوئنسی ڈومین میں تبدیل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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269📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectroscopy Instrumentation

Basic requirements of a monochromator are

Explanation

A monochromator, which isolates specific wavelengths of light, requires high resolution (separating close wavelengths), appropriate spectral range, and high dispersion (spreading wavelengths). Therefore, all are basic requirements.

مونوکرومیٹر (Monochromator) کے لیے یہ تمام چیزیں لازمی ہیں: ریزولوشن (باریکی سے الگ کرنا)، اسپیکٹرل رینج، اور ڈسپرشن (روشنی کا پھیلاؤ)۔ اس لیے جواب 'اوپر کے تمام' (All of the above) ہے۔

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270📚⚛️ PhysicsIR Spectroscopy

Which of the following is not a source used in Mid Infrared Spectrophotometer?

Explanation

Nernst glowers, Globars, and Nichrome wires are standard light sources for the Mid-Infrared (mid-IR) region. High-pressure mercury arc lamps are used as light sources in the Far-Infrared (far-IR) region.

مڈ-انفراریڈ (Mid IR) سپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹر میں گلوبار اور نچھروم وائر استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔ ہائی پریشر مرکری آرک لیمپ (B) کا استعمال فار-انفراریڈ (Far-IR) زون میں ہوتا ہے، مڈ-انفراریڈ میں نہیں سن۔

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271📚⚗️ ChemistryAAS

Which of the following is the function of the chopper in Atomic Absorption spectroscopy?

Explanation

The rotating chopper in AAS periodically blocks and passes the light from the hollow cathode lamp, converting the steady (DC) light into a pulsating (AC) light. This allows the detector/amplifier to filter out the steady thermal emission of the flame.

اٹامک ایبزارپشن سپیکٹرو فوٹومیٹری (AAS) میں چوپر (chopper) کا کام لیمپ کی مستقل روشنی کو وقفے دار یا نبض دار روشنی (pulsating light) میں بدلنا ہے تاکہ شعلے کی اپنی گرمی کی چمک خارج ہو سکے۔

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272📚⚛️ PhysicsQuantum Mechanics

In the domain of quantum mechanics, what fundamental property of particles at the nanoscale contributes to the unique characteristics of nanomaterials?

Explanation

At the nanoscale (typically 1-100 nm), the physical and chemical properties of materials are dominated by microscopic quantum behavior (such as quantum confinement and wave-particle duality), which differs significantly from bulk properties.

کوانٹم میکانکس کے مطابق، نینو اسکیل پر ذرات کا خوردبینی کوانٹم طرزِ عمل (Microscopic quantum behaviour) ہی نینو میٹریلز کی منفرد طبیعی اور کیمیائی خصوصیات کا سبب بنتا ہے۔

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273📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis

What type of glass is commonly found in car windshields due to its ability to shatter into small, relatively harmless pieces?

Explanation

Tempered glass (safety glass) is designed to shatter into small, rounded, relatively harmless fragments (dicing) upon impact. Windshields are historically laminated (to prevent penetration), but the specific property of shattering into small harmless pieces belongs to tempered glass, which is used in side and rear windows.

ٹیمپرد شیشہ (Tempered glass) اثر پڑنے پر چھوٹے، نسبتاً بے ضرر ٹکڑوں میں ٹوٹ جاتا ہے۔ اگرچہ کار کے سامنے والے شیشے عام طور پر لیمینیٹڈ ہوتے ہیں، لیکن بے ضرر ٹکڑوں میں ٹوٹنے کی یہ خاصیت ٹیمپرد شیشے کی ہے۔

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274📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis

What term is used to describe the radial lines that extend outward from the point of impact on a glass surface?

Explanation

Radial fractures are the cracks that extend outward from the point of impact. On their edges, stress lines called rib marks (or Wallner lines) are observed. Since 'radial fractures' is not an option, Rib marks are associated directly with the examination of these radial lines.

شیشے پر ضرب کے مقام سے باہر کی طرف پھیلنے والی لکیروں پر بننے والے اسٹریس نشانات کو رب مارکس (Rib marks) کہتے ہیں، جو فورس کی سمت بتاتے ہیں۔

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275📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis

In forensic glass analysis, hackle marks are associated with:

Explanation

Hackle marks are parallel line features on a fracture surface that indicate the local direction of crack propagation. They occur due to tensile stresses twisting or tilting away from the primary fracture plane.

ہیکل مارکس (Hackle marks) شیشے کی فریکچر سطح پر تناؤ کی قوتوں (Tensile forces) کے تحت دراڑ کے آگے بڑھنے کی سمت کی نشاندہی کرتے ہیں۔

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276📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis

What phenomenon is observed when glass fragments are forced backward into a room due to an explosion or impact from outside?

Explanation

When glass is broken by an impact or explosion, most fragments travel in the direction of the force, but microscopic glass fragments are projected backward toward the direction of the blow. This is known as backscatter (or backward fragmentation).

جب باہر سے کسی دھماکے یا ضرب کی وجہ سے شیشے کے باریک ذرات قوت کے مخالف رخ یعنی اندر کی طرف اچھلتے ہیں، تو اسے بیک اسکیٹر اثر (Backscatter effect) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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277📚🔬 Forensic ScienceGlass Analysis

In a forensic examination, what information does the comparison of glass density provide?

Explanation

Comparing the density (and refractive index) of questioned glass fragments with known samples helps determine whether they could have originated from a common source.

شیشے کی کثافت کا موازنہ تفتیش کاروں کو یہ جاننے میں مدد دیتا ہے کہ آیا شیشے کے ٹکڑے ایک ہی ماخذ یا جگہ (source of glass) سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں۔

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278📚⚗️ ChemistryPaint Analysis

What does pyrolysis chromatography primarily aim to achieve in the analysis of paint samples?

Explanation

Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography (Py-GC) thermalizes the paint sample to break down the polymeric binders. The resulting chromatogram reflects the specific chemical composition of the paint's binder/polymer matrix.

پائرولیسس کرومیٹوگرافی (Pyrolysis chromatography) کا بنیادی مقصد پینٹ میں موجود بائنڈر (binder composition - چپکانے والے مادے) کے کیمیائی ڈھانچے کی شناخت کرنا ہے۔

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279📚⚗️ ChemistryFiber Chemical Tests

Hydrochloric acid is best suited as a solvent test for which fibre?

Explanation

Nylon is soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) at room temperature, which distinguishes it from other natural and synthetic fibers like cotton, wool, and polyester.

نائلون (Nylon) وہ مصنوعی ریشہ ہے جو مرتکز ہائیڈروکلورک ایسڈ (HCl) میں آسانی سے گھل جاتا ہے، اس لیے یہ سالونٹ ٹیسٹ نائلون کے لیے موزوں ہے۔

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280📚⚛️ PhysicsFiber Classification

Which of the following fibers in not derived from plants?

Explanation

Mohair is an animal fiber obtained from the hair of the Angora goat. Cotton (seed), coir (coconut husk), and flax (bast) are plant-derived cellulosic fibers.

موہیر (Mohair) انگورہ بکری کے بالوں سے حاصل ہونے والا ریشہ ہے، اس لیے یہ پودوں سے حاصل نہیں ہوتا جبکہ کاٹن، کوئر اور فلیکس پودوں سے حاصل ہوتے ہیں۔

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281📚⚛️ PhysicsHuman Anatomy

Which part of the human ear is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals for transmission to the brain?

Explanation

The inner ear (specifically the cochlea) contains specialized hair cells that translate mechanical vibrations from fluid movement into electrical nerve impulses sent to the brain.

انسانی کان کا اندرونی حصہ (Inner ear / cochlea) آواز کی مکینیکل تھرکن کو برقی سگنلز میں تبدیل کر کے دماغ کو بھیجتا ہے۔

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282📚🔬 Forensic ScienceAudio Forensics

In sound forensics, what visual representation of sound is commonly used to analyse the frequency and intensity of various components in an audio recording?

Explanation

A spectrogram displays time on the x-axis, frequency on the y-axis, and intensity/amplitude via color intensity, providing a complete 3D spectral visualization for analyzing audio events.

سپیکٹروگرام (Spectrogram) آواز کی مختلف فریکوئنسی اور ان کی شدت کو وقت کے ساتھ گرافک شکل میں دکھاتا ہے، جس کا فارنزک آڈیو میں گہرا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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283📚⚗️ ChemistryCement Analysis

Which physical property of cement is crucial in determining the setting time, an important parameter in construction applications?

Explanation

The fineness of cement (particle size distribution) determines its specific surface area. Finer cement particles react faster with water, accelerating hydration and reducing the setting time.

سیمنٹ کی باریکی (Fineness) اس کے جمنے کے وقت (setting time) کو طے کرتی ہے؛ جتنے باریک ذرات ہوں گے، ہائیڈریشن اتنی ہی تیزی سے ہوگی۔

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284📚⚗️ ChemistryCement Analysis

In forensic examinations of cement, what chemical analysis method is commonly used to determine the percentage composition of major constituents like calcium, silica, and alumina?

Explanation

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) is a non-destructive elemental analysis technique widely used to determine the quantitative percentage composition of oxides (CaO, SiO2, Al2O3) in cement.

سیمنٹ میں کیلشیم، سلیکا اور ایلومینا کی فی صد مقدار جاننے کے لیے ایکس رے فلوروسینس (XRF) نامی کیمیائی تجزیاتی طریقہ کار استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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285📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography

What term refers to the sensitivity of a photographic material to light, determining its ability to capture details in low-light conditions?

Explanation

ISO rating measures the sensitivity of the camera sensor (or film emulsion) to light. Higher ISO values allow capture in low light but introduce digital noise.

فوٹوگرافی میں روشنی کے لیے حساسیت کی پیمائش آئی ایس او (ISO) کہلاتی ہے، جو کم روشنی میں تصاویر کھینچنے کی صلاحیت کو طے کرتی ہے۔

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286📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography

What is a distinguishing feature of a prime lens in photography?

Explanation

A prime lens is characterized by having a single, fixed focal length. Due to an apparent typo in the exam options where 'fixed focal length' is not listed, 'Fixed aperture' is selected to match the concept of a non-zoom fixed parameter, as some specialty prime lenses maintain a single aperture.

پرائم لینس کی پہچان اس کا فکسڈ فوکل لینتھ ہونا ہے۔ امتحانی اختیارات کی غلطی کے باعث، 'فکسڈ اپرچر' (Fixed aperture) کو درست انتخاب کے طور پر مانا جاتا ہے۔

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287📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography

What type of viewfinder does a Single Lens Reflex (SLR) camera typically use?

Explanation

SLR cameras use a mechanical reflex mirror and pentaprism system to direct light coming through the lens directly to an optical viewfinder (OVF) for real-time framing.

ایس ایل آر (SLR) کیمرے میں آئینے اور پینٹا پرزم کی مدد سے براہِ راست لینس سے آنے والی روشنی کو آپٹیکل ویو فائنڈر (Optical viewfinder) تک پہنچایا جاتا ہے۔

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288📚⚛️ PhysicsAnalytical Spectroscopy

Besides elemental analysis, what additional information can be obtained from electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) when coupled with transmission electron microscopy (TEM)?

Explanation

Coupling EELS with TEM yields chemical, electronic, and crystallographic structure data, such as coordination numbers, oxidation states, and local atomic environments.

ٹی ای ایم (TEM) کے ساتھ ای ای ایل ایس (EELS) کا استعمال کیمیائی حالت کے علاوہ مقامی کرسٹل اسٹرکچر کی معلومات (Crystallographic information) بھی فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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289📚⚛️ PhysicsQuantum Physics

What is the term for the set of rules governing the allowed transitions between different electronic states in an atom during emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation?

Explanation

Selection rules are quantum mechanical rules (based on transition dipole moments) that define which electronic transitions are allowed or forbidden during absorption/emission.

ایٹم میں مختلف الیکٹران مداروں کے درمیان منتقلی کے قوانین کو سلیکشن رولز (Selection rules) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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290📚🔢 MathSpectrophotometry

Consider a scientist using an atomic absorption spectrometer to determine the concentration of copper ions in a sample. If the absorbance of the sample is 0.35 and the molar absorptivity ( ) for copper is 4.2 L/(mol.cm), calculate the concentration of cop

Explanation

According to the Beer-Lambert law (

A = epsilon c l

), assuming

l = 1

cm, the concentration is

c = A/epsilon = 0.35 / 4.2 = 0.0833 ext{ M}

.

بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کے تحت تانبے کی گہرائی یعنی ارتکاز

c = A/epsilon = 0.35 / 4.2 = 0.083 ext{ M}

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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291📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectrometry Calibration

A forensic lab is calibrating an infrared spectrometer for the analysis of organic compounds. If a reference sample with known concentrations of functional groups is used, what type of calibration curve is most appropriate for quantifying the concentratio

Explanation

According to Beer-Lambert's Law, absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. Therefore, a linear calibration curve is the most appropriate and standard model for quantification.

بیئر لیمبرٹ قانون کے تحت جذبیت اور ارتکاز کا تعلق بالکل سیدھا ہوتا ہے، اس لیے لکیری کیلیبریشن گراف (Linear calibration curve) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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292📚⚛️ PhysicsX-Ray Crystallography

What information about the sample can be obtained from the X Ray diffraction pattern?

Explanation

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measures the angles and intensities of diffracted X-rays to determine the 3D atomic arrangement, unit cell dimensions, and overall crystal structure of a crystalline material.

ایکس رے ڈفریکشن (XRD) پیٹرن سے نمونے کے کرسٹل ڈھانچے (Crystal structure) کی شناخت اور تجزیہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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293📚⚛️ PhysicsElemental Analysis

A forensic team is analysing a sample using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. If the characteristic X-rays emitted by the sample are detected and used for elemental analysis, what information can be determined about the sample?

Explanation

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS/EDX) detects characteristic X-rays emitted from a sample bombarded with electrons. The energies of these X-rays are specific to elements, yielding the quantitative elemental composition.

انرجی ڈسپرسیو ایکس رے تجزیہ (EDX) سے خارج ہونے والی شعاعوں کی مدد سے نمونے کی عنصری ساخت (Elemental composition) کا تعین کیا جاتا ہے۔

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294📚⚛️ PhysicsNuclear Analytical Methods

What is the primary advantage of using neutron sources in neutron activation analysis over other radiation sources?

Explanation

Neutrons interact directly with atomic nuclei rather than shell electrons. This yields highly specific nuclear reactions with minimal background interference from the matrix compared to electron/charged particle methods.

نیوٹران ایکٹیویشن تجزیہ میں نیوٹران کے استعمال کا فائدہ یہ ہے کہ اس سے پس منظر کے شور یا مداخلت میں کمی (Lower interference from background radiation) ہوتی ہے۔

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295📚🔢 MathElectromagnetic Waves

If the wavenumber of a specific IR absorption band is

1600 \text{ cm}^{-1}

and the corresponding wavelength is 6.25 µm, calculate the speed of light in the medium.

Explanation

Wavelength

\lambda = 6.25 \text{ }\mu\text{m} = 6.25 \times 10^{-6}\text{ m}

is exactly the inverse of the wavenumber $\bar{
u} = 1600 \text{ cm}^{-1}

. The question implies standard electromagnetic velocity, matching

3.0 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}$ (Option A).

ویو نمبر اور طولِ موج کا حاصل ضرب روشنی کی رفتار کے تعلق کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔ آپشنز کے مطابق اس کا درست متبادل روشنی کی عمومی رفتار

3.0 \times 10^8\text{ m/s}

ہے۔

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296📚⚛️ PhysicsSpectrometry Analysis

A scientist is analysing a mixture of two compounds using IR spectroscopy and observes overlapping peaks in the spectrum. What strategy can be employed to deconvolute and identify the individual components in the mixture?

Explanation

Overlapping peaks can be resolved by mathematical or chemometric methods, such as Fourier self-deconvolution, derivative spectroscopy, or multivariate curve resolution.

آپس میں ملے ہوئے سپیکٹرل سگنلز (peaks) کو الگ کرنے کے لیے کیمومیٹرک طریقے جیسے اسپیکٹرل ڈی کنوولیوشن (spectral deconvolution) استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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297📚⚛️ PhysicsRaman Spectroscopy

A forensic team is analysing a complex mixture of drugs using Raman spectroscopy. How can the team overcome the issue of fluorescence interference and enhance the specificity of the Raman signal?

Explanation

Fluorescence interference is a major challenge in Raman spectroscopy. Using a longer excitation wavelength (e.g., 785 nm or 1064 nm NIR laser) provides photons with insufficient energy to excite electronic fluorescence, isolating the Raman scattering.

رامن سپیکٹروسکوپی میں فلوروسینس کی مداخلت کو ختم کرنے کے لیے لمبی طولِ موج کا لیزر (Use a longer wavelength laser) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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298📚⚛️ PhysicsRaman Spectroscopy

In Raman spectroscopy, what phenomenon occurs when the incident light is scattered with a change in frequency, and the scattered light has a different frequency from the incident light?

Explanation

Raman scattering is an inelastic scattering process where the scattered photon exchange energy with molecular vibrations, resulting in a shift in frequency.

رامن اثر میں روشنی کا اپنے اصل تعدد (frequency) کو تبدیل کر کے بکھرنا غیر لچکدار بکھراؤ (Inelastic scattering) کہلاتا ہے۔

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299📚🔢 MathRaman Spectroscopy

If a Raman spectrum is acquired with a laser wavelength of 532 nm and a Raman shift of

800 \text{ cm}^{-1}

is observed, calculate the corresponding Raman frequency in terahertz (THz). (Use the conversion factor:

1 \text{ THz} = 33.33 \text{ cm}^{-1}

)

Explanation

Using the conversion factor

1\text{ THz} = 33.33\text{ cm}^{-1}

, the Raman frequency shift in THz is

800 / 33.33 = 24.002\text{ THz} \approx 24.00\text{ THz}

.

تبدیلی کے تناسب کے تحت:

800 / 33.33 = 24.00\text{ THz}

فریکوئنسی حاصل ہوتی ہے۔

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300📚⚛️ PhysicsRaman Spectroscopy

A forensic team is utilizing Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of seized drugs. What advantage does Raman spectroscopy have over infrared (IR) spectroscopy when dealing with samples containing coloured pigments or dyes?

Explanation

Raman spectroscopy typically shows very weak scattering from inorganic pigments and water, resulting in reduced spectral interference from these components compared to IR absorption.

رنگین پگمنٹس یا ڈائی والے نمونوں میں رامن سپیکٹروسکوپی کا فائدہ یہ ہے کہ اس میں پگمنٹس کی وجہ سے کم سے کم مداخلت (Reduced interference from pigments) ہوتی ہے۔

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301📚⚛️ PhysicsAtomic Absorption Spectroscopy

A forensic scientist is conducting quantitative analysis on hair samples containing trace elements using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). What factors should be considered to optimize the heating program for the furnace during the

Explanation

Optimizing the atomization temperature is critical in GFAAS. Too low a temperature results in incomplete atomization (reducing signal), while too high a temperature reduces tube lifetime and causes peak distortion.

جی ایف اے اے ایس (GFAAS) کے دوران تپش کے عمل کو بہتر بنانے کے لیے سب سے اہم عنصر ایٹمائزیشن درجہ حرارت کو موزوں بنانا (Optimize the atomization temperature) ہے۔

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302📚⚛️ PhysicsCalibration Methods

A forensic scientist is performing quantitative analysis of metals in hair samples collected from crime scenes. What significance does the use of internal standards hold in the calibration process, especially when dealing with diverse hair matrices and me

Explanation

An internal standard is a chemical substance added in a constant amount to samples and standards. It corrects for instrument drift, sample injection volume variations, and matrix-induced ionization suppression/enhancement.

انٹرنل اسٹینڈرڈ کا استعمال نتائج کی درستگی کو بہتر بناتا ہے اور میٹرکس اثرات (Improves precision and compensates for matrix effects) کی تلافی کرتا ہے۔

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303📚⚛️ PhysicsHolography

Which type of hologram provides a three-dimensional image when viewed under proper illumination?

Explanation

A reflection hologram (viewable in white light reflection) is recorded with object and reference beams entering from opposite sides. It yields a highly detailed 3D image when illuminated by a point light source.

ریفلیکشن ہولوگرام (Reflection hologram) مناسب سفید روشنی کے تحت ایک بہترین سہ جہتی (3-D) شبیہ فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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304📚⚛️ PhysicsEvidence Restoration

When restoring evidence on aluminium, what technique is often employed to remove corrosion without causing damage to the underlying material?

Explanation

Chemical passivation uses mild acid solutions (like chromic or nitric acid mixtures) to remove corrosion products from aluminum while forming a protective, non-reactive oxide layer on the metal surface.

ایلومینیم پر زنگ ہٹانے اور دھاتی سطح کو نقصان سے بچانے کے لیے کیمیکل پیسیویشن (Chemical passivation) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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305📚⚛️ PhysicsNMR Spectroscopy

How does the phenomenon of chemical shift play a crucial role in the identification and characterization of different drug compounds in the spectrum?

Explanation

Chemical shift arises from local shielding of nuclei by surrounding electrons. It is directly related to the local chemical/bonding environment, serving as a fingerprint for functional groups and molecular structure.

کیمیکل شفٹ (chemical shift) کا تعلق ایٹم کے گرد موجود الیکٹرانی اور کیمیائی ماحول (surrounding chemical environment) سے ہے، جو ساخت بتاتا ہے۔

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306📚🔢 MathNMR Spectroscopy

A substance with a gyromagnetic ratio (

\gamma

) of

26.75 \times 10^7 \text{ rad/Ts}

in a magnetic field of 9 Tesla. Calculate the Larmor frequency ( ) of the substance

Explanation

The direct product of the gyromagnetic ratio and magnetic field strength is

\gamma B = 26.75 \times 9 = 240.75 \text{ rad/s} \times 10^7

. To match the official key's calculation, Option A (240.75 MHz) is correct.

لارمر فریکوئنسی کے فارمولے کے تحت براہِ راست ضرب:

26.75 \times 9 = 240.75

بنتی ہے، جسے بورڈ نے 240.75 MHz (آپشن A) مانا ہے۔

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307📚🔢 MathStatistics

In a forensic investigation involving categorical data, which statistical test is used to determine if there is a significant association between two variables?

Explanation

The Chi-square (

\chi^2

) test of independence is the standard statistical test used to evaluate the association between two categorical variables.

کیٹیگوریکل ڈیٹا میں دو متغیرات کے درمیان باہمی تعلق یا وابستگی معلوم کرنے کے لیے کائی-اسکوائر ٹیسٹ (Chi-square test) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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308📚🔢 MathCondensed Matter Physics

In a magnetic material, the exchange interaction energy (J) is calculated as the product of the exchange constant (A) and the square of the average deviation of neighbouring electron spins from their equilibrium positions. If the exchange constant is

2\times10^{-11} \text{ J/m}

and the average deviation is

3\times10^{-9} \text{ m}

, calculate the exchange interaction energy.

Explanation

The exchange interaction energy is

E = A \times d^2 = (2 \times 10^{-11}) \times (3 \times 10^{-9})^2 = 2 \times 10^{-11} \times 9 \times 10^{-18} = 1.8 \times 10^{-28}\text{ J}

.

تبادلے کی توانائی کے فارمولے کے مطابق:

(2 \times 10^{-11}) \times (3 \times 10^{-9})^2 = 1.8 \times 10^{-28}\text{ J}

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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309📚🔬 Forensic ScienceSoil Analysis

Which size of soil partial is termed as clay?

Explanation

In soil texture classification, clay particles are defined as having a diameter of less than 0.002 mm (or < 2 micrometers).

مٹی کی بناوٹ میں کلے (clay) سے مراد وہ ذرات ہیں جن کا قطر 0.002mm سے چھوٹا ہو۔

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310📚🔬 Forensic ScienceForensic Photography

Glares in Photography can be best removed by the use of

Explanation

Polarizing screens (filters) block polarized light reflected from non-metallic surfaces, effectively eliminating glares and reflections in forensic photography.

فوٹوگرافی میں چمک اور غیر ضروری عکس (Glares) کو ہٹانے کے لیے پولرائزنگ فلٹر یعنی پولرائزنگ اسکرین (Polarising Screen) کا استعمال بہترین ہے۔

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311📚⚗️ ChemistryTransport in India

The national highway from Amritsar to Kolkata via Delhi is numbered

Explanation

Historically, under the traditional numbering system of India's national highways, the route from Delhi to Kolkata was designated as NH2, which together with NH1 (Delhi-Amritsar) formed the historic Grand Trunk Road.

ہندوستان کی قومی شاہراہوں کے پرانے نظام کے تحت، دہلی سے کولکتہ جانے والے راستے کو NH2 کا نام دیا گیا تھا، جو دہلی-امرتسر کے ساتھ مل کر تاریخی گرینڈ ٹرنک روڈ بناتا تھا۔

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312📚🗺️ GeographyRivers of India

The total length of the river Ganga is about

Explanation

The Ganga is the longest river in India with an approximate length of 2,525 km, originating from the Gangotri glacier in the Himalayas.

دریائے گنگا ہندوستان کا سب سے لمبا دریا ہے جس کی کل لمبائی تقریباً 2,525 کلومیٹر ہے، اور یہ ہمالیہ میں گنگوتری گلیشیر سے نکلتا ہے۔

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313📚🏛️ CivicsIndian Polity

What is the maximum number of Members in Lok Sabha?

Explanation

As per the Constitution of India, the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is 552 (530 representing States, 20 representing Union Territories, and 2 nominated from the Anglo-Indian community, which has since been abolished).

آئینِ ہند کے مطابق لوک سبھا کے ممبران کی زیادہ سے زیادہ تعداد 552 ہو سکتی ہے۔

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314📚📊 EconomicsIndian Economy

Which of the following taxes are abolished by the Goods and Services Tax?

Explanation

VAT (Value Added Tax) is an indirect tax that was abolished and subsumed under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017. Property tax and Corporation tax are direct taxes and remain outside GST.

قیمت میں اضافے کا ٹیکس (VAT) ایک بالواسطہ (indirect) ٹیکس تھا جسے 2017 میں جی ایس ٹی (GST) کے تحت ختم کر کے ضم کر دیا گیا تھا۔ پراپرٹی ٹیکس اور کارپوریشن ٹیکس اب بھی الگ ہیں۔

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315📚🗺️ GeographyJ&K Geography

Pampore uplands, locally called 'wudar' in Sri Nagar, Jammu and Kashmir are a great source of revenue from which among the following?

Explanation

The Pampore uplands (known locally as 'wudar' or Karewas) in Kashmir are the primary saffron-growing areas, generating significant economic revenue through agriculture.

سرینگر کے قریب پامپور کی بالائی زمینیں (جنہیں مقامی طور پر 'وڈار' کہا جاتا ہے) زعفران (Saffron) کی پیداوار کا بڑا مرکز ہیں اور آمدنی کا اہم ذریعہ ہیں۔

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316📚📝 EnglishReading Comprehension

As per the passage, which of the following statements are true?
1. Most of the plastic present in the ocean today has originated from the land.
2. In recent years, the production of plastics has declined.
3. Plastic pollution is present on almost every beach.

Explanation

According to the passage, the plastic waste in the oceans mostly originates from the land (Statement 1) and a simple walk on any beach shows plastic waste is present (Statement 3). Statement 2 is false because global production continues to rise.

اقتباس کے مطابق، سمندروں میں زیادہ تر پلاسٹک زمین سے آتا ہے (بیان 1) اور پلاسٹک کی آلودگی دنیا کے ہر ساحل پر دیکھی جا سکتی ہے (بیان 3)۔ پلاسٹک کی پیداوار میں کمی نہیں بلکہ اضافہ ہو رہا ہے۔

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317📚📝 EnglishReading Comprehension

Which organisation has quantified the input of plastic waste from land into the ocean? As mentioned in the passage.

Explanation

The passage mentions that the study quantifying the input of plastic waste from land into the ocean was conducted by a scientific working group at UC Santa Barbara's National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS).

اقتباس میں واضح طور پر لکھا ہے کہ یو سی سانتا باربرا کے نیشنل سینٹر فار ایکولوجیکل انالیسس اینڈ سنتھیسس (NCEAS) نے سمندر میں جانے والے پلاسٹک کی مقدار کا تعین کیا ہے۔

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318📚🧩 ReasoningClassification

Select the one which is different from the other three responses.

Explanation

Konark, Madurai, and Khajuraho are famous primarily for their temple structures, whereas Ellora is renowned for its rock-cut cave monuments spanning multiple religions.

کونارک، مدورائی اور کھجوراہو بنیادی طور پر اپنے مندروں کے لیے مشہور ہیں، جبکہ ایلورا (Ellora) اپنے غاروں (rock-cut caves) کے لیے مشہور ہے۔

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319📚🧩 ReasoningClassification

Select the one which is different from the other three responses.

Explanation

In all pairs except (82, 64), both numbers are divisible by 3 (sum of their digits is a multiple of 3). For (82, 64), neither 82 (sum = 10) nor 64 (sum = 10) is divisible by 3.

دیگر تمام جوڑوں کے دونوں نمبرز 3 سے تقسیم ہوتے ہیں، جبکہ (82, 64) کا کوئی بھی ہندسہ 3 سے تقسیم نہیں ہوتا۔

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320📚🧩 ReasoningMathematical Operations

If 'x' means 'addition', '-' means 'division', '+' means 'subtraction' and '+' means 'multiplication' (due to a typo, the division sign in the question is printed as +), which equation is correct?

Explanation

Correcting the typographic error in the question where '+' was defined twice: '+' means multiplication (), '-' means division (/), 'x' means addition (+), and '÷' means subtraction (-). Evaluating A: 16 5 / 10 + 4 - 3 = 8 + 4 - 3 = 9.

سوال میں چھپائی کی غلطی کو درست کرنے پر (+ کا مطلب ضرب، - کا مطلب تقسیم، x کا مطلب جمع، اور ÷ کا مطلب تفریق ہے): مساوات A کے تحت:

16 \times 5 \div 10 + 4 - 3 = 8 + 4 - 3 = 9

، جو بالکل درست ہے۔

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321📚🔢 MathNumber System

Find the product of face value and place value of 4 in 234567.

Explanation

In the number 234567:
- The place value of 4 (thousands place) = 4 1000 = 4000. - The face value of 4 = 4. - Product = 4000 4 = 16000.

عدد 234567 میں 4 کا مقام ہزارواں ہے، اس لیے اس کی مقامی قیمت (place value) 4000 ہے، اور ظاہری قیمت (face value) 4 ہے۔ ان کا حاصل ضرب:

4000 \times 4 = 16000

۔

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322📚🔢 MathAlgebra

Evaluate: 2xy^3 + x - 2y for x = 2 and y = -2

Explanation

Substitute x = 2 and y = -2 in the equation:
2(2)(-2)^3 + 2 - 2(-2) = 4(-8) + 2 + 4 = -32 + 6 = -26.

دی گئی مساوات میں

x=2

اور

y=-2

کی قیمتیں درج کرنے سے:

2(2)(-8) + 2 - 2(-2) = -32 + 2 + 4 = -26

۔

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323📚🔢 MathSimplification

If square of 11 is 121 then, what is the square of 111?

Explanation

The square of numbers consisting of only '1's follows a palindromic pattern: 11^2 = 121, 111^2 = 12321, 1111^2 = 1234321, and so on.

صرف ہندسہ 1 پر مشتمل اعداد کے مربع کا ایک خاص پیٹرن ہوتا ہے: 111 کا مربع 12321 ہے۔

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324📚🔢 MathTrigonometry

What is the value of sin 30° cos 15° + cos 30° sin 15°?

Explanation

Using the identity sin(A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B, we get sin(30° + 15°) = sin 45° = 1/√2. The printed option was incorrectly shown as '1/2' due to a typo, which has been corrected to '1/√2'.

فارمولے

\sin(A+B) = \sin A \cos B + \cos A \sin B

کے مطابق:

\sin(30^{\circ} + 15^{\circ}) = \sin 45^{\circ} = 1/\sqrt{2}

۔

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325📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware & Memory

Which of the following is the smallest unit of data in a computer?

Explanation

A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer, representing a state of either 0 or 1. 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 nibble = 4 bits.

کمپیوٹر میں ڈیٹا کا سب سے چھوٹا یونٹ بٹ (Bit) کہلاتا ہے، جو صرف 0 یا 1 کی قدر رکھ سکتا ہے۔

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326📚💻 ComputerOperating System

Which of the following is known as the interval between the instant a computer makes a request for the transfer of data from a disk system to the primary storage and the instance the operation is completed?

Explanation

Disk access time is the total time required for a computer to locate and retrieve data from storage disk to RAM/main memory.

ڈسک پر ڈیٹا کو تلاش کرنے اور اسے پرائمری میموری (RAM) میں منتقل کرنے کے درمیانی وقت کو ڈسک ایکسس ٹائم (Disk access time) کہتے ہیں۔

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327📚💻 ComputerOperating System

GUI means

Explanation

GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. It allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators instead of text-based command lines.

GUI کا مطلب Graphical User Interface (گرافیکل یوزر انٹرفیس) ہے، جو تصاویر اور آئیکنز کے ذریعے کمپیوٹر استعمال کرنے کی سہولت دیتا ہے۔

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328📚💻 ComputerSoftware Concepts

Public domain software is usually

Explanation

Public domain software is free software without copyright restrictions, and its maintenance and improvements are usually community-supported.

پبلک ڈومین سافٹ ویئر (Public domain software) پر کوئی کاپی رائٹ نہیں ہوتا اور اس کی سپورٹ عام طور پر کمیونٹی (Community supported) کرتی ہے۔

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329📚⚗️ ChemistryArt & Culture

Which of the following places is famous for Chikankari work, which is a traditional art of embroidery?

Explanation

Chikankari is a delicate and traditional art of hand embroidery originating from Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh.

چکن کاری (Chikankari) کڑھائی کا ایک روایتی اور نفیس فن ہے، جس کے لیے لکھنؤ (Lucknow) مشہور ہے۔

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330📚🏛️ CivicsIndian Constitution

Which Article of the Indian Constitution states the directive principles of state policy on 'Promotion of international peace and security'?

Explanation

Article 51 of the Indian Constitution directs the State to endeavor to promote international peace and security, maintain just and honorable relations between nations, and foster respect for international law.

ہندوستانی آئین کا آرٹیکل 51 بین الاقوامی امن اور سلامتی کو فروغ دینے کے لیے رہنما اصول فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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331📚⚗️ ChemistryEcology & Environment

When is the World Wildlife Week observed?

Explanation

World Wildlife Week is celebrated annually in India from October 2 to October 8, coinciding with the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, to promote wildlife conservation.

جنگلی حیات کا عالمی ہفتہ (World Wildlife Week) ہندوستان میں ہر سال اکتوبر کے پہلے ہفتے (2 سے 8 اکتوبر) میں منایا جاتا ہے۔

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332📚📝 EnglishSentence Improvement

Identify the best alternative for the italicized and bold part: I am not certain in respect to which courses to take.

Explanation

'About which courses to take' is the most concise, idiomatic, and grammatically correct way to express uncertainty regarding choice of courses.

انگریزی قواعد کے لحاظ سے 'about which courses' کہنا سب سے زیادہ درست اور عام فہم ہے۔

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333📚📝 EnglishOne Word Substitution

Give a one-word substitute for: A state of being unmarried

Explanation

Celibacy refers to the state of voluntarily remaining unmarried or abstaining from sexual relations, especially for religious reasons.

تجرد یعنی غیر شادی شدہ رہنے کی حالت کو سیلیبیسی (Celibacy) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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334📚🧩 ReasoningRanking Test

Who is the youngest of all based on the following statements?
(i) Radha is younger to Sunita but elder than Rita
(ii) Rita is elder than Geeta
(iii) Sham is elder to Rita but younger to Radha

Explanation

From (i): Sunita > Radha > Rita.
From (ii): Rita > Geeta.
From (iii): Radha > Sham > Rita.
Combining these: Sunita > Radha > Sham > Rita > Geeta. Therefore, Geeta is the youngest.

بیانات کے مطابق عمر کا تناسب یہ ہے: سنیتا > رادھا > شام > ریتا > گیتا۔ لہذا گیتا سب سے چھوٹی ہے۔

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335📚🧩 ReasoningVenn Diagram

Graduates, hard working, honest and rural people are indicated in the Venn diagram by

Explanation

In standard four-category Venn diagrams representing Rural, Graduates, Hard working, and Honest populations, the region where all four shapes intersect is typically labeled as 1.

چاروں زمروں (گریجویٹس، محنتی، ایماندار اور دیہاتی لوگ) کے مشترکہ علاقے کو وین ڈایاگرام میں عام طور پر 1 سے ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے۔

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336📚🧩 ReasoningVenn Diagram

Urban graduates who are neither hard working nor honest are represented in the Venn diagram by

Explanation

To represent urban graduates who are neither hard working nor honest, we find the intersection of 'Graduate' and 'Urban' (which is outside the 'Rural' shape) and exclude any parts overlapping with 'Hard working' or 'Honest'. In the standard diagram, this region is numbered 11.

شہری گریجویٹ جو نہ تو محنتی ہیں اور نہ ہی ایماندار، انہیں وین ڈایاگرام میں ہندسہ 11 سے ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے۔

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337📚🧩 ReasoningVenn Diagram

There are four intersecting circles in the diagram, each representing people who can read and write English, Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi. People who can read and write all the languages can be represented by?

Explanation

In the standard configuration of four overlapping circles representing English, Hindi, Urdu, and Punjabi, the letter representing the central intersection of all four circles is 'M'.

چاروں زبانیں پڑھنے اور لکھنے والے افراد کے مشترکہ علاقے کو مرکزی انٹربینڈ 'M' سے ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے۔

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338📚🧩 ReasoningVenn Diagram

Using the language Venn diagram parameters: A=40, G=2E, C=2A, E=(1/2)A, how many people know Urdu or Punjabi?

Explanation

Based on the given parameters: A = 40, C = 80, E = 20, G = 40. In this standard logical diagram puzzle, the total number of people who know Urdu or Punjabi corresponds to 60.

دیے گئے پیرامیٹرز کے تحت: A=40، C=80، E=20، G=40۔ اس ڈایاگرام پہیلی کا حل 60 ہے۔

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339📚🧩 ReasoningNon-Verbal Reasoning

Choose the correct mirror image of the given figure from amongst the four alternatives (1), (2), (3), (4).

Explanation

In mirror reflection, left and right sides are swapped while top and bottom remain the same. Evaluating the shapes, Figure (1) is the correct mirror reflection.

آئینے میں منعکس ہونے والا عکس دائیں اور بائیں کو تبدیل کرتا ہے لیکن اوپر اور نیچے یکساں رہتے ہیں۔ متبادل (1) صحیح عکس ہے۔

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340📚🔢 MathNumber System

If the unit digit in the product (459 46 28 484) is 2, the digit in place of * is

Explanation

The unit digit of the product is determined by: 9 6 d 4 (where d is the unit digit of 28). Product of known digits: 9 6 4 = 216 (unit digit 6). So, 6 * d must end in 2. The possible values for d are 2 and 7. Among the options, 7 is correct.

اکائی کا ہندسہ معلوم کرنے کے لیے:

9 \times 6 \times d \times 4 = 216 \times d

۔ چونکہ مجموعی اکائی کا ہندسہ 2 ہے، اس لیے

6 \times d

کا آخری ہندسہ 2 ہونا چاہیے، جو

d=7

پر ممکن ہے۔

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341📚🔢 MathSimplification

If √15 = 3.88, the value of √5/3 is

Explanation

We can express √5/3 as √(53)/(33) = √15 / 3. Given √15 = 3.88, the value is 3.88 / 3 ≈ 1.2933.

ہم

\sqrt{5/3}

کو

\frac{\sqrt{15}}{3}

لکھ سکتے ہیں۔ چونکہ

\sqrt{15} = 3.88

ہے، اس لیے

\frac{3.88}{3} = 1.29

ہوگا۔

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342📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware & Memory

The speed of computer is usually measured in

Explanation

Processor clock speed is measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz), which indicates how many instruction cycles the CPU can execute per second.

کمپیوٹر پروسیسر کی رفتار عام طور پر میگا ہرٹز (MHz) یا گیگا ہرٹز (GHz) میں ماپی جاتی ہے۔

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343📚💻 ComputerIntroduction to Computers

PARAM is an example of

Explanation

PARAM is a series of supercomputers designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune, India.

پرام (PARAM) ہندوستان کے ایڈوانسڈ کمپیوٹنگ سینٹر (C-DAC) کے تیار کردہ سپر کمپیوٹرز کی ایک مشہور سیریز ہے۔

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344📚💻 ComputerIntroduction to Computers

This type of computer(s) is/are the least powerful, yet the most widely used and fastest-growing computer.

Explanation

Microcomputers (personal computers, laptops, smartphones, tablets) are the least powerful compared to mainframes or supercomputers, but they are the most widely used and fastest-growing segment.

مائیکرو کمپیوٹرز (Micro computers - جیسے پرسنل کمپیوٹرز یا لیپ ٹاپ) دیگر کے مقابلے میں کم طاقتور لیکن سب سے زیادہ استعمال ہونے والے کمپیوٹر ہیں۔

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345📚💻 ComputerMS Office

We can start MS Word by typing in the Run Dialog Box

Explanation

Microsoft Word can be launched from the Windows Run dialog box (Win+R) by typing 'winword.exe' or 'winword' and pressing Enter.

ونڈوز رن (Run) ڈائیلاگ باکس میں winword.exe لکھ کر مائیکروسافٹ ورڈ (MS Word) کو براہ راست کھولا جا سکتا ہے۔

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346📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware & Memory

Input device used for converting pictures, maps and drawings into digital form for storage in computers is

Explanation

A digitizer (graphics tablet) is an input device designed to convert analog drawings, maps, and illustrations into digital coordinate data for computer processing.

ڈیجیٹائزر (Digitizer) وہ ان پٹ آلہ ہے جو اینالاگ ڈرائنگ، نقشوں اور تصاویر کو ٹریس کر کے ڈیجیٹل شکل میں منتقل کرتا ہے۔

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347📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware & Memory

Which one is used for scoring examinations?

Explanation

OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) is technology used to automatically read and capture filled bubble responses on exam sheets, commonly used for scoring multiple-choice tests.

او ایم آر (OMR - Optical Mark Recognition) کا استعمال امتحانی جوابی کاپیوں کی جانچ اور اسکورنگ کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

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348📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options:

The committee has decided (a) / to implement the new policies (b) / and is expected to bring (c) / significant changes in the system (d).

Explanation

The error is in part (c). The verb 'is' is incorrect because the subject should be 'the new policies' (plural), making it 'which are expected to bring' or 'and these are expected'. Alternatively, if it refers to the implementation, it should be structured as 'which is expected'.

غلطی حصہ (c) میں ہے۔ یہاں 'is' کی جگہ 'which are' ہونا چاہیے تھا کیونکہ یہ پالیسیوں (جمع) کی طرف اشارہ کر رہا ہے۔

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349📚📝 EnglishPunctuation

Identify the sentence with correct punctuation marks.

Explanation

Option A is correct: the comma is inside the quotes, dialogue tag ends with a period, and a comma separates the main clause from the subordinating clause 'as it might be chilly'.

آپشن A درست ہے: کوما کوٹیشن مارکس کے اندر ہے، اور مکالمے کے بعد فل اسٹاپ اور اگلی لائن کیپٹل سے شروع ہے۔

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350📚📝 EnglishAnalogy

Select the related word from the given options:

Audacity: Fortitude :: Enviousness: ?

Explanation

'Audacity' and 'Fortitude' are related traits of boldness/strength. 'Enviousness' (jealousy) is closely related in trait to 'Spite' (desire to harm/ill will).

'Audacity' اور 'Fortitude' بہادری کی خصوصیات ہیں۔ 'Enviousness' (حسد) کی خصوصیت 'Spite' (بغض/کینہ) سے ملتی جلتی ہے۔

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351📚📝 EnglishAnalogy

Select the related word from the given options:

Victory: Triumph :: Fear: ?

Explanation

'Victory' and 'Triumph' are synonyms. Similarly, 'Fear' and 'Trepidation' are synonyms.

'Victory' اور 'Triumph' مترادفات ہیں۔ اسی طرح 'Fear' اور 'Trepidation' (خوف/گھبراہٹ) مترادفات ہیں۔

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352📚🔬 Forensic ScienceFamous Personalities

Which of the following statements about Mother Teresa is/are correct?

1. Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity to serve the poorest.
2. She received more than 120 awards and accolades.
3. She was honored with the Padma Shri and the Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize in 1962.
4. In 1989, she was honored with the Nobel Peace Prize, marking her global recognition.

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Statement 4 is incorrect because Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979, not 1989.

بیانات 1، 2 اور 3 درست ہیں۔ بیان 4 غلط ہے کیونکہ مدر ٹریسا کو 1979 میں نوبل امن انعام ملا تھا، 1989 میں نہیں۔

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353📚🌍 General AwarenessAwards

Match the key Awardees of Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar with their corresponding Achievements:

- i) G. Padmanabhan: 1) Star clusters and galaxies
- ii) Chandrayaan-3 Team: 2) Malaria parasites
- iii) Annapurni Subramaniam: 3) Carbon capture
- iv) Vivek Polshettiwar: 4) Spacecraft landing

Explanation

G. Padmanabhan worked in biological sciences/malaria parasites (i-2); Chandrayaan-3 Team successfully landed the spacecraft on the Moon (ii-4); Annapurni Subramaniam worked on star clusters and galaxies (iii-1); and Vivek Polshettiwar worked on carbon capture (iv-3).

جی پدمنابھن کا کام ملیریا پر ہے (i-2)؛ چندریان 3 ٹیم نے چاند پر کامیاب لینڈنگ کی (ii-4)؛ اناپورنی سبرامنیم نے کہکشاؤں اور ستاروں پر کام کیا (iii-1)؛ اور وویک پولشیٹیوار نے کاربن کیپچر پر کام کیا (iv-3)۔

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354📚🗺️ GeographyGeography

Match the hydroelectric power projects in Jammu Kashmir with their corresponding location:

- i) Baglihar Power Project: 1) Indus River in Alchi, Leh
- ii) Ratle Hydroelectric Power Project: 2) Chenab River, Ramban
- iii) Uri Hydroelectric Power Project: 3) Chenab River, Kishtwar
- iv) Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Power Project: 4) Jhelum River, Baramula

Explanation

Baglihar is on the Chenab River in Ramban (i-2), Ratle is on the Chenab River in Kishtwar (ii-3), Uri is on the Jhelum River in Baramula (iii-4), and Nimoo Bazgo is on the Indus River in Leh (iv-1).

بگلیہار چناب ندی، رامبن پر ہے (i-2)؛ رتلے چناب ندی، کشتواڑ پر ہے (ii-3)؛ اوڑی جہلم ندی، بارہمولہ پر ہے (iii-4)؛ اور نیمو بازگو دریائے سندھ، لیہہ پر ہے (iv-1)۔

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355📚🔢 MathAlgebra

If

x=2.45

and

y=1.85

, then what is the value of

x^2-2xy+y^2

?

Explanation

Using algebraic identity:

x^2-2xy+y^2 = (x-y)^2

.
Substituting values:

(2.45-1.85)^2 = (0.6)^2 = 0.36

.

الجبرائی فارمولے کا استعمال:

x^2-2xy+y^2 = (x-y)^2

۔
قیمتیں درج کرنے پر:

(2.45-1.85)^2 = (0.6)^2 = 0.36

۔

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356📚💻 ComputerBasic Hardware

Which of the following is the brain of the computer?

Explanation

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is known as the brain of the computer because it processes instructions and controls operations.

سی پی یو (CPU) کو کمپیوٹر کا دماغ کہا جاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ ہدایات پر عمل درآمد کرتا ہے اور کاموں کو کنٹرول کرتا ہے۔

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357📚💻 ComputerSoftware Types

Which of the following is not an application software?

Explanation

Windows NT is system software (Operating System), whereas Photoshop, Win Word, and Page Maker are application software packages.

ونڈوز این ٹی (Windows NT) سسٹم سافٹ ویئر (آپریٹنگ سسٹم) ہے، جبکہ باقی سب ایپلیکیشن سافٹ ویئر ہیں۔

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358📚💻 ComputerMS Word

In MS-Word, from which menu option can you access picture, text box and charts?

Explanation

In MS-Word, pictures, shapes, text boxes, and charts are accessed through the 'Insert' tab/menu.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں تصاویر، ٹیکسٹ باکس اور چارٹس وغیرہ 'Insert' مینو کے ذریعے شامل کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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359📚💻 ComputerOperating Systems

Select the correct match:

- i) The processing time of this OS is consistent and predictable: 1. Real time OS
- ii) This feature of Windows lets you check the performance of your computer: 2. Symbian
- iii) This OS provides a GUI to the users: 3. Task manager
- iv) This OS is specifically designed for mobile phones: 4. Interactive OS

Explanation

Real-time OS has consistent processing times (i-1); Task manager checks system performance (ii-3); Interactive OS provides GUI (iii-4); Symbian was an early OS for mobile phones (iv-2). This matches i-1, ii-3, iii-4, iv-2.

ریئل ٹائم OS کا پروسیسنگ وقت مسلسل ہوتا ہے (i-1)؛ ٹاسک مینیجر کارکردگی جانچتا ہے (ii-3)؛ انٹرایکٹو OS جی یو آئی فراہم کرتا ہے (iii-4)؛ اور سمبین موبائل فونز کا آپریٹنگ سسٹم تھا (iv-2)۔

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360📚📜 HistoryHistory

Consider the following statements:

Assertion (A): Rajatarangini presents a written account of the history of Jammu.
Reason (R): Historians seek a lot of relevant information from Rajatarangini as it is a valuable source of information on the history of Kashmir.

Explanation

Assertion A is false because Rajatarangini, written by Kalhana, is a historical chronicle of Kashmir, not Jammu. Reason R is true because it is indeed a valuable primary source for Kashmir's history.

دعویٰ (A) غلط ہے کیونکہ راج ترنگنی، جو کلنہا نے لکھی تھی، کشمیر کی تاریخ ہے نہ کہ جموں کی۔ وجہ (R) درست ہے کہ یہ کشمیر کی تاریخ جاننے کا اہم ذریعہ ہے۔

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361📚📜 HistoryHistory

The city of Jammu got its name from which King?

Explanation

The city of Jammu is named after its founder, King Jambu Lochan, who ruled the area in the 14th century BC.

جموں شہر کا نام اس کے بانی راجہ جمبو لوچن کے نام پر رکھا گیا ہے، جنہوں نے یہاں ایک شیر اور بکری کو ایک ساتھ دریا کا پانی پیتے دیکھا تھا۔

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362📚🔢 MathSimplification

Simplify:

-[5-\{2+(-5+6-2)2\}]

Explanation

Assuming the term (-5+6-2)2 indicates squaring (-5+6-2)^2:
Inside parentheses: -5 + 6 - 2 = -1
Squaring: (-1)^2 = 1
Evaluating brackets: 2 + 1 = 3
Outer evaluation: -[5 - 3] = -2.

یہاں (-5+6-2)2 سے مراد مربع (square) ہے:
قوسین کے اندر: -5 + 6 - 2 = -1
مربع لینے پر: (-1)^2 = 1
درمیانی بریکٹ: 2 + 1 = 3
بیرونی بریکٹ: -[5 - 3] = -2۔

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363📚🔢 MathNumber System

The sum of four consecutive two-digit odd numbers, when divided by 10, becomes a perfect square. Which of the following can possibly be one of these four numbers?

Explanation

Let the four consecutive odd numbers be: x-3, x-1, x+1, x+3 (where x is even). Sum = 4x. We are given 4x/10 must be a perfect square. Testing values:
If x = 40 (numbers are 37, 39, 41, 43): Sum = 160. 160 / 10 = 16 (which is a perfect square of 4). 41 is in this set. Thus, 41 is a possible number.

فرض کریں چار مسلسل طاق اعداد یہ ہیں: x-3, x-1, x+1, x+3۔ ان کا مجموعہ 4x ہوگا۔
اگر ہم x = 40 لیں تو اعداد 37، 39، 41، 43 بنیں گے۔ ان کا مجموعہ 160 ہوگا، اور 160/10 = 16 (جو کہ 4 کا مکمل مربع ہے)۔ لہذا 41 ان میں سے ایک ہو سکتا ہے۔

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364📚🧩 ReasoningSyllogism

Given below are two premises (1 and 2). Four conclusions are drawn from them. Select the code that states validly drawn conclusion(s).

Premises:
1. Most of the dancers are physically fit.
2. Most of the singers are dancers.
Conclusions:
(I) Most of the singers are physically fit.
(II) Most of the dancers are singers.
(III) Most of the physically fit persons are dancers.
(IV) Most of the physically fit persons are singers.

Explanation

In syllogistic logic with non-universal premises ('Most' which behaves like 'Some'), the only conclusions that are conversationally direct are conversions (II) and (III), corresponding to Option B.

کیونکہ 'Most' غیر عالمگیر دعویٰ (some) کی طرح کام کرتا ہے، اس لیے براہ راست اور متبادل نتیجہ (II) اور (III) ہی درست بیٹھتا ہے۔

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365📚🔢 MathLinear Equations

Two railway tickets from city A to B and three tickets from city A to C cost Rs. 177. Three tickets from city A to B and two tickets from city A to C cost Rs. 173. The fare for city B from city A will be Rs.

Explanation

Let fare A->B = x and A->C = y.
1) 2x + 3y = 177
2) 3x + 2y = 173
Multiplying Eq 1 by 2 and Eq 2 by 3:
4x + 6y = 354
9x + 6y = 519
Subtracting gives: 5x = 165 => x = 33. The fare A->B is Rs. 33.

فرض کریں A سے B کا کرایہ x اور A سے C کا کرایہ y ہے:
1) 2x + 3y = 177
2) 3x + 2y = 173
مساوات حل کرنے پر: 5x = 165 حاصل ہوتا ہے، یعنی x = 33 روپے۔

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366📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Your print needs 8 seconds at f5.6 (in a diffuser enlarger). You decide to use f11, what is your new exposure?

Explanation

Moving from f/5.6 to f/11 is closed down by 2 full stops (f/5.6 -> f/8 -> f/11). Since each stop cuts the light in half, closing down 2 stops reduces light to 1/4. To maintain exposure, time must be multiplied by 4: 8 seconds * 4 = 32 seconds.

f/5.6 سے f/11 تک جانا 2 سٹاپس بند کرنا ہے (روشنی 1/4 رہ جائے گی)۔ اس لیے نمائش کا وقت 4 گنا بڑھانا پڑے گا: 8 * 4 = 32 سیکنڈ۔

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367📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics

The inability of a lens to form a white image of a white object is known as

Explanation

Chromatic aberration occurs because a lens refracts different wavelengths of color at slightly different angles, failing to focus all colors to the same point to recreate white light.

لینس کی سفید چیز کا سفید عکس بنانے میں ناکامی کو رنگین انحراف (Chromatic Aberration) کہتے ہیں کیونکہ مختلف رنگ مختلف مقامات پر فوکس ہوتے ہیں۔

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368📚🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing

The two main colour image processing categories are?

Explanation

The two main categories in color image processing are Full-color processing (where colors are processed in complete RGB spaces) and Pseudo-color processing (where colors are assigned to gray-scale values).

رنگین امیج پروسیسنگ کے دو بڑے زمرے ہیں: فل کلر پروسیسنگ (Full-color) اور سیوڈو کلر پروسیسنگ (Pseudo-color)۔

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369📚🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing

The digitization process i.e. the digital image has M rows and N columns, requires decisions about values for M, N, and for the number, L, of gray levels allowed for each pixel. The values M and N have to be:

Explanation

In digital imaging, row and column coordinates (M and N) represent discrete pixels and must be positive integers.

ڈیجیٹل امیج میں قطاروں (M) اور کالموں (N) کی تعداد ہمیشہ مثبت عدد (positive integers) ہونی چاہیے۔

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370📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Parallax is

Explanation

Parallax error in photography occurs when the viewfinder and the taking lens see the subject from slightly different angles, causing framing discrepancies.

پیریلیکس (Parallax) سے مراد کسی چیز کے مقام میں آنے والا ظاہری فرق ہے جب اسے الگ الگ زاویوں سے دیکھا جائے۔

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371📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Dividing the frame into 9 equal segments with 2 vertical and 2 horizontal lines suggests which composition rule?

Explanation

The Rule of Thirds involves dividing the image frame into nine equal regions using two vertical and two horizontal lines and placing subjects along these lines.

تصویر کے فریم کو 9 حصوں میں تقسیم کر کے اہم چیزوں کو لائنوں کے ملاپ پر رکھنے کے قانون کو 'Rule of thirds' کہتے ہیں۔

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372📚🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing

Digitizing the coordinate values is called

Explanation

Digitizing the spatial coordinates (x, y) is called sampling, whereas digitizing the amplitude/gray levels is called quantization.

تصویر کے نقاط/کوارڈینیٹس کو ڈیجیٹل کرنے کو سیمپلنگ (sampling) اور روشنی کی شدت کو ڈیجیٹل کرنے کو کوانٹائزیشن کہتے ہیں۔

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373📚🔬 Forensic ScienceImage Processing

What is Histogram Matching also called as?

Explanation

Histogram matching is also referred to as Histogram Specification. It is the transformation of an image so that its histogram matches a specified histogram.

ہسٹوگرام میچنگ (Histogram Matching) کو ہسٹوگرام سپیسیفیکیشن (Histogram Specification) بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔

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374📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

What is the aeroplane flying height to obtain the average scale of the photograph equal to 1/7200? (Ground surface elevations vary from 160 m to 430 m and focal length of the camera lens is 153 mm)

Explanation

Average ground elevation h = (160 + 430)/2 = 295 m. Scale S = f / (H - h) => 1/7200 = 0.153 / (H - 295) => H - 295 = 7200 * 0.153 = 1101.6 m => H = 1396.6 m ~ 1397 m.

اوسط بلندی h = 295 میٹر۔ فارمولا Scale = f / (H - h)۔ حل کرنے پر ہوائی جہاز کی بلندی H = 1397 میٹر حاصل ہوتی ہے۔

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375📚🔬 Forensic SciencePhotography Science

Match the following:

- i) An image editing software: 1) A light and shade effect
- ii) Fill-in-Light: 2) Photoshop
- iii) Chiaroscuro: 3) Transition from one to another frame
- iv) IRIS out: 4) Additional light to soften

Explanation

Photoshop is image editing software (i-2), Fill-in-Light softens shadows (ii-4), Chiaroscuro is a light and shade effect (iii-1), and IRIS out is a frame transition (iv-3). This matches i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3.

فوٹوشاپ امیج ایڈیٹنگ سافٹ ویئر ہے (i-2)؛ فل ان لائٹ سایوں کو نرم کرتی ہے (ii-4)؛ کیاروسکورو روشنی اور سائے کا امتزاج ہے (iii-1)؛ اور آئرس آؤٹ فریم کی منتقلی ہے (iv-3)۔

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376📚📝 EnglishArticles

Fill in the blank using suitable articles. When no article is required, select no article among the given options. John decided to enroll in _____ MBA program at _____ University to enhance his business skills.

Explanation

Use 'an' before 'MBA' because it begins with a vowel sound (/ɛm/). Use 'a' before 'University' because it begins with a consonant sound (/juː/).

پروگرام میں 'MBA' سے پہلے 'an' لگے گا کیونکہ اس کا تلفظ حرفِ علت کی آواز (/ɛm/) سے شروع ہوتا ہے۔ 'University' سے پہلے 'a' لگے گا کیونکہ اس کا تلفظ حرفِ صحیح کی آواز (/juː/) سے شروع ہوتا ہے۔

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377📚📝 EnglishHomonyms

Match the following pairs regarding homonyms and their meaning:

i. Stalk | 1. A site for mining stone
ii. Ream | 2. A tree's outer layer is composed of dead cells
iii. Quarry | 3. A kitchen utensil used to extract juice from citrus fruits.
iv. Bark | 4. Vertical stem or connecting part of a plant

Explanation

Stalk matches 4 (plant stem). Ream matches 3 (kitchen tool / juicer). Quarry matches 1 (stone mine). Bark matches 2 (tree outer layer). This corresponds to i-4, ii-3, iii-1, iv-2.

درست جوڑ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: Stalk کا مطلب پودے کا تنا (4)، Ream کا مطلب لیموں وغیرہ نچوڑنے کا آلہ (3)، Quarry کا مطلب پتھر کی کان (1)، اور Bark کا مطلب درخت کی چھال (2)۔ یہ ترتیب i-4, ii-3, iii-1, iv-2 بنتی ہے۔

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378📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options and mark your answer.

Yesterday, the wild animal destroyed (a)/ crops at a nascent stage (b)/ and cause huge losses (c)/ to the farmers (d).

Explanation

The error is in part (c). Since the event occurred in the past ('Yesterday' and 'destroyed'), the verb 'cause' should be in the past tense ('caused').

غلطی حصہ (c) میں ہے۔ چونکہ جملہ ماضی کا ہے ('Yesterday' اور 'destroyed')، اس لیے 'cause' کی جگہ ماضی کا صیغہ 'caused' ہونا چاہیے تھا۔

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379📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options and mark your answer.

The government granted (a)/financial assistance to small businesses (b)/that get affected(c)/ by the recent natural disaster (d).

Explanation

The error is in part (c). The main verb is in the past tense ('granted'), so the subordinate clause must also refer to the past event ('that got affected' or 'that were affected') instead of present tense 'get'.

غلطی حصہ (c) میں ہے۔ مرکزی فعل ماضی کا ہے ('granted')، اس لیے 'get' کی جگہ ماضی کا صیغہ 'got' یا 'were' ہونا چاہیے تھا۔

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380📚📝 EnglishAnalogy

Select the related word from the given options: Compassion: Empathy:: Arrogance: ?

Explanation

'Compassion' and 'Empathy' are synonyms/closely related terms showing care. 'Arrogance' and 'Pride' are similarly related terms showing self-importance.

'Compassion' (ہمدردی) اور 'Empathy' (احساس) مترادفات ہیں۔ اسی طرح 'Arrogance' (تکبر) اور 'Pride' (غرور) ایک دوسرے کے مترادفات ہیں۔

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381📚📝 EnglishAnalogy

Select the related word from the given options: Adventure: Excitement :: Danger :

Explanation

An adventure leads to excitement (cause and effect). Similarly, danger leads to fright (fear).

مہم جوئی (Adventure) سے جوش و خروش (Excitement) پیدا ہوتا ہے۔ اسی طرح خطرہ (Danger) خوف یا دہشت (Fright) کا باعث بنتا ہے۔

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382📚📝 EnglishPrepositions

Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions from the alternatives given below. As they navigated through the dense forest, they stumbled _____ an ancient ruin that was hidden beneath the overgrown vegetation.

Explanation

To 'stumble upon' something is a phrasal verb/preposition combination that means to discover something by chance.

'Stumble upon' کا مطلب ہے اچانک یا اتفاقاً کوئی چیز دریافت کر لینا یا اس سے ٹکرا جانا۔

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383📚📝 EnglishPrepositions

Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions from the alternatives given below. She walked _____ the bustling market, taking in the vibrant colors and enticing scents of fresh produce and spices.

Explanation

To walk 'through' a location means to enter it and move to the other side or move around inside it, which fits a market context.

بازار کے ایک سرے سے دوسرے سرے تک گزرنے یا اس کے اندر چلنے کے لیے 'through' (کے درمیان سے / کے ذریعے) کا استعمال بالکل درست ہے۔

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384📚🏛️ CivicsIndian Polity

Who was the first Home Minister of India?

Explanation

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel served as the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of independent India from 1947 to 1950.

سردار ولابھ بھائی پٹیل آزاد ہندوستان کے پہلے وزیر داخلہ (Home Minister) اور نائب وزیر اعظم تھے۔

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385📚🌍 General AwarenessFamous Places

Which city is known as 'Electronic City of India'?

Explanation

Bangalore (Bengaluru) is known as the 'Electronic City of India' or the 'Silicon Valley of India' due to its position as the nation's leading IT exporter.

بنگلور (Bangalore) کو ہندوستان کا 'الیکٹرانک سٹی' یا 'سلیکون ویلی' کہا جاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ ملک کا سب سے بڑا آئی ٹی مرکز ہے۔

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386📚🏛️ CivicsIndian Polity

The first woman Governor of a state in free India was

Explanation

Sarojini Naidu was the first woman to become the Governor of an Indian state (United Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh) in independent India, from 1947 to 1949.

سروجنی نائیڈو آزاد ہندوستان کی پہلی خاتون گورنر تھیں، جنہوں نے متحدہ صوبہ (موجودہ اتر پردیش) کی گورنر کے طور پر خدمات انجام دیں۔

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387📚🗺️ GeographyGeography Terms

The fertile land between two rivers is called

Explanation

The fertile tract of land lying between two converging rivers is known as a 'Doab' (from Persic: do = two, ab = water).

دو دریاؤں کے درمیان واقع زرخیز زمین کو 'دواب' (Doab) کہا جاتا ہے (جیسے پنجاب کا خطہ)۔

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388📚🛡️ Cyber ForensicsCybersecurity

Which territory has banned popular apps like WhatsApp, WeChat, and Google Drive from government computers due to cybersecurity concerns?

Explanation

In 2024, Hong Kong's Digital Policy Office directed government departments to block staff from accessing services like WhatsApp, WeChat, and Google Drive on office computers due to cybersecurity risks.

ہانگ کانگ (Hong Kong) نے 2024 میں سائبر سیکیورٹی خطرات کی وجہ سے سرکاری کمپیوٹرز پر واٹس ایپ، وی چیٹ اور گوگل ڈرائیو جیسی ایپس کے استعمال پر پابندی لگا دی تھی۔

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389📚🌍 General AwarenessJ&K Current Affairs

Consider the following statements.
I) Srinagar has become the fourth Indian city to be recognised as a 'World Craft City' by the World Craft Council (WCC).
II) Jaipur, Malappuram and Hyderabad are the other Indian cities that have previously been recognised as World Craft Cities.
Choose the correct option.

Explanation

Statement I is correct; Srinagar was recognized as a World Craft City by WCC in 2024. Statement II is incorrect because the other Indian cities recognized previously are Jaipur, Mamallapuram (not Malappuram), and Mysore (not Hyderabad).

بیان I درست ہے؛ سرینگر 2024 میں ورلڈ کرافٹ سٹی بنا۔ بیان II غلط ہے کیونکہ اس سے پہلے جے پور، مما پورم (نہ کہ ملا پورم) اور میسور کو یہ درجہ ملا تھا۔

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390📚🏛️ CivicsJ&K History & Polity

Who became the first Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir after the title change from Prime Minister?

Explanation

Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq served as the last Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir and became the first Chief Minister of the state in 1965 after the designations were changed by the 6th Amendment.

غلام محمد صادق جموں و کشمیر کے پہلے وزیر اعلیٰ (Chief Minister) بنے، جب 1965 میں وزیر اعظم (Prime Minister) کا عہدہ تبدیل کر کے وزیر اعلیٰ کا نام دیا گیا۔

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391📚🗺️ GeographyJ&K Lakes

Which is the 2nd largest fresh-water lake of Asia, situated on the foothills of Haramuk Mountain?

Explanation

Wular Lake, located in the Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir at the foothills of Haramuk Mountain, is one of the largest freshwater lakes in Asia.

ولر جھیل (Wular Lake) ہرمکھ پہاڑی کے دامن میں واقع ہے اور یہ ایشیا کی میٹھے پانی کی بڑی جھیلوں میں شمار ہوتی ہے۔

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392📚🔢 MathHCF and LCM

The H.C.F. and L.C.M. of two numbers are 84 and 21 respectively. If the ratio of the two numbers is 1: 4, then the larger of the two numbers is

Explanation

Note: The question has a typo, swapping HCF and LCM values. HCF is 21 and LCM is 84. Let the numbers be x and 4x. Their HCF is x, so x = 21. The numbers are 21 and 4 * 21 = 84. The larger number is 84.

سوال میں کمپوزنگ کی غلطی ہے، HCF اور LCM کی قیمتیں الٹ لکھی گئی ہیں۔ HCF = 21 اور LCM = 84 ہے۔ اگر اعداد کا تناسب 1:4 ہے تو وہ x اور 4x ہوں گے۔ HCF یعنی x = 21 ہوگا۔ دوسرا عدد 4 * 21 = 84 ہوگا۔ ان میں بڑا عدد 84 ہے۔

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393📚🔢 MathArithmetic Puzzles

A stairway 10 ft. high is such that each step accounts for half a foot upward and one foot forward. What distance will an ant travel if it starts from ground level to reach the top of the stairway?

Explanation

The total vertical steps = 10 / 0.5 = 20 steps. The ant climbs 20 risers (20 * 0.5 = 10 ft). However, it only moves forward for 19 steps because once it climbs the 20th riser, it is already at the top platform and does not need to walk forward. Total distance = 10 ft (vertical) + 19 ft (horizontal) = 29 ft.

سیڑھیوں کی کل بلندی 10 فٹ ہے اور ہر سیڑھی آدھا فٹ بلند ہے، یعنی کل 20 سیڑھیاں ہیں۔ چیونٹی 20 بار اوپر چڑھے گی (20 * 0.5 = 10 فٹ)۔ لیکن وہ صرف 19 بار آگے بڑھے گی کیونکہ آخری سیڑھی پر چڑھتے ہی وہ بلندی پر پہنچ جائے گی۔ کل فاصلہ = 10 فٹ (اوپر) + 19 فٹ (آگے) = 29 فٹ۔

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394📚🧩 ReasoningNumber Series

Which of the following numbers will replace the question mark (?) in the given series? 11, 36, ?, 121, 185, 266

Explanation

The differences between successive terms are consecutive perfect squares starting from 5: 36 - 11 = 25 (5^2); ? - 36 = 36 (6^2) => ? = 72; 121 - 72 = 49 (7^2); 185 - 121 = 64 (8^2); 266 - 185 = 81 (9^2). The missing term is 72.

اعداد کے درمیان فرق مسلسل مربع اعدا د (perfect squares) ہیں: 36 - 11 = 25 (5 کا مربع)، اگلا فرق 36 (6 کا مربع) ہوگا، یعنی 36 + 36 = 72۔ اگلا فرق 49 (7 کا مربع) ہوگا یعنی 72 + 49 = 121۔ لہذا غائب نمبر 72 ہے۔

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395📚🧩 ReasoningOdd One Out

In the following question, select the odd letter/letters from the given alternatives.

Explanation

In options B, C, D, the letter differences are +3, +0, +3 (E->H(+3)->H(0)->K(+3)). In option A (GJJL), the differences are +3, +0, +2, making it the odd one out.

آپشنز B, C, D میں حروف کا درمیانی فرق +3, 0, +3 ہے۔ جبکہ آپشن A (GJJL) میں حروف کا فرق +3, 0, +2 ہے، اس لیے یہ باقیوں سے مختلف ہے۔

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396📚🧩 ReasoningOdd One Out

In the following question, select the odd letter/letters from the given alternatives.

Explanation

In options B, C, D, the differences are +1, -3, +4. For RSPT: R(+1)->S(-3)->P(+4)->T. In option A (KLIO), the differences are +1, -3, +6, making it the odd one out.

آپشنز B, C, D میں حروف کا درمیانی فرق +1, -3, +4 ہے۔ جبکہ آپشن A (KLIO) میں یہ فرق +1, -3, +6 ہے، لہذا یہ سب سے الگ ہے۔

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397📚💻 ComputerSearch Engines

An example of an 'Internet search engine' is:

Explanation

Yahoo is a web search engine, whereas Linux and Windows are Operating Systems, and MS Excel is an application spreadsheet software.

یاہو (Yahoo) ایک ویب سرچ انجن ہے، جبکہ ونڈوز اور لینکس آپریٹنگ سسٹم ہیں اور ایکسل ایک ایپلیکیشن سافٹ ویئر ہے۔

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398📚💻 ComputerWeb Browsers

Which of these are web browsers?

Explanation

Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, and Brave are all software applications used to access the World Wide Web (web browsers).

گوگل کروم، انٹرنیٹ ایکسپلورر، اور بریو (Brave) یہ سب ویب براؤزر ہیں جن کے ذریعے انٹرنیٹ سرفنگ کی جاتی ہے۔

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399📚💻 ComputerProtocols

What does FTP stand for?

Explanation

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol, a standard communication protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client.

ایف ٹی پی کا مطلب 'فائل ٹرانسفر پروٹوکول' (File Transfer Protocol) ہے، جو نیٹ ورک پر فائلوں کے تبادلے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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400📚💻 ComputerHardware Components

Which of the following natural element is the primary element in computer chips?

Explanation

Silicon is the primary semiconductor material used in the fabrication of computer microchips and integrated circuits.

کمپیوٹر چپس اور آئی سیز (ICs) بنانے میں بنیادی طور پر سلیکون (Silicon) نامی قدرتی عنصر کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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401📚💻 ComputerSoftware Types

Which of the following is designed to control the operations of a computer?

Explanation

System Software (like the Operating System) is designed to control and manage the hardware resources and basic operations of a computer system.

سسٹم سافٹ ویئر (جیسے آپریٹنگ سسٹم) کمپیوٹر کے بنیادی کاموں کو کنٹرول کرنے اور ہارڈ ویئر کو منظم کرنے کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا جاتا ہے۔

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402📚💻 ComputerCompilers

The compiler converts a program into

Explanation

A compiler converts high-level programming code into machine language (binary language: 0s and 1s) that the CPU can execute directly.

کمپائلر (Compiler) ہائی لیول پروگرامنگ کوڈ کو بائنری زبان (مشینی کوڈ - 0 اور 1) میں تبدیل کرتا ہے تاکہ سی پی یو اس پر براہ راست عمل کر سکے۔

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403📚💻 ComputerOperating Systems

MS Windows is a

Explanation

Microsoft Windows is a widely-used graphical operating system developed by Microsoft.

مائیکروسافٹ ونڈوز ایک آپریٹنگ سسٹم (Operating System) ہے جو کمپیوٹر کے ہارڈ ویئر اور سافٹ ویئر وسائل کو سنبھالتا ہے۔

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404📚💻 ComputerCybersecurity

Select the correct match:

i. A type of program that is created with the purpose of causing damage, stealing data or abusing computer system resources is known as | 1. Privacy
ii. means any email or communication that is intended to trick the recipient to disclose secret or sensitive information, such as password or account details | 2. Malware
iii. Protecting an original invention from being sold or used by others for a specific period of time is known as | 3. Phishing
iv. means your right to control your personal information and decide who can use the same | 4. Patents

Explanation

Damaging software is Malware (i-2). Trick communication is Phishing (ii-3). Invention protection is Patents (iii-4). Control over personal information is Privacy (iv-1). This corresponds to i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1.

درست مماثلت یہ ہے: نقصان پہنچانے والا سافٹ ویئر مالویئر ہے (i-2)، معلومات چرانے والا فریب فیشنگ ہے (ii-3)، ایجاد کا تحفظ پیٹنٹ ہے (iii-4) اور ذاتی معلومات کا کنٹرول پرائیویسی ہے (iv-1)۔ یہ ترتیب i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1 بنتی ہے۔

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405📚📝 EnglishOne Word Substitution

Out of the four alternatives, choose the one which can be substituted for the given words/ sentence.

Prohibited by law or treaty from being imported or exported

Explanation

'Contraband' refers to goods that are banned by law or treaty from being imported or exported.

قانون یا معاہدے کے تحت درآمد یا برآمد کے لیے ممنوعہ اشیاء کو 'contraband' (ممنوعہ مال) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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406📚📝 EnglishSentence Improvement

Identify the best way to improve the underlined part of the given sentence. She is a very good sprinter. I can't run as fast as she does.

Explanation

The phrase 'as fast as she does' is grammatically correct and requires no improvement. 'does' correctly substitutes for the verb 'runs'.

جملہ 'as fast as she does' بالکل درست ہے اور اس میں کسی تبدیلی کی ضرورت نہیں ہے۔ 'does' یہاں فعل 'runs' کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے۔

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407📚📝 EnglishIdioms

Select the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom.

The trouble makers took to their heels when they saw the police coming.

Explanation

The idiom 'took to their heels' means to run away rapidly, especially to escape from danger or trouble.

محاورہ 'take to one's heels' کا مطلب ہے بھاگ کھڑے ہونا یا فرار ہو جانا، خاص طور پر پولیس یا خطرے کو دیکھ کر۔

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408📚🏛️ CivicsIndian Constitution

The concept of the concurrent list in the Indian Constitution was adopted from the

Explanation

The concept of the Concurrent List in the Indian Constitution was adopted from the Constitution of Australia.

آئین ہند میں مشترکہ فہرست (Concurrent List) کا تصور آسٹریلیا کے آئین سے لیا گیا تھا۔

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409📚🧩 ReasoningOdd One Out

Find the odd one out from the given set of numbers.

14, 28, 35, 46, 56, 84

Explanation

All numbers in the set (14, 28, 35, 56, 84) are multiples of 7, except 46.

دیے گئے تمام اعداد (14، 28، 35، 56، 84) 7 کے ضرب ہیں، سوائے 46 کے۔ اس لیے 46 الگ ہے۔

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410📚🧩 ReasoningClassification

Which group of letters is different from others?

Explanation

CBAED, IJHGK, and SRQPT each contain 5 consecutive letters of the alphabet rearranged. TVWYZ contains letters with gaps that are not consecutive (T, V, W, Y, Z - missing U and X).

پہلے تینوں گروپس (CBAED, IJHGK, SRQPT) حروفِ تہجی کے مسلسل 5 حروف کی از سرِ نو ترتیب پر مشتمل ہیں۔ جبکہ TVWYZ مسلسل نہیں ہیں (ان میں U اور X غائب ہیں)۔

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411📚📡 Electronics & TelecomElectrical Measurements

Alternating Current (AC) cannot be measured by DC ammeter because

Explanation

A DC ammeter measures the average value of the current. Since a complete cycle of alternating current has equal positive and negative halves, its average value over a complete cycle is zero, resulting in no deflection.

ڈی سی ایمیٹر کرنٹ کی اوسط (average) مقدار کی پیمائش کرتا ہے۔ چونکہ اے سی (AC) کے ایک مکمل چکر کا اوسط صفر ہوتا ہے، اس لیے ڈی سی ایمیٹر پر کوئی حرکت نہیں ہوتی۔

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412📚🧩 ReasoningSyllogism

Two statements are followed by four conclusions numbered in I, II, III, IV. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts, and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows:

Statements:
1. All stars are planets.
2. All planets are trees.

Conclusions:
I. All planets are stars
II. All stars are trees
III. All trees are planets
IV. Some trees are stars

Explanation

Since all stars are planets and all planets are trees, we can conclude that all stars are trees (II). Also, since all stars are trees, some trees must be stars (IV). Conclusions I and III do not necessarily follow.

چونکہ تمام ستارے سیارے ہیں اور تمام سیارے درخت ہیں، اس کا مطلب ہے کہ تمام ستارے درخت ہیں (II)۔ اور اگر تمام ستارے درخت ہیں، تو کچھ درخت ستارے ہوں گے (IV)۔ اس لیے صرف II اور IV درست ہیں۔

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413📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the list:

List - I:
i. Monitor
ii. CPU
iii. Information

List - II:
1. Displays the information in the visual form
2. Processor for controlling and executing instructions
3. Processed data useful for the user

Explanation

The correct matching is: Monitor displays visual info (i-1), CPU executes instructions (ii-2), and Information is processed data useful to the user (iii-3). This matches option A.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: مانیٹر - بصری شکل میں معلومات دکھاتا ہے (i-1)، سی پی یو - ہدایات کو کنٹرول اور رن کرتا ہے (ii-2)، معلومات - صارف کے لیے کارآمد پروسیس شدہ ڈیٹا ہے (iii-3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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414📚💻 ComputerInput Devices

Which of the following devices is NOT a media input device to a computer?

Explanation

Microphone (audio input), Webcam (video input), and Digital Camera (image/video transfer input) are all input devices. Therefore, the answer is 'None of the above'.

مائیکرو فون، ویب کیم اور ڈیجیٹل کیمرہ یہ تینوں میڈیا ان پٹ ڈیوائسز ہیں۔ اس لیے جواب 'None of the above' (ان میں سے کوئی نہیں) ہوگا۔

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415📚💻 ComputerOperating Systems

The functions of operating systems are:

i. Process management
ii. Memory management
iii. File management
iv. Device management

Choose the correct Answer:

Explanation

An operating system performs all of these tasks: process management, memory management, file system management, and device/hardware management.

آپریٹنگ سسٹم کے بنیادی کاموں میں پروسیس مینجمنٹ، میموری مینجمنٹ، فائل مینجمنٹ اور ڈیوائس مینجمنٹ یہ چاروں شامل ہیں۔

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416📚💻 ComputerOutput Devices

Which of the following is not an output device?

Explanation

Plotters, printers, and projectors are output devices. A scanner is an input device used to digitize physical images or documents.

پلاٹر، پرنٹر اور پروجیکٹر آؤٹ پٹ ڈیوائسز ہیں۔ جبکہ اسکینر (Scanner) ایک ان پٹ ڈیوائس ہے جو کاغذی دستاویزات کو ڈیجیٹل ڈیٹا میں بدلتی ہے۔

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417📚💻 ComputerOffice Applications

Which of the following is a spreadsheet application program?

Explanation

MS Excel is a spreadsheet application program. MS Access is a database management program, MS Word is a word processor, and MS-DOS is an operating system.

ایم ایس ایکسل (MS Excel) ایک اسپریڈ شیٹ پروگرام ہے۔ ایم ایس ورڈ ورڈ پروسیسر ہے اور ایم ایس ایکسس ڈیٹا بیس پروگرام ہے۔

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418📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware & Software

Match List-I with List-II and Select the correct answer using the codes given below the list:

List - I:
i. Operating System
ii. Input Device
iii. Output Device

List - II:
1. Scanning Devices
2. Security Management
3. Projectors

Explanation

Operating System handles security management (i-2), Input Device includes scanning devices (ii-1), and Output Device includes projectors (iii-3). This matches option C.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: آپریٹنگ سسٹم - سیکیورٹی مینجمنٹ (i-2)، ان پٹ ڈیوائس - اسکیننگ ڈیوائسز (ii-1)، آؤٹ پٹ ڈیوائس - پروجیکٹر (iii-3)۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

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419📚💻 ComputerShortcuts

Which one of the following is typed in the Run dialog box to access MS Word?

Explanation

'winword' or 'winword.exe' is the executable file name for Microsoft Word. Typing this in the Windows Run dialog box launches MS Word.

ونڈوز رن (Run) ڈائیلاگ باکس میں 'winword' لکھنے سے مائیکروسافٹ ورڈ (MS Word) کھل جاتا ہے کیونکہ یہ اس کی ایگزیکیوٹیبل فائل کا نام ہے۔

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420📚📡 Electronics & TelecomPower Distribution

The minimum clearance of the High Voltage (HV) line from the ground across the road should be

Explanation

According to Indian Electricity Rules, the minimum ground clearance for high-voltage (HV) transmission lines (up to 11 kV) crossing across a street or road is 6.1 meters (20 feet).

انڈین الیکٹرسٹی رولز کے مطابق، سڑک کے اوپر سے گزرنے والی ہائی وولٹیج (HV) لائنوں کی زمین سے کم از کم اونچائی 6.1 میٹر ہونی چاہیے۔

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421📚⚛️ PhysicsElectromagnetism

Match the term in column-1 with its closest meaning in column-2:

Column-1:
i. Lenz's law
ii. Electric generator
iii. High permeability
iv. Reluctance

Column-2:
1. Application of electromagnetic induction
2. Polarity of induced voltage
3. Inversely proportional to permeability
4. Easily magnetized

Explanation

The correct matching is: Lenz's law matches the polarity of induced voltage (i-2); Electric generator is an application of induction (ii-1); High permeability means easily magnetized (iii-4); Reluctance is inversely proportional to permeability (iv-3). This matches option A.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: لنز کا قانون - وولٹیج کی پولرٹی (i-2)، الیکٹرک جنریٹر - برقی مقناطیسی انڈکشن کی ایپلی کیشن (ii-1)، ہائی پرمیبلٹی - آسانی سے مقناطیسی ہونا (iii-4) اور ریلکٹنس - پرمیبلٹی کے الٹ ہونا (iv-3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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422📚📡 Electronics & TelecomAmplitude Modulation

Consider the following statements:

Statement (I): In AM systems the modulation index (0 < m < 1) should be high.
Statement (II): The higher the value of m, the greater the power in the sidebands.

Choose the correct option.

Explanation

In AM systems, the sideband power is given by

P_c(m^2/2)

. A higher modulation index 'm' increases the sideband power, leading to higher efficiency. Thus, statement II is true and is the correct explanation for statement I.

ایمپلی ٹیوڈ ماڈیولیشن (AM) میں سائیڈ بینڈ پاور کا فارمولا Pc(m^2/2) ہے۔ ماڈیولیشن انڈیکس 'm' جتنا زیادہ ہوگا، سائیڈ بینڈ میں اتنی ہی زیادہ طاقت ہوگی اور سگنل زیادہ موثر ہوگا۔ لہذا دونوں بیانات درست ہیں اور دوسرا بیان پہلے کی صحیح وضاحت کرتا ہے۔

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423📚⚛️ PhysicsWave Propagation

The ionosphere acts as the reflecting surface for the waves in which of the following modes of propagation?

Explanation

Sky wave propagation involves the reflection of radio waves from the ionosphere back to the earth, allowing long-distance shortwave communications.

اسکائی ویو پروپیگیشن (Sky wave) کے عمل میں ریڈیو لہریں فضا کی آئنوسفیئر (Ionosphere) تہہ سے ٹکرا کر زمین پر واپس آتی ہیں، جس سے طویل فاصلے کا رابطہ ممکن ہوتا ہے۔

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424📚⚛️ PhysicsSignal Processing

Which of the following statements about the matched filter in a communication receiver are correct?

I. It produces ISI.
II. It maximizes the SNR at the detection instant.
III. Its impulse response depends on the signal shape.
IV. It may produce signal dispersion.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Explanation

A matched filter maximizes the SNR at the sampling instant (II), its impulse response is a time-reversed and delayed version of the signal shape (III), and it disperses the signal in time (IV). It does not produce ISI (I is incorrect). Thus, option D is correct.

میچڈ فلٹر وولٹیج کے سگنل ٹو نوائز ریشو (SNR) کو زیادہ کرتا ہے (II)، اس کا امپلس ریسپانس سگنل کی شکل پر منحصر ہوتا ہے (III) اور یہ سگنل کو پھیلا سکتا ہے (IV)۔ اس لیے جواب II, III اور IV ہے۔

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425📚🌍 General AwarenessCommunication Systems

Match List-X (Modulation/Reception Techniques) with List-Y (Disadvantages) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:

List-X:
i. Superheterodyne
ii. FM
iii. PCM
iv. Delta modulation

List-Y:
1. Threshold effect
2. Granular noise
3. Image frequency interference
4. Quantization noise

Explanation

The correct matching is: Superheterodyne suffers from image frequency interference (i-3); FM exhibits threshold effect (ii-1); PCM has quantization noise (iii-4); Delta modulation experiences granular noise (iv-2). This matches option B.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: سپر ہیٹروڈائن - امیج فریکوئنسی (i-3)، ایف ایم - تھریش ہولڈ اثر (ii-1)، پی سی ایم - کوانٹائزیشن نوائز (iii-4)، ڈیلٹا ماڈیولیشن - گرینولر نوائز (iv-2)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

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426📚📡 Electronics & TelecomTelevision Engineering

Which of the following best describes interlaced scanning in a picture tube?

Explanation

Interlaced scanning divides a video frame into two fields: the first field scans only the odd-numbered lines, and the second field scans only the even-numbered lines.

انٹرلیسڈ اسکیننگ (Interlaced scanning) میں اسکرین کی طاق لائنوں (odd lines) کو پہلے اور پھر جفت لائنوں (even lines) کو دوسرے چکر میں اسکین کیا جاتا ہے تاکہ ٹمٹماہٹ (flicker) کم ہو۔

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427📚📡 Electronics & TelecomTelevision Engineering

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists.

List-X:
i. Progressive scanning
ii. SSB
iii. UHF
iv. Negative picture pulses

List-Y:
1. Transmits only one sideband of the signal
2. Scans each line in sequence
3. Frequency ranges from 300 MHz to 3 GHz
4. Pulses represent darker areas with higher voltage

Explanation

The correct matching is: Progressive scanning scans each line in sequence (i-2); SSB transmits only one sideband (ii-1); UHF frequency range is 300 MHz to 3 GHz (iii-3); Negative picture pulses have higher voltage for darker areas (iv-4). This matches option C.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: پروگریسو اسکیننگ - ترتیب وار اسکیننگ (i-2)، ایس ایس بی (SSB) - ایک ہی سائیڈ بینڈ بھیجنا (ii-1)، یو ایچ ایف (UHF) - 300 MHz سے 3 GHz (iii-3) اور نیگیٹو پکچر پلسز - سیاہ علاقوں کا ہائی وولٹیج ہونا (iv-4)۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

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428📚💻 ComputerComposite Video

Which of the following is true about a composite video signal?

Explanation

Although composite video actually combines luminance (brightness), chrominance (color), and sync pulses (but NOT audio), Option A is the standard intended answer in this exam's key (likely representing a common typographical error replacing 'luma/video' with 'audio').

کمپوزٹ ویڈیو سگنل میں تصویر کی چمک (luma)، رنگ (chroma) اور سنکرونائزیشن (sync) کی معلومات یکجا ہوتی ہیں۔ امتحان کی کلید کے مطابق آپشن A درست جواب ہے۔

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429📚📜 HistoryJ&K History

Queen Didda, who ruled Kashmir from 980-1003 AD, belonged to which dynasty?

Explanation

Queen Didda was born into the Lohara Dynasty (daughter of King Simharaja of Lohara) and married King Kshemagupta of the Gupta/Yashaskara dynasty of Kashmir.

ملکہ ددا لوہارا خاندان (Lohara Dynasty) میں پیدا ہوئیں (لوہارا کے راجہ سنہراجا کی بیٹی) اور ان کی شادی کشمیر کے گپتا خاندان کے راجہ شیم گپتا سے ہوئی تھی۔

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430📚🧩 ReasoningSyllogism

Choose the correct response from the options:

Statement: Irregularity is a cause for failure in exams. Some regular students fail in the examinations.
Conclusion I: All failed students are regular.
Conclusion II: All successful students are not regular.

Explanation

Since irregularity is a cause of failure and only some regular students fail, we cannot conclude that all failed students are regular, nor can we say that all successful students are not regular. Thus, neither follows.

چونکہ بے قاعدگی ناکامی کی ایک وجہ ہے اور کچھ باقاعدہ طلبہ بھی فیل ہوتے ہیں، اس لیے ہم یہ نتیجہ نہیں نکال سکتے کہ تمام فیل ہونے والے باقاعدہ ہیں، اور نہ ہی یہ کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ تمام کامیاب طلبہ باقاعدہ نہیں ہیں۔ لہذا دونوں غلط ہیں۔

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431📚🧩 ReasoningMathematical Operations

If '-' stands for '

\div

', '

+

' stands for '

\times

', '

\div

' stands for '-' and '

\times

' stands for '

+

', which one of the following is correct?

Explanation

Reconstructed operator mapping: '-' is division, '+' is multiplication, '×' is addition, and '÷' is subtraction. Evaluating Option A: 30 / 6 5 + 4 - 2 = 5 5 + 4 - 2 = 25 + 4 - 2 = 27. This is correct.

آپشن A کا جائزہ: 30 تقسیم 6 ضرب 5 جمع 4 منفی 2 = 5 ضرب 5 جمع 4 منفی 2 = 25 جمع 4 منفی 2 = 27۔ یہ مساوات درست ہے۔

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432📚🧩 ReasoningAnalogy

Please select the related shape from the given option (Non-verbal figural analogy representation):

Explanation

Based on the standard non-verbal figural analogy key for this question, option (III) represents the correct transformed relation.

اس غیر لفظی اشکال کے سوال کے روایتی حل کے مطابق، آپشن (III) درست تبدیلی کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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433📚💻 ComputerProgramming Languages

Which of these computer languages do we use in Artificial Intelligence?

Explanation

PROLOG (Programming in Logic) is widely used in artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.

پروگلاگ (PROLOG) ایک منطقی پروگرامنگ زبان ہے جو بڑے پیمانے پر مصنوعی ذہانت (AI) میں استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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434📚💻 ComputerComputer Software

A program that converts assembly language to machine language is called:

Explanation

An assembler is a utility program that translates assembly language source code into machine language/object code.

اسمبلر (Assembler) وہ پروگرام ہے جو اسمبلی زبان میں لکھے گئے کوڈ کو مشین کے سمجھنے والی زبان (Machine Language) میں تبدیل کرتا ہے۔

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435📚🗺️ GeographyWorld Geography

The Blue Nile river originates from which of the following lakes?

Explanation

The Blue Nile river originates from Lake Tana in Ethiopia, while the White Nile originates from the Lake Victoria region.

دریائے نیل کی دو اہم شاخوں میں سے نیلِ ازرق (Blue Nile) ایتھوپیا کی جھیل تانا (Lake Tana) سے نکلتا ہے۔

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436📚🌍 General AwarenessEnvironment & Ecology

Which of the following regions is regarded as an ecological hotspot of India?

Explanation

The Western Ghats is one of India's prominent ecological hotspots, hosting a massive diversity of flora and fauna.

مغربی گھاٹ (Western Ghats) ہندوستان کے اہم ترین ماحولیاتی حساس علاقوں (Ecological Hotspots) میں شمار ہوتا ہے۔

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437📚📝 EnglishError Spotting

Find the error in the parts of the sentence: "Everyone misses a class from time to time (A) / but no one (B) / skip an examination (C) / No error (D)"

Explanation

The error is in Part C. The pronoun 'no one' is singular and must be followed by a singular verb 'skips', not the plural 'skip'.

غلطی حصہ C میں ہے۔ چونکہ 'no one' واحد ضمیر ہے، اس کے بعد فعل کی واحد حالت 'skips' آنی چاہیے، نہ کہ 'skip'۔

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438📚🧩 ReasoningAnalogy

Please select the related shape from the given option (Non-verbal figural analogy representation):

Explanation

Based on the standard non-verbal figural analogy key for this question, option (III) represents the correct transformed relation.

اس غیر لفظی اشکال کے سوال کے روایتی حل کے مطابق، آپشن (III) درست تبدیلی کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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439📚🔢 MathMensuration

A 5-foot-long cylindrical pipe has an inner diameter of 6 feet and an outer diameter of 8 feet. If the total surface area (inside and out, including the ends) is

k\pi

, what is the value of k?

Explanation

Inner radius r = 3, outer radius R = 4, height h = 5. Outer lateral area = 2πRh = 40π. Inner lateral area = 2πrh = 30π. End rings area = 2 π(R^2 - r^2) = 2 π(16 - 9) = 14π. Total area = 40π + 30π + 14π = 84π. Thus k = 84.

اندرونی رداس r = 3، بیرونی R = 4، اونچائی h = 5۔ بیرونی سطح کا رقبہ = 40π، اندرونی = 30π۔ دونوں سروں کے حلقوں کا رقبہ = 14π۔ کل رقبہ = 84π، یعنی k = 84۔

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440📚💻 ComputerMS Excel

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the 'Number' type formatting of cells in MS-Excel 2007?

Explanation

In MS-Excel 2007, the maximum limit of decimal places you can format for a number cell is 30. The default value is 2.

ایم ایس ایکسل 2007 میں، نمبر سیل فارمیٹنگ میں اعشاریہ کی زیادہ سے زیادہ حد 30 ہے۔ جبکہ پہلے سے طے شدہ (Default) حد 2 ہوتی ہے۔

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441📚💻 ComputerComputer History

Who was the founder of the Free Software Foundation?

Explanation

Richard Stallman founded the Free Software Foundation (FSF) in October 1985 to support the free software movement.

رچرڈ اسٹال مین نے اکتوبر 1985 میں فری سافٹ ویئر موومنٹ کی حمایت کے لیے 'فری سافٹ ویئر فاؤنڈیشن' (FSF) کی بنیاد رکھی تھی۔

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442📚📝 EnglishReading Comprehension

What was the duty of the virgins in the Temple of Vesta?

Explanation

The passage mentions: 'The Romans even punished with death the careless virgins of the Temple of Vesta who allowed the sacred fire to be extinguished.' Their duty was to keep the sacred fire burning.

رومیوں کے مندر وسٹا کی دوشیزاؤں کی ذمہ داری یہ تھی کہ وہ مندر کی مقدس آگ کو کبھی بجھنے نہ دیں، ورنہ موت کی سزا ملتی تھی۔

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443📚🧩 ReasoningMathematical Operations

If P denotes '

\div

', Q denotes '

\times

', R denotes '

+

' and S denotes '-', then what is the value of 24S15P5R7Q4R1?

Explanation

Translating expression: 24 - 15 / 5 + 7 * 4 + 1. Using BODMAS: 24 - 3 + 28 + 1 = 21 + 28 + 1 = 50.

علامتوں کی تبدیلی کے بعد مساوات: 24 - 15 / 5 + 7 * 4 + 1۔ BODMAS کے تحت: 24 - 3 + 28 + 1 = 21 + 28 + 1 = 50۔

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444📚🧩 ReasoningVenn Diagrams

Which of the following Venn diagrams represents the relationship: Science, Physics, Economics?

Explanation

Physics is a branch of Science (drawn as a circle inside the larger Science circle). Economics is a separate social science (drawn as a completely disjoint circle).

فزکس سائنس کی ایک شاخ ہے (سائنس کے بڑے دائرے کے اندر فزکس کا دائرہ) جبکہ معاشیات (Economics) ایک الگ سماجی سائنس ہے، اس لیے وہ الگ رہے گا۔

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445📚🔢 MathFractions & Decimals

From a rope of 30 meters long, a person cuts off as many pieces as possible, each

3\frac{1}{6}

meters long. What fraction of the whole will be left? (Note: Options list the remaining length in meters)

Explanation

Length of 1 piece = 19/6 m. Number of pieces = floor(30 / (19/6)) = floor(180/19) = 9. Total length cut = 9 * 19/6 = 57/2 = 28.5 m. Remaining length = 30 - 28.5 = 1.5 m. Note that 1.5 m is equivalent to 9/6 meters, which is option A. The actual fraction of the whole rope is 1.5 / 30 = 1/20.

ایک ٹکڑے کی لمبائی = 19/6 میٹر۔ کل ٹکڑے = 9۔ کٹی ہوئی رسی = 28.5 میٹر۔ باقی بچنے والی لمبائی = 1.5 میٹر، جو کہ 9/6 کے برابر ہے (آپشن A)۔ پوری رسی کا فریکشن 1.5/30 = 1/20 ہے۔

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446📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance

A man travels from his home to office at the speed of 4.5 km/hr and reaches his office 10 min early. If the speed had been 2.5 km/hr he would have reached 30 min late. Find the distance from his home to office.

Explanation

Let distance be d. Difference in time = 10 min early - (-30 min late) = 40 min = 2/3 hours. d/2.5 - d/4.5 = 2/3 => d(1/2.5 - 1/4.5) = 2/3 => d(2/5 - 2/9) = 2/3 => d(8/45) = 2/3 => d = 3.75 km.

دوری d فرض کریں۔ وقت کا فرق = 40 منٹ = 2/3 گھنٹے۔ d/2.5 - d/4.5 = 2/3۔ اسے حل کرنے پر d = 3.75 کلومیٹر۔

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447📚💻 ComputerComputer Maintenance

If a computer system is malfunctioning, which of the following can be used to detect it?

Explanation

System diagnostics programs or tools are specifically designed to detect and diagnose hardware or software malfunctions in a computer system.

سسٹم ڈائیگناسٹکس (System Diagnostics) وہ ٹولز ہیں جو کمپیوٹر سسٹم میں ہارڈ ویئر یا سافٹ ویئر کی خرابیوں کا پتہ لگانے کے لیے بنائے جاتے ہیں۔

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448📚🌍 General AwarenessArt & Culture

The Tamil Ramayana (Kamba Ramayanam) was the work of which poet?

Explanation

The Tamil version of the Ramayana, known as Ramavataram or Kamba Ramayanam, was written by the Tamil poet Kamban in the 12th century.

تامل زبان میں لکھی گئی رامائن (کمبا رامائنم) 12ویں صدی کے تامل شاعر کمبن (Kamban) کی تصنیف ہے۔

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449📚📜 HistoryModern Indian History

Match the following historical events/missions with their correct objectives:

P) The Cripps Mission - Seeking Cooperation from Indians in World War II
Q) Home Rule Movement - Self-government for India
R) Simon Commission - To review the political situation and reform
S) Morley-Minto Reforms - Separate electorate for Muslims

Explanation

Cripps Mission (P-3) sought WWII cooperation, Home Rule (Q-4) demanded self-government, Simon Commission (R-1) reviewed reforms, and Morley-Minto (S-2) introduced separate electorates. This matches option C.

کرپس مشن (P-3) دوسری جنگ عظیم میں تعاون کے لیے تھا، ہوم رول تحریک (Q-4) خود مختاری کے لیے تھی، سائمن کمیشن (R-1) اصلاحات کا جائزہ لینے آیا، اور مارلے منٹو اصلاحات (S-2) نے مسلمانوں کے لیے الگ حلقہ انتخاب متعارف کرایا۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

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450📚🗺️ GeographyIndian Geography

Match the following climatic regions with their corresponding locations:

P) Tropical Rain Forests - Western Ghats, West coastal Plains, Parts of Assam
Q) Tropical Savana Climate - Most of peninsular region except Western Ghats
R) Tropical Semi-Arid Steppe Climate - Rainshadow belt from Central Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu
S) Tropical and Sub-tropical Steppes - Punjab, Haryana and Kachchh Region

Explanation

Tropical Rain Forest matches Western Ghats/Assam (P-2), Savana matches peninsular region (Q-1), Semi-Arid matches rainshadow belt (R-4), and Steppes matches Punjab/Kachchh (S-3). This matches option C.

بارانی جنگلات کا زون مغربی گھاٹ (P-2) ہے، سوانا جزیرہ نما خطہ (Q-1) ہے، نیم خشک زون مہاراشٹر تا تامل ناڈو کا رین شیڈو بیلٹ (R-4) ہے، اور اسٹیپس پنجاب/کچھ (S-3) ہے۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

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451📚📝 EnglishSentence Correction

Consider the following sentences:

p) I can write you the letter every week.
q) Srinivas left home at an age of 15 to find work abroad.
r) I had an impression that he was upset about something.
s) In my house the master bedroom is very large.

Which of the sentences are grammatically correct?

Explanation

Sentences r and s are grammatically correct. Sentence p contains a stylistic error ('the letter' should be 'a letter'). Sentence q is incorrect because it should say 'at the age of 15' instead of 'at an age of 15'.

جملے r اور s گرامر کے لحاظ سے بالکل درست ہیں۔ جملہ p میں 'the letter' کی جگہ 'a letter' ہونا چاہیے۔ جملہ q میں 'at an age of 15' کی جگہ 'at the age of 15' ہونا چاہیے۔

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452📚🔢 MathNumber Properties

If X and Y are integers and we subtract Y from X, the difference is even. Which of the following expressions will always evaluate to an even number?

Explanation

If X - Y is even, X and Y must have the same parity (both even or both odd). Let's evaluate XY - Y = Y(X - 1). Case 1: Both even. Y is even, so Y(X-1) is even. Case 2: Both odd. Y is odd, and (X-1) is even, so Y(X-1) is even. Thus, XY - Y is always even.

اگر X - Y جفت (Even) ہے، تو دونوں یا تو جفت ہوں گے یا طاق۔ XY - Y = Y(X-1) کا جائزہ: اگر دونوں جفت ہیں تو Y جفت ہوگا، اگر دونوں طاق ہیں تو X-1 جفت ہوگا۔ دونوں صورتوں میں نتیجہ جفت ہوگا۔

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453📚🧩 ReasoningClassification

Which of the following is the odd one out?

Explanation

Inch, Meter, and Centimeter are units of length/distance. Kilogram is a unit of mass.

انچ (Inch)، میٹر (Meter) اور سینٹی میٹر (Centimeter) لمبائی کی اکائیاں ہیں، جبکہ کلوگرام (Kilogram) کمیت (Mass) کی اکائی ہے۔

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454📚🔢 MathSpeed, Time & Distance

If 2 members start running at the same time and in the same direction at speeds of 10 km/hr and 12 km/hr, calculate the time after which they will be apart from each other by 8 km.

Explanation

Relative speed = 12 km/hr - 10 km/hr = 2 km/hr. Time required to separate by 8 km = Distance / Relative Speed = 8 km / 2 km/hr = 4 hours.

نسبتی رفتار (Relative Speed) = 12 - 10 = 2 کلومیٹر فی گھنٹہ۔ 8 کلومیٹر کا فاصلہ پیدا کرنے کا وقت = 8 / 2 = 4 گھنٹے۔

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455📚💻 ComputerALU & CPU Architecture

Which of the following is NOT a CPU/Processor architecture classification based on the way operands are input to the ALU?

Explanation

ALU architectures based on input operands include Accumulator-based, Register-based, and Stack-based. Central/Control Processing Unit (CPU) is a hardware component containing the ALU, not an input classification.

اے ایل یو (ALU) کے آپرینڈ ان پٹ پر مبنی فن تعمیر میں ایکومولیٹر، رجسٹر اور اسٹیک پر مبنی فن تعمیر شامل ہیں۔ جبکہ سی پی یو (CPU) مائیکرو پروسیسر کا مجموعی ڈھانچہ ہے، نہ کہ ان پٹ کی کوئی درجہ بندی۔

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456📚💻 ComputerMS Powerpoint

What is the shortcut key to start a slide show in Microsoft PowerPoint?

Explanation

F5 is the shortcut key used to start the slide show from the first slide in Microsoft PowerPoint.

مائیکروسافٹ پاورپوائنٹ میں سلائیڈ شو کو شروع سے چلانے کا شارٹ کٹ بٹن F5 ہے۔

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457📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringMasonry Joints

Which of the below joints is used for masonry in arches?

Explanation

A rebated joint is used for masonry in arches and stones laid on slopes. It features a stepped or double-L profile to prevent the stone blocks from slipping down the slope.

محرابوں (Arches) اور ڈھلوان پر رکھے جانے والے پتھروں کے جوڑ کے لیے ریبیٹڈ جوڑ (Rebated joint) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ یہ پتھروں کو پھسلنے سے روکتا ہے۔

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458📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringMetals & Alloys

The stainless steel alloy is able to resist corrosion due to

Explanation

Stainless steel resists corrosion due to the addition of chromium (minimum 10.5%). Chromium reacts with oxygen to form a very thin, passive, self-healing layer of chromium oxide on the steel's surface, preventing rust.

سٹینلیس سٹیل کرومیم (Chromium - کم از کم 10.5٪) کی موجودگی کی وجہ سے زنگ لگنے کے خلاف مزاحمت کرتا ہے۔ کرومیم ہوا کی آکسیجن کے ساتھ مل کر سطح پر کرومیم آکسائیڈ کی ایک غیر فعال حفاظتی تہہ بنا دیتا ہے۔

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459📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringDesign Codes

Design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures are calculated from

Explanation

The entire IS 875 code series is titled 'Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures'. Option A (Part 1 - Dead Loads) is marked correct as the designated key for this code series. Specifically: Part 1 handles Dead Loads, Part 2 Imposed (Live) Loads, Part 3 Wind Loads, and Part 4 Snow Loads.

پوری IS 875 کوڈ سیریز کا عنوان 'عمارتوں کے لیے ڈیزائن لوڈز (زلزلہ کے علاوہ) کے لیے ضابطہ عمل' ہے۔ اس کا پہلا حصہ (Part 1) ڈیڈ لوڈ (Dead Loads) کے حساب کتاب کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے، پارٹ 2 لائیو لوڈ، پارٹ 3 ونڈ لوڈ اور پارٹ 4 سنو لوڈ کے لیے ہے۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ آپشن A درست جواب ہے۔

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460📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringSpecial Mortars

Which of the below is added to make mortar fire proof?

Explanation

Aluminous cement (also known as high-alumina cement) is added to mortar along with firebrick aggregates to make refractory or fireproof mortar that can withstand high temperatures.

مارٹر (Mortar) کو فائر پروف (شعلہ مزاحم) بنانے کے لیے اس میں ایلومینس سیمنٹ (Aluminous cement) شامل کیا جاتا ہے، جس کی بدولت یہ زیادہ درجہ حرارت برداشت کر سکتا ہے۔

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461📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringEstimating & Costing

When the thickness of doors and windows is provided, the estimates of woodwork is prepared in following unit

Explanation

When the thickness of doors and windows panels/shutters is specified, the woodwork quantity is estimated in square meters (sqm) of surface area. For frames/chowkhats where thickness is not constant, cubic meters (cum) is used.

جب دروازوں اور کھڑکیوں کے پینلز کی موٹائی پہلے سے فراہم کردہ ہو، تو لکڑی کے کام (woodwork) کا تخمینہ مربع میٹر (Square meters) میں لگایا جاتا ہے۔ چوکھٹ کا تخمینہ کیوبک میٹر میں لگایا جاتا ہے۔

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462📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringValuation

If the property fetches a net annual income of Rs. 1000 after deducting all outgoings. What is the capitalized value of property if the ROI is 10% per annum?

Explanation

Year's Purchase (YP) =

100 / \text{Rate of Interest} = 100 / 10 = 10

. Capitalized Value =

\text{Net Annual Income} \times \text{YP} = 1000 \times 10 = \text{Rs. } 10,000

.

سال کی خرید (Year's Purchase) = 100 / سود کی شرح = 100 / 10 = 10. کیپیٹلائزڈ ویلیو = خالص سالانہ آمدنی

\times YP = 1000

\times 10 =

روپے 10,000۔ اس لیے آپشن C درست ہے۔

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463📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringSurvey Measurements

Consider the following statements:
i) Using trigonometry for length determination is a direct measurement.
ii) The difference of any measured quantity and its best estimate is the residual.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Statement (i) is false because using trigonometry to determine length (such as triangulation) is an indirect measurement (direct measurement is done using tape or chain). Statement (ii) is true because the residual is defined as the difference between a measured value of a quantity and its most probable value (best estimate).

بیان (i) غلط ہے کیونکہ لمبائی کے لیے مثلثیاتی فارمولوں کا استعمال بالواسطہ (indirect) پیمائش ہے، براہ راست نہیں۔ بیان (ii) درست ہے کیونکہ کسی بھی پیمائش شدہ قدر اور اس کے بہترین تخمینہ (most probable value) کے فرق کو ریزیڈوئل (residual) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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464📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringSoil Mechanics

The bearing capacity of soil depends upon

Explanation

The bearing capacity of soil depends on both geotechnical parameters (grain size, soil density, shear strength, cohesion) and design parameters of the foundation (size, shape, and depth of the footing).

مٹی کی بوجھ برداشت کرنے کی صلاحیت (Bearing capacity) مٹی کے اپنے خواص (جیسے اناج کا سائز) اور فاؤنڈیشن کے ڈیزائن (جیسے فٹنگ کا سائز اور شکل) دونوں پر منحصر ہوتی ہے۔ اس لیے تمام آپشنز درست ہیں۔

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465📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBuilding Planning

The term _______ is used to mean the external views as seen from certain rooms of the building.

Explanation

Prospect is a planning principle that refers to the external views as seen from certain windows or rooms of a building. Aspect refers to the orientation of walls to receive solar radiation and wind.

بلڈنگ پلاننگ میں، کسی کمرے کے اندر سے باہر کا خوبصورت نظارہ نظر آنے کی خصوصیت کو 'پروسپیکٹ' (Prospect) کہا جاتا ہے۔ دیواروں کی سمت بندی کو اسپیکٹ کہتے ہیں۔

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466📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringContouring

Contour lines cross ridge or valley lines at

Explanation

Contour lines intersect ridge lines and valley lines perpendicularly (i.e. at 90°). For ridge lines, the contours bulge outwards (towards lower values), and for valley lines, they bulge inwards (towards higher values).

کونٹور لائنیں (Contour lines) رج اور ویلی لائنوں کو ہمیشہ 90° کے زاویے پر کاٹتی ہیں۔ رج لائنوں پر یہ باہر کی طرف اور ویلی لائنوں پر اندر کی طرف مڑتی ہیں۔

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467📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringRoad Materials

Bitumen is derived from

Explanation

Bitumen is a hydrocarbon material obtained as a residue from the fractional distillation of crude petroleum oil.

بٹومین (Bitumen - ڈامر) خام پٹرولیم آئل کے فریکشنل ڈسٹلیشن (Fractional distillation - کشیدگی) کے نتیجے میں بچ جانے والے مادے سے حاصل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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468📚💻 ComputerInternet & Web

A program that looks through the internet for web pages on a particular topic is called

Explanation

A search engine (like Google, Bing, etc.) is a program designed to search for information on the World Wide Web based on user-entered keywords. A browser is the software client used to access these web pages.

انٹرنیٹ پر مخصوص عنوانات کی ویب سائٹس کو تلاش کرنے والے پروگرام کو سرچ انجن (Search engine) کہتے ہیں۔ ویب براؤزر ان صفحات کو دیکھنے کے لیے استعمال ہونے والا سافٹ ویئر ہے۔

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469📚💻 ComputerOperating System Commands

Which DOS command displays only file and directory names without size, date and time information?

Explanation

The `/b` switch in the `dir` command (i.e. `dir /b`) stands for 'bare format'. It displays only the file/directory names without header, summary, file sizes, or time stamps.

کمانڈ پرامپٹ میں `dir /b` کمانڈ فائل اور ڈائرکٹری کے نام صرف سادہ فارمیٹ (bare format) میں دکھاتی ہے، جس میں سائز اور تاریخ کی معلومات نہیں ہوتیں۔

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470📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringScales

Two villas that are present on the map are actually 20 km away from each other and the scale of the map is 1: 20000. Calculate the distance on the map between the two villas?

Explanation

Actual Distance =

20 \text{ km} = 20 \times 10^3 \text{ m} = 2,000,000 \text{ cm}

. Map Distance =

\text{Actual Distance} \times \text{Scale} = 2,000,000 / 20,000 = 100 \text{ cm}

.

حقیقی فاصلہ =

20 \text{ km} = 2,000,000 \text{ cm}

۔ نقشے پر فاصلہ = حقیقی فاصلہ / اسکیل کا ڈینومینیٹر = 2,000,000 / 20,000 = 100 cm۔ اس لیے درست جواب 100cm ہے۔

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471📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringStairs

Mention the name of vertical member which is made up of wood or metal supporting the hand rail is called

Explanation

A baluster is the vertical member of wood or metal placed between the tread and the handrail to support the handrail in a staircase. A series of balusters is called a balustrade.

سیڑھیوں کے ہینڈ ریل (hand rail) کو سہارا دینے والے عمودی لکڑی یا لوہے کے ممبر کو بیلسٹر (Baluster) کہتے ہیں۔ بیلسٹرز کی قطار کو بیلسٹریڈ کہا جاتا ہے۔

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472📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringBridge Engineering

In a bridge truss, what is the sequence of load transmission?

Explanation

The load from the deck is first carried by the longitudinal beams called stringers. The stringers transmit it to the transverse floor beams, which then transfer the load to the main joints of the side trusses.

ٹرس پل (Bridge truss) میں بوجھ کی منتقلی کا تسلسل یہ ہے: سب سے پہلے بوجھ سٹرنگرز (Stringers) پر پڑتا ہے، سٹرنگرز سے یہ فلور بیمز (Floor beams) پر جاتا ہے اور وہاں سے سائیڈ ٹرسز (Side trusses) پر منتقل ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

473📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringWindows & Openings

The vertical window provided on the pitched roof is known as

Explanation

A dormer window is a vertical window that projects from the slope of a pitched roof. It provides ventilation and lighting to the attic room.

ڈھلوانی چھت (Pitched roof) پر لگائی جانے والی عمودی کھڑکی کو ڈورمر کھڑکی (Dormer window) کہا جاتا ہے۔ یہ کمرے کو ہوا اور روشنی فراہم کرتی ہے۔

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474📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringRailway Track

Consider the following statements:
a. On the broad gauge tracks, 0.04% per degree of curve or 70/R, whichever is minimum should be provided
b. On meter gauge tracks, 0.02% per degree of curve OR 35/R, whichever is minimum should be provided
c. Broad gauge used in Indian railways has a width of 1.676m
d. The last reading from a level before changing its place is called the foresight
Which of the statements are correct?

Explanation

Statements a, c, and d are correct. Broad gauge grade compensation is 0.04% per degree of curve (70/R). BG track width is 1.676 m. The last reading taken before shifting the level is the foresight. Statement b is incorrect because grade compensation on Meter Gauge is 0.03% per degree (52.5/R) while 0.02% (35/R) is for Narrow Gauge.

بیانات a، c اور d درست ہیں۔ براڈ گیج ٹریک کی چوڑائی 1.676 m ہے اور گریڈ کمپنسیشن 0.04٪ فی ڈگری ہے۔ لیول بدلنے سے پہلے کی آخری ریڈنگ فورسائٹ کہلاتی ہے۔ میٹر گیج پر گریڈ کمپنسیشن 0.03٪ ہوتی ہے اس لیے b غلط ہے۔ آپشن B درست ہے۔

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475📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringCanals

Match the following canal types with their descriptions:
1. Irrigation Canal - a. A canal designed to carry water for agricultural purposes, supplying water to fields.
2. Navigation Canal - d. A canal constructed for the purpose of facilitating transportation of goods and people.
3. Aqueduct - c. A structure that carries a canal over a river, valley, or other obstacle.
4. Feeder Canal - b. A canal that feeds water from a source, like a river, to the main canal.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Irrigation Canal (1-a), Navigation Canal (2-d), Aqueduct (3-c), Feeder Canal (4-b). This corresponds to Option A.

درست مماثلت: آبپاشی نہر (1-a)، جہاز رانی کی نہر (2-d)، ایکواڈکٹ (3-c) اور فیڈر کینال (4-b) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن A درست جواب ہے۔

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476📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringPublic Health Engineering

_______ is constructed outside the building to carry wastewater discharge.

Explanation

A Gully Trap is provided outside the building before the waste pipes enter the external sewer or drain. It acts as a water seal preventing foul gases from entering the house.

گھر کے گندے پانی کے پائپوں کو بیرونی سیور سے جوڑنے سے پہلے عمارت کے باہر 'گلی ٹریپ' (Gully trap) لگایا جاتا ہے، جو گندی گیسوں کو گھر کے اندر آنے سے روکتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

477📚💻 ComputerComputer Basics

The component of a computer system that provides visual interaction through icons and menus is

Explanation

GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. It is a visual component of an operating system that allows users to interact with the computer using graphical icons, menus, and windows.

کمپیوٹر کا وہ حصہ جو ہمیں آئیکنز اور مینوز کے ذریعے گرافیکل بات چیت کی سہولت دیتا ہے، اسے GUI (Graphical User Interface) کہتے ہیں۔

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478📚💻 ComputerOperating System Commands

Which command is used to display the Windows version in the Command Prompt?

Explanation

The `VER` command is used in the Windows Command Prompt (CMD) to display the current version of the operating system.

کمانڈ پرامپٹ (Command Prompt) میں ونڈوز کا کرنٹ ورژن (version) دیکھنے کے لیے `VER` کمانڈ استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏗️ Jal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

479📚💻 ComputerAutoCAD Layers

Which of the following layers can be deleted from the Layer Properties Manager in AutoCAD?

Explanation

In AutoCAD, you cannot delete Layer 0, Defpoints, the current layer, or layers containing objects. However, you can delete a frozen or inactive layer that does not contain any drawing objects.

آٹوکیڈ (AutoCAD) میں لیئر 0، ڈیف پوائنٹس (Defpoints)، کرنٹ لیئر، اور ایسی لیئرز جن میں کوئی ڈرائنگ موجود ہو، ڈیلیٹ نہیں کی جا سکتیں۔ صرف وہی لیئر ڈیلیٹ ہو سکتی ہے جو خالی ہو (Frozen layer not containing objects)۔

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480📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringConcrete Technology

The formwork from the slabs excluding props, can be removed only after

Explanation

According to IS 456:2000, the stripping time of soffit formwork to slabs (with props left under) is 3 days. Since 3 days is not an option, Option B (4 days) is selected as the closest correct competitive exam answer.

آئی ایس 456:2000 کے تحت، سلیب کے نیچے کے شٹرنگ بورڈز (بغیر پائپ/props کے) 3 دن کے بعد ہٹائے جا سکتے ہیں۔ آپشنز میں 3 دن نہ ہونے کی وجہ سے 4 دن (Option B) کو درست مانا گیا ہے۔

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481📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringRoof Trusses

Pick up the correct statement from the following regarding joints in a king post truss:

Explanation

All the listed statements are correct. In a timber King Post Truss: 1. The joint between the principal rafter and the tie beam is a bridle joint. 2. The rafter connects to the king post head via a mortise and tenon joint. 3. The strut joins the king post base via a mortise and tenon joint.

کنگ پوسٹ ٹرس (King post truss) کے تمام جوڑوں کے بیانات درست ہیں: 1. رینٹر اور ٹائی بیم کا جوڑ برائیڈل جوڑ ہوتا ہے۔ 2. کنگ پوسٹ اور رینٹر کا جوڑ مارٹائز اور ٹینن ہوتا ہے۔ 3. سٹرٹ اور کنگ پوسٹ کا جوڑ بھی مارٹائز اور ٹینن ہوتا ہے۔

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482📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringDoors & Windows

As compared to the top rail, the bottom and lock rails in a door frame shutter are normally

Explanation

The bottom rail and lock rail of a door shutter are kept wider (larger width in elevation) than the top rail and frieze rails. This provides greater structural stiffness to the bottom of the door and accommodates the locking hardware.

دروازے کے نیچے والے حصے (bottom rail) اور تالے والے حصے (lock rail) کی چوڑائی اوپری حصے (top rail) کے مقابلے میں زیادہ (Wider) رکھی جاتی ہے تاکہ دروازہ مضبوط رہے اور تالا لگانے میں آسانی ہو۔

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483📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringLevelling Computations

Following table shows a part of level field book. The value of X should be:

| Station | BS | IS | FS | HI | RL |
| A | 2.300 | | | 102.300 | 100.000 |
| B | | 1.300 | | | 101.000 |
| C | | | 2.300 | | X |

Explanation

Height of Instrument (HI) =

\text{RL at A} + \text{BS} = 100.000 + 2.300 = 102.300

. RL at Station C =

\text{HI} - \text{FS} = 102.300 - 2.300 = 100.000

. Hence, X is 100.000.

ہائیٹ آف انسٹرومنٹ (HI) = A کا RL + BS = 100.000 + 2.300 = 102.300۔ اسٹیشن C پر RL (جسے X کہا گیا ہے) =

\text{HI} - \text{FS} = 102.300 - 2.300 = 100.000

۔ اس لیے آپشن B درست ہے۔

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484📚🧬 BiologyCanal Structures

Which of the following canal structures is used to remove surplus water from an irrigation channel into a natural drain?

Explanation

A Canal Escape is a safety valve structure built on an irrigation canal to discharge excess or surplus water (caused by sudden rainfall or closure of outlets) into a nearby natural drainage channel.

نہر میں ضرورت سے زیادہ پانی آ جانے پر اسے نہر سے باہر کسی قدرتی نالے میں بحفاظت نکالنے والے حفاظتی ڈھانچے کو کینال اسکیپ (Canal escape) کہتے ہیں۔

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485📚🏗️ Civil EngineeringWater Supply Intake

Pick up the incorrect statement from the following. The intake of a water supply scheme should

Explanation

The intake of a municipal water supply must always be located upstream of any wastewater disposal point to avoid collecting contaminated sewage water. Hence, locating it downstream is incorrect.

پانی کی سپلائی اسکیم کا انٹیک (جہاں سے پانی لیا جائے) گندے پانی کے اخراج کے پوائنٹ سے ہمیشہ اپ اسٹریم (اوپر کی طرف) ہونا چاہیے تاکہ آلودہ پانی پینے میں نہ آئے۔ اس لیے ڈاؤن اسٹریم والا بیان (C) غلط ہے۔

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486📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware

Which of the following is a computer storage device?

Explanation

A Pen Drive (USB flash drive) is a portable solid-state storage device. CPU is a processor, and Keyboard and Mouse are input devices.

پین ڈرائیو (Pen Drive - فلیش ڈرائیو) کمپیوٹر میں ڈیٹا محفوظ رکھنے کا ایک پورٹیبل سٹوریج آلہ ہے۔ کی بورڈ اور ماؤس ان پٹ ڈیوائسز ہیں۔

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487📚💻 ComputerOperating Systems

Which of the following is NOT an Operating System?

Explanation

Oracle is a multinational technology corporation known for its relational database management system (RDBMS), not an operating system. DOS, Linux, and Windows are operating systems.

اوریکل (Oracle) ایک ڈیٹا بیس مینجمنٹ سسٹم (RDBMS) بنانے والی کمپنی ہے، یہ آپریٹنگ سسٹم نہیں ہے۔ DOS، Linux اور Windows آپریٹنگ سسٹمز ہیں۔

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488📚🚦 Driving & TrafficTraffic Police Hand Signals

The hand signal of a traffic police officer with the right hand raised vertically (palm facing front) represents:

Explanation

When a traffic police officer raises the right arm vertically with the palm facing forward, it is a signal to stop traffic approaching from the front.

جب ٹریفک پولیس اہلکار اپنا دایاں ہاتھ عمودی طور پر اوپر اٹھاتا ہے (ہتھیلی سامنے کی طرف)، تو یہ سامنے سے آنے والی ٹریفک کو روکنے کا اشارہ ہے۔

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489📚🚦 Driving & TrafficTraffic Police Hand Signals

The hand signal of a traffic police officer with the right arm raised vertically (palm facing front) and the left arm extended horizontally sideways represents:

Explanation

Raising the right arm vertically (stops traffic from the front) and extending the left arm horizontally (stops traffic from behind) is the combined signal to stop traffic approaching simultaneously from both front and behind.

دایاں ہاتھ عمودی اٹھانا (سامنے سے ٹریفک روکنا) اور بائیں ہاتھ کو افقی طور پر پھیلانا (پیچھے سے ٹریفک روکنا)، بیک وقت سامنے اور پیچھے دونوں طرف سے آنے والی ٹریفک کو روکنے کا اشارہ ہے۔

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490📚🚦 Driving & TrafficTraffic Police Hand Signals

The hand signal of a traffic police officer with the left arm extended horizontally and the right arm extended horizontally/beckoning represents:

Explanation

Extending the left arm horizontally stops traffic from the left or right, and beckoning with the right arm allows traffic coming from the right to turn left.

بائیں بازو کو افقی طور پر پھیلانا اور دائیں بازو سے اشارہ کرنا دائیں سے آنے والی ٹریفک کو روکنے اور انہیں بائیں مڑنے کی اجازت دینے کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے۔

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491📚🧬 BiologyHuman Biology

Normal resting heart rate or pulse rate ranges for adults is

Explanation

A normal resting heart rate (pulse rate) for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm).

بالغ افراد کے لیے دل کی دھڑکن یا نبض کی نارمل شرح 60 سے 100 دھڑکن فی منٹ (bpm) کے درمیان ہوتی ہے۔

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492📚🚦 Driving & TrafficFirst Aid

Dry bandage is mainly used

Explanation

A dry sterile bandage is primarily used to cover and protect a wound from dirt, contamination, and infection ('to prevent wound' contamination).

خشک پٹی بنیادی طور پر زخم کو ڈھانپنے اور اسے بیرونی گندگی اور جراثیم سے بچانے کے لیے استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔

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493📚🚦 Driving & TrafficRoad Safety & Driving Psychology

Peripheral vision of a driver helps to detect

Explanation

Peripheral vision (side vision) is highly sensitive to light and movement. It helps the driver detect moving objects (like pedestrians or cars coming from sides) in their outer field of view.

ڈرائیور کی سائیڈ ویژن (Peripheral vision) سڑک پر متحرک اشیاء کی حرکت (Movement) کو محسوس کرنے میں مدد کرتی ہے۔

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494📚🚦 Driving & TrafficTraffic Enforcement

Which of the following test is commonly used to measure alcohol limit of a driver?

Explanation

A breath analyzer (breathalyzer) is a portable device used by traffic police to estimate blood alcohol content (BAC) from a breath sample.

ڈرائیور کے خون میں الکحل کی مقدار جانچنے کے لیے ٹریفک پولیس کے پاس 'بریتھ اینالائزر' (Breath analyser) آلہ ہوتا ہے۔

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495📚⚛️ PhysicsOptics & Wavelengths

Arrange the following coloured lights in shortest to longest wavelength:
(i) Green, (ii) Yellow, (iii) Orange, (iv) Red.
Correct sequence of shortest to longest wavelength is:

Explanation

In the visible spectrum, the wavelengths from shortest to longest follow the standard sequence: Green (approx 530 nm) → Yellow (approx 580 nm) → Orange (approx 600 nm) → Red (approx 650 nm). Hence, (i) (ii) (iii) (iv).

مرئی طیف (visible spectrum) میں طولِ موج کا تسلسل چھوٹے سے بڑے کی طرف اس طرح ہے: سبز ← پیلا ← نارنجی ← سرخ۔ یعنی آپشن A صحیح ترتیب ہے۔

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496📚🚦 Driving & TrafficNight Driving Rules

When you are driving at night, and approaching another vehicle from behind, must

Explanation

When following another vehicle closely at night, you must switch to low beams (dim headlights) to prevent reflecting blinding light into the front driver's rear-view mirrors.

رات کے وقت جب آپ کسی دوسری گاڑی کے پیچھے چل رہے ہوں تو ہیڈلائٹس کو لو بیم (مدہم) پر کر دیں تاکہ آگے والے ڈرائیور کے شیشے میں چکا چوند نہ ہو۔

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497📚🚦 Driving & TrafficNight Driving Rules

When you are driving at night and wants to overtake a car in the front, you must

Explanation

Before overtaking a vehicle at night, you should flash your headlights (dipping or switching from low to high beam briefly) to alert the driver in front of your presence and intention.

رات کو اوور ٹیک کرنے سے پہلے ہیڈلائٹس کو فلکر یا فلیش (dipper) کرنا چاہیے تاکہ آگے والی گاڑی کا ڈرائیور چوکنا ہو جائے۔

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498📚🚗 AutomotiveEmergency Procedures

Arrange the following steps in a correct sequence, when a motor vehicle breaks down at night:
(i) Apply brakes, (ii) Slow down the vehicle, (iii) Turn on hazardous warning light, (iv) Get out from the vehicle.

Explanation

The correct safety sequence during a breakdown at night is: first slow down the vehicle (ii), safely apply brakes to stop (i), immediately turn on hazard warning lights to warn others (iii), and then carefully exit the vehicle (iv).

خرابی کی صورت میں صحیح ترتیب یہ ہے: پہلے رفتار کم کریں (ii)، بریک لگا کر روکیں (i)، ہنگامی انتباہی لائٹس آن کریں (iii) اور پھر گاڑی سے باہر نکلیں (iv)۔

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499📚🚦 Driving & TrafficRoad Safety

What is the purpose of rear-view mirror of a motor vehicle?

Explanation

The primary safety purpose of a rear-view mirror is to allow the driver to monitor vehicles and traffic conditions approaching from behind.

پیچھے دیکھنے والے آئینے (rear-view mirror) کا مقصد گاڑی کے پیچھے سے آنے والی ٹریفک پر نظر رکھنا ہے۔

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500📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Systems

What does abbreviation "ABS." of a motor vehicle mean?

Explanation

ABS stands for Anti-lock Braking System, an safety anti-skid system that prevents wheels from locking up during hard braking.

گاڑیوں کے سلسلے میں 'ABS' کا مطلب اینٹی لاک بریکنگ سسٹم (Anti-lock braking system) ہے۔

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501📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Systems

"ABS" system prevents motor vehicle from

Explanation

By preventing the wheels from locking up under heavy braking, ABS allows the tires to maintain traction and steering control, preventing the vehicle from skidding.

اینٹی لاک بریکنگ سسٹم (ABS) پہیوں کو جام ہونے سے روکتا ہے، جس سے ہنگامی بریک لگانے پر گاڑی کو اسکیڈنگ (skidding) سے بچایا جا سکتا ہے۔

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502📚🚗 AutomotiveVehicle Rules

As per central motor vehicle rules, 1989, the visual transmission of light in rear window and windscreen should not be less than

Explanation

Under Rule 100 of the CMVR, 1989, the Visual Light Transmission (VLT) of safety glass must be at least 70% for the windscreen and rear window, and at least 50% for side windows.

موٹر وہیکل رولز 1989 کے مطابق، گاڑی کے ونڈ اسکرین اور پچھلے شیشے پر روشنی کی شفافیت (VLT) کم از کم 70 فیصد ہونی چاہیے۔

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503📚⚗️ ChemistryChemistry

Which of the following values of pH represents stronger acid?

Explanation

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH less than 7 is acidic, and the lower the pH value, the stronger the acid. Therefore, a pH of 2 is the strongest acid among the choices.

پی ایچ (pH) اسکیل 0 سے 14 تک ہوتا ہے۔ 7 سے نیچے تیزابی خصوصیات ہوتی ہیں، اور پی ایچ جتنا کم ہوگا تیزابیت اتنی ہی مضبوط ہوگی۔ یعنی پی ایچ 2 سب سے تیز ہے۔

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504📚🚗 AutomotiveTransmission System

Which among the following component, is used in transmission system of a motor vehicle?

Explanation

The transmission system delivers power from the engine to the wheels. Component parts include the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential gears.

ٹرانسمیشن سسٹم (جو انجن کی طاقت کو پہیوں تک پہنچاتا ہے) کا ایک اہم حصہ ڈیفرینشل گیئرز (Differential gears) ہے۔

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505📚🚗 AutomotiveBelts & Pulleys

"V-belts" get their name because of

Explanation

V-belts get their name from their cross-sectional profile, which is a trapezoidal 'V' shape, helping them wedge firmly into pulley grooves.

وی-بیلٹ کا نام ان کی ترچھی متوازی الاضلاع شکل (Trapezoidal shape) کی وجہ سے پڑا ہے جو کہ 'V' کی مانند ہوتی ہے۔

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506📚🌍 General AwarenessScientific Instruments

Among the following instrument, which instrument you use to measure specific gravity or relative density of petrol

Explanation

A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (relative density) of liquids, including fuels and battery acids.

مائعات بشمول پٹرول کی کثافت یا مخصوص کششِ ثقل (specific gravity) کی پیمائش کے لیے ہائیڈرومیٹر (Hydrometer) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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507📚🚗 AutomotiveCooling System

What is the purpose of radiator of a motor vehicle engine?

Explanation

The radiator acts as a heat exchanger, transferring heat from the engine coolant flowing through it to the outside air, keeping the engine at optimum operating temperature and preventing overheating.

ریڈی ایٹر (Radiator) کا بنیادی مقصد انجن کی گرمی کو جذب کر کے اسے زیادہ گرم ہونے سے بچانا اور درجہ حرارت برقرار رکھنا ہے۔

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508📚🚗 AutomotiveEmission Standards

Among the following options, what "BS IV" and "BS VI" engines signify

Explanation

Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards are regulations instituted by the Government of India to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engines.

ہندوستان میں 'BS IV' اور 'BS VI' انجنوں کا تعلق آلودگی پر قابو پانے کے قومی معیارات (Emission control standard norms) سے ہے۔

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509📚🧬 BiologyFish Taxonomy

The order of catfishes is

Explanation

Catfishes belong to the order Siluriformes. This order is characterized by the presence of prominent barbels (resembling cat whiskers) and a lack of scales.

کیٹ فش (Catfish) کا تعلق آرڈر Siluriformes سے ہے۔ اس گروپ کی نمایاں خصوصیات میں حساس باربلز (مونچھیں) اور جسم پر سکیلز (Scales) کی غیر موجودگی شامل ہے۔

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510📚🧬 BiologyFish Taxonomy

Consider the following pairs:
a) Hypophthalmichthys nobilis
b) Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
c) Rastrelliger kanagurta
d) Ctenopharyngodon idella
e) Katsuwonus pelamis

And local/common names:
1. Skipjack tuna
2. Silver Carp
3. Big head carp
4. Mackerel
5. Grass carp

Match the scientific name correctly to the local names:

Explanation

Correct scientific-to-common matches: H. nobilis is Bighead carp (3); H. molitrix is Silver carp (2); R. kanagurta is Mackerel (4); C. idella is Grass carp (5); K. pelamis is Skipjack tuna (1). This yields 'a:3, b:2, c:4, d:5, e:1'. Option A is marked correct as the intended answer key despite a typo where values 2 and 5 were jumbled in printing (listing b:5 and d:2).

درست سائنسی ملاپ: H. nobilis بگ ہیڈ کارپ (3) ہے؛ H. molitrix سلور کارپ (2) ہے؛ R. kanagurta میکریل (4) ہے؛ C. idella گراس کارپ (5) ہے؛ K. pelamis سکپ جیک ٹونا (1) ہے۔ درست ترتیب a:3, b:2, c:4, d:5, e:1 بنتی ہے۔ امتحانی پرچے میں پرنٹنگ کی غلطی کی وجہ سے آپشن A میں b:5 اور d:2 لکھا گیا ہے، لیکن یہی مطلوبہ جواب ہے۔

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511📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

Match the following genetics terms with their definitions:

List-1:
a. Co-dominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Over dominance
d. Epistasis
e. Genetic linkage

List-2:
1. Tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together
2. Phenotype of heterozygote lies outside phenotypical range of both homozygous parents
3. Expression of one gene is modified by the expression of other gene or genes
4. Both alleles are simultaneously expressed in heterozygotes
5. Heterozygote phenotype intermediate between two homozygote phenotypes

Match correctly:

Explanation

Correct matches: Co-dominance: both alleles are expressed (a:4); Incomplete dominance: intermediate phenotype (b:5); Overdominance: heterozygote phenotype lies outside parental range (c:2); Epistasis: one gene modifies expression of another (d:3); Genetic linkage: genes on same chromosome inherited together (e:1). This matches Option D.

درست جوڑ: شریک غلبہ (Co-dominance): دونوں الیلز کا بیک وقت ظاہر ہونا (a:4)؛ نامکمل غلبہ: درمیانی مظہر (b:5)؛ حد سے زیادہ غلبہ (Overdominance): والدین کی حد سے باہر مظہر ہونا (c:2)؛ اپیسٹیسس: ایک جین دوسرے جین کے اظہار کو بدلتا ہے (d:3)؛ جینیاتی ربط (Linkage): قریبی جینز کا اکٹھے وراثت میں جانا (e:1)۔ یہ آپشن D ہے۔

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512📚🧬 BiologyGenetics

In a punnet square, the parental genotypes are listed on the

Explanation

In a standard Punnett square diagram, the alleles/genotypes of one parent are listed along the left column, and the alleles of the other parent are listed along the top row.

پنیٹ اسکوائر (Punnett Square) کے خاکے میں، ایک والدین کے جینیاتی امتزاج بائیں کالم (Left Column) اور دوسرے کے اوپر کی قطار (Top Row) پر درج کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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513📚🧬 BiologyLimnology

Oxbow lakes are formed due to

Explanation

Oxbow lakes are formed by river activity, specifically through the meandering process where a wide loop is cut off from the main channel of the river, forming a U-shaped lake.

آکسابو جھیلیں (Oxbow Lakes) دریا کے بہاؤ کی سرگرمی (River Activity) کی وجہ سے بنتی ہیں، جہاں دریا کا موڑ کٹ کر ایک علیحدہ جھیل کی شکل اختیار کر لیتا ہے۔

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514📚🧬 BiologyLakes & Waterbodies

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Wular Lake is an example of tectonic lake
b. Dal lake is an example of crater lake
c. Surinsar-Mansar lakes are Ramsar sites
d. Manasbal Lake is a saltwater lake

Explanation

Statements a and c are correct: Wular Lake is a tectonic lake and Surinsar-Mansar are Ramsar sites. Statements b (Dal Lake is a crater lake) and d (Manasbal Lake is a saltwater lake) are false. Option C is marked correct based on the official exam answer key which contained a printing typo (where d was meant to state 'freshwater' lake).

بیانات a اور c درست ہیں: وولر جھیل ٹیکٹونک سرگرمی سے بنی ہے اور سرینسر-مانسر جھیلیں رامسر سائٹس ہیں۔ بیانات b اور d غلط ہیں۔ امتحانی پرچے کی غلطی کی وجہ سے آپشن C (a, c, d) کو درست مانا گیا ہے۔

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515📚🧬 BiologyEnvironment & Treaties

Match the International Conventions to respective years:
a. Convention on Biological Diversity
b. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
c. Ramsar Convention
d. International Union for Conservation of Nature

Years:
1. 1971
2. 1948
3. 1975
4. 1992

Match correctly:

Explanation

Correct matches: CBD was opened for signature in 1992 (a:4); CITES entered into force in 1975 (b:3); Ramsar Convention was signed in 1971 (c:1); IUCN was established in 1948 (d:2). This matches Option A.

درست سالوں کا جوڑ: حیاتیاتی تنوع کا معاہدہ (CBD) 1992 میں ہوا (a:4)؛ سائیٹس (CITES) کا نفاذ 1975 میں ہوا (b:3)؛ رامسر کنونشن 1971 میں ہوا (c:1)؛ اور آئی یو سی این (IUCN) کا قیام 1948 میں ہوا (d:2)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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516📚🧬 BiologyEnvironment & Ecology

Which of the following statements are true?
a. There are 80 Ramsar sites in India
b. Ex-situ is a method of conservation that involves the conservation of species in its natural habitat
c. Kanwar Lake is the smallest lake in India
d. Manasbal is the deepest lake in India

Explanation

Statements a and d are correct. India reached 80 Ramsar sites in early 2024, and Manasbal is the deepest freshwater lake in India. Statement b is false because ex-situ conservation happens outside the natural habitat. Statement c is false because Renuka Lake is the smallest Ramsar site in India, not Kanwar Lake.

بیانات a اور d درست ہیں۔ 2024 کے اوائل تک ہندوستان میں 80 رامسر سائٹس ہو گئی تھیں، اور مانسبل ہندوستان کی سب سے گہری میٹھے پانی کی جھیل ہے۔ بیان b اور c غلط ہیں۔

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517📚🧬 BiologyAquatic Ecology

Identify the correct statements from the following:
a. Clownfish and sea anemones have a symbiotic relationship
b. Remora fish and Shark exhibit a commensalism relationship
c. Hermit crabs and sea anemones exhibit a parasitic relationship
d. Anchor worms are annelid parasites to freshwater finfishes

Explanation

Statements a and b are correct: Clownfish/sea anemones share a mutualistic symbiosis, and remora fish/sharks exhibit commensalism. Statement c is false because hermit crabs/anemones have a mutualistic (not parasitic) relationship. Statement d is false because anchor worms (Lernaea) are parasitic copepod crustaceans, not annelids.

بیانات a اور b درست ہیں۔ کلاؤن فش اور سی انیمون باہمی فائدے (Symbiotic/Mutualism) کے تحت رہتے ہیں، اور ریمورا مچھلی شارک کے ساتھ بقائے باہمی (Commensalism) کی مثال ہے۔ بیانات c اور d غلط ہیں۔

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518📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Index of preponderance is used in

Explanation

The Index of Preponderance is a standard mathematical method used in fish biology to evaluate the relative importance of different food items in the diet (feeding studies) of fish.

انڈیکس آف پریپونڈرنس (Index of preponderance) ماہی گیری کے حیاتیاتی مطالعہ میں مچھلیوں کی خوراک اور ان کی غذائی عادات (Feeding Studies) کے تجزیہ کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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519📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Which of the following is the correct sequence of electron acceptors in Electron Transport System for production of ATP?

Explanation

In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, electrons pass through cytochromes in the following sequential order: Cytochrome b -> Cytochrome c -> Cytochrome a -> Cytochrome a3.

خلیاتی تنفس کے دوران الیکٹران ٹرانسپورٹ چین (ETS) میں الیکٹرانز کے گزرنے کا درست تسلسل ہے: سائٹوکروم b -> سائٹوکروم c -> سائٹوکروم a -> سائٹوکروم a3۔

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520📚⚗️ ChemistryBiochemistry

Which of the following is not involved in Krebs cycle?

Explanation

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Electron Transport Chain) to generate ATP, and is distinct from the substrate-level reactions of the Krebs cycle.

آکسیڈیٹیو فاسفوریلیشن (Oxidative Phosphorylation) کا عمل مائٹوکونڈریا کی اندرونی جھلی (ETC) پر ہوتا ہے، اور یہ براہِ راست کریبز سائیکل کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔

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521📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the adaptative modifications in fishes:
a. Short stumpy barbels
b. Adhesive pad as ridges
c. Elongate striations on chest and belly
d. Adhesive disc

Species:
1. Glyptothorax spp
2. Balitora spp
3. Garra spp
4. Erethistes spp

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Erethistes has short stumpy barbels (a:4); Glyptothorax has an adhesive pad with thoracic ridges (b:1); Balitora has elongate striations on the chest and belly (c:2); Garra has a prominent mental adhesive disc (d:3). This matches Option B.

درست جسمانی تبدیلیاں: Erethistes میں چھوٹے اور موٹے باربلز ہوتے ہیں (a:4)؛ Glyptothorax کے سینے پر جھریوں والا چپکنے والا پیڈ ہوتا ہے (b:1)؛ Balitora کے پیٹ اور سینے پر لمبی دھاریاں ہوتی ہیں (c:2)؛ Garra کے نچلے جبڑے پر گول چپکنے والی ڈسک ہوتی ہے (d:3)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

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522📚🗺️ GeographyIndian Geography

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Himalayas extend from the Namga Parbat to Namcha Barwa
b. Himalayas extend over 2400 km
c. Ganga and Brahmaputra are the longest rivers in Himalaya river system
d. Himalayan streams can be divided to 4 zones as per Sehgal (1988)

Explanation

Statements a and b are true. The Himalayas run in an arc of about 2400 km from Nanga Parbat in the west to Namcha Barwa in the east. Statement c is false because the Indus is the longest river. Statement d is false because coldwater streams are divided into 3 zones as per Sehgal (1988) based on temperature and fish composition.

بیانات a اور b درست ہیں۔ ہمالیہ مغرب میں نانگا پربت سے مشرق میں نامچہ باروا تک تقریباً 2400 کلومیٹر طویل قوس میں پھیلا ہوا ہے۔ بیانات c اور d غلط ہیں۔

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523📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the following fishes with their respective spawning or reproductive breeding strategies:

List-1:
a. Pelagic spawners
b. Pouch brooders
c. Mouth brooders
d. Live bearers
e. Bubble nest builders

List-2:
1. Sea horse
2. Nile Tilapia
3. Tuna
4. Gourami
5. Guppy

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Pelagic spawners release eggs in open sea (Tuna -> a:3); Pouch brooders carry eggs in pouch (Sea horse -> b:1); Mouth brooders carry eggs in mouth (Nile Tilapia -> c:2); Live bearers give birth to live young (Guppy -> d:5); Bubble nest builders build nests of air bubbles (Gourami -> e:4). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: کھلے پانی میں انڈے دینے والی (Tuna -> a:3)؛ تھیلی میں انڈے پالنے والی (Sea horse -> b:1)؛ منہ میں انڈے پالنے والی (Nile Tilapia -> c:2)؛ بچے دینے والی مچھلی (Guppy -> d:5)؛ بلبلوں کا گھونسلہ بنانے والی (Gourami -> e:4)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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524📚🧬 BiologyAquaculture

Select the commonly used anaesthetic used for handling fish from the list

Explanation

Tricaine methanesulfonate (also known as MS-222) is the most widely used and FDA-approved chemical anaesthetic used for sedating and handling fish during sampling or transport.

مچھلیوں کو پکڑنے، ان کا معائنہ کرنے یا منتقلی کے دوران بے ہوش کرنے کے لیے عام طور پر استعمال ہونے والا کیمیکل ٹرائیکین میتھین سلفونیٹ (MS-222) ہے۔

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525📚🧬 BiologySeaweed

Nori is prepared from

Explanation

Nori is the Japanese name for edible seaweed sheets created from red algae of the genus Porphyra. It is commonly used to wrap sushi.

نوری (Nori - کھانے والے سمندری پودوں کی شیٹس) سرخ کائی کی جنس پورفائرا (Porphyra) سے تیار کی جاتی ہے جو سشی (Sushi) لپیٹنے میں استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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526📚🧬 BiologyFish Byproducts

Match the following products to their source:
a. Ambergris
b. Isinglass
c. Squalene
d. Pearl essence
e. Chitin

Sources:
1. Swim bladder
2. Prawn shell
3. Whale
4. Shark liver
5. Fish scale

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Ambergris comes from the digestive tract of Sperm Whales (a:3); Isinglass is processed from fish swim bladders (b:1); Squalene is extracted from deep-sea shark liver oil (c:4); Pearl essence is made from fish scales (d:5); Chitin is obtained from prawn/crustacean shells (e:2). This matches Option B.

درست جوڑ: امبرگریس وہیل مچھلی سے حاصل ہوتا ہے (a:3)؛ آئسنگلاس مچھلی کے سوئم بلیڈر سے بنتا ہے (b:1)؛ اسکوالین شارک کے جگر سے نکلتا ہے (c:4)؛ پرل ایسنس مچھلی کے چانے (Scales) سے بنتا ہے (d:5)؛ اور کائٹن جھینگے کے چھلکے سے حاصل ہوتا ہے (e:2)۔ یہ آپشن B ہے۔

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527📚🧬 BiologyFish Immunology

Immunoglobulins in fishes are?

Explanation

The primary circulating immunoglobulin class in teleost (bony) fishes is tetrameric IgM, which consists of four monomeric subunits, unlike the pentameric IgM of mammals.

ہڈیوں والی مچھلیوں (Teleosts) میں گردش کرنے والی اہم اینٹی باڈی ٹیٹramerک آئی جی ایم (Tetrameric IgM) ہوتی ہے، جو چار سب-یونٹس پر مشتمل ہوتی ہے۔

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528📚🧬 BiologyFish Pathology

Match the following diseases to their causative agents:

List-1:
a. Bacterial coldwater disease
b. Bacterial kidney disease
c. Enteric red-mouth disease
d. Furunculosis
e. Bacterial gill disease

List-2:
1. Aeromonas salmonicida
2. Flavobacterium psychrophilum
3. Flavobacterium branchiophila
4. Renibacterium salmoninarum
5. Yersinia ruckeri

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Bacterial coldwater disease is caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum (a:2); Bacterial kidney disease by Renibacterium salmoninarum (b:4); Enteric red-mouth by Yersinia ruckeri (c:5); Furunculosis by Aeromonas salmonicida (d:1); Bacterial gill disease by Flavobacterium branchiophilum (e:3). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: بیکٹیریل سرد پانی کی بیماری (Flavobacterium psychrophilum -> a:2)؛ گردوں کا بیکٹیریل مرض (Renibacterium salmoninarum -> b:4)؛ ریڈ ماؤتھ بیماری (Yersinia ruckeri -> c:5)؛ فرونکولوسس پھوڑا (Aeromonas salmonicida -> d:1)؛ گلز کا بیکٹیریل مرض (Flavobacterium branchiophila -> e:3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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529📚🧬 BiologyFish Anatomy

Gill arches and their derivatives are collectively called

Explanation

The splanchnocranium (visceral skeleton) refers to the skeleton derived from the pharyngeal arches, which includes the jaw apparatus and the gill (branchial) arches in fishes.

مچھلیوں میں گلپھڑوں کی ہڈیوں کی محرابیں (Gill Arches) اور ان سے بننے والے اعضاء مجموعی طور پر سپلنک نوکرینیم (Splanchnocranium) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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530📚🧬 BiologyFish Biology

Match the columns:

Systems:
1. Respiratory
2. Skeletal
3. Circulatory
4. Excretory

Substances:
a. Creatinine
b. Thrombocytes
c. Alpha keratin
d. Haem pigment

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: Respiratory is associated with Hemoglobin/Haem pigment (1-d); Skeletal features scales/spines composed of keratin (2-c); Circulatory system features thrombocytes (3-b); Excretory system filters metabolic waste like creatinine (4-a). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: عمل تنفس کا تعلق ہیم پگمنٹ (ہیموگلوبن) سے ہے (1-d)؛ ڈھانچے کا تعلق الفا کیراٹن (جلد/اسکیلز) سے ہے (2-c)؛ دورانِ خون میں تھرومبوسائٹس ہوتے ہیں (3-b)؛ اخراجِ فضلہ میں کریٹینین فلٹر ہوتا ہے (4-a)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

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531📚🧬 BiologyEvolutionary Biology

This theory proposed that paired fins and their girdles arose from gill arches

Explanation

Gegenbaur's Gill Arch Theory proposed that the pectoral and pelvic girdles and paired fins of fishes evolved from modified gill (visceral) arches and their supports.

گلوگیر آرچ نظریہ (Gill Arch Theory) یہ بتاتا ہے کہ مچھلیوں کے جوڑے دار پنکھ (Paired fins) ان کے گلپھڑوں کی ہڈیوں کے جوڑوں (Gill Arches) کی ارتقائی تبدیل شدہ شکل ہیں۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

532📚🧬 BiologyEvolutionary Biology

Finfold theory was proposed by

Explanation

The lateral finfold theory of paired limb evolution was proposed by F. M. Balfour (1878) and J. K. Thacher (1877), suggesting that paired fins developed from continuous lateral folds of the body wall. Balfour is widely cited in textbooks as the primary proponent.

پنکھوں کے ابھار کا نظریہ (Finfold Theory) ایف-ایم بالفور (Balfour) اور جے-کے تھیچر نے پیش کیا تھا، جس کے مطابق جوڑے دار پنکھ جسم کے اطراف میں مسلسل فولڈز کی تقسیم سے بنے۔ کتابوں میں بالفور کو بنیادی موجد لکھا گیا ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

533📚🧬 BiologyFisheries & Environment

Commercial species of fishes from river Jhelum

Explanation

Cyprinus carpio (common carp) is the major commercial species harvested from the River Jhelum and Dal Lake in Kashmir, having successfully adapted and dominated the valley's coldwater ecosystems since its introduction.

وادی کشمیر میں بہنے والے دریائے جہلم (River Jhelum) سے تجارتی پیمانے پر پکڑی جانے والی سب سے اہم مچھلی کامن کارپ (Cyprinus carpio) ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

534📚🧬 BiologySport Fishing

Which are the freshwater game fishes from the following?

Explanation

The Himalayan Mahseer (Tor putitora) and the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are two of the most celebrated freshwater sport/game fishes in India, prized for angling.

ہندوستان میں میٹھے پانی کے مشہور ترین شکاری کھیل کی مچھلیاں ہمالین مہسیر (Himalayan Mahseer) اور رینبو ٹراؤٹ (Rainbow Trout) ہیں۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🐟 Animal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

535📚🌍 General AwarenessCurrent Affairs

Which country hosted the G20 Summit in the year 2023?

Explanation

India held the presidency of the G20 from December 1, 2022, to November 30, 2023, and hosted the 18th G20 Summit in New Delhi in September 2023.

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

536📚🏛️ CivicsIndian Polity & Constitution

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Indian Constitution are borrowed from the constitution of which country?

Explanation

The Directive Principles of State Policy, enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution, are borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland (which had copied it from the Spanish Constitution).

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537📚🌍 General AwarenessCulture of J&K

The traditional full-length loose gown worn by people in Kashmir to protect themselves from severe winter cold is called:

Explanation

Pheran is the traditional long, loose cloak worn by men and women in Kashmir, typically made of wool and worn over warm clothing during winter, often with a Kangri underneath.

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538📚🗺️ GeographyEconomy & Agriculture

Jammu and Kashmir is the leading producer of which high-value spice crop in India?

Explanation

Pampore region of Jammu and Kashmir (often called the Saffron Town of Kashmir) is famous for producing high-quality saffron, making J&K the leading producer in India.

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539📚📜 HistoryIndian History

Who was the first Governor-General of independent India?

Explanation

Lord Mountbatten served as the first Governor-General of independent India from August 1947 to June 1948. C. Rajagopalachari became the first and only Indian Governor-General after him.

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540📚🌍 General AwarenessHydroelectric Projects

The Baglihar Hydroelectric Power Project is constructed on which river?

Explanation

The Baglihar Dam is a run-of-the-river power project built on the Chenab River in the Ramban district of Jammu and Kashmir.

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541📚📜 HistoryIndian History

Who wrote the famous book 'The Discovery of India' during his imprisonment?

Explanation

The Discovery of India was written by Jawaharlal Nehru during his imprisonment at Ahmednagar Fort from 1942 to 1945.

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542📚🌍 General AwarenessGeneral Science

Which highly reactive metal is stored under kerosene oil to prevent it from reacting with oxygen and moisture?

Explanation

Sodium is an alkali metal that is highly reactive and catches fire when exposed to air or water. Hence, it is stored under kerosene oil.

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543📚🌍 General AwarenessGeneral Science

What is the primary source of energy that drives all weather patterns and life on Earth?

Explanation

Solar radiation from the Sun is the ultimate source of heat and light energy driving biological processes and atmospheric movements on Earth.

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544📚📝 EnglishIdioms & Phrases

Choose the correct meaning of the idiom: 'A bolt from the blue'

Explanation

'A bolt from the blue' means a sudden, unexpected and shocking event or piece of news.

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545📚📝 EnglishSpellings

Choose the correctly spelled word from the options.

Explanation

The rule is 'i before e except after c'. Therefore, 'Receive' is the correct spelling.

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546📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware

Which of the following component is known as the 'brain' of the computer?

Explanation

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) acts as the brain of the computer, executing instructions and processing data.

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547📚💻 ComputerInput & Output Devices

Which of the following devices is purely an input device?

Explanation

A keyboard is used to enter text and commands into the computer, making it an input device. Monitors, printers, and speakers are output devices.

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548📚💻 ComputerKeyboard Shortcuts

Which function key is commonly used to refresh a web page or file explorer window in Windows?

Explanation

F5 is the standard shortcut key used to refresh or reload the active window or web page in Windows and web browsers.

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549📚💻 ComputerComputer Memory

Which of the following is a type of volatile memory that loses its data when the computer is turned off?

Explanation

RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory. ROM, HDDs, and SSDs are non-volatile as they retain their data even when power is turned off.

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550📚💻 ComputerFile Extensions

What is the full form of the document file extension 'PDF'?

Explanation

PDF stands for Portable Document Format, developed by Adobe to present documents independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.

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551📚💻 ComputerInternet & Networking

Which of the following protocol is used specifically for sending electronic mail (email)?

Explanation

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the standard protocol used for sending/routing emails from one server to another.

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552📚💻 ComputerKeyboard Shortcuts

What is the keyboard shortcut to undo the last action in a Windows environment?

Explanation

The shortcut Ctrl + Z is used to undo the last action. Ctrl + Y is used to redo, Ctrl + X to cut, and Ctrl + U is often used for underline.

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553📚💻 ComputerComputer Hardware

Which term represents the physical, tangible parts of a computer system?

Explanation

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the motherboard, CPU, RAM, and storage devices. Software represents the instructions.

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554📚💻 ComputerOperating Systems

Which operating system is developed and sold by Apple Inc. for desktop computers and laptops?

Explanation

macOS is Apple's proprietary graphical operating system designed specifically for its Mac computers.

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

555📚💻 ComputerComputer Security

A software program designed to infiltrate, damage, or disable computer systems without the user's consent is called:

Explanation

Malware (short for malicious software) is any software intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer, server, client, or computer network.

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

556📚💻 ComputerInput & Output Devices

Which of the following is an example of a non-impact printer?

Explanation

Laser and Inkjet printers are non-impact printers because they do not hit the paper to print. Dot-matrix and daisy-wheel printers are impact printers.

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

557📚🔢 MathAverage

The average of

5

numbers is

20

. If a new number is added, the average of these

6

numbers becomes

22

. What is the value of the added number?

Explanation

Sum of original

5

numbers =

5 \times 20 = 100

.
Sum of

6

numbers (including new one) =

6 \times 22 = 132

.
The added number is

132 - 100 = 32

.

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

558📚🧩 ReasoningDirection Sense

A man walks

5 \text{ km}

towards South, then turns right and walks

3 \text{ km}

. He then turns left and walks

5 \text{ km}

. In which direction is he now from his starting point?

Explanation

Let starting point be

(0,0)

.
1. Walks

5 \text{ km}

South

\implies (0, -5)

.
2. Turns right (West) and walks

3 \text{ km} \implies (-3, -5)

.
3. Turns left (South) and walks

5 \text{ km} \implies (-3, -10)

.
The point

(-3, -10)

lies in the South-West quadrant relative to

(0,0)

.

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559📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

لفظ 'پانی' کا ہم معنی (مترادف) لفظ کیا ہے؟

Explanation

The synonym of 'Water' (پانی) in Urdu is 'Aab' (آب).

'پانی' کا مترادف 'آب' ہے۔

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560📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

درج ذیل میں سے اسمِ معرفہ (خاص نام) کی نشاندہی کریں۔

Explanation

A Proper Noun (اسمِ معرفہ) refers to a specific name. 'Himalayas' (ہمالیہ) is a specific mountain range, while others are common nouns.

'ہمالیہ' ایک خاص پہاڑ کا نام ہے، اس لیے یہ اسمِ معرفہ ہے۔

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561📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

لفظ 'دن' کا متضاد (ضد) کیا ہے؟

Explanation

The antonym of 'Day' (دن) in Urdu is 'Night' (رات).

'دن' کا متضاد 'رات' ہے۔

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562📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

درج ذیل میں سے کون سا جملہ گرامر کے لحاظ سے درست ہے؟

Explanation

Since 'Kitab' (کتاب) is a feminine noun in Urdu, the verb agrees with it when transitive verb in past tense uses 'ne' (نے). Thus, 'Maine kitab padhi hai' is correct.

چونکہ 'کتاب' مونث ہے، اس لیے درست جملہ 'میں نے کتاب پڑھی ہے۔' ہوگا۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

563📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

لفظ 'خوبصورت' کا متضاد (ضد) کیا ہے؟

Explanation

The antonym of 'Beautiful' (خوبصورت) in Urdu is 'Ugly' (بدصورت).

'خوبصورت' کا متضاد 'بدصورت' ہے۔

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564📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

جملہ 'وہ گیا' میں لفظ 'وہ' قواعد (گرامر) کی رو سے کیا ہے؟

Explanation

In the sentence 'Woh gaya' (He went), the word 'Woh' (He) is a Pronoun (ضمیر) because it replaces a noun.

وہ الفاظ جو اسم کی جگہ استعمال ہوں انہیں ضمیر (Pronoun) کہتے ہیں۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

565📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

لفظ 'استاد' کی جمع کیا ہے؟

Explanation

The correct plural form of 'Teacher' (استاد) in Urdu is 'Asatiza' (اساتذہ).

'استاد' کی جمع 'اساتذہ' ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

566📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

کام کرنے والے شخص کو گرامر کی رو سے کیا کہتے ہیں؟

Explanation

In grammar, the doer of an action (Subject) is referred to as 'Faail' (فاعل).

گرائمر میں کام کرنے والے کو فاعل (Subject) کہتے ہیں۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

567📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

لفظ 'تاریک' کا ہم معنی (مترادف) لفظ کیا ہے؟

Explanation

The synonym of 'Dark' (تاریک) in Urdu is 'Andheera' (اندھیرا).

'تاریک' کا مترادف 'اندھیرا' ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

568📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

وہ جگہ جہاں تعلیم حاصل کی جاتی ہے، اسے کیا کہتے ہیں؟

Explanation

The place where education is obtained is called 'Madrasa' (مدرسہ) or school.

پڑھنے کی جگہ کو مدرسہ یا اسکول کہتے ہیں۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

569📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

درج ذیل الفاظ میں سے مؤنث لفظ کی نشاندہی کریں۔

Explanation

In Urdu, 'Copy' (کاپی) is treated as a feminine noun (مؤنث), while قلم, کاغذ, and خط are masculine (مذکر).

'کاپی' مؤنث لفظ ہے، جیسے 'میری کاپی'۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

570📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

لفظ 'دوست' کا متضاد (ضد) کیا ہے؟

Explanation

The antonym of 'Friend' (دوست) in Urdu is 'Enemy' (دشمن).

'دوست' کا متضاد 'دشمن' ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

571📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

لفظ 'عالم' (جاننے والا) کی صحیح جمع کیا ہے؟

Explanation

The correct plural of 'Alim' (scholar/knowledgeable person) in Urdu is 'Ulama' (علماء).

'عالم' کی جمع 'علماء' ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

572📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

لفظ 'درخت' قواعد (گرامر) کی رو سے کیا ہے؟

Explanation

'Darakht' (Tree) is a common noun (اسمِ نکرہ) in Urdu grammar because it refers to any general tree.

'درخت' ایک عام نام ہے، اس لیے یہ اسمِ نکرہ ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

573📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

لفظ 'آزاد' کا متضاد (ضد) کیا ہے؟

Explanation

The antonym of 'Free' (آزاد) in Urdu is 'Slave' (غلام).

'آزاد' کا متضاد 'غلام' ہے۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

574📚📖 UrduUrdu Grammar & Vocabulary

لفظ 'کتاب' کی جمع کیا ہے؟

Explanation

Both 'Kitabein' (کتابیں) and 'Kutub' (کتب) are valid plural forms of 'Kitab' (کتاب) in Urdu.

'کتاب' کی جمع 'کتابیں' اور 'کتب' دونوں مستعمل ہیں۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB📋 Revenue Department

575📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyAtmospheric Stability & Meteorology

The atmosphere is said to be unstable when

Explanation

The atmosphere is considered unstable (superadiabatic) when the Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) is greater than the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR). In this state, a displaced rising parcel of air cools more slowly than the surrounding environment, remaining warmer and less dense, which promotes vigorous vertical mixing and rapid dispersion.

ماحول اس وقت غیر مستحکم (Unstable) ہوتا ہے جب ماحولیاتی لیپس ریٹ (ELR) ایڈابیاٹک لیپس ریٹ (ALR) سے زیادہ ہو۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

576📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceNational Green Tribunal & Constitution

Among the following, which all articles in the Indian constitution are related to National Green Tribunal?
a. Article 24
b. Article 21
c. Article 48 A
d. Article 51-A(g)

Explanation

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established under the NGT Act 2010 drawing inspiration from Article 21 (Right to a healthy environment), Article 48A (Duty of the State to protect the environment and forests), and Article 51A(g) (Fundamental duty of citizens to protect nature). Article 24 pertains to the prohibition of child labour in factories.

نیشنل گرین ٹریبونل (NGT) آئین کے آرٹیکل 21، آرٹیکل 48A اور آرٹیکل 51A(g) سے منسلک ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

577📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Pollutants & Methemoglobinemia

The chemical responsible for blue baby syndrome that is caused by restricted supply of oxygen to the brain is

Explanation

Blue baby syndrome (infantile methemoglobinemia) is caused by the ingestion of drinking water with high concentrations of nitrates (

NO_3^-

). In an infant's digestive system, nitrates are reduced to nitrites (

NO_2^-

), which react with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, severely reducing oxygen-carrying capability and turning the skin cyanotic (blue).

بلیو بیبی سنڈروم (Blue baby syndrome) پینے کے پانی میں نائٹریٹس (

NO_3^-

) کی زیادہ مقدار کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

578📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyHeavy Metal Toxicity

The chemical responsible for Minamata disease

Explanation

Minamata disease is a severe neurological toxic syndrome caused by methylmercury (

CH_3Hg^+

) poisoning. It was first identified in 1956 in Minamata Bay, Japan, resulting from the bioaccumulation of industrial mercury dumped into the marine ecosystem.

میناماٹا بیماری پارہ (Mercury / Methylmercury) کے زہریلے پن کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

579📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringPrimary Wastewater Treatment

Which of the following is correct?

Explanation

Statement D is correct: A Primary Sedimentation Tank (PST) is designed to remove settleable organic and inorganic suspended solids from wastewater by gravitational settling (typically achieving 50–70% TSS and 30–40% BOD removal). Note: Trickling filter is aerobic, and grit chambers remove inorganic grit.

پرائمری سیڈیمینٹیشن ٹینک میں نامیاتی اور غیر نامیاتی ٹھوس مادوں کو کشش ثقل کے ذریعے الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

580📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringColloidal Solids & Coagulation

The size of colloidal solids in waste water are in the range of

Explanation

Colloidal solids in wastewater have particle diameters typically ranging from

1\text{ nm}

to

100\text{ nm}

(or

10^{-3}\text{ }\mu\text{m}

to

0.1\text{ }\mu\text{m}

). These particles carry negative electrostatic surface charges and do not settle by gravity without chemical coagulation.

سیوریج میں کولائیڈل ذرات کا سائز 1 نینو میٹر سے 100 نینو میٹر کی حد میں ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

581📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringAnaerobic Digestion & Biogas

The main gas liberated from an anaerobic sludge digester is

Explanation

Biogas produced during anaerobic digestion consists of approximately 60–70% Methane (

CH_4

) and 30–40% Carbon Dioxide (

CO_2

), with trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide (

H_2S

) and nitrogen. Methane is the primary and most valuable combustible gas released.

اینیروبک سلج ڈائجیسٹر سے خارج ہونے والی اہم گیس میتھین (Methane -

CH_4

) ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

582📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringTrickling Filters & Bio-film Processes

Match the following:
1. High rate trickling filter | a. Detachment of attached biofilm from the surface
2. Low rate trickling filter | b. Fly nuisance
3. Recirculation | c. BOD removal efficiency is 80%-95%
4. Sloughing | d. Depth of filter is 2 to 3 m

Explanation

In biological trickling filter systems: Sloughing (4-a) refers to the periodic washing away/detachment of excess accumulated biological slime from media; Low rate trickling filters (2-d or 2-b) have higher depth (2 to 3 m) and higher fly nuisance; High rate trickling filters (1-c) achieve high BOD removal efficiency via effluent recirculation.

سلونگ (Sloughing) سے مراد بائیو فلم کا فلٹر کی سطح سے الگ ہونا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

583📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSlow Sand Filtration Design

Match the slow sand filter components with its standard dimensions/values
1. Gravel bed coarse aggregate size | a. 90 cm to 110 cm
2. Filter media thickness | b. 3 mm to 60 mm
3. Gravel bed thickness | c. 20 mm to 40 mm
4. Gravel bed middle layer thickness | d. 30 cm to 75 cm

Explanation

Standard slow sand filter design parameters: Filter sand media depth is 90 cm to 110 cm (2-a); overall gravel support bed thickness is 30 cm to 75 cm (3-d); gravel coarse size range is 3 mm to 60 mm (1-b); and middle gravel layer size is 20 mm to 40 mm (4-c).

سلو سینڈ فلٹر میں ریت کے میڈیا کی موٹائی 90 سے 110 سینٹی میٹر اور بجری کے بیڈ کی موٹائی 30 سے 75 سینٹی میٹر ہوتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

584📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWaste Stabilization Ponds

In facultative stabilization pond, the sewage is treated by:

Explanation

A facultative stabilization pond treats wastewater through symbiosis between algae and bacteria across stratified layers: the upper aerobic zone relies on aerobic bacteria utilizing oxygen produced by algae, the intermediate facultative zone supports facultative bacteria, and the bottom anaerobic sludge zone relies on anaerobic bacteria.

فیکلٹیٹیو پونڈ میں گندے پانی کا علاج ایروبک اور اینیروبک بیکٹیریا کے مشترکہ عمل اور الجی کے ذریعے ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

585📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceBIS Standards for Effluents

Identify the guiding standard for industrial effluent from the following:

Explanation

IS 2490 (1974 / 1981) provides the Indian Standard tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged into inland surface waters.

IS 2490-1974 صنعتی اخراج (Industrial Effluent) کے لیے ہندوستانی معیار ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

586📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceAir (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981

Consider the following pairs from the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981:
1. Section 21 | a. Power of State Government to supersede State Board
2. Section 47 | b. Power of State Government to make rules
3. Section 53 | c. Restrictions on use of certain industrial plants
4. Section 54 | d. Power of Central Government to make rules
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

Under the Air Act, 1981: Section 21 deals with restrictions on the use of certain industrial plants (1-c); Section 47 provides the power of the State Government to supersede the State Board (2-a); Section 53 gives power to the Central Government to make rules (3-d); and Section 54 gives power to the State Government to make rules (4-b).

ایئر ایکٹ 1981 کے تحت دفعہ 21 صنعتی پلانٹس پر پابندی، دفعہ 47 بورڈ کو معطل کرنے کا اختیار، دفعہ 53 مرکزی حکومت کے قواعد اور دفعہ 54 ریاستی حکومت کے قواعد سے متعلق ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

587📚🛡️ Disaster ManagementDisaster Management Framework in India

Which of the following ministries serves as the central node for coordinating disaster management efforts for all natural disasters, with the exception of drought?

Explanation

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is the nodal ministry at the national level for coordinating disaster management and relief for all natural disasters (floods, cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides), with the sole exception of drought which is coordinated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.

خشک سالی (Drought) کے علاوہ تمام قدرتی آفات کے انتظام کے لیے وزارت داخلہ (MHA) مرکزی نوڈل وزارت ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

588📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnergy Resources

Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of:

Explanation

Fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) are non-renewable resources because they formed over hundreds of millions of years from buried organic matter and cannot be replenished on a human timescale once depleted.

کوئلہ، پٹرولیم، اور قدرتی گیس غیر قابل تجدید وسائل (Non-renewable resources) کی مثالیں ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

589📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyRadiation Hazards & Health

Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can increase the risk of:

Explanation

Ultraviolet radiation (specifically UV-B and UV-A) damages the DNA of skin cells, leading to genetic mutations that substantially increase the risk of skin cancers (including malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma) and cataracts.

سورج سے آنے والی الٹرا وائلٹ (UV) تابکاری کی طویل نمائش جلد کے کینسر (Skin cancer) کا خطرہ بڑھاتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

590📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyStratospheric Ozone Depletion

The "Ozone Hole" phenomenon is most prominently associated with which region of the Earth?

Explanation

The stratospheric ozone hole forms annually each spring over Antarctica due to extreme cold temperatures, polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), the isolated polar vortex, and chlorine/bromine radicals derived from CFCs.

اوزون کے سوراخ (Ozone Hole) کا رجحان سب سے نمایاں طور پر انٹارکٹک خطے (Antarctica) پر دیکھا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

591📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Flow Estimation

The estimation of sewage discharge is typically based on:

Explanation

Municipal sewage discharge estimation is calculated from the total contributing population multiplied by per capita domestic water consumption, multiplied by the sewage return factor (typically 75% to 80% of supplied water).

سیوریج کے اخراج کا تخمینہ کل آبادی (Total population) اور فی کس پانی کے استعمال کی بنیاد پر لگایا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

592📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringTreatment Plant Design Parameters

The design period in wastewater treatment refers to the:

Explanation

The design period of a wastewater treatment plant or civil engineering project is the future number of years for which the capacity and components are designed to adequately serve projected population and loads without major expansion (typically 15–30 years).

ڈیزائن پیریڈ سے مراد کسی واٹر ٹریٹمنٹ پلانٹ کی متوقع مفید آپریشنل مدت (Lifespan) ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

593📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringCoagulation & Flocculation

Coagulation is the process of:

Explanation

Coagulation is the chemical water treatment process where chemical coagulants (like alum,

Al_2(SO_4)_3

) are added and rapid-mixed to neutralize colloidal surface charges, destabilizing fine particles to aggregate into settleable flocs.

کوایگولیشن (Coagulation) وہ عمل ہے جس میں کیمیکلز ملا کر باریک ذرات کے گچھے (Flocs) بنائے جاتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

594📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Pumping Equipment

Pneumatic ejectors utilize ________ to pump sewage.

Explanation

Pneumatic ejectors are specialized sewage-lifting devices that use compressed air pressure to displace and discharge wastewater from low-lying collection basements into higher-level gravity sewers without clogging.

نیومیٹک ایجیکٹرز سیوریج کو پمپ کرنے کے لیے ہوا کے دباؤ (Air pressure) کا استعمال کرتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

595📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringIndustrial Waste Management

The waste generated by the tannery industry is often characterized by:

Explanation

Tannery industrial effluents are characterized by extremely high organic matter loads (BOD/COD), high total dissolved solids, elevated sulfides, and toxic heavy metals like hexavalent/trivalent Chromium used during leather tanning.

چمڑا سازی کی صنعت (Tannery) کے فضلے میں زیادہ نامیاتی مواد اور زہریلے کیمیکلز (کرومیم وغیرہ) ہوتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

596📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Quality Parameters: TSS

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in water represent:

Explanation

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is the dry weight of suspended non-filterable solid particles in a water sample that are retained by a standard glass fiber filter disc with a nominal pore size of

1.5\text{ }\mu\text{m}

to

2.0\text{ }\mu\text{m}

upon drying at

103^\circ\text{C}

to

105^\circ\text{C}

.

ٹوٹل سسپینڈڈ سالڈز (TSS) سے مراد پانی میں موجود وہ ٹھوس ذرات ہیں جو فلٹر پیپر پر رک جاتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

597📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSludge Volume Index & Bulking

A high sludge volume index (SVI) indicates:

Explanation

Sludge Volume Index (SVI) measures the settling characteristics of activated sludge in milliliters occupied by 1 gram of MLSS after 30 minutes of settling. A high SVI (

> 150\text{ mL/g}

) indicates filamentous sludge bulking and poor settling/compaction.

زیادہ سلج والیوم انڈیکس (High SVI) سلج کے بیٹھنے کی خراب کارکردگی (Poor sludge settling) کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

598📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringEffluent Quality Standards

A high effluent Total Suspended Solids (TSS) level indicates:

Explanation

A high effluent TSS value signifies that the clarifier or filtration unit is failing to settle solids effectively, leading to a high concentration of particulate solids in the treated discharge water.

خارج ہونے والے پانی میں زیادہ TSS کی مقدار ٹھوس مادوں کی زیادہ مقدار اور ناکافی علاج کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

599📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSludge Yield & Loading Parameters

The ratio of sludge mass (lbs or kg) to the volume of sewage treated (gal or m³) is known as:

Explanation

The ratio measuring sludge solids mass relative to sewage volumetric loading is described as the Sludge Loading Rate (SLR) or Solids Volumetric Yield.

سلج کے وزن کا سیوریج کے حجم کے ساتھ تناسب سلج لوڈنگ ریٹ (Sludge Loading Rate) کہلاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

600📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringMass Balance & Process Modeling

The performance of a wastewater treatment system is evaluated by comparing influent and effluent concentrations of pollutants. This comparison is done using:

Explanation

Mass balance analysis (conservation of mass principle:

\text{Mass In} = \text{Mass Out} + \text{Mass Accumulated} - \text{Mass Converted}

) is the fundamental analytical method used to evaluate removal efficiencies across wastewater treatment units.

ٹریٹمنٹ سسٹم کی کارکردگی کا جائزہ لینے کے لیے ماس بیلنس انالیسس (Mass balance analysis) کا طریقہ استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

601📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Impact Statement (EIS)

An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a document that:

Explanation

An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a formal public document resulting from the EIA study that outlines the environmental consequences of a proposed development and specifies the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and mitigation measures.

انوائرنمنٹل امپیکٹ اسٹیٹمنٹ (EIS) وہ دستاویز ہے جس میں کسی پروجیکٹ کے ممکنہ ماحولیاتی اثرات اور ان کے سدباب کے اقدامات درج ہوتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

602📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologySocio-Economic Impact Assessment

Socio-economic impacts of a project relate to its effects on:

Explanation

Socio-economic impact assessment evaluates changes in human population, employment opportunities, local community livelihoods, public health services, housing, cultural displacement, and overall community well-being.

سماجی و اقتصادی اثرات کا تعلق لوگوں کے روزگار، ملازمتوں، اور کمیونٹی کی فلاح و بہبود سے ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

603📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyRemote Sensing in Environmental Studies

Remote sensing is employed in EIA to:

Explanation

Remote sensing is the technique of acquiring information about the Earth's land cover, vegetation index, topography, and surface features from a distance using satellite imagery or aerial sensors.

ریموٹ سینسنگ کا استعمال سیٹلائٹ اور سینسرز کے ذریعے زمین کی سطح کا دور سے ڈیٹا اکٹھا کرنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

604📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Modeling Tools

Which software is commonly used for modeling and simulating environmental impacts?

Explanation

Specialized environmental modeling software (such as AERMOD and CALPUFF for air dispersion, QUAL2K for water quality, and SoundPLAN for acoustics) is standard for numerical simulations in EIA.

ماحولیاتی اثرات کی ماڈلنگ کے لیے مخصوص انوائرنمنٹل ماڈلنگ سافٹ ویئر استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

605📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceWater Act 1974 Consent Provisions

Under the Water Act, 1974, no person can discharge any pollutant into a water body without obtaining:

Explanation

Under Section 25 and 26 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, no industry or person can establish or operate any outlet to discharge trade effluent or sewage without the prior Consent to Establish (CTE) and Consent to Operate (CTO) from the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB).

واٹر ایکٹ 1974 کے تحت ریاستی آلودگی کنٹرول بورڈ (SPCB) کی پیشگی رضامندی (Consent) کے بغیر فضلہ خارج نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

606📚🛡️ Occupational Health & SafetyWorkplace Safety Audits

Safety audits help in:

Explanation

Safety audits systematically review workplace operations, identify potential hazards, evaluate legal compliance, and enhance occupational health and safety (OHS) performance standards.

حفاظتی آڈٹ (Safety audits) کام کی جگہ پر پیشہ ورانہ صحت اور حفاظت کے معیارات کو بہتر بنانے میں مدد کرتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

607📚🛡️ Disaster ManagementDisaster Management Planning

Disaster management plans are designed to:

Explanation

Disaster management plans structure preparedness, rapid response, resource mobilization, and recovery strategies to minimize loss of life, injury, and structural damage from major disasters.

ڈیزاسٹر مینجمنٹ پلانز بڑی ہنگامی صورتحال اور آفات کے منفی اثرات اور نقصانات کو کم کرنے کے لیے بنائے جاتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

608📚🛡️ Disaster ManagementMock Drills & Emergency Preparedness

The purpose of conducting drills and mock exercises in disaster management is to:

Explanation

Mock drills and simulation exercises validate emergency preparedness, evaluate communication channels, test evacuation timing, and familiarize personnel with emergency protocols.

موک مشقوں (Mock drills) کا مقصد ہنگامی منصوبوں کی تاثیر اور تیاری کا عملی جائزہ لینا ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

609📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityChlorination & Chloramines Formation

Consider the following statements:
a. In the disinfection process chloramine compounds are formed in water.
b. In the sedimentation process chloramine compounds are formed in water.
c. In the filtration process chloramine compounds are formed in water.
d. In the skimming process chloramine compounds are formed in water.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement (a) is correct: During water disinfection with combined chlorine (chloramination), chlorine (

HOCl

) reacts with ammonia (

NH_3

) in water to form chloramines (

NH_2Cl, NHCl_2, NCl_3

) that provide long-lasting residual disinfection.

کلورامین مرکبات جراثیم کشی کے عمل (Disinfection) کے دوران کلورین اور امونیا کے ملاپ سے بنتے ہیں۔ (صرف بیان a درست ہے)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

610📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringGrit Separation & Wastewater Solids

Consider the following statements:
a. Grit represents the heavier inert matter in wastewater.
b. Chloramine represents the heavier inert matter in wastewater.
c. Ammonia represents the purity of water.
d. Plankton represents the fully treated wastewater.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement (a) is correct: Grit refers to the heavier, non-putrescible inorganic mineral matter (such as sand, gravel, eggshells, and silt) with specific gravity

> 2.0

present in wastewater.

گریٹ (Grit) سیوریج میں موجود ریت اور بھاری غیر نامیاتی ٹھوس مادے کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے۔ (صرف بیان a درست ہے)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

611📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityChemical Reagents in Water Analysis

Consider the following pairs:
a. NGT | 1. pH experiment
b. Alum | 2. Chloride content experiment
c.

AgNO_3

| 3. Coagulant
d.

HNO_3

| 4. Peroxyacetyl nitrate
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Alum (aluminum sulfate) is a standard chemical Coagulant (b-3), and Silver Nitrate (

AgNO_3

) is the standard titrant used in Mohr's argentometric method to determine chloride content in water using potassium chromate indicator (c-2).

پھٹکری (Alum) کوایگولینٹ کے طور پر کام کرتی ہے (b-3) اور سلور نائٹریٹ (

AgNO_3

) کلورائیڈ ٹیسٹ کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے (c-2)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

612📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWastewater Treatment Units & Functions

Consider the following pairs:
a. ASP | 1. Oil and Grease removal from sewage
b. Fungi | 2. Type of coliform
c.

H_{2}S

| 3. Secondary treatment method
d. Skimming tank | 4. Healthy mineral in drinking water
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is a widely used Secondary aerobic biological treatment method (a-3), and a Skimming Tank is a preliminary wastewater treatment unit designed to float and remove Oil and Grease (d-1).

ایکٹیویٹڈ سلج پروسیس (ASP) سیکنڈری ٹریٹمنٹ کا طریقہ ہے (a-3) اور سکمنگ ٹینک تیل اور چکنائی کو ہٹاتا ہے (d-1)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

613📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityCarbonate Equilibria & Alkalinity Forms

At what pH value there is only bicarbonate alkalinity remain present in the water?

Explanation

In aqueous carbonate equilibria, at a pH below 8.3 (phenolphthalein end-point,

P=0

), carbonate (

CO_3^{2-}

) and hydroxide (

OH^-

) alkalinities are negligible, and total alkalinity is entirely comprised of bicarbonate ions (

HCO_3^-

).

8.3 سے کم pH پر پانی میں صرف بائی کاربونیٹ الکلینٹی (

HCO_3^-

) موجود رہتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

614📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityUnits of Environmental Parameters

Consider the following pairs:
a. Unit of turbidity of water | 1. Tesla
b. Unit of specific conductivity of water | 2. AQI
c.

AgNO_3

| 3. NTU
d. BOD | 4. Siemen
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

The standard modern unit of Turbidity is Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) (a-3), and the unit of electrical Specific Conductivity of water is Siemens per meter (

S/m

or

\mu S/cm

) (b-4).

ٹربیڈیٹی کی اکائی NTU ہے (a-3) اور مخصوص موصلیت (Conductivity) کی اکائی سیمنز (Siemen / µS/cm) ہے (b-4)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

615📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnergy Resources & Calorific Values

Arrange the following non-renewable fossil fuel in the sequence of higher to lower heating values.
1. Coal
2. Hydrogen
3. Petroleum.
4. Natural Gas

Explanation

Heating (calorific) values: Hydrogen (~142 MJ/kg) > Natural Gas (~50-55 MJ/kg) > Petroleum (~42-45 MJ/kg) > Coal (~20-30 MJ/kg). Arranging in sequence from highest to lowest yields: Hydrogen (2), Petroleum/Gas (3), Coal (1), etc.

حرارتی قدر (Calorific value) کی ترتیب: ہائیڈروجن سب سے زیادہ حرارت پیدا کرتا ہے، اس کے بعد پٹرولیم، گیس اور کوئلہ آتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

616📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Quality Parameters & Chemical Formulas

Consider the following pairs:
a. NGT — 1. Ferroin indicator
b. Blue baby disease — 2. Nitric acid
c.

\text{CO}_2

— 3. Excessive Nitrates
d.

\text{HNO}_3

— 4. Peroxyacetyl nitrate
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Blue baby syndrome (methemoglobinemia) is caused by Excessive Nitrates in drinking water (b-3), and

\text{HNO}_3

is the chemical formula for Nitric acid (d-2).

بلیو بیبی کی بیماری پینے کے پانی میں نائٹریٹس کی زیادتی سے ہوتی ہے (b-3) اور

\text{HNO}_3

نائٹرک ایسڈ کا فارمولا ہے (d-2)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

617📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualitypH Scale & Chlorination Chemistry

Consider the following statements:
a) 7.0 pH value has most efficient disinfection by chlorination.
b) 7.0 pH is low alkaline.
c) 7.0 pH is high acidic.
d) 14 pH is high alkaline.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements (a) and (d) are correct: Around neutral pH (~7.0–7.5), chlorine exists predominantly as hypochlorous acid (

HOCl

), providing rapid and potent germicidal disinfection without causing excessive eye/skin irritation. On the standard pH scale (0 to 14), a pH of 14 represents maximum alkalinity.

7.0 pH پر کلورینیشن کے ذریعے جراثیم کشی سب سے زیادہ موثر ہوتی ہے اور 14 pH انتہائی الکلائن ہوتا ہے۔ (بیانات a اور d درست ہیں)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

618📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Quality Parameters: Turbidity

Which among the following causes turbidity in water?

Explanation

Turbidity (cloudiness or haziness in water) is caused by individual non-settling suspended solids, fine clay, silt, colloidal matter, and micro-particles that scatter and absorb light rays.

پانی میں گدلاپن (Turbidity) معلق ٹھوس ذرات (Suspended Solids) اور باریک مٹی کی وجہ سے ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

619📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityPhysical vs Chemical Water Parameters

Which among the following is NOT a physical characteristic?

Explanation

pH is a Chemical characteristic of water measuring hydrogen ion activity (

-\log_{10}[H^+]

). Color, Odour, Temperature, and Turbidity are Physical characteristics.

pH پانی کی کیمیائی خصوصیت ہے، جبکہ رنگ، بو اور درجہ حرارت جسمانی (Physical) خصوصیات ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

620📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEIA Definition & Concepts

What is full form of EIA?

Explanation

EIA stands for Environmental Impact Assessment, a formal planning and decision-making process used to predict and evaluate the environmental consequences of a proposed development project.

EIA کا مکمل مطلب انوائرنمنٹل امپیکٹ اسیسمنٹ (Environmental Impact Assessment) ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

621📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceISO 14000 Environmental Management Standards

Which of the ISO 14000 series of standards focuses on evaluation of environmental performance?

Explanation

ISO 14031 provides international standard guidelines on Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE) within an organization's Environmental Management System.

ISO 14031 معیار ماحولیاتی کارکردگی کی جانچ (Environmental Performance Evaluation) پر مرکوز ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

622📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceEnvironmental Regulatory Framework in India

Which of the following is NOT the key environmental regulatory authority in India?

Explanation

The primary statutory environmental regulatory authorities in India are MoEFCC, CPCB, and SPCBs. The historical 'Department of Environment' was merged into the full-fledged Ministry (MoEFCC) in 1985.

ہندوستان کے اہم ماحولیاتی ریگولیٹری ادارے MoEFCC، CPCB اور SPCB ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

623📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceNational Environment Policy (NEP 2006)

Which is the most recent pronouncement of the government's commitment to improve environmental conditions?

Explanation

The National Environment Policy (NEP 2006) represents the comprehensive overarching national policy framework approved by the Government of India for environmental conservation, pollution control, and sustainable development.

قومی ماحولیاتی پالیسی (NEP 2006) حکومت ہند کی جامع ماحولیاتی وابستگی کی سب سے نمایاں پالیسی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

624📚🛡️ Disaster ManagementMajor Global Environmental Disasters

Arrange the following environmental disasters in chronological order.
1. Niger-Delta Oil Pollution
2. India - Bhopal Cyanide Gas Leak
3. Italy - Seveso Dioxin Cloud
4. Romania - Cyanide Spill

Explanation

Chronological sequence: 3. Seveso Dioxin Disaster, Italy (July 1976) → 2. Bhopal Gas Leak, India (December 1984) → 4. Baia Mare Cyanide Spill, Romania (January 2000) → 1. Niger Delta ongoing spills.

ماحولیاتی آفات کی تاریخی ترتیب: سیویسو 1976 (3) ← بھوپال گیس سانحہ 1984 (2) ← رومانیہ سائنائیڈ اخراج 2000 (4)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

625📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyRamsar Convention International Partners

Which of the following are Partners of Ramsar Convention?
1. International Union for conservation of Nature
2. Birdlife International
3. International Water Management Institute
4. Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust
Select the correct option:

Explanation

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands has six International Organization Partners (IOPs): IUCN, BirdLife International, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Wetlands International, Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT), and WWF. All four listed are official partners.

رامسر کنونشن کے بین الاقوامی شراکت داروں میں IUCN، برڈ لائف، IWMI، اور WWT سب شامل ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

626📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyMining EIA Components

EIA of mining activities involve impact assessment on
1. Geological Environment
2. Biological Environment
3. Aerial Environment
Codes:

Explanation

Comprehensive EIA for mining projects evaluates all environmental spheres: Geological (topography, slope stability, erosion, aquifers), Biological (forest cover, flora, fauna, habitat loss), and Aerial (dust emissions, fugitive PM, blasting noise, air pollution).

مائننگ کے منصوبوں کا EIA جیولوجیکل، بائیولوجیکل، اور فضائی تمام ماحولیاتی پہلوؤں کا جائزہ لیتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

627📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityEDTA Titration & Water Hardness

For determining the hardness in water sample, which among the following is used as a titrant:

Explanation

Disodium EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is the standard chelating titrant used with Eriochrome Black T (EBT) indicator at pH 10 to determine total hardness in water.

پانی کی سختی (Hardness) معلوم کرنے کے لیے EDTA کو ٹائٹرینٹ کے طور پر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

628📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceSolid Waste Management Rules 2016

As per Solid Waste Management rule 2016 which ministry decides tariff or charges for the power generated from the waste to energy plant based on solid waste.

Explanation

Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, the Ministry of Power (and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions) is responsible for determining the tariff, power purchase agreements, and mandatory power procurement from Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants.

سالڈ ویسٹ مینجمنٹ رولز 2016 کے مطابق منسٹری آف پاور (Ministry of Power) پاور ٹیرف کا تعین کرتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

629📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyNational Clean Air Programme (NCAP)

What is the principal aim of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)?
1. NCAP was launched in January, 2019 with an aim to improve air quality in 131 non-attainment cities.
2. To attain a 20-30% reduction solely in

\text{PM}_{2.5}

levels.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: NCAP was launched in January 2019 covering non-attainment cities. Statement 2 is incorrect because the target was a 20–30% reduction in both

\text{PM}_{10}

and

\text{PM}_{2.5}

concentrations (not solely

\text{PM}_{2.5}

).

NCAP جنوری 2019 میں شروع کیا گیا تھا۔ بیان 2 غلط ہے کیونکہ یہ

\text{PM}_{10}

اور

\text{PM}_{2.5}

دونوں کے لیے تھا۔ (صرف بیان 1 درست ہے)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

630📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyUNEP Global Environment Outlook

The Global Environment Outlook report is published by:

Explanation

The flagship Global Environment Outlook (GEO) periodic assessment report is published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

گلوبل انوائرنمنٹ آؤٹ لک (GEO) رپورٹ اقوام متحدہ کے ماحولیاتی پروگرام (UNEP) کے ذریعے شائع کی جاتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

631📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityHeavy Metal Toxicity: Chromium Species

Which state of chromium is more toxic?

Explanation

Hexavalent chromium (

\text{Cr}^{6+}

) is highly mobile, strong oxidizing, highly toxic, mutagenic, and a known human carcinogen compared to trivalent chromium (

\text{Cr}^{3+}

), which is an essential nutrient with low toxicity.

ہیکساویلنٹ کرومیم (

\text{Cr}^{6+}

) سب سے زیادہ زہریلا اور کینسر پیدا کرنے والا مادہ ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

632📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyOzone Layer & Ozone Depleting Substances

Regarding the Ozone Layer, consider the following statements:
1. 90% of ozone occurs naturally in the Stratosphere.
2. Methyl bromide is an Ozone-Depleting Substance (ODS).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Both statements are correct: Approximately 90% of atmospheric ozone resides in the stratosphere (the ozone layer), and Methyl bromide (

CH_3Br

), widely used as an agricultural fumigant, is a potent ozone-depleting substance controlled under the Montreal Protocol.

90% اوزون اسٹریٹوسفیر میں پائی جاتی ہے اور میتھائل برومائڈ اوزون کو نقصان پہنچانے والا مادہ ہے۔ دونوں بیانات درست ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

633📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringIndustrial Effluent Standards: Sugar Industry

Permissible limit of Total Suspended Solids

(\text{mg/L})

for disposal in surface waters from Sugar industry is:

Explanation

Under CPCB and MoEFCC Environment (Protection) Rules for effluent discharge into inland surface water, the permissible limit for Total Suspended Solids (TSS) from the Sugar industry is

100\text{ mg/L}

.

شوگر انڈسٹری سے ندی نالوں میں خارج کیے جانے والے پانی میں TSS کی قابل قبول حد 100 ملی گرام فی لیٹر ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

634📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyMontreux Record & Ramsar Wetlands

With reference to the Montreux Protocol which of the statement is correct?

Explanation

The Montreux Record (under Ramsar Convention) is a register of wetland sites on the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance where adverse ecological changes have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution, or human interference.

مونٹروکس ریکارڈ (Montreux Record) خطرے سے دوچار اہم آبی ذخائر (Wetlands) کا بین الاقوامی رجسٹر ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

635📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceWildlife Protection Act Protected Areas

Which of the following is/are have been provided for in the Wildlife protection act, 1972?
1. National parks
2. Wildlife sanctuaries
3. Biosphere reserves
Select the correct answer:

Explanation

The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 specifically provides for the statutory declaration and management of Sanctuaries, National Parks, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. Biosphere Reserves are established under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme.

وائلڈ لائف پروٹیکشن ایکٹ 1972 کے تحت نیشنل پارکس اور وائلڈ لائف سینکچوریز قائم کی جاتی ہیں۔ (1 اور 2 درست ہیں)۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

636📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyCogeneration & Energy Efficiency

Co-generation or CHP refers to:

Explanation

Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is the sequential production of two useful forms of energy (typically electricity and thermal heat/steam) from a single primary fuel source.

کو جنریشن (CHP) سے مراد ایک ہی ایندھن کے ذریعے بیک وقت دو طرح کی توانائی (بجلی اور حرارت) پیدا کرنا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

637📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyUNEP Headquarters

Where is the headquarters of UNEP located?

Explanation

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, founded in 1972) is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya.

اقوام متحدہ کے ماحولیاتی پروگرام (UNEP) کا ہیڈ کوارٹر نیروبی (کینیا) میں واقع ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

638📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyWHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs)

WHO guideline values for ambient air concentration of

\text{PM}_{2.5}

and

\text{PM}_{10}

in annual average scale, in

\mu\text{g/m}^3

are respectively:

Explanation

Under the updated WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines (2021), the recommended annual mean concentrations are

5\text{ }\mu\text{g/m}^3

for

\text{PM}_{2.5}

and

15\text{ }\mu\text{g/m}^3

for

\text{PM}_{10}

.

ڈبلیو ایچ او (WHO 2021) کی ہدایات کے مطابق سالانہ اوسط حد

\text{PM}_{2.5}

کے لیے 5 اور

\text{PM}_{10}

کے لیے 15 مائیکرو گرام ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

639📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Sludge Disposal & Heavy Metals

Municipal sewage sludge can be used as a fertilizer but may be unsuitable because of the presence of:

Explanation

Municipal sewage sludge (biosolids) contains valuable plant nutrients but can be hazardous for agricultural application due to the presence of non-biodegradable Heavy Metals (

Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, As

) and organic micropollutants that bioaccumulate in food crops.

سیوریج سلج میں بھاری دھاتوں (Heavy metals) کی موجودگی اسے زرعی کھاد کے لیے غیر محفوظ بنا سکتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

640📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyPhotochemical Smog Components

Which of the following is not the component of photochemical smog?

Explanation

Photochemical smog consists of secondary oxidants like Ozone (

O_3

), Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN), Acrolein, and Formaldehyde formed from

NO_x

and VOCs in sunlight. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are unreactive in the troposphere and are NOT components of smog.

کلورو فلورو کاربن (CFC) فوٹو کیمیکل سموگ کا حصہ نہیں ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

641📚🔬 Biology & MicrobiologyWaterborne vs Water-Contact Diseases

Which of the following is NOT a waterborne disease?

Explanation

Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a water-based / water-contact parasitic disease transmitted via skin contact with water containing larval cercariae shedding from aquatic snails, whereas Cholera, Dysentery, and Hepatitis A are classic waterborne diseases transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water.

سکسٹوسومیاسس (Schistosomiasis) پانی کے رابطے سے پھیلنے والا پیراسائٹک مرض ہے، پینے سے نہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

642📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyStrategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

Given below are two statements. One labelled as Assertion (A) and other labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A): Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a more advanced tool in environmental management.
Reason (R): SEA is applicable at the level of policy, planning and programs.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Explanation

Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A). Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is considered an advanced tool because it evaluates environmental consequences upstream at the strategic Policy, Plan, and Programme (PPP) level before individual project-level EIAs are even initiated.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں اور (R) درست وجہ بتاتا ہے کہ SEA پالیسی اور پلاننگ کی سطح پر کام کرتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

643📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceLandfill Siting Buffer Distances

According to Solid Waste Management Rules 2016, a landfill site should be how many meters away from a river?

Explanation

Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, a sanitary landfill site must be located at a minimum buffer distance of 100 meters away from any river or water body.

سالڈ ویسٹ مینجمنٹ رولز 2016 کے مطابق لینڈ فل سائیٹ ندی سے کم از کم 100 میٹر دور ہونی چاہیے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

644📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceCategory B2 EIA Exemptions

Which one of the categories of development does not require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report?

Explanation

Under the EIA Notification 2006, Category B2 projects are specifically exempted from preparing a comprehensive EIA report and public hearing, and are appraised directly based on their application form (Form 1/1A).

کیٹیگری B2 کے منصوبوں کے لیے تفصیلی EIA رپورٹ تیار کرنا لازمی نہیں ہوتا۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

645📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyCauses of Ozone Depletion

The "Ozone Hole" is primarily caused by the release of which type of chemicals into the atmosphere?

Explanation

Stratospheric ozone depletion is primarily caused by synthetic Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and carbon tetrachloride, which release free chlorine and bromine radicals under intense UV radiation that catalytically break down ozone molecules (

O_3

).

اوزون کے سوراخ کی بنیادی وجہ فضا میں کلورو فلورو کاربنز (CFCs) کا اخراج ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

646📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyBiodiversity Definition

The term "Biodiversity" refers to the

Explanation

Biodiversity (biological diversity) refers to the totality of variety, richness, and variability among all living organisms from all ecological niches, including diversity within species (genetic), between species (species), and of ecosystems.

حیاتیاتی تنوع (Biodiversity) سے مراد کسی مخصوص خطے میں پائے جانے والے جانداروں اور انواع کی اقسام اور تنوع ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

647📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Plant Design Horizon

The estimated design period for sewage treatment facility typically ranges from

Explanation

Under standard CPHEEO civil and environmental engineering guidelines, sewage treatment facilities and secondary treatment structures are designed for a 20 to 30 year operational design horizon based on projected population growth.

سیوریج ٹریٹمنٹ پلانٹ کا متوقع ڈیزائن پیریڈ عام طور پر 20 سے 30 سال کا ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

648📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityCOD Definition & Units

The unit of COD present in wastewater is

Explanation

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is defined as the mass of equivalent oxygen required to chemically oxidize all organic compounds per unit volume of water, expressed in milligrams per liter (

\text{mg/L}

or ppm).

کیمیکل آکسیجن ڈیمانڈ (COD) کی معیاری اکائی ملی گرام فی لیٹر (mg/L) ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

649📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringNitrification Kinetics & SRT

The nitrification process is controlled by temperature and

Explanation

Nitrifying autotrophic bacteria (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter) have slow growth rates; therefore, maintaining an adequate Solids Retention Time (SRT or Sludge Age) alongside appropriate temperature is the critical design control to prevent nitrifiers from being washed out.

نائٹریفیکیشن کا عمل درجہ حرارت اور سالڈز ریٹینشن ٹائم (SRT / Sludge Age) کے ذریعے کنٹرول ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

650📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringCement Industry Effluent Characteristics

Which waste characteristic is common in the effluent from the cement industry?

Explanation

Cement manufacturing process washwaters contain suspended cement particulate slurry with high pH / low acidity (alkaline nature, high dissolved calcium hydroxide), distinct from high organic BOD effluents.

سیمنٹ انڈسٹری کا فضلہ بنیادی طور پر الکلائن اور معلق ذرات پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، جس میں نامیاتی BOD نہیں ہوتا۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

651📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringTannery Effluent Treatment

Which industry typically generates wastewater with high levels of organic pollutants and requires specialized treatment?

Explanation

The Tannery industry generates extremely recalcitrant, complex wastewater containing exceptionally high chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), toxic chromium salts, and sulfides requiring multi-stage chemical and biological treatment.

ٹینری (چمڑا سازی) کی صنعت سے خارج ہونے والے گندے پانی میں بھاری نامیاتی آلودگی اور زہریلے کیمیکلز ہوتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

652📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEIA Methodologies: Map Overlay

Which impact methodology makes use of a remote sensing approach in an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process?

Explanation

The Map Overlay Technique (developed by Ian McHarg and modernized through GIS and Remote Sensing spatial data layers) overlays thematic transparent maps of environmental factors to evaluate aggregate spatial impacts.

اوورلے تکنیک (Overlay technique) ریموٹ سینسنگ اور GIS نقشوں کی مدد سے ماحولیاتی اثرات کا تجزیہ کرتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

653📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEMP Organizational Framework

Defining the Roles and Responsibilities comes under which stage of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)?

Explanation

Within the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), the organizational framework and institutional structure detailing administrative roles, responsibilities, and allocation of personnel is established under Environmental Management Strategies.

ماحولیاتی انتظامی حکمت عملی (EMP Strategies) کے تحت ذمہ داریاں اور کردار طے کیے جاتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

654📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologySocio-Cultural Impact Assessment

When a cultural site comes under the impact line of a proposed project, the matter is relevant to

Explanation

Impacts on archaeological monuments, religious shrines, historical landmarks, and indigenous cultural heritage are evaluated under the Socio-Cultural Index and Heritage Impact Assessment within the socio-economic dimension of EIA.

کسی ثقافتی یا تاریخی مقام پر اثرات کا تعلق سماجی و ثقافتی انڈیکس (Socio-cultural Index) سے ہوتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

655📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyStrategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

SEA stands for

Explanation

SEA stands for Strategic Environmental Assessment, the formalized, systematic, and comprehensive process of evaluating the environmental effects of a policy, plan, or programme.

SEA کا مطلب اسٹریٹجک انوائرنمنٹل اسیسمنٹ (Strategic Environmental Assessment) ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

656📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceCoastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Distances

According to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 2006, what is the minimum distance from the high tide line that should be maintained for building new structures in the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)-I?

Explanation

Under Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) regulations, the standard landward regulatory zone extends up to 500 meters from the High Tide Line (HTL), within which CRZ-I (ecologically sensitive inter-tidal areas) strictly prohibits new permanent civil construction.

ساحلی ریگولیشن زون (CRZ) کے تحت ہائی ٹائیڈ لائن سے 500 میٹر کے اندر نئی تعمیرات پر پابندی ہوتی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

657📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyLife Cycle Assessment (LCA)

LCA is conducted to analyze systematic impact of product or service in environment. LCA stands for

Explanation

LCA stands for Life Cycle Assessment (standardized under ISO 14040/14044), a cradle-to-grave methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a product or service across all lifecycle stages.

LCA کا مکمل مطلب لائف سائیکل اسیسمنٹ (Life Cycle Assessment) ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🌳 Forest, Ecology and Environment Department

658📚🌱 Agriculture & GeographyCropping Seasons: Kharif, Rabi, Zaid

Which of the following statements regarding Zaid crops is/are correct?
1. Zaid crops are summer-season crops, grown from March to July.
2. These crops require warmer weather for vegetative growth and longer day length for reproductive growth.
3. Maize is a Zaid crop that requires a temperature between

21^{\circ}\text{C}

to

27^{\circ}\text{C}

and grows well in old alluvial soil.

Explanation

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Zaid crops (like watermelon, cucumber, muskmelon, fodder) are short-season summer crops grown between Rabi and Kharif (March to June/July). Maize is primarily a Kharif crop (Statement 3 is incorrect).

زائد فصلیں گرمیوں میں مارچ سے جولائی کے دوران اگائی جاتی ہیں اور انہیں گرم موسم کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ (1 اور 2 درست ہیں)۔

2024🏛️ JKSSB🏢 Various Departments

659📚🗺️ GeographyIndian Transportation & National Highways

NH-44 is the longest national highway in India with a length of ________ Kilometers running from ________ in the north to ________ in the south.

Explanation

National Highway 44 (NH-44) is the longest highway in India, measuring approximately 3,745 km (and extended up to 4,112 km), connecting Srinagar in the North to Kanyakumari in the South.

NH-44 ہندوستان کا سب سے لمبا قومی شاہراہ ہے جو سری نگر سے کنیا کماری تک پھیلا ہوا ہے۔

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660📚🗺️ GeographyHuman Migration: Push & Pull Factors

Which of the following is NOT a common pull factor?

Explanation

Political oppression, war, poverty, and persecution are 'Push Factors' that drive people away from their origin. Better employment, higher income, and higher living standards are 'Pull Factors' that attract immigrants to a destination.

سیاسی جبر (Political oppression) ایک پش فیکٹر (Push factor) ہے، پل فیکٹر (Pull factor) نہیں۔

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661📚🗺️ GeographyLakes & Wetlands of India

Which is the largest freshwater lake in Bihar?

Explanation

Kanwar Taal (or Kabar Taal Lake in Begusarai district, Bihar) is Asia's largest freshwater oxbow lake and Bihar's first declared Ramsar site.

کنور تال (Kanwar Taal Lake) بہار کی سب سے بڑی میٹھے پانی کی جھیل اور رامسر سائٹ ہے۔

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662📚🔬 Science & TechnologySpace Missions & ISRO Chandrayaan-3

Which of the following is NOT an objective of the Chandrayaan - 3 mission?

Explanation

The 3 official mission objectives of ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 were: (1) Safe and soft landing of Lander (Vikram) on lunar surface, (2) Demonstrating Rover (Pragyan) roving on the moon, and (3) In-situ scientific experiments. "Loitering capabilities" was NOT an objective.

چندریان 3 کا مقصد چاند کی سطح پر محفوظ لینڈنگ، روور کا چلنا اور سائنسی تجربات کرنا تھا، "loitering" اس کا مقصد نہیں تھا۔

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663📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyMarine Biodiversity & Wildlife

Which of the following statements regarding Dugongs - marine mammals is/are correct?
1. The warm coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans are home to dugongs.
2. Dugongs typically measure between 2.2 to 3.4 meters (7 to 11 feet) in length and weigh around 230 to 420 kg (500 to 925 pounds).
3. Males possess tusk-like incisors, while both male and female adults frequently exhibit sets of parallel scars on their backs, often resulting from mating attempts or fighting.

Explanation

All statements (1, 2, and 3) are factually correct. Dugongs (sea cows) inhabit shallow coastal Indo-Pacific waters, are herbivorous marine mammals measuring 2.2–3.4 m, and mature males grow tusk-like incisors.

ڈیوگونگ (Dugong) سے متعلق تینوں بیانات (1، 2 اور 3) درست ہیں۔

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664📚🌱 Agriculture & Horticulture of J&KWalnut & Fruit Varieties of J&K

Which of the following is not a variety of walnuts?

Explanation

Kagzi, Sulaiman, and Burzil are famous indigenous commercial varieties of walnuts grown in Jammu & Kashmir. 'Raktsey Karpo' is a GI-tagged premium variety of Apricot (Khumani) from Ladakh.

راکتسے کارپو (Raktsey Karpo) خوبانی (Apricot) کی قسم ہے، اخروٹ کی نہیں۔ کاغذی، سلیمان اور برزل اخروٹ کی اقسام ہیں۔

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665📚🌱 Animal HusbandrySheep Husbandry & Wool Production

What is shearing in the case of sheep?

Explanation

Shearing is the agricultural and pastoral process of shaving or clipping the fleece (wool coat) from the body of a sheep.

شیرنگ (Shearing) سے مراد بھیڑ کے جسم سے اون (Wool) اتارنے کا عمل ہے۔

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666📚🗺️ Geography of Jammu & KashmirRivers of Jammu & Kashmir

Where does the Ujh River originate from?

Explanation

The Ujh River, a major tributary of the Ravi River flowing through Kathua district, originates from the Kailash Kund glacier/spring in the Bhaderwah hills of the Pir Panjal range.

دریاۓ اوجھ (Ujh River) کیلاش کنڈ گلیشیئر (بھدرواہ کی پہاڑیوں) سے نکلتا ہے۔

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667📚📜 History & Handicrafts of J&KHandicrafts & Shawls of Kashmir

Which of the following is correct about Shahtoosh Shawls?

Explanation

Abul Fazl's historical text 'Ain-i-Akbari' records that Mughal Emperor Akbar was an avid admirer and collector of Shahtoosh shawls (calling them 'Tus'). (Shahtoosh is derived from the Tibetan Antelope/Chiru, not a goat).

آئین اکبری میں درج ہے کہ مغل شہنشاہ اکبر شاہتوش شالوں کا بڑا دلدادہ اور جمع کرنے والا تھا۔

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668📚📜 J&K Reorganisation Act 2019Representation in Parliament: Rajya Sabha

According to the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act 2019, how many members of councils of state are from Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Under Section 8 and the First Schedule of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir is allocated 4 seats in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).

جموں و کشمیر تنظیم نو ایکٹ 2019 کے تحت راجیہ سبھا (کونسل آف اسٹیٹس) میں جموں و کشمیر کے لیے 4 نشستیں مختص ہیں۔

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669📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage: Renewable Energy

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"In an era marked by environmental concerns and the urgent need for action against climate change, sustainable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope. Sustainable energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal impact on our environment. The various energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. The adoption of sustainable energy holds immense promise in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By transitioning to renewable sources, we can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, improve air quality, and safeguard the health of both people and the planet.

Furthermore, it promotes security by diversifying the supply of energy and by reducing vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices. It also fosters economic growth and job creation, as the renewable energy sector continues to expand and innovate. However, the pursuit of sustainable energy is closely linked to various global goals and initiatives. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasize the importance of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Additionally, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This involves investing in research and development, implementing supportive policies and regulations, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting public awareness and education."

Question:
Which of the following is NOT considered a renewable energy source?

Explanation

According to the passage and general science, Coal is a finite fossil fuel (non-renewable), whereas solar, wind, and hydroelectric are renewable.

کوئلہ (Coal) غیر قابل تجدید فوسل ایندھن ہے۔

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670📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage: Renewable Energy

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"In an era marked by environmental concerns and the urgent need for action against climate change, sustainable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope. Sustainable energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal impact on our environment. The various energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. The adoption of sustainable energy holds immense promise in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By transitioning to renewable sources, we can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, improve air quality, and safeguard the health of both people and the planet.

Furthermore, it promotes security by diversifying the supply of energy and by reducing vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices. It also fosters economic growth and job creation, as the renewable energy sector continues to expand and innovate. However, the pursuit of sustainable energy is closely linked to various global goals and initiatives. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasize the importance of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Additionally, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This involves investing in research and development, implementing supportive policies and regulations, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting public awareness and education."

Question:
What is the primary goal of adopting sustainable energy?

Explanation

As stated in the passage: "One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels... which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution."

پائیدار توانائی کا بنیادی مقصد گرین ہاؤس گیسوں کے اخراج اور فضائی آلودگی کو کم کرنا ہے۔

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671📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage: Renewable Energy

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"In an era marked by environmental concerns and the urgent need for action against climate change, sustainable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope. Sustainable energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal impact on our environment. The various energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. The adoption of sustainable energy holds immense promise in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By transitioning to renewable sources, we can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, improve air quality, and safeguard the health of both people and the planet.

Furthermore, it promotes security by diversifying the supply of energy and by reducing vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices. It also fosters economic growth and job creation, as the renewable energy sector continues to expand and innovate. However, the pursuit of sustainable energy is closely linked to various global goals and initiatives. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasize the importance of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Additionally, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This involves investing in research and development, implementing supportive policies and regulations, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting public awareness and education."

Question:
How is sustainable energy linked to global initiatives?

Explanation

The passage explicitly connects sustainable energy to the UN SDGs and the Paris Agreement temperature targets.

پائیدار توانائی اقوام متحدہ کے SDGs اور پیرس معاہدے سے منسلک ہے۔

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672📚📖 General EnglishHomophones & Homonyms

Fill in the blanks with appropriate homophones/homonyms.
He drinks ________ daily against the advice of doctors.

Explanation

'Ale' is a type of alcoholic brewed beer. 'Ail' means to suffer from illness or pain.

'Ale' سے مراد ایک قسم کا نشہ آور مشروب (شراب/بیئر) ہے، جبکہ 'ail' کا مطلب بیمار ہونا ہے۔

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673📚📖 General EnglishVocabulary & Contextual Fillers

Choose the most appropriate pair of words from the options given below to complete the following sentence.
Although the goalkeeper was responsible for the ________ in the important football match, nobody ________ him.

Explanation

'Defeat' fits the match outcome and 'blamed' naturally completes the sentence: "responsible for the defeat... nobody blamed him."

صحیح الفاظ کا جوڑا: 'defeat' اور 'blamed'۔

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674📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement / Parajumbles

Given below are four scattered segments of a sentence. Indicate the correct sequence which correctly assembles the segments and completes the sentence.
P. arises from the dispersion of heat
Q. due to the accumulation of unhealthy smoke in inadequately ventilated houses
R. ignited in chulhas
S. The wastefulness of domestic fires in Indian villages

Explanation

Correct sequence SRPQ: "The wastefulness of domestic fires in Indian villages (S) ignited in chulhas (R) arises from the dispersion of heat (P) due to the accumulation of unhealthy smoke in inadequately ventilated houses (Q)."

جملے کی درست ترتیب: S -> R -> P -> Q (SRPQ)۔

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675📚📖 General EnglishError Spotting & Past Perfect

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options and mark your answer.
The cat (a)/ knocked over (b)/the vase (c)/before she arrived home (d).

Explanation

When two past actions occur, the earlier action takes the past perfect tense: "The cat had knocked over (b) the vase before she arrived home."

حصہ (b) میں غلطی ہے، ماضی کے پہلے واقعے کے لیے 'had knocked over' ہونا چاہیے۔

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676📚📖 General EnglishSentence Correction

Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?

Explanation

Option B is correct. 'Despite' does not take 'of' (unlike 'in spite of'), and 'managed' is followed by the infinitive 'to finish'.

'Despite' کے ساتھ 'of' نہیں لگتا اور 'managed to finish' درست گرامر ہے۔

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677📚📖 General EnglishSentence Correction & Redundancy

Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?

Explanation

Option D is correct. 'Various different' is redundant, and the singular subject 'The conference' requires the singular auxiliary verb 'was'.

جملہ D درست ہے: 'The conference was attended by scientists from different countries.'

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678📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Rules

Out of the four options, choose the option bearing the correct spelling.

Explanation

The correctly spelled word is 'Promiscuous'.

صحیح ہجے والا لفظ 'Promiscuous' ہے۔

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679📚💻 Computer KnowledgeComputer Hardware & Expansion Slots

A PCIe slot is used for what purpose on a computer

Explanation

PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) slots on motherboards are high-speed expansion buses primarily used to connect dedicated Graphics Processing Units (GPUs / graphics cards), NVMe SSD cards, and network interface cards.

کمپیوٹر کے مدر بورڈ پر PCIe سلاٹ بنیادی طور پر گرافکس کارڈ (Graphics card) لگانے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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680📚💻 Computer KnowledgeCybersecurity & Malware

Which of the following replicate itself to slow down the computer system?

Explanation

A computer Worm is a standalone self-replicating malware program that actively propagates copies of itself across networks and memory without needing a host program, consuming bandwidth and system resources to slow down systems.

کمپیوٹر ورم (Worm) خود کو خود بخود ریپلیکیٹ کر کے سسٹم اور نیٹ ورک کو سست کر دیتا ہے۔

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681📚💻 Computer KnowledgeNumber Systems & ASCII Codes

Which is the ASCII code for the letter 'A'

Explanation

In standard 8-bit ASCII, uppercase letter 'A' has a decimal value of 65, which in binary is

01000001_2

(

64 + 1

).

حرف 'A' کا ASCII ڈیسیمل کوڈ 65 ہے، جس کا بائنری کوڈ 01000001 ہے۔

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682📚💻 Computer KnowledgeOperating Systems: Linux

Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a

Explanation

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is an enterprise commercial Linux operating system that is open-source (released under GNU GPL) but distributed commercially under subscription-based support models.

ریڈ ہیٹ انٹرپرائز لینکس (RHEL) ایک کمرشل اور اوپن سورس (Commercial & Open-source) آپریٹنگ سسٹم ہے۔

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683📚💻 Computer KnowledgeProgramming & Scripting Languages

Which of the following is NOT a scripting language?

Explanation

Java is a statically typed, compiled, object-oriented programming language compiled into bytecode. Python, Perl, and Ruby are dynamically typed scripting languages.

جاوا (Java) ایک کمپائلڈ پروگرامنگ زبان ہے، اسکرپٹنگ زبان نہیں ہے۔

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684📚💻 Computer KnowledgeHardware & Surveillance Technology

Which of the following features allows a PTZ camera to automatically track the moving object within its field of view?

Explanation

Motion-based auto tracking (or smart tracking) is the built-in algorithmic feature that allows a PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom) camera to detect and continuously follow a moving target across its surveillance field.

موشن بیسڈ آٹو ٹریکنگ (Motion-based auto tracking) PTZ کیمرے کو متحرک چیز کا پیچھا کرنے کے قابل بناتی ہے۔

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685📚💻 Computer KnowledgeFirewall vs Antivirus

Which of the following is false?

Explanation

Statement B is false: A firewall filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules; it does NOT scan, quarantine, or delete infected files within local storage (which is the job of Antivirus software).

بیان B غلط ہے کیونکہ فائر وال نیٹ ورک ٹریفک کو فلٹر کرتا ہے، سسٹم کے اندر سے میلویئر کو ڈیلیٹ کرنا اینٹی وائرس کا کام ہے۔

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686📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInformation Technology Fundamentals

Which of the following is NOT a component of Information Technology?

Explanation

Information Technology (IT) revolves around computer software, networking systems, databases, and digital architectures (like Blockchain and OS). Traditional standalone photocopier (Xerox) machines are office reproduction appliances.

فوٹو کاپی (زیروکس) مشین معلوماتی ٹیکنالوجی (IT) کا بنیادی ڈیجیٹل جزو نہیں ہے۔

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687📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProblems on Ages

7 years ago, Meera's age was equal to the Heena's present age. The sum of Meera's age 10 years from now and Heena's age 5 years ago is 94 years. What was Reena's age 12 years ago if Reena is 6 years younger to Heena?

Explanation

Let Heena's present age be

H

, so Meera's present age

M = H + 7

. In 10 years, Meera is

(H + 7 + 10) = H + 17

. Heena 5 years ago was

H - 5

. Sum:

(H + 17) + (H - 5) = 94 \implies 2H + 12 = 94 \implies 2H = 82 \implies H = 41

. Reena's present age

= 41 - 6 = 35

. Reena's age 12 years ago

= 35 - 12 = 23

years.

حساب کتاب کے مطابق رینا کی عمر 12 سال پہلے 23 سال تھی۔

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688📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatio & Proportion

The ratio of number of balls in bag A and bag B is 6:8 respectively. If six balls are transferred from bag B to bag A, then number of balls are equal in each bag. Find the number of balls in bag B initially?

Explanation

Let

A = 6x

and

B = 8x

. After transfer:

6x + 6 = 8x - 6 \implies 2x = 12 \implies x = 6

. Initial balls in bag B

= 8x = 8 \times 6 = 48

.

تھیلے B میں شروع میں گیندوں کی تعداد 48 تھی۔

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689📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSimple Interest

The difference between the simple interest received from two different banks on Rs. 500 for 2 years is Rs. 2.50. The difference between their rates is?

Explanation

Difference in SI

= \frac{P \times (R_1 - R_2) \times T}{100} \implies 2.50 = \frac{500 \times (R_1 - R_2) \times 2}{100} \implies 2.50 = 10(R_1 - R_2) \implies (R_1 - R_2) = 0.25\%

.

شرح سود کا فرق 0.25% ہے۔

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690📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeFractions & Decimals

Which of the following fractions lies between

\frac{3}{7}

and

\frac{8}{9}

?

Explanation

Decimal values:

3/7 \approx 0.428

,

8/9 \approx 0.888

. Now check:

5/6 \approx 0.833

, which clearly lies between

0.428

and

0.888

.

5/6 (0.833) کسر 3/7 (0.428) اور 8/9 (0.888) کے درمیان واقع ہے۔

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691📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

A man goes to Mumbai from Pune at a speed of

4\text{ km/hr}

and returns to Pune at speed of

6\text{ km/hr}

. What is his average speed of the entire journey?

Explanation

Average speed

= \frac{2xy}{x+y} = \frac{2 \times 4 \times 6}{4 + 6} = \frac{48}{10} = 4.8\text{ km/hr}

.

پورے سفر کی اوسط رفتار

2 \times 4 \times 6 / (4 + 6) = 4.8\text{ km/hr}

ہے۔

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692📚🧩 Logical ReasoningClocks and Time

In every 20 minutes the time of a watch increases by 5 minutes. After setting the correct time at 5 am. What time will it show after 12 hours?

Explanation

In 1 hour (3 periods of 20 mins), the watch gains

3 \times 5 = 15

minutes. In 12 hours, total gain

= 12 \times 15 = 180\text{ mins} = 3\text{ hours}

. Actual time after 12 hours from 5 AM is 5 PM; the clock shows

5\text{ PM} + 3\text{ hrs} = 8\text{ PM}

.

12 گھنٹوں میں گھڑی 3 گھنٹے آگے نکل جائے گی اور 5 بجے شام کی بجائے 8 بجے رات (8 PM) کا وقت دکھائے گی۔

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693📚🧩 Logical ReasoningOrder and Ranking

In a row of 26 girls, when Sakshi shifted four places towards the left, she become 10th from the left end. What was her earlier position form the right end of the row?

Explanation

Earlier position from left end

= 10 + 4 = 14\text{th}

. Position from right end

= (\text{Total} + 1) - \text{Left} = (26 + 1) - 14 = 13\text{th}

.

دائیں جانب سے ساکشی کی ابتدائی پوزیشن 13ویں تھی۔

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694📚🧩 Logical ReasoningOdd One Out

Find the odd one out from the given set of numbers.
14, 28, 35, 46, 56, 84

Explanation

All numbers (14, 28, 35, 56, 84) are exact multiples of 7 except 46 (

46 = 7 \times 6 + 4

).

46 کے علاوہ باقی تمام اعداد 7 کے ملٹیپل ہیں۔

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695📚🧩 Logical ReasoningWord Jumbles & Classification

Find odd one out from the given jumbled words.
LNUAIMMIU, ELEST, OPERPC, NMKOYE, INCKLE

Explanation

Unjumbled words: ALUMINIUM, STEEL, COPPER, NICKEL (all are metals). NMKOYE unscrambles to MONKEY (an animal).

NMKOYE سے لفظ MONKEY (بندر) بنتا ہے، جبکہ باقی تمام دھاتیں (Aluminium, Steel, Copper, Nickel) ہیں۔

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696📚🧩 Logical ReasoningLetter Classification

Which group of letters is different from others?

Explanation

In CBAED (C-B-A followed by E-D), IJHGK (I-J-H-G-K), and SRQPT, letters follow a backwards reverse pattern. TVWYZ follows a forward alphabetic progression.

TVWYZ باقی تمام گروپس سے مختلف ہے۔

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697📚🧩 Logical ReasoningWord Formation

From the given alternatives, select the word which CANNOT be formed using the letters of the given word - PRONUNCIATION

Explanation

The word 'CREATO' requires the letter 'E', which is absent in 'PRONUNCIATION'.

'CREATO' میں حرف 'E' آتا ہے جو کہ لفظ 'PRONUNCIATION' میں موجود نہیں ہے۔

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698📚🧩 Non-Verbal ReasoningFigure Classification

Find the figure which is not from the group
(Figures showing geometric symmetry)

Explanation

Figure (c) lacks the rotational symmetry present in figures a, b, and d.

شکل (c) گروپ سے مختلف ہے۔

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699📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDice and Cubes

Three different positions of the same dice are shown below. Which symbol is on the face opposite the face showing ''? Position 1: Top `#`, Front `Dollar (USD )`, Right `&`
Position 2: Top `#`, Front `+`, Right ``
* Position 3: Top `+`, Front `&`, Right `%`

Explanation

From Positions 1 & 2: `#` is common top. Adjacent faces are `

`, `&` and `+`, `*`. Comparing rotations shows `*` is opposite `

`. Option A is correct.

ڈائس کے اصول کے مطابق '*' کے مخالف چہرے پر 'USD ' کا نشان ہے۔

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700📚🧩 Logical ReasoningVenn Diagrams & Sets

Out of the 75 bird watchers or birders, 15 wanted to see only sunbird, 10 wanted to see only flycatcher, 12 wanted to see both sunbird and nuthatch, 15 wanted to see only bee-eater, 13 wanted to see both sunbird and bee-eater, 5 wanted to see both flycatcher and nuthatch and the remaining wanted to see only nuthatch. How many birders wanted to see only one bird?

Explanation

Non-exclusive birders

= 12 + 13 + 5 = 30

. Total wanting only one bird

= 75 - 30 = 45

.

صرف ایک پرندہ دیکھنے والے پرندوں کے مشاہدہ کاروں کی تعداد 45 ہے۔

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701📚🧩 Logical ReasoningNumber Classification & Divisibility

Find the odd number from the given alternatives.

Explanation

Divisibility by 11:

5720

(

5+2 - 7-0 = 0

),

6710

(

6+1 - 7-0 = 0

), and

2640

(

2+4 - 6-0 = 0

) are divisible by 11.

4270

is NOT divisible by 11.

4270 کے علاوہ باقی تمام اعداد 11 پر تقسیم ہوتے ہیں۔

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702📚📜 Ancient Indian HistoryIndus Valley Civilization

The Harappa Civilization was discovered in 1920-21 by the excavations by

Explanation

Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni discovered and excavated the premier Indus Valley site of Harappa in Montgomery district (Punjab, Pakistan) in 1921 under the direction of Sir John Marshall.

ہڑپہ کی کھدائی اور دریافت 1921 میں دیا رام سہنی نے کی تھی۔

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703📚🌍 General KnowledgeUN Agencies & Headquarters

The World Food Program (WFP) is the food assistance branch of the United Nations. Where is it headquartered?

Explanation

The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP, awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2020) is headquartered in Rome, Italy, along with the FAO and IFAD.

اقوام متحدہ کے ورلڈ فوڈ پروگرام (WFP) کا ہیڈ کوارٹر روم (اٹلی) میں واقع ہے۔

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704📚🏆 Honours & AwardsGallantry & Military Awards

Which of the following is the highest award for military service?

Explanation

Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India's highest wartime military decoration awarded for the most conspicuous bravery or pre-eminent act of valour in the presence of the enemy.

پرم ویر چکر (Param Vir Chakra) ہندوستان کا سب سے بڑا فوجی جنگی اعزاز ہے۔

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705📚💼 Business & EconomyIndian Corporate Leaders & Founders

Who is the founder of the biotech Indian company called 'Biocon'?

Explanation

Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw is the pioneer Indian entrepreneur who founded Biocon Limited in 1978 in Bengaluru, building it into one of Asia's largest biopharmaceutical enterprises.

کرن مجمودار شا (Kiran Mazumdar Shaw) نے 1978 میں بائیوٹیک کمپنی 'بائیو کون' (Biocon) کی بنیاد رکھی تھی۔

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706📚🗺️ Geography of Jammu & KashmirPhysiography of J&K

Which mountain range separates the Kashmir valley from the Jammu region?

Explanation

The Pir Panjal Range in the Lesser Himalayas acts as the natural mountain barrier separating the Kashmir Valley from the Jammu division.

پیر پنجال کا پہاڑی سلسلہ وادی کشمیر کو خطہ جموں سے جدا کرتا ہے۔

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707📚📚 Books & AuthorsFamous Autobiographies

The book 'Experiments with Truth' is based on whose life?

Explanation

'The Story of My Experiments with Truth' is the celebrated autobiography written by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi).

کتاب 'دی اسٹوری آف مائی ایکسپریمنٹس ود ٹروتھ' موہن داس کرم چند گاندھی (مہاتما گاندھی) کی سوانح عمری ہے۔

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708📚🎭 Indian Art & CultureFestivals of Northeast India

The Hornbill Festival is celebrated in which state?

Explanation

The Hornbill Festival (known as the 'Festival of Festivals') is celebrated annually from 1 to 10 December at Kisama Heritage Village in Nagaland.

ہارن بل فیسٹیول (Hornbill Festival) ہر سال ناگالینڈ میں منایا جاتا ہے۔

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709📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyNational Parks & Wildlife of J&K

Which National park is located in Jammu and Kashmir and is known for its population of endangered Hangul?

Explanation

Dachigam National Park, located 22 km from Srinagar, is the primary and only viable habitat of the critically endangered Kashmir Stag (Hangul - Cervus hanglu hanglu).

داچی گام نیشنل پارک (Dachigam National Park) سری نگر میں واقع ہے اور نایاب ہانگل ہرن کے لیے مشہور ہے۔

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710📚📜 History & PolityFirst Cabinet of Independent India

The first Education Minister of Independent India was

Explanation

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was the first Education Minister of Independent India, serving from 1947 to 1958. His birthday on November 11 is celebrated as National Education Day.

آزاد ہندوستان کے پہلے وزیر تعلیم مولانا ابوالکلام آزاد تھے۔ ان کے یوم پیدائش (11 نومبر) کو قومی یوم تعلیم کے طور پر منایا جاتا ہے۔

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711📚🗺️ GeographyInterior of the Earth

Which of the following is the outermost solid part of the Earth?

Explanation

The Crust is the outermost, thinnest, and rigid solid silicate rock layer of the Earth, varying in thickness from 5 km (oceanic) to 70 km (continental).

زمین کا سب سے بیرونی ٹھوس اور پتلا حصہ قشر الارض یعنی کرسٹ (Crust) کہلاتا ہے۔

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712📚📜 Indian Polity & ConstitutionCitizenship in India

Which type of Citizenship is provided by the Constitution of India?

Explanation

Unlike federal countries like the USA, the Constitution of India provides for Single Citizenship (Indian citizenship only) across all States and Union Territories to promote national unity.

ہندوستان کا آئین تمام شہریوں کو واحد شہریت (Single Citizenship) فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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713📚📜 Indian Polity & ConstitutionPanchayati Raj System

How many tiers are there in a Panchayati Raj structure in India?

Explanation

Under the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, India adopted a 3-tier Panchayati Raj system: Gram Panchayat (village level), Panchayat Samiti (block level), and Zilla Parishad (district level).

ہندوستان میں پنچایتی راج کے تین درجے (3-tier structure) ہیں: گرام پنچایت، بلاک سمیتی اور ضلع پریشد۔

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714📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementClassification of Assets

Trademarks, Copyrights and Patents are classified under ________ assets.

Explanation

Trademarks, Copyrights, Patents, and Goodwill are Non-Physical / Intangible Fixed Assets because they lack physical substance but confer valuable legal rights.

ٹریڈ مارک، کاپی رائٹ اور پیٹنٹ غیر محسوس اثاثے یعنی انٹینجیبل ایسٹس (Intangible assets) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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715📚📊 EconomicsInternational Trade & Balance of Trade

Balance of trade is

Explanation

Balance of Trade (BOT) is the financial difference between the monetary value of merchandise goods exported and merchandise goods imported by a nation over a given period.

تجارتی توازن (Balance of Trade) اشیاء کی برآمدات اور درآمدات کے درمیان کا فرق ہے۔

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716📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementRectification of Errors

Which of the following is not an error of principle?

Explanation

Posting cash received from Meena to Sharin is an Error of Commission (posting to wrong personal account). An Error of Principle occurs when fundamental capital/revenue accounting rules are violated.

مینا سے موصولہ رقم کو شارین کے کھاتے میں لکھنا ایرر آف کمیشن ہے، اصول کی غلطی (Error of principle) نہیں۔

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717📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementAccounting Equation

When assets are subtracted from liabilities it will be equal to?

Explanation

According to the fundamental accounting equation:

\text{Assets} - \text{Liabilities} = \text{Capital (Owner's Equity)}

.

اثاثوں میں سے واجبات کو منہا کرنے پر مالک کا سرمایہ یعنی کیپیٹل (Capital) حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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718📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementCash and Cash Equivalents

A current asset that can be transferred into cash within three months is known as:

Explanation

Cash Equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value (typically maturity

\le 3

months).

وہ قلیل مدتی اثاثے جو 3 ماہ کے اندر نقد رقم میں تبدیل ہو سکتے ہیں، کیش ایکولینٹ (Cash equivalent) کہلاتے ہیں۔

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719📚📊 Economics & Union BudgetUnion Budget 2024-25 Capex

What is the amount of capital expenditure (capex) outlay announced by the Indian government in the union budget 2024-25?

Explanation

In the Union Budget 2024-25, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a record capital expenditure (Capex) outlay of Rs. 11,11,111 crore (Rs. 11.11 lakh crore), accounting for 3.4% of India's GDP.

یونین بجٹ 2024-25 میں حکومت ہند نے 11.11 لاکھ کروڑ روپے کے کیپٹل ایکسپینڈیچر کا اعلان کیا۔

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720📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementIncome and Expenditure Account

The amount of 'Subscription received from members' by a Non-profit organisation is shown in which of the following?

Explanation

Subscription received is the primary recurring revenue income for a Non-Profit Organisation and is credited to the Credit side (Income side) of the Income and Expenditure Account.

ممبران سے موصول ہونے والا چندہ (Subscription) انکم اینڈ ایکسپینڈیچر اکاؤنٹ کی کریڈٹ (آمدنی) سائیڈ میں درج کیا جاتا ہے۔

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721📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementCapital vs Revenue Expenditure

Which of the following is revenue expenditure for an office equipment dealer?
i) Sales promotion costs
ii) Warehouse extension costs
iii) Purchase of office equipment for resale
iv) Purchase of delivery vehicle for sales department

Explanation

For an office equipment dealer, office equipment purchased for resale is trading stock/inventory (revenue expenditure), and sales promotion is an operational selling expense (revenue expenditure). Items (ii) and (iv) are capital expenditures.

ایک ڈیلر کے لیے اشیاء کی خریداری برائے فروخت اور تشہیری اخراجات ریونیو اخراجات (i اور iii) ہیں۔

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722📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementDepreciation Accounting

Total amount of depreciation of an asset cannot exceed its

Explanation

The total cumulative depreciation charged over an asset's useful working life cannot exceed its Depreciable Value (which is Cost minus estimated Residual/Scrap Value).

کسی اثاثے کی کل فرسودگی اس کی قابل تنزل قیمت (Depreciable value) سے زیادہ نہیں ہو سکتی۔

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723📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementInventory Valuation: FIFO vs LIFO

In periods of inflation, the impact of change in the method of valuation of inventories from LIFO method to FIFO method will cause:

Explanation

During inflation, FIFO assigns older (cheaper) costs to Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), resulting in a lower COGS and consequently higher reported net profit and higher closing inventory valuation.

مہنگائی کے دوران LIFO سے FIFO پر منتقل ہونے سے اشیاء کی لاگت (COGS) کم ہو جاتی ہے اور منافع بڑھ جاتا ہے۔

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724📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementDue Date Calculation of Bills

Due date of a bill of exchange drawn on 30th January 2011 for one month will be

Explanation

One month from January 30 in a non-leap year (2011) matures on the last day of February, which is February 28. Adding 3 days of grace yields March 3, 2011.

30 جنوری 2011 سے ایک ماہ 28 فروری کو پورا ہوگا، 3 دن گریس کے ملا کر مقررہ تاریخ 3 مارچ 2011 بنے گی۔

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725📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementTrade and Cash Discounts

Discounts received are

Explanation

Discounts Received represent financial concessions or cash discounts granted to a buyer of goods by the creditor/seller upon prompt payment.

ڈسکاؤنٹ ریسیوڈ وہ رعایت ہے جو خریدار کو بیچنے والے کی طرف سے بروقت ادائیگی پر ملتی ہے۔

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726📚📊 Accountancy & Financial ManagementOperating Cycle Concept

What is an operating cycle?

Explanation

The operating cycle is the duration required for a business to acquire inventory, produce and sell products, and collect cash receivables from customers.

آپریٹنگ سائیکل سے مراد مال خریدنے، اسے بیچنے اور فروخت کی نقد رقم وصول کرنے کے درمیان کا کل وقت ہے۔

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727📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Choose the most appropriate option to change the sentence from direct speech to indirect speech:
The spectators said, "Bravo! Well played, Ravi."

Explanation

'Bravo!' changes to 'applauded [person], saying that...' in reported speech: "The spectators applauded Ravi, saying that he had played well."

استعجابیہ فقرے 'Bravo!' کے لیے بالواسطہ گفتگو میں 'applauded Ravi, saying that he had played well' آئے گا۔

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728📚📖 General EnglishPronoun Order & Error Detection

Directions: Here some part of the sentence has errors and remaining are correct. Find out which part of the given sentence has an error and choose the correct option:
I and my colleague/ have carefully considered the important issues raised by / the report which you sent me and/ we have decided to take the following action.

Explanation

In English etiquette and grammar, the order of pronouns should be Third Person before First Person: "My colleague and I" (not "I and my colleague").

حصہ A میں غلطی ہے، درست انداز 'My colleague and I' ہے۔

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729📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage: Stone Age

Read the passage given below to answer the question:

"The Stone Age was a period of history that began approximately 2 million BC and lasted until 3000 BC, deriving its name from the stone tools and weapons discovered by modern scientists. This period was divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. During the First Age (2 million to 8000 BC), the first hatchets and the use of fire for heating and cooking were developed.

As a result of the Ice Age, which evolved about 1 million years into the Paleolithic era, humans were forced to shelter in caves, wear clothing, and develop new tools. During the Mesolithic period (8000 to 6000 BC), people made crude pottery and took dogs for hunting with the first fish hook and developed a bow and arrow, which was used until the fourteenth century BC. The Neolithic period (6000 to 3000 BC) saw mankind domesticating sheep, goats, pigs and cattle, becoming less nomadic than in earlier periods, establishing permanent settlements and forming governments."

Question:
What were some developments during the first age (Paleolithic period)?

Explanation

As stated in the passage: "During the First Age (2 million to 8000 BC) the first hatchets and the use of fire for heating and cooking were developed."

پہلے دور میں کلہاڑی اور کھانا پکانے و حرارت کے لیے آگ کا استعمال شروع ہوا۔

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730📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage: Stone Age

Read the passage given below to answer the question:

"The Stone Age was a period of history that began approximately 2 million BC and lasted until 3000 BC, deriving its name from the stone tools and weapons discovered by modern scientists. This period was divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. During the First Age (2 million to 8000 BC), the first hatchets and the use of fire for heating and cooking were developed.

As a result of the Ice Age, which evolved about 1 million years into the Paleolithic era, humans were forced to shelter in caves, wear clothing, and develop new tools. During the Mesolithic period (8000 to 6000 BC), people made crude pottery and took dogs for hunting with the first fish hook and developed a bow and arrow, which was used until the fourteenth century BC. The Neolithic period (6000 to 3000 BC) saw mankind domesticating sheep, goats, pigs and cattle, becoming less nomadic than in earlier periods, establishing permanent settlements and forming governments."

Question:
On the basis of above passage, what were some developments during the Neolithic period?

Explanation

As directly stated in the passage: "The Neolithic period (6000 to 3000 BC) saw mankind domesticating sheep, goats, pigs and cattle, becoming less nomadic than in earlier periods, establishing permanent settlements and forming governments."

نیولتھک دور میں انسان نے جانوروں کو پالتو بنایا، مستقل بستیاں بسائیں اور حکومتیں قائم کیں۔

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731📚🧩 Logical ReasoningStatement and Conclusions

In the following question, two statements are given followed by some conclusions I and II. Consider the given statements to be true from the given conclusions
Statement:
I. Riya's age is twice as Neha
II. Neha's age is half that of Preeti
Conclusion:
I. Riya and Preeti both are of the same age
II. Riya and Preeti are older than Neha

Explanation

Let Neha

= N

. Riya

= 2N

. Neha

= \text{Preeti}/2 \implies \text{Preeti} = 2N

. Therefore,

\text{Riya} = \text{Preeti}

(Conclusion I holds), and both are twice as old as Neha (Conclusion II holds).

ریا اور پریتی دونوں کی عمریں برابر ہیں اور نہا سے بڑی ہیں، اس لیے دونوں نتائج درست ہیں۔

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732📚🧩 Logical ReasoningVenn Diagrams

Read the figure and find the region representing people who are Students, Singers, Dancers. How many students are neither singers nor dancers?

Explanation

From the standard Venn diagram representation, the exclusive Student region isolated from both Singer and Dancer circles equals 22.

وین ڈایاگرام کے مطابق صرف طلباء کی تعداد 22 ہے۔

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733📚💻 Computer KnowledgeProgramming vs Markup Languages

Which of the following is not a programming language?

Explanation

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is a standard markup language used to structure web pages, not a programming language.

HTML ایک مارک اپ زبان ہے، پروگرامنگ زبان نہیں۔

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734📚💻 Computer KnowledgeCPU Architecture: ALU

Which of the following sections of the CPU is responsible for performing mathematical operations?

Explanation

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) within the CPU carries out all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication) and logical comparisons.

سی پی یو کا ارتھمیٹک لاجک یونٹ (ALU) تمام حسابی اور منطقی آپریشن انجام دیتا ہے۔

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735📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInput Devices & Barcode Scanners

Which technology is particularly used in barcode wand reader and barcode slot reader?

Explanation

A Pen type reader (wand) contains a light source and a photodiode in its tip that must be dragged directly across a printed barcode.

بارکوڈ وانڈ ریڈر میں پین ٹائپ ریڈر (Pen type reader) ٹیکنالوجی استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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736📚💻 Computer KnowledgeReal-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

Which one of the following is not a real-time operating system?

Explanation

Palm OS was a handheld personal digital assistant (PDA) OS, not a deterministic Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) like QNX, VxWorks, or RTLinux.

پام او ایس (Palm OS) پی ڈی اے آپریٹنگ سسٹم تھا، ریئل ٹائم آپریٹنگ سسٹم (RTOS) نہیں۔

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737📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS PowerPoint Shortcuts

Keyboard shortcut to view the Slide Show

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint, pressing F5 starts the Slide Show from the first slide (and Shift + F5 starts from the current slide).

پاور پوائنٹ میں سلائیڈ شو شروع کرنے کی شارٹ کٹ کی F5 ہے۔

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738📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Shortcuts

The Keyboard shortcut to switch between displaying Excel formulas or their values in a cell

Explanation

In Microsoft Excel,

\text{Ctrl} + `

(Grave Accent / Tilde key

\sim

) toggles between displaying cell formulas and calculated values.

ایم ایس ایکسل میں فارمولوں اور قیمتوں کے درمیان سوئچ کرنے کی شارٹ کٹ

\text{Ctrl}+\text{Shift}+\sim

(یا

\text{Ctrl}+`

) ہے۔

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739📚💻 Computer KnowledgeNetworking Hardware: Modem

Which of the following devices is used to transmit data over the telecommunication lines?

Explanation

A Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals for transmission across telecommunication lines and vice versa.

موڈیم (Modem) ٹیلی فون لائنوں کے ذریعے ڈیٹا منتقل کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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740📚📐 SurveyingPrinciples of Surveying

The principle of "working from whole to part" is used in surveying because

Explanation

Working from whole to part establishes a main framework of primary control points with high precision, which prevents the accumulation of local measurement errors and localizes minor errors within individual sub-areas.

سروے کا بنیادی اصول "مکمل سے جزو کی طرف کام کرنا" (Working from whole to part) غلطیوں کے مجموعی پھیلاؤ کو روکتا ہے۔

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741📚🏗️ Design of RCC StructuresWorking Stress Method: Neutral Axis Factor

If the depth of neutral axis for singly reinforced rectangular section is represented by "

kd

" in working stress design, then the value of "

k

" for balance section where "

d

" is the effective depth,

\sigma_{st}

is permissible stress in steel in tension and

\sigma_{cbc}

is permissible stress in steel in bending compression.

Explanation

In working stress method,

k = \frac{m \cdot \sigma_{cbc}}{m \cdot \sigma_{cbc} + \sigma_{st}}

. Since modular ratio

m = \frac{280}{3\sigma_{cbc}}

, substituting yields

k = \frac{280/3}{280/3 + \sigma_{st}} = \frac{93.33}{93.33 + \sigma_{st}}

, which is completely independent of

\sigma_{cbc}

and depends on

\sigma_{st}

only!

ورکنگ اسٹریس میتھڈ میں متوازن سیکشن کا غیر جانبدار محور فیکٹر

k = \frac{93.33}{93.33 + \sigma_{st}}

صرف اسٹیل کے تناؤ (

\sigma_{st}

) پر منحصر ہوتا ہے۔

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742📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringCBR Test & Dynamic Compaction

Considering
(i) Number of layers
(ii) Weight of hammer
(iii) Height of fall
(iv) Number of blows
The key parameters in dynamic compaction for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test mold are

Explanation

In the standard CBR preparation (IS: 2720 Part 16), dynamic compaction specifies specimen preparation in 3 layers with 56 blows per layer (or heavy compaction in 5 layers with 56 blows), making number of layers (i) and number of blows (iv) key specified parameters.

CBR ٹیسٹ مولڈ میں ڈائنامک کمپیکشن کے لیے تہوں کی تعداد (i) اور ضربوں کی تعداد (iv) بنیادی پیرامیٹرز ہیں۔

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743📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringReservoirs & Dams

Considering,
(i) Controlling flood
(ii) Generating hydropower
(iii) Preventing loss of water in percolation from fields
(iv) Sewage disposal.
A reservoir is used for
Correct answer is

Explanation

Storage reservoirs are primarily multi-purpose hydraulic structures designed for flood mitigation (i), hydroelectric power generation (ii), irrigation, and municipal water supply.

ذخائر آب (Reservoirs) کا بنیادی مقصد سیلاب کی روک تھام (i) اور پن بجلی پیدا کرنا (ii) ہے۔

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744📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWater Distribution Valves

Match the list-1 with list-2 and select the correct answer using the codes given below,
List -1 (Name of the valve): a. Reflux valve, b. Sluice valve, c. Pressure relief valve, d. Scour valve
List -2 (Purpose of the valve): 1. Drain out the west water from dead end, 2. Relieving water hammer pressure, 3. Control the flow in the distribution system at corner and pipe junction, 4. Allow the flow only in one direction

Explanation

Reflux (non-return) valve = Flow in one direction only (a-4), Sluice (gate) valve = Regulate flow in pipe junctions (b-3), Pressure relief valve = Relieve water hammer pressure (c-2), Scour (blow-off) valve = Drain silt/water from depressions and dead ends (d-1). Match: a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1.

پائپ لائن والوز کا درست ملاپ: a-4، b-3، c-2، d-1 ہے۔

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745📚📊 Construction Project ManagementCPM Network Logic

With reference to the following network which statement is incorrect?
(Node relations: 1->2; 2->3, 2->4; 3->5, 3->6, 3->7; 4->7; 5->6, 7->6; 6->8)

Explanation

In network logic, past/preceding relationships must strictly reflect activity completions. Reviewing standard CPM network terminology, event dependency statements are evaluated accordingly.

نیٹ ورک ڈایاگرام کی منطق کے مطابق بیان C غلط ہے۔

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746📚📊 Estimation & ValuationValuation Concepts: Book Value

Difference between cost of property and accumulated depreciation cost is known as

Explanation

Book Value is defined as the original capital acquisition cost of an asset minus the cumulative depreciation written off to date (

\text{Book Value} = \text{Original Cost} - \text{Total Depreciation}

).

جائیداد کی اصل لاگت میں سے مجموعی فرسودگی کو منہا کرنے کے بعد حاصل ہونے والی قیمت بک ویلیو (Book value) کہلاتی ہے۔

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747📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Conventions Chronology

Arrange the following environmental conventions in chronological order (from oldest to latest)
a. Stockholm Convention
b. Montreal Protocol
c. Kyoto Protocol
d. Basel Convention

Explanation

Chronological adoption: a. Stockholm Declaration (1972) / POPs (2001), b. Montreal Protocol (1987), d. Basel Convention (1989), c. Kyoto Protocol (1997).

ماحولیاتی معاہدوں کی تاریخی ترتیب: مونٹریال پروٹوکول 1987، باسل کنونشن 1989، کیوٹو پروٹوکول 1997۔

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748📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage vs Sullage

What is the name of the water coming out of the kitchen, bathroom, and wash basin?

Explanation

Sullage (greywater) is domestic wastewater originating from kitchen sinks, bathrooms, washbasins, and laundry that does not contain human excreta / fecal matter.

باورچی خانے، باتھ روم اور واش بیسن سے نکلنے والے گندے پانی کو سلج (Sullage / Greywater) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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749📚📐 SurveyingLevelling Computations: Rise and Fall

The three consecutive readings taken from a level are

1.325\text{ m}

,

0.985\text{ m}

, and

2.546\text{ m}

. If the instrument was shifted after the first reading, the rise or fall of the last point is.

Explanation

1st reading

= 1.325

(BS on point 1). Since instrument shifted after 1st reading, 2nd reading

= 0.985

is BS from new station on point 2, and 3rd reading

= 2.546

is FS on point 3. Change between point 2 and 3

= \text{BS} - \text{FS} = 0.985 - 2.546 = -1.561\text{ m}

(Fall).

آخری پوائنٹ کا فال (Fall) = 0.985 - 2.546 = -1.561 میٹر ہے۔

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750📚🏗️ Structural AnalysisSpace Trusses: Tetrahedron

The simplest space frame or truss consists of six members joined to form

Explanation

The fundamental, simplest stable 3-dimensional space truss is a Tetrahedron, consisting of 6 members connecting 4 triangular joints (

m = 3j - 6 = 3(4) - 6 = 6

).

سب سے آسان اور مستحکم خلائی ٹرس ٹیٹراہائیڈرون (Tetrahedron - 6 ممبرز اور 4 جوائنٹس) پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔

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751📚⚙️ Engineering MechanicsSimple Lifting Machines

In a lifting machine, an effort of

500\text{ N}

is to be moved by a distance of

20\text{ m}

to raise a load of

10,000\text{ N}

by a distance of

0.8\text{ m}

. Determine the velocity ratio, and mechanical advantage of the machine respectively.

Explanation

Velocity Ratio

VR = \frac{\text{Distance moved by effort}}{\text{Distance moved by load}} = \frac{20\text{ m}}{0.8\text{ m}} = 25

. Mechanical Advantage

MA = \frac{\text{Load}}{\text{Effort}} = \frac{10000\text{ N}}{500\text{ N}} = 20

. Values: 25 and 20.

ویلوسیٹی ریشو

VR = 20/0.8 = 25

اور مکینیکل ایڈوانٹیج

MA = 10000/500 = 20

ہے۔

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752📚🧱 Strength of MaterialsElongation of Tapering Bars

A steel flat of thickness

10\text{ mm}

tapers uniformly from

60\text{ mm}

at one end to

40\text{ mm}

at other end in a length of

600\text{ mm}

. If the bar is subjected to a load of

80\text{ kN}

, find its extension. Take

E = 2 \times 10^5\text{ MPa}

.

Explanation

Extension of a uniformly tapering rectangular bar

\delta L = \frac{P L}{E t (b_1 - b_2)} \ln\left(\frac{b_1}{b_2}\right) = \frac{80000 \times 600}{2 \times 10^5 \times 10 \times (60 - 40)} \ln\left(\frac{60}{40}\right) = \frac{48000000}{40000000} \ln(1.5) = 1.20 \times 0.405465 = 0.486\text{ mm}

.

ٹیپرنگ فلیٹ بار کی لمبائی میں اضافہ

\delta L = 0.486\text{ mm}

ہے۔

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753📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsPipe Flow & Energy Losses

For steady incompressible flow through a closed conduit of uniform cross-section, the direction of the flow will always be

Explanation

For a conduit of uniform cross-section, velocity is constant everywhere (

V_1 = V_2

). Flow occurs naturally in the direction of continuous energy dissipation against frictional losses, which corresponds strictly from higher to lower Piezometric Head (

h_p = \frac{p}{\gamma} + z

).

یکساں کراس سیکشن کے پائپ میں بہاؤ ہمیشہ زیادہ پیزومیٹرک ہیڈ سے کم پیزومیٹرک ہیڈ کی طرف ہوتا ہے۔

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754📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringJayakar Committee & Indian Highway Development

What were the main recommendations of Jayakar Committee:
a. Central Road Fund was founded in 1929.
b. Indian Road Congress was established in 1930.
c. Central Road Research Institute started in 1950.
d. More stress was given on long term planning programme for a period of 20 years.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Jayakar Committee (1927) led to the formation of: Central Road Fund (CRF, 1929) [a], IRC (established in 1934, not 1930) [b is false], CRRI (1950) [c], and recommended 20-year long-term road development plans [d]. Correct statements: a, c and d.

جیاکر کمیٹی کی سفارشات کے تحت CRF (1929)، CRRI (1950) اور 20 سالہ روڈ پلانز شروع کیے گئے۔ (a, c اور d درست ہیں)۔

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755📚📊 Construction Project ManagementCPM vs PERT Orientation

Which of the following statements is true?
1. CPM is activity - oriented network
2. PERT is activity oriented

Explanation

Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false: Critical Path Method (CPM) is an Activity-Oriented network system, while Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is an Event-Oriented network system.

CPM ایک ایکٹیویٹی پر مبنی (Activity-oriented) نیٹ ورک ہے جبکہ PERT ایونٹ پر مبنی ہے۔ (صرف 1 درست ہے)۔

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756📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsLiquid in Relative Equilibrium

An open cubical tank of

2\text{ m}

side is filled with water. If the tank is rotated with an acceleration such that half of the water spills out, then the acceleration is equal to

Explanation

When half of the water spills out of an open full cubical tank of side

L

, the water surface tilts to form a diagonal from the top edge to the opposite bottom corner, making

\tan \theta = L/L = 1

. Since

\tan \theta = a_x / g = 1

, the horizontal acceleration

a_x = g

.

جب ٹینک سے آدھا پانی چھلک جاتا ہے تو سطح ترچھی ہو کر

\tan\theta = 1

بناتی ہے، لہذا ایکسلریشن

a = g

کے برابر ہوتا ہے۔

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757📚🏗️ Structural AnalysisApproximate Lateral Load Analysis: Cantilever Method

In the cantilever method of lateral load analysis, which of the following assumptions are made?
(i) The axial force in the beam is zero.
(ii) The intensity of axial stress in each column of a storey is proportional to the horizontal distance of that column from the centre of gravity of all columns of the storey under consideration.
(iii) The total horizontal shear on each storey is divided between the columns of that storey so that each interior column carries twice as much shear as each exterior column.
The correct answer is

Explanation

In the Cantilever Method of approximate lateral frame analysis: 1. A point of inflection occurs at the mid-point of each beam and column, 2. The direct axial stress in a column is proportional to its distance from the centroid of the column group (ii is true), and 3. Axial force in beams is negligible/zero (i is true). Statement (iii) belongs to the Portal method.

کینٹی لیور طریقہ کار میں کالموں کے ایکسیئل تناؤ کا انحصار سینٹرائیڈ سے فاصلے پر ہوتا ہے اور بیم کا ایکسیئل فورس صفر مانا جاتا ہے (i اور ii)۔

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758📚🧱 Strength of MaterialsBending Stresses & Neutral Axis

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the combinations given below:
List - I: a. Moment of inertia, b. Elongation, c. Neutral axis, d. Top fibre
List - II: 1. Tensile stress, 2. Modulus of rupture, 3. Zero shear stress, 4. Zero longitudinal stress
The correct combination is:

Explanation

Moment of inertia = Flexural modulus of rupture relation (a-2), Elongation = Direct tensile stress response (b-1), Neutral axis = Zero longitudinal bending stress (c-4), Extreme top/bottom fibre = Zero shear stress in pure bending (d-3). Match: a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3.

اسٹرکچرل خصوصیات کا درست ملاپ: a-2، b-1، c-4، d-3 ہے۔

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759📚🧱 Strength of MaterialsShear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Consider the following statements:
A simply supported beam is subjected to a couple somewhere in the span. It would produce
(i) A rectangular SF diagram.
(ii) Parabolic BM diagrams.
(iii) Both +ve and -ve BMs which are maximum at the point of application of the couple.
Of these statements

Explanation

When a couple

M

is applied on a simply supported span

L

, reactions are equal and opposite (

R = M/L

), producing a uniform constant rectangular Shear Force Diagram (i is correct), and a linear triangular BMD with an abrupt jump from positive to negative peak at the point of application (iii is correct).

بینڈنگ کپل کی وجہ سے مستطیل SFD (i) اور کپل کے مقام پر زیادہ سے زیادہ مثبت و منفی BMD (iii) بنتا ہے۔

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760📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringWastewater Treatment Operations

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the combinations given below:
List - I (Terms/Description): a. Sludge volume index, b. Thickening of sludge, c. Scum removal, d. Recycling of effluent
List - II (Treatment operation/process): 1. Settling in primary sedimentation tank., 2. Settling in secondary sedimentation tank., 3. Filtration in trickling filter., 4. Activated sludge process.
The correct combination is:

Explanation

Sludge Volume Index (SVI) = Activated sludge settling test (a-4), Thickening of sludge = Secondary clarifier / thickeners (b-2), Scum removal = Skimming in primary sedimentation tank (c-1), Recycling of effluent = High-rate trickling filter recirculation (d-3). Match: a-4, b-2, c-1, d-3.

سیوریج ٹریٹمنٹ کے عمل کا درست ملاپ: a-4، b-2، c-1، d-3 ہے۔

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761📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringCBR Test Procedure

In CBR test the value of CBR is calculated at

Explanation

In California Bearing Ratio (CBR) testing, the ratio is routinely computed at both

2.5\text{ mm}

and

5.0\text{ mm}

penetrations, and the higher value is adopted as the design CBR.

CBR ٹیسٹ میں CBR کی قدر

2.5\text{ mm}

اور

5.0\text{ mm}

دونوں نفوذ پر معلوم کی جاتی ہے۔

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762📚🚆 Railway EngineeringTrack Maintenance Tools

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the combinations given below
List - I: a. Wire claw, b. Jim crow, c. Beater, d. Mallet
List - II: 1. To clean the ballast., 2. To pack the ballast under sleeper., 3. To bend the rails., 4. To sound the sleeper for packing.
The correct combination is:

Explanation

Wire claw = Clean/fork ballast (a-1), Jim Crow = Bend and straighten rails (b-3), Beater/packing tool = Pack ballast under sleepers (c-2), Wooden Mallet = Sound wooden sleepers (d-4). Match: a-1, b-3, c-2, d-4.

ریلوے ٹریک ٹولز کا درست ملاپ: a-1، b-3، c-2، d-4 ہے۔

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763📚📊 Construction Project ManagementPERT Uncertainty & Variance

The time estimates obtained from four contractors P, Q, R and S for executing a particular job are as under:
P:

t_o=5, t_m=10, t_p=13

Q:

t_o=6, t_m=9, t_p=12

R:

t_o=5, t_m=10, t_p=14

S:

t_o=4, t_m=10, t_p=13

Which one of the contractors is more certain about completing the work in time:

Explanation

Certainty is measured by the lowest standard deviation / variance

\sigma = \frac{t_p - t_o}{6}

. For P:

\sigma = (13-5)/6 = 1.33

. For Q:

\sigma = (12-6)/6 = 1.00

. For R:

\sigma = (14-5)/6 = 1.50

. For S:

\sigma = (13-4)/6 = 1.50

. Contractor Q has the minimum uncertainty (

\sigma = 1.00

) and is therefore the most certain.

سب سے کم فرق اور غیر یقینی (Standard deviation) ٹھیکیدار Q کے تخمینے میں ہے، اس لیے وہ سب سے زیادہ قابل اعتماد ہے۔

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764📚📐 SurveyingArea Computation: Trapezoidal Rule

If three consecutive ordinates are taken at

2\text{ m}

intervals from a traverse line and measured as

1.8\text{ m}

,

2.5\text{ m}

and

2.0\text{ m}

, then the area between the traverse line, the first and last ordinates and the boundary, by trapezoidal rule, is

Explanation

By Trapezoidal Rule:

\text{Area} = d \left( \frac{O_0 + O_2}{2} + O_1 \right) = 2 \left( \frac{1.8 + 2.0}{2} + 2.5 \right) = 2 (1.9 + 2.5) = 2 \times 4.4 = 8.8\text{ m}^2

.

ٹریپیزائیڈل فارمولے سے رقبہ = 2 \times \left(\frac{1.8 + 2.0}{2} + 2.5\right) = 8.8 مربع میٹر ہے۔

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765📚🏗️ Structural AnalysisDeterminacy of Trusses

If the member is denoted by

m

and joints by

j

, the condition for a frame to be redundant is given by:

Explanation

For a 2D pin-jointed truss: A perfect frame has

m = 2j - 3

. If

m > 2j - 3

, the truss has extra/redundant members and is statically indeterminate (redundant frame). If

m < 2j - 3

, it is deficient/unstable.

ایک فریم کے بے کار یا غیر معین (Redundant) ہونے کی شرط

m > 2j - 3

ہے۔

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766📚🧱 Strength of MaterialsBMD Characteristics under Applied Couples

A simply supported beam AB has the bending moment diagram with linear variations and sudden jumps of magnitude

M

at C and

2M

at D. The beam is possibly under the action of following loads:

Explanation

In a Bending Moment Diagram, a sudden vertical jump or discontinuity of magnitude

M_0

corresponds strictly to the point of application of a concentrated external couple (moment)

M_0

.

بینڈنگ مومنٹ ڈایاگرام میں اچانک عمودی جمپ خالص کپل (Couples) کی موجودگی کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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767📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringCommand Areas: GCA vs CCA

The total area which can be economically irrigated from an irrigation system without considering the limitation of the quantity of water available

Explanation

Gross Command Area (GCA) is the total geographical area bounded within the drainage boundaries of an irrigation project that can be commanded/served economically by a canal system, including both culturable and unculturable lands.

کل کمانڈ ایریا (Gross Command Area - GCA) نہری نظام کے زیر احاطہ آنے والا مکمل جغرافیائی رقبہ ہے۔

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768📚📊 Construction Project ManagementProject S-Curve

Which of the following curves/line represents the total project cost versus time in the best way?

Explanation

In project management and earned value analysis, cumulative project expenditure/progress versus time follows an 'S-shaped curve' (S-curve), characterized by slow initial startup, rapid acceleration in middle stages, and tapering off toward project completion.

پروجیکٹ کی مجموعی لاگت اور وقت کے درمیان تعلق کو بہترین انداز میں ایس منحنی (S-shaped curve) کے ذریعے دکھایا جاتا ہے۔

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769📚📊 Estimation & ValuationValuation Concepts: Annuity

Which of the following refers to the annual periodic payments made for the repayment of the capital invested?

Explanation

An Annuity is an annual fixed periodic recurring payment made over a specified term for the gradual repayment of capital invested with interest.

سرمائے کی باقاعدہ سالانہ ادائیگی کو اینیوٹی (Annuity) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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770📚📊 Building Construction & EstimationEarthwork & Backfilling Specifications

Filling work in trenches shall be carried out in layers of thickness not exceeding

Explanation

Under CPWD specifications and IS: 1200 (Part 1), backfilling and compaction in foundation trenches should be carried out in uniform layers of thickness not exceeding

200\text{ mm}

(

15\text{ to } 20\text{ cm}

), with watering and ramming.

کھائیوں میں مٹی بھرنے کا کام زیادہ سے زیادہ 200 ملی میٹر (200 mm) کی تہوں میں کیا جانا چاہیے۔

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771📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsFluid Measurement Instruments

Match the following, instrument with its purpose:
Instrument: 1. Manometer, 2. Nozzle meter, 3. Pitot tube, 4. Hydrometer
Purpose: a. To measure the pressure at a point in a fluid, b. To measure velocity of flow of fluid, c. To measure the rate of flow of fluid, d. To measure the density of certain fluid

Explanation

Manometer = Pressure at a point (1-a), Flow Nozzle meter = Rate of flow / discharge (2-c), Pitot tube = Local velocity of flow (3-b), Hydrometer = Specific gravity / density of liquids (4-d). Match: 1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d.

ہائیڈرولک آلات کا درست ملاپ: 1-a، 2-c، 3-b، 4-d ہے۔

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772📚🌐 International AffairsClimate Change & UNFCCC

Which country has been selected to host the "Loss and Damage" fund board aimed at supporting countries affected by climate change?

Explanation

The Philippines (Manila) was officially selected to host the Board of the 'Loss and Damage' Fund established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at COP28 to assist vulnerable nations facing climate disasters.

فلپائن (Philippines) کو موسمیاتی تبدیلیوں کے 'نقصان اور خسارے' (Loss and Damage) فنڈ بورڈ کی میزبانی کے لیے منتخب کیا گیا ہے۔

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773📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryIndian National Movement: Rowlatt Act

With which of the following is the comment 'no vakil, no appeal, no dalil' associated?

Explanation

The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919 (famously known as the Rowlatt Act / 'Black Act') allowed indefinite detention and arrest without trial, prompting the popular slogan 'No Dalil, No Vakil, No Appeal'.

'نہ وکیل، نہ اپیل، نہ دلیل' کا نعرہ رولٹ ایکٹ 1919 (The Rowlatt Act) کے کالے قانون کے خلاف دیا گیا تھا۔

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774📚🗺️ Geography & DemographicsCensus 2011 Data

As per the 2011 Census, which is the least populated state in India?

Explanation

According to the 2011 Census of India, Sikkim is the least populated state with a population of approximately 6.10 lakh (

610,577

), followed by Mizoram.

2011 کی مردم شماری کے مطابق سکم (Sikkim) ہندوستان کی سب سے کم آبادی والی ریاست ہے۔

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775📚🗺️ Physical GeographyAtmospheric Phenomena & Storms

A natural phenomenon wherein a dark funnel shaped cloud reaches the ground from sky is

Explanation

A Tornado is a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm cloud in a characteristic dark funnel shape that reaches and contacts the ground.

آسمان سے زمین تک پہنچنے والا تاریک چمنی یا فنل نما گھومتا ہوا بادل ٹورنیڈو (Tornado / بگوڑا) کہلاتا ہے۔

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776📚🏭 Industrial Geography of IndiaIron & Steel Industry in India

India's first sponge iron plant is at

Explanation

India's first demonstration sponge iron plant (Sponge Iron India Limited - SIIL) was set up at Kothagudem (Telangana / Khammam) in 1980 with assistance from UNIDO and UNDP.

ہندوستان کا پہلا اسپنج آئرن پلانٹ کوتھاگوڈم (Kothagudam) میں قائم کیا گیا تھا۔

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777📚📜 History of Jammu & KashmirHistorical Forts & Architecture in J&K

Hari parbat was built by

Explanation

While the initial outer fortification wall around Hari Parbat in Srinagar was laid down by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1590, the present imposing hilltop fort ramparts were built in 1808 by Afghan Governor Atta Mohammed Khan (Durrani).

سری نگر کا قلعہ ہری پربت افغان گورنر عطا محمد خان (Atta Mohammed Khan) نے 1808 میں مکمل تعمیر کروایا تھا۔

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778📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyGovernment Environmental Programmes

Consider the following states:
1. Rajasthan
2. Gujarat
3. Jammu & Kashmir
4. Himachal Pradesh
Desert Development programme was started in which of the above states?

Explanation

The Desert Development Programme (DDP) was launched by the Central Government in 1977-78 to cover both hot arid deserts (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana) and cold arid deserts (Jammu & Kashmir / Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh). Thus, all 1, 2, 3 & 4 are covered.

ڈیزرٹ ڈیولپمنٹ پروگرام (DDP) گرم اور سرد دونوں صحرائی علاقوں (راجستھان، گجرات، جموں و کشمیر اور ہماچل پردیش - 1, 2, 3 & 4) میں شروع کیا گیا تھا۔

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779📚📖 General EnglishSubject-Verb Agreement

Choose the correct sentence.

Explanation

With third-person singular pronoun 'He' in the simple present habitual tense, the singular verb form with '-s' ('visits') is grammatically correct: "He visits the temple frequently."

صحیح جملہ: "He visits the temple frequently." (ہی کے ساتھ فعل میں s کا اضافہ ہوتا ہے)۔

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780📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

In the following question, there are six sentences marked S1, S6, P, Q, R, S. The positions of S1 and S6 are fixed. Choose the most logical sequence:
S1: While crossing a busy road we should obey the policeman on duty.
P: We should always cross the road at the zebra crossing.
Q: We must look to the signal lights and cross the road only when the road is clear.
R: If there are no signal lights at the crossing, we should look to the right, then to the left and again to the right before crossing the road.
S: If the road is not clear we should wait.
S6: We should never run while crossing a road.

Explanation

Starting from general rule P (cross at zebra crossing) → Q (look to signal lights) → R (if no signal lights, look right-left-right) → S (if not clear, wait). Sequence: P-Q-R-S.

جملوں کی درست منطقی ترتیب P-Q-R-S (PQRS) ہے۔

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781📚📖 General EnglishConditional Sentences

Which of the options given below the sentence should replace the part underlined to make the sentence grammatically correct?
"Have you been" more careful, the accident could have been averted.

Explanation

Third conditional inverted structure requires past perfect 'Had you been' to match 'could have been averted': "Had you been more careful, the accident could have been averted."

تیسری شرطیہ حالت میں 'Had you been' کا استعمال درست ہے۔

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782📚📖 General EnglishSpelling Correction

Select the correctly spelt word.

Explanation

The correct English spelling is 'Prevention' (meaning the action of stopping something from happening).

درست ہجے (Spelling) والا لفظ 'Prevention' ہے۔

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783📚🧩 Logical ReasoningAnalogies

Knob : Door :: ?

Explanation

A Knob is an external protruding fixture/feature of a Door, just as an Ear is a prominent lateral feature on a Face.

جس طرح نوب دروازے کا بیرونی جزو ہے، اسی طرح کان چہرے (Ear : Face) کا بیرونی حصہ ہے۔

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784📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeLinear Diophantine Equations

A mango cost Rs. 7 each. An apple cost Rs. 5 each. If Rs. 38 are spent on these fruits, the number of mangoes purchased is

Explanation

Let

m

be mangoes and

a

be apples:

7m + 5a = 38

. For integer values: If

m = 4 \implies 7(4) + 5a = 28 + 5a = 38 \implies 5a = 10 \implies a = 2

. Thus, 4 mangoes were purchased.

مساوات

7m + 5a = 38

میں جب

m = 4

رکھیں تو

a = 2

آتا ہے۔ یعنی آموں کی تعداد 4 ہے۔

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785📚🧩 Logical ReasoningCube Folding & Dice

From the given unfolded cube pattern (Top: 1; Middle row: 6, 3, 4, 5; Bottom under 5: 2), which answer figure can be formed by folding the cube?

Explanation

In the net: 6 is opposite 4, 3 is opposite 5, and 1 is opposite 2. In valid folded view C (Top: 1, Front: 4, Right: 2), non-opposite mutually adjacent faces appear correctly.

مکعب کو موڑنے پر آپشن C (Top: 1, Front: 4, Right: 2) درست شکل بناتا ہے۔

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786📚🧩 Logical ReasoningVenn Diagrams

The following diagram shows the number of people who eat Indian, Chinese, Italian and Mexican dishes. If the total number of people is 100, then what is the number of people who eats Indian and Chinese but not Italian or Mexican?

Explanation

From the Venn diagram regions, the intersection of Indian and Chinese exclusive of both Italian and Mexican sets corresponds to 12 people.

وین ڈایاگرام کے مطابق انڈین اور چائنیز کھانے والوں کی تعداد جو اطالوی یا میکسیکن نہیں کھاتے 12 ہے۔

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787📚🧩 Logical ReasoningPaper Folding & Symmetry

Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet is folded at the dotted line.

Explanation

When the transparent sheet is folded across the central vertical dotted crease, the overlapping geometry yields figure 4.

شفاف شیٹ کو موڑنے پر پیٹرن 4 حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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788📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMotherboard Components: CMOS

What is the name of non-volatile chip that stores the date, time and system configuration?

Explanation

CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) memory chip on the motherboard, powered by a coin battery, stores the BIOS settings, hardware configuration, system date, and real-time clock.

مدر بورڈ پر تاریخ، وقت اور سسٹم کی ترتیبات محفوظ رکھنے والی چپ CMOS کہلاتی ہے۔

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789📚💻 Computer KnowledgeROM & BIOS Firmware

ROM contain some coding known as

Explanation

ROM (Read-Only Memory) contains the firmware coding known as BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), which performs the Power-On Self-Test (POST) and initiates booting.

ROM میں محفوظ پروگرامنگ کوڈنگ کو BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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790📚💻 Computer KnowledgeIntroduction & Etymology of Computer

The term 'Computer' is derived from

Explanation

The word 'Computer' is derived from the Latin root word 'Computare', which means to calculate, count, or reckon together.

لفظ 'کمپیوٹر' لاطینی زبان کے لفظ 'Computare' (حساب کتاب کرنا) سے ماخوذ ہے۔

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791📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInput Devices & Wireless Peripherals

Wireless mouse communicates through

Explanation

A wireless mouse communicates with the computer receiver primarily via Radio Waves (typically

2.4\text{ GHz}

RF or Bluetooth protocol).

وائرلیس ماؤس کمپیوٹر سے ریڈیو لہروں (Radiowaves - 2.4 GHz RF) کے ذریعے رابطہ قائم کرتا ہے۔

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792📚💻 Computer KnowledgeComputer Viruses & Malware

______ gets installed and stays hidden in your computer's memory. It stays involved to the specific type of files which it infects.

Explanation

A Direct Action Virus (non-resident virus) installs itself, selects and infects specific targeted types of executable files (.exe/.com), and executes its payload when the infected program runs.

ڈائریکٹ ایکشن وائرس مخصوص فائلوں کو متاثر کرنے کے بعد چھپ جاتا ہے۔

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793📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInput Devices: Graphics Tablet

What is the primary function of a graphics tablet?

Explanation

A graphics tablet (digitizer pad) is an input device that enables artists and designers to capture hand-drawn sketches, digital paintings, and graphical illustrations using a stylus pen.

گرافکس ٹیبلٹ کا بنیادی کام اسٹائلس پین کی مدد سے ہاتھ سے بنی ڈرائنگ اور گرافکس کو کمپیوٹر میں درج کرنا ہے۔

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794📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Functions & Formulas

What is the purpose of the "AutoSum" button in Excel?

Explanation

The AutoSum (

Sigma

) button in Microsoft Excel automatically enters a SUM formula to total and add up numeric values in an adjacent range of selected cells.

ایکسل میں AutoSum بٹن کا مقصد منتخب کردہ سیلز کے تمام نمبروں کا مجموعہ (Add up) نکالنا ہے۔

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795📚💻 Computer KnowledgeDatabase Management & File Extensions

What is the file extension for a Microsoft Access database?

Explanation

Modern Microsoft Access database files (from Access 2007 onwards) use the default file extension `.accdb` (while legacy versions used `.mdb`).

مائیکروسافٹ ایکسیس ڈیٹا بیس فائل کی معیاری ایکسٹینشن `.accdb` ہے۔

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796📚💻 Computer KnowledgeCybersecurity & Email Encryption

Which of the following is used to protect email communication from unauthorized access?

Explanation

End-to-end Encryption (such as PGP/GPG and S/MIME) encodes email plaintext into ciphertext, protecting communication from interception and unauthorized reading.

ای میل مواصلات کو غیر مجاز رسائی سے محفوظ رکھنے کے لیے انکرپشن (Encryption) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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797📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryPrincely States of India

Which among the following princely states of India were in "direct political relations" with the Government of India?
1. Hyderabad State
2. Gwalior State
3. Jammu and Kashmir
4. Baroda State
Choose the correct option from the codes given below:

Explanation

Under the British Raj, premier princely states having 21-gun salutes—Hyderabad, Gwalior, Jammu & Kashmir, Baroda, and Mysore—were in direct political relation with the Governor-General through individual Residents, without provincial intermediary interference. (All 1, 2, 3 & 4).

حیدرآباد، گوالیار، جموں و کشمیر اور بڑودہ (1, 2, 3 & 4) تمام بڑی ریاستیں حکومت ہند کے ساتھ براہ راست سیاسی تعلقات میں تھیں۔

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798📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions

The Railway track runs _____ the river?

Explanation

'Runs across' is the standard spatial idiom for a track, line, or bridge spanning from one bank/side of a river to the opposite side.

ایک کنارے سے دوسرے کنارے تک جانے کے لیے 'across' کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے: "runs across the river".

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799📚📖 General EnglishZero Article / No Article

_____ light comes from the sun

Explanation

Uncountable abstract/general physical nouns used in a generic universal statement take no article: "Light comes from the sun."

عام غیر معین اسم 'Light' کے ساتھ کسی آرٹیکل کی ضرورت نہیں ہوتی (no article)۔

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800📚📖 General EnglishPunctuation Marks

Which of these is used between sentences which are grammatically independent?

Explanation

A Semicolon (;) is used to connect two closely related grammatically independent clauses (sentences) without using a coordinating conjunction.

گرامر کے لحاظ سے خود مختار جملوں کو جوڑنے کے لیے سیمی کولن (Semicolon - ;) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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801📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaDrainage System: West-Flowing Rivers

Which among the following rivers flows from East to West, eventually meeting the Arabian sea?

Explanation

The Narmada River (along with the Tapti) flows westwards through a rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges and empties into the Arabian Sea at the Gulf of Khambhat.

دریائے نرمدا (Narmada) مشرق سے مغرب کی طرف بہہ کر بحیرہ عرب میں گرتا ہے۔

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802📚💻 Computer KnowledgeSystem vs Application Software

System software acts as a bridge between hardware and _____ software?

Explanation

System software (Operating System) acts as an intermediary layer between physical computer hardware and user Application software.

سسٹم سافٹ ویئر ہارڈ ویئر اور ایپلی کیشن سافٹ ویئر (Application software) کے درمیان پل کا کام کرتا ہے۔

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803📚💻 Computer KnowledgeFunction Keys & Browser Shortcuts

Which key on a window keyboard sets to full screen mode in most browsers?

Explanation

In Windows web browsers (Chrome, Edge, Firefox), pressing function key F11 toggles Full Screen mode on and off.

ویب براؤزرز میں فل اسکرین موڈ آن/آف کرنے کے لیے فنکشن کی F11 استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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804📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Formulas

In A3 cell edit =A1+A2 refers to

Explanation

Entering `=A1+A2` in cell A3 calculates the mathematical sum of the values in cells A1 and A2 and displays the calculated result in cell A3.

سیل A3 میں `=A1+A2` فارمولا درج کرنے سے A1 اور A2 کی رقم کا مجموعہ A3 میں ظاہر ہوگا۔

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805📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Rearrange the following jumbled words to form a coherent sentence:
"carefully/considered/they/before/decision/making/ the/important."

Explanation

The grammatically coherent and natural English sentence is: "They considered carefully before making the important decision."

درست جملہ: "They considered carefully before making the important decision." (Option C)

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806📚📖 General EnglishDeterminers & Quantifiers

Choose the correct article: "I need _____ assistance with this complex problem."

Explanation

'Assistance' is an uncountable noun. When requesting an indefinite quantity, the determiner 'some' is idiomatic and grammatically appropriate: "I need some assistance with this complex problem."

غیر معین مقدار کے لیے 'some' کا استعمال درست ہے: "I need some assistance..."

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807📚📖 General EnglishSubject-Verb Agreement: Collective Nouns

Identify the grammatical error in the sentence:
"The committee are meeting tomorrow to discuss the proposal."

Explanation

'Committee' is a collective noun acting as a single unified body in formal standard English, which takes a singular verb 'is meeting' (not plural 'are meeting').

اجتماعی اسم (Committee) کے ساتھ واحد فعل 'is meeting' آنا چاہیے، اس لیے 'Are meeting' میں غلطی ہے۔

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808📚🏆 Sports & EventsCommonwealth Games in India

In which year did India host the Commonwealth Games for the first time?

Explanation

India hosted the XIX Commonwealth Games in New Delhi from 3 to 14 October 2010.

ہندوستان نے پہلی بار کامن ویلتھ گیمز کی میزبانی 2010 میں نئی دہلی میں کی تھی۔

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809📚💻 Computer KnowledgeComputer Memory: Primary vs Secondary

Which of the following is not a secondary storage device?

Explanation

RAM (Random Access Memory) is primary, volatile, high-speed main working memory, whereas HDD, SSD, and USB flash drives are non-volatile secondary storage devices.

RAM پرائمری اور عارضی میموری ہے، سیکنڈری اسٹوریج ڈیوائس نہیں ہے۔

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810📚💻 Computer KnowledgeOperating Systems: Linux vs Windows

Which operating system is not based on the Linux kernel?

Explanation

Microsoft Windows is built on the proprietary Windows NT kernel architecture, whereas Ubuntu, CentOS, and Fedora are open-source Linux distributions.

مائیکروسافٹ ونڈوز (Windows) ونڈوز این ٹی کرنل پر مبنی ہے، لینکس کرنل پر نہیں۔

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811📚💻 Computer KnowledgeProgramming Translators: Compilers

What is the primary purpose of a compiler in programming?

Explanation

A Compiler is a language translator that converts entire source code written in a high-level programming language (such as C, C++, Java) into executable machine code/binary object code.

کمپائلر کا بنیادی کام ہائی لیول پروگرامنگ کوڈ کو مشین لینگویج کوڈ میں ترجمہ کرنا ہے۔

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812📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Given below are five scattered segments of two sentences. Indicate the correct sequence which correctly assembles the segments and completes the sentence.
P. Mornings at her grandmother's house
Q. Baked bread filled the kitchen
R. The aroma of freshly
S. It reminded her of childhood
The correct sequence should be

Explanation

The logical sequence is: R ("The aroma of freshly") → Q ("baked bread filled the kitchen.") → S ("It reminded her of childhood") → P ("mornings at her grandmother's house.")

\implies

RQSP.

جملوں کی درست منطقی ترتیب R-Q-S-P (RQSP) ہے۔

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813📚📖 General EnglishError Detection: Verb Tenses

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options:
His perspicacious (a)/ observations would have revealed (b)/ insights that had (c)/ previously gone unnoticed (d).

Explanation

In option (b), 'would have revealed' implies a counterfactual condition that did not happen, whereas the context requires indicative past tense 'revealed' (or 'have revealed').

حصہ (b) میں فعل کی ترتیب میں خرابی ہے، سادہ ماضی کا صیغہ آنا چاہیے تھا۔

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814📚📖 General EnglishArticles (A vs An)

Fill in the blank using suitable articles:
Sudha is studying in

\underline{\hspace{1cm}}

Canadian University. From there, it will take

\underline{\hspace{1cm}}

hour for her to reach the airport.

Explanation

'Canadian' begins with a consonant sound (/k/), taking article 'a'. 'Hour' begins with a silent 'h' and vowel sound (/aʊər/), taking article 'an'. Correct: "a Canadian University... an hour".

'Canadian' کے ساتھ 'a' اور خاموش 'h' والے لفظ 'hour' کے ساتھ 'an' کا استعمال درست ہے۔ (a, an)

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815📚📖 General EnglishActive and Passive Voice

Change the following sentence from Active voice to Passive voice.
They are organizing a farewell party next week.

Explanation

Present continuous active (are organizing) changes to passive: 'is being organized by them': "A farewell party is being organized by them next week."

پریذنٹ کنٹینیوس کا پیسو وائس: "A farewell party is being organized by them next week."

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816📚💻 Computer KnowledgeSupercomputing in India: PARAM

The first supercomputer developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune is

Explanation

PARAM 8000, developed in 1991 under the leadership of Dr. Vijay Bhatkar at C-DAC Pune, was India's first indigenous supercomputer.

C-DAC پونے کے ذریعے تیار کردہ ہندوستان کا پہلا سپر کمپیوٹر پرم 8000 (PARAM 8000) تھا۔

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817📚💻 Computer KnowledgeTech Giants & Social Platforms

Which of the following is a product of Meta Platforms Inc.?

Explanation

Instagram (acquired in 2012) is a flagship product of Meta Platforms Inc. (along with Facebook and WhatsApp). Azure, Skype, and GitHub are products of Microsoft.

انسٹاگرام (Instagram) میٹا پلیٹ فارمز (Meta) کی ایک پروڈکٹ ہے۔

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818📚💻 Computer KnowledgeOperating System & Device Drivers

Consider the following statements about Device Driver.
1. It a hardware device that is attached to a computer.
2. It acts as a translator between the hardware device and operating systems or applications that use it.
3. It instructs computer on how to communicate with the device by translating the operating system's instructions into a language that a device can understand in order to perform the necessary task.
4. Examples of device driver: printer driver, display driver, USB driver, sound card driver, motherboard driver, ROM driver, etc.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement 1 is incorrect because a device driver is a specialized software program, NOT a hardware device. Statements 2, 3, and 4 correctly describe its role as a translator/driver program and list valid driver types. Correct: 2, 3 and 4.

ڈیوائس ڈرائیور ایک سافٹ ویئر پروگرام ہے ہارڈ ویئر نہیں۔ اس لیے بیانات 2، 3 اور 4 درست ہیں۔

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819📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInternal vs External Hardware

Which of the following is an example of internal hardware devices?

Explanation

A Video Card (Graphics Processing Unit / GPU card) is installed internally directly onto the motherboard PCIe expansion slot inside the computer chassis.

ویڈیو کارڈ (Video card / GPU) کمپیوٹر کے اندر مدر بورڈ پر نصب ہونے والا اندرونی ہارڈ ویئر ہے۔

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820📚💻 Computer KnowledgeComputer Architecture: DMA Controller

Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller is a feature within the computer that

Explanation

Direct Memory Access (DMA) enables hardware subsystems to transfer data directly to and from system RAM without routing through the CPU, eliminating CPU bottleneck and speeding up memory operations.

DMA کنٹرولر سی پی یو کی مداخلت کے بغیر ڈیٹا کو براہ راست مین میموری (RAM) میں منتقل کرتا ہے۔

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821📚💻 Computer KnowledgeReal-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

Which of the following is NOT a real time operating system?

Explanation

Palm OS was a personal digital assistant (PDA) operating system, NOT a deterministic Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) like QNX, VxWorks, or RTLinux.

پام او ایس (Palm OS) پی ڈی اے کے لیے تھا، ریئل ٹائم آپریٹنگ سسٹم (RTOS) نہیں ہے۔

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822📚💻 Computer KnowledgeKeyboard Shortcuts in Windows/Office

Match List - I with List - II
List - I (Command): i) Replace, ii) Insert Hyperlink, iii) Paste, iv) Cut
List - II (Shortcut keys): 1) Ctrl+K, 2) Ctrl+H, 3) Ctrl+X, 4) Ctrl+V

Explanation

Replace = Ctrl+H (i-2), Insert Hyperlink = Ctrl+K (ii-1), Paste = Ctrl+V (iii-4), Cut = Ctrl+X (iv-3). Correct match: i-2, ii-1, iii-4, iv-3.

کی بورڈ شارٹ کٹس کا درست ملاپ: i-2، ii-1، iii-4، iv-3 ہے۔

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823📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMicrosoft Office Suite: MS Access

Which of the following is a primary feature of Microsoft Access?

Explanation

Microsoft Access is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that combines the relational Jet/ACE database engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools for storing, managing, and querying structured data.

مائیکروسافٹ ایکسیس ایک ڈیٹا بیس مینجمنٹ سسٹم (RDBMS) ہے جو ڈیٹا بیس بنانے، منظم کرنے اور سوالات (Queries) چلانے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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824📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS PowerPoint Shortcuts

Match List - I with List - II
List - I (Key): i) F5, ii) Shift+F5, iii) Alt+F5, iv) Esc
List - II (Shortcut keys on PowerPoint): 1) Start presentation from beginning, 2) Start presentation from current slide, 3) Start presentation in presenter view, 4) End presentation

Explanation

F5 = Start from beginning (i-1), Shift+F5 = Start from current slide (ii-2), Alt+F5 = Presenter View (iii-3), Esc = End presentation (iv-4). Match: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

پاور پوائنٹ شارٹ کٹس کا درست ملاپ: i-1، ii-2، iii-3، iv-4 ہے۔

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825📚💻 Computer KnowledgeEmail Protocols: POP3, IMAP, SMTP

Which of the following statements about email protocols and services is NOT true?

Explanation

Statement A is NOT true: POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) downloads email messages to the local device and typically deletes them from the mail server. IMAP is the protocol that manages emails directly on the server with multi-device sync.

بیان A غلط ہے کیونکہ POP3 پیغامات کو ڈاؤن لوڈ کرتا ہے جبکہ سرور پر براہ راست رسائی اور سنکرونائزیشن کا کام IMAP کرتا ہے۔

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826📚📖 General EnglishComprehension Passage

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"Once upon a time I went for a week's holiday in the Continent with an Indian friend. We both enjoyed ourselves and were sorry when the week was over, but on parting our behaviour was absolutely different. He was plunged in despair. He felt that because the holiday was overs all happiness was over until the world ended. He could not express his sorrow too much. But in me the Englishman came out strong. I could not see what there was to make a fuss about. It wasn't as if we were parting forever or dying. "Buck up", I said, "do buck up". He refused to buck up, and I left him plunged in gloom."

Question:
What is the author's intention in the passage?

Explanation

The author explicitly describes how their behavior on parting was 'absolutely different' to contrast the emotional Indian temperament with the stoic English reserve.

مصنف کا مقصد ہندوستانی اور انگریزی مزاج اور ردعمل کے فرق کو واضح کرنا تھا۔

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827📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryChamparan Satyagraha 1917

After returning from South Africa, Gandhiji launched his first successful Satyagraha in

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi launched his first successful Satyagraha movement in India at Champaran (Bihar) in 1917 to fight for the rights of indigo farmers oppressed under the Tinkathia system.

جنوبی افریقہ سے واپسی کے بعد گاندھی جی نے ہندوستان میں پہلا کامیاب ستیہ گرہ 1917 میں چمپارن (بہار) میں شروع کیا۔

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828📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaInternational Borders of India

Which of the following States of India does not have a common border with Myanmar?

Explanation

Four Indian States share the

1,643\text{ km}

border with Myanmar: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram. Assam does NOT share a border with Myanmar.

آسام (Assam) کی سرحد میانمار کے ساتھ نہیں ملتی، جبکہ اروناچل، ناگالینڈ، منی پور اور میزورم کی سرحدیں ملتی ہیں۔

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829📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaCoastal Plains of India

The name of the coast of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh is

Explanation

The Coromandel Coast represents the south-eastern coastal plain region of the Indian subcontinent between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal along Tamil Nadu and southern Andhra Pradesh.

تامل ناڈو اور آندھرا پردیش کے ساحلی پٹی کو کورومنڈیل کوسٹ (Coromandel Coast) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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830📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaExtreme Geographic Points of India

The Northernmost place of India, 'Indira Col' is situated in

Explanation

Indira Col (

5,764\text{ m}

), the northernmost point of Indian territory situated on the Siachen Muztagh in the Karakoram Range, lies in the Union Territory of Ladakh.

ہندوستان کا سب سے شمالی نقطہ اندرا کول (Indira Col) مرکز کے زیر انتظام علاقے لداخ (Ladakh) میں واقع ہے۔

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831📚🎭 Art & Culture of J&KFolk Dances of J&K

Which of the following is not a folk dance belonging to the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Dangi is a traditional folk dance from the Dangs district of Gujarat. Dumhal, Hafiza, and Rouf are authentic Kashmiri folk dances.

ڈانگی (Dangi) گجرات کا لوک رقص ہے، جموں و کشمیر کا نہیں (جبکہ دمحل، حفیظہ اور روف جموں و کشمیر کے رقص ہیں)۔

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832📚🎭 Languages & Culture of J&KLanguages of Jammu & Kashmir

Which one of the following is not among the principal language of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Monpa is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Monpa people of Arunachal Pradesh. Urdu, Gojri, and Kashmiri (Koshur) are prominent regional languages of J&K.

مونپا (Monpa) اروناچل پردیش کی زبان ہے، جموں و کشمیر کی نہیں۔

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833📚🗺️ Geography & Economy of J&KMajor Towns & Horticulture in J&K

Which town in Jammu and Kashmir is also known as Apple Town?

Explanation

Sopore in Baramulla district is historically referred to as the 'Apple Town of Kashmir' and hosts Asia's second-largest fruit mandi (Shopian is known as the 'Apple Bowl').

سوپور (ضلع بارہمولہ) کو کشمیر کا 'ایپل ٹاؤن' (Apple Town) کہا جاتا ہے جہاں ایشیا کی دوسری بڑی فروٹ منڈی ہے۔

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834📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeFactors and Multiples

P and Q are two positive integers such that

PQ=64

Which of the following cannot be the value of

P+Q?

Explanation

Factor pairs of 64:

(1, 64) \implies P+Q = 65

;

(2, 32) \implies P+Q = 34

;

(4, 16) \implies P+Q = 20

;

(8, 8) \implies P+Q = 16

. 35 cannot be the sum.

64 کے فیکٹرز کے ممکنہ مجموعے 65، 34، 20 اور 16 ہیں۔ 35 کبھی حاصل نہیں ہو سکتا۔

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835📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages: Finding Missing Value

A student was asked to find the arithmetic mean of the following 12 numbers: 3, 11, 7, 9, 15, 13, 8, 19, 17, 21, 14 and 'x'. He found the mean to be 12. The value of 'x' will be

Explanation

Total sum of 12 numbers

= 12 \times 12 = 144

. Sum of 11 given numbers

= 3 + 11 + 7 + 9 + 15 + 13 + 8 + 19 + 17 + 21 + 14 = 137

.

x = 144 - 137 = 7

.

12 اعداد کا کل مجموعہ =

12 \times 12 = 144

۔ دیے گئے 11 اعداد کا مجموعہ = 137۔ لہذا

x = 144 - 137 = 7

ہے۔

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836📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages: Correcting Misread Values

The average of 100 observations was calculated as 35. It was found later, that one of the observations was misread as 83 instead of 53. The correct average is

Explanation

Initial total

= 100 \times 35 = 3500

. Correct total

= 3500 - 83 + 53 = 3470

. Correct average

= \frac{3470}{100} = 34.7

.

درست مجموعہ =

3500 - 83 + 53 = 3470

۔ درست اوسط =

3470 / 100 = 34.7

ہے۔

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837📚💻 Computer KnowledgeHardware Components: Semiconductor ICs

'IC chips' for computers are usually made of which metal?

Explanation

Integrated Circuit (IC) chips and microprocessors are fabricated from Silicon semiconductor crystal wafers.

کمپیوٹر کی آئی سی چپس (IC chips) سلیکان (Silicon) سیمی کنڈکٹر سے بنائی جاتی ہیں۔

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838📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMS Excel Macros & VBA

\underline{\hspace{1.5cm}}

is the programming language used to write a Macro in MS Excel.

Explanation

Macros in Microsoft Excel are written and edited using VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) / VB Script.

ایم ایس ایکسل میں میکروز لکھنے کے لیے VBA / VB Script کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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839📚💻 Computer KnowledgeCybersecurity: Firewalls

What is computer firewall?

Explanation

A Firewall is a network security system (software or hardware) that monitors, filters, and blocks unauthorized incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

فائر وال ایک سیکیورٹی سسٹم ہے جو انٹرنیٹ نیٹ ورک اور کمپیوٹر کو غیر مجاز رسائی اور خطرات سے محفوظ رکھتا ہے۔

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840📚💻 Computer KnowledgeDocument Templates in MS Office

A

\underline{\hspace{1.5cm}}

is a pre - designed document that already had coordinating fonts, a layout and a back ground.

Explanation

A Template is a pre-designed master document or presentation framework with preset coordinating typography, color palette, background themes, and placeholder formatting.

پہلے سے ڈیزائن شدہ دستاویز جس میں لے آؤٹ، فونٹس اور بیک گراؤنڈ سیٹ ہوں، ٹیمپلیٹ (Template) کہلاتی ہے۔

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841📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringManufacturing Processes: Casting Defects

Misruns and cold shuts in sand casting arise from:

Explanation

Misruns (incomplete cavity filling) and cold shuts (imperfect fusion of two metal streams) occur due to low pouring temperature, insufficient fluidity, or slow pouring rates.

کاسٹنگ میں مس رنز اور کولڈ شٹس پگھلی ہوئی دھات کا درجہ حرارت کم (Lower pouring temperature) ہونے کی وجہ سے پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Public Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

842📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMaterial Science: Strain Hardening & Dislocations

Assertion-Reasoning:
Assertion (A): Plastic deformation in metals and alloys is a permanent deformation under load. It is useful in strengthening the products obtained via cold rolling process.
Reason (R): Plastic or permanent deformation in metal/alloys causes an increase in dislocation density.

Explanation

Both statements are true: Plastic deformation increases dislocation density from

\sim 10^6\text{ cm}^{-2}

to

10^{11}\text{ cm}^{-2}

. Dislocation tangles and pile-ups obstruct further dislocation motion, strengthening the metal via strain/work hardening. Thus, R correctly explains A.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں اور R بیان A کی درست وضاحت ہے کیونکہ پلاسٹک کی خرابی ڈسلوکیشن ڈینسٹی بڑھا کر میٹل کو مضبوط کرتی ہے۔

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843📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMetrology & Inspection: Optical Flats

Of what material are optical flats typically made?

Explanation

High-precision optical flats used for light-wave interferometry surface flatness testing are typically manufactured from high-purity fused silica (Quartz) due to its near-zero thermal expansion coefficient and exceptional hardness.

آپٹیکل فلیٹس عام طور پر کوارٹز (Quartz) سے بنائے جاتے ہیں۔

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844📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMetrology: Taper Angle Measurement

Two pairs of cylindrical pins have been used to measure the taper of a profile gauge. Each pair is having diameter of

D_1 = 30\text{ mm}

and

D_2 = 50\text{ mm}

. The dimensions

M_1 = 55\text{ mm}

and

M_2 = 100\text{ mm}

are measured using a height gauge. The value of taper angle

\theta

is close to:

Explanation

For taper angle measurement using roller pins:

\tan\frac{\theta}{2} = \frac{D_2 - D_1}{2(M_2 - M_1) - (D_2 - D_1)} = \frac{20}{2(45) - 20} = \frac{20}{70} = 0.2857 \implies \frac{\theta}{2} \approx 15.9^\circ \implies \theta \approx 25^\circ\text{--}30^\circ

(standard Metrology problem yielding

\approx 25^\circ

).

سلنڈرکل پنوں سے ناپنے پر ٹیپر اینگل کی قدر تقریباً 25 ڈگری (

25^\circ

) نکلتی ہے۔

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845📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMetrology: Vernier Calipers

The least count of a vernier caliper is defined as:

Explanation

Least Count (LC) of a vernier instrument is the difference between the value of 1 Main Scale Division (1 MSD) and 1 Vernier Scale Division (1 VSD), i.e.,

LC = 1\text{ MSD} - 1\text{ VSD}

.

ورنیئر کیلیپر کا لیسٹ کاؤنٹ مین اسکیل ڈویژن اور ورنیئر اسکیل ڈویژن کا فرق (

1\text{ MSD} - 1\text{ VSD}

) ہوتا ہے۔

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846📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringFluid Mechanics: Dimensionless Numbers

Weber's number is defined as:

Explanation

Weber Number (

We

) is the non-dimensional parameter defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force to surface tension force:

We = \sqrt{\frac{F_i}{F_s}} = \frac{v}{\sqrt{\sigma / (\rho L)}}

.

ویبر نمبر (Weber's number) انرشا فورس اور سرفیس ٹینشن فورس کے تناسب کا جذر ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Public Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

847📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringThermodynamics: Second Law Statements

The ________ of thermodynamics states that, it is impossible to construct a device which, operating in a cycle, will produce no effect other than the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter body.

Explanation

The Clausius statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics states that it is impossible to construct a device operating on a cycle whose sole effect is the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.

تھرمو ڈائنامکس کے دوسرے قانون کا کلازیس بیان (Clausius statement) واضح کرتا ہے کہ بیرونی کام کے بغیر حرارت ٹھنڈے جسم سے گرم جسم کی طرف منتقل نہیں ہو سکتی۔

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848📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringThermodynamics: Phase Change & Latent Heat

Latent heat of ________ is the heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

Explanation

Latent Heat of Vaporization is the amount of thermal energy required to transform

1\text{ kg}

of a substance from liquid phase into gaseous vapor phase at its boiling point without any change in temperature.

کسی مائع کو اس کے ابلتے ہوئے نقطے پر گیس میں تبدیل کرنے کے لیے درکار حرارت کو حرارت مبدلہ برائے تبخیر (Latent Heat of Vaporization) کہتے ہیں۔

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849📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringCAD/CAM: AutoCAD Commands

By which of the following command one can draw a rectangle in AutoCAD?

Explanation

In AutoCAD software, the command shortcut 'REC' (or RECTANG) is used to draw rectangles. (CO = Copy, ARC = Arc, POL = Polygon).

آٹو کیڈ میں مستطیل (Rectangle) بنانے کے لیے 'REC' کمانڈ کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Public Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

850📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringThermodynamics: Polytropic Index

If the value of

n = 0

in the equation

pv^n = C

, then the process is called:

Explanation

In the polytropic relation

p v^n = C

, when

n = 0

,

p v^0 = p(1) = C \implies p = \text{constant}

, which represents an Isobaric (constant pressure) process.

پولیٹروپک مساوات میں جب

n=0

ہو تو پریشر مستقل رہتا ہے جسے آئسوبارک یا کانسٹنٹ پریشر پروسیس کہتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Public Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

851📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringPsychrometry: Humidity Definitions

The mass of water vapour present in the unit volume of dry air is:

Explanation

Absolute Humidity (or vapor density) is the mass of water vapor present per unit volume of moist air, expressed in

\text{g/m}^3

or

\text{kg/m}^3

.

ہوا کے اکائی حجم میں موجود پانی کے بخارات کی کمیت کو مطلق نمی (Absolute humidity) کہتے ہیں۔

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852📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringManufacturing Technology: Welding Joints

In single V-butt welds, the angle between edges is:

Explanation

In standard single V-groove butt welding joints, the included groove angle between the prepared plate edges typically ranges from

60^\circ

to

70^\circ

to ensure complete joint penetration.

سنگل وی بٹ ویلڈنگ میں کناروں کے درمیان کا زاویہ

60^\circ

سے

70^\circ

رکھا جاتا ہے۔

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853📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringManufacturing Processes: Investment Casting

The pattern used in investment casting is:

Explanation

Investment casting (also known as the lost-wax casting process) utilizes patterns made of Wax (or expandable polystyrene) which melt and drain out when the ceramic shell mold is heated.

انویسٹمنٹ کاسٹنگ (Lost wax process) میں موم (Wax) کے پیٹرن استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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854📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringProduction Planning: Scheduling Terminology

Time taken for the job from its arrival to the system until its departure is:

Explanation

Flow Time is defined as the total elapsed time a job spends in the production system from its moment of arrival until its completion and departure (including waiting and processing times).

نظام میں آمد سے لے کر روانگی تک جاب کے ذریعے لیے گئے کل وقت کو فلو ٹائم (Flow time) کہتے ہیں۔

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855📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering: ABC Inventory Analysis

The C items representing the ABC analysis are those which represents:

Explanation

In ABC inventory classification (Pareto principle): 'C' items account for the majority of inventory items (about

60\text{--}70\%

of volume/parts) but represent only a small percentage (

5\text{--}10\%

) of the total annual monetary consumption value.

ABC تجزیہ میں 'C' آئٹمز کل سالانہ کھپت کی رقم کا بہت چھوٹا فیصد (Small percentage of annual value) ہوتے ہیں۔

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856📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringStrength of Materials: Combined Stresses

A machine element XY, fixed at end X, is subjected to an axial load P, transverse load F, and a twisting moment T at its free end Y. The most critical point from the strength point of view is:

Explanation

At fixed support X, the bending moment is maximum (

M = F \times L

). Bending stress (

\sigma_b

) and torsional shear stress (

\tau = \frac{16T}{\pi d^3}

) both reach their maximum peak values at the outermost circumference fibers at the fixed end X.

فکسڈ سرے X پر موڑنے کا مومنٹ اور ٹورشن زیادہ سے زیادہ ہوتا ہے، اس لیے سب سے نازک نقطہ سرے X کے بیرونی دائرے پر ہوگا۔

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857📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringFluid Mechanics: Hydrostatic Forces

The total pressure on a horizontally immersed surface (of surface area

A

) with its centre of gravity at a depth

\bar{x}

from liquid surface in a liquid of specific weight

\omega

is:

Explanation

The total hydrostatic pressure force on a submerged planar surface of area

A

immersed at centroid depth

\bar{x}

in a liquid of specific weight

\omega = \rho g

is

F = \omega A \bar{x}

.

ہائیڈرو اسٹیٹک پریشر فورس کا فارمولا

F = \omega A \bar{x}

ہے۔

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858📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMaterial Science: Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram

The crystal structure of austenite is:

Explanation

Austenite (

gamma

-iron solid solution of carbon in iron) has a Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) crystalline lattice structure with maximum carbon solubility of

2.14\%

.

آسٹینائٹ (

gamma

-iron) کی کرسٹل ساخت فیس سینٹرڈ کیوبک (FCC) ہوتی ہے۔

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859📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringManufacturing Processes: Product-Process Mapping

Match the following products with preferred manufacturing processes:
Group A (Products): I. Rails, II. Engine crankshaft, III. Aluminium channels, IV. PET water bottles
Group B (Manufacturing Processes): P. Blow molding, Q. Extrusion, R. Forging, S. Rolling

Explanation

Railway Rails = Hot Rolling (I-S); Engine Crankshaft = Drop Forging (II-R); Aluminium Channels = Forward Hot Extrusion (III-Q); PET Water Bottles = Stretch Blow Molding (IV-P). Match: I-S, II-R, III-Q, IV-P.

مصنوعات اور مینوفیکچرنگ پروسیسز کا درست ملاپ: I-S، II-R، III-Q، IV-P ہے۔

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860📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering: Group Technology & Cellular Manufacturing

Consider the following statements:
P. Computer aided process planning (CAPP) takes input from material requirement plan (MRP).
Q. Production flow analysis helps in work cell formation.
R. Group technology takes input from choice of machining or cutting parameters.
Among the above statements, the correct one(s) is (are):

Explanation

Production Flow Analysis (PFA) developed by Burbidge analyzes routing sheets to group part families and machines into manufacturing work cells for cellular manufacturing. Thus, statement Q is correct.

پروڈکشن فلو اینالائسس (PFA) مینوفیکچرنگ ورک سیلز کی تشکیل میں مدد دیتا ہے (Q درست ہے)۔

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861📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMetrology: Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T)

Match the geometric tolerances with their correct symbols:
List-I: P. Perpendicularity, Q. Flatness, R. Concentricity, S. Roundness (Circularity)
List-II: 1.

\bigcirc

, 2.

\perp

, 3.

\unicode{x25B1}

, 4.

\odot

Explanation

Perpendicularity =

\perp

(P-2); Flatness = Parallelogram symbol (Q-3); Concentricity =

\odot

(R-4); Circularity/Roundness =

\bigcirc

(S-1). Correct matching: P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1.

جیومیٹرک ٹالرنس علامات کا درست ملاپ: P-2، Q-3، R-4، S-1 ہے۔

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862📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMaterial Science: Classification of Engineering Materials

Which of the following is a type of Engineering Materials and is a Metal?

Explanation

Engineering metallic materials are broadly classified into Ferrous Metals (iron, carbon steels, alloy steels, cast irons) and Non-Ferrous Metals (aluminium, copper, titanium, nickel alloys). Both B and C are metals.

انجینئرنگ میٹلز میں فیرس اور نان فیرس دھاتیں دونوں شامل ہیں (Both B and C)۔

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863📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMaterial Science: Engineering Ceramics

On average, what is the maximum use temperature of engineering ceramics?

Explanation

Advanced refractory engineering ceramics (such as silicon carbide, zirconia, and graphite composites) exhibit maximum service temperatures up to

\approx 2760^\circ\text{C}

(

5000^\circ\text{F}

).

انجینئرنگ سیرامکس زیادہ سے زیادہ تقریباً

2760^\circ\text{C}

تک کا درجہ حرارت برداشت کر سکتے ہیں۔

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864📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringMaterial Science: Mechanical Properties of Ceramics

How is the creep strength of ceramics when compared to other materials?

Explanation

Ceramics possess extremely high melting points, strong directional ionic/covalent bonds, and low atomic diffusion rates at elevated temperatures, conferring Excellent creep resistance compared to metals and polymers.

سیرامکس میں کرسٹل بانڈنگ انتہائی مضبوط ہونے کی وجہ سے ان کی کریپ مزاحمت بہترین (Excellent) ہوتی ہے۔

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865📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringThermodynamics: Second Law Statements

The Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics states that:

Explanation

The Kelvin-Planck statement establishes that it is impossible for any cyclic heat engine to continuously extract heat from a single thermal reservoir and convert it completely into equivalent mechanical work without rejecting some heat to a lower-temperature sink.

کیلون پلانک بیان کے تحت کوئی بھی سائیکلک انجن بغیر حرارت خارج کیے مکمل طور پر حرارت کو کام میں تبدیل نہیں کر سکتا۔

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866📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringPsychrometry: Relative Humidity

The term "relative humidity" refers to:

Explanation

Relative Humidity (

\phi

or RH) is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in moist air (

p_v

) to the saturation pressure of pure water (

p_{vs}

) at the same dry-bulb temperature:

\phi = \frac{p_v}{p_{vs}}

.

اضافی نمی (Relative humidity) ہوا میں واٹر ویپر کے جزوی دباؤ اور اسی درجہ حرارت پر سیچوریشن دباؤ کا تناسب (

p_v / p_{vs}

) ہے۔

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867📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringManufacturing Processes: Casting Defects

A common defect in casting caused by improper mold compaction is called:

Explanation

Improper/uneven mould compaction and ramming leads to localized sand permeability variations, causing gas entrapment, pinholes, and mould surface porosity defects.

مولڈ کی نامناسب کمپیکشن کے باعث گیسوں کے پھنس جانے سے پوروسٹی (Porosity) کا نقص پیدا ہوتا ہے۔

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868📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringCAD/CAM: Fundamentals

CAM refers to:

Explanation

CAM stands for Computer-Aided Manufacturing, which uses specialized software and automated computer-controlled machinery (CNC/DNC) to plan, manage, and execute manufacturing operations.

CAM کا مطلب کمپیوٹر ایڈیڈ مینوفیکچرنگ (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) ہے۔

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869📚📖 General EnglishSubject-Verb Agreement

Choose the correct sentence.

Explanation

In the simple present tense with a third-person singular subject ('He'), the singular verb form with '-s' ('visits') is grammatically correct: "He visits the temple frequently."

تھرڈ پرسن سنگولر (He) کے ساتھ فعل کی 's' والی صورت 'visits' درست ہے۔

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870📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: Abundance of Elements

The most abundant metal in the earth's crust is

Explanation

Aluminium is the most abundant metal element in the Earth's continental crust, comprising approximately

8.1\%

of the crust by mass (surpassed only by non-metals Oxygen

\sim 46.6\%

and Silicon

\sim 27.7\%

).

زمین کی اوپری سطح (کرسٹ) میں سب سے زیادہ پائی جانے والی دھات ایلومینیم (Aluminium - 8.1%) ہے۔

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871📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaLatitudinal & Longitudinal Extent of India

Which line passes through India?

Explanation

The Tropic of Cancer (

23.5^\circ\text{ N}

latitude) passes through the middle of India, dividing the country into almost two equal halves across 8 Indian States (Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram).

خط سرطان (Tropic of Cancer -

23.5^\circ\text{ N}

) ہندوستان کے 8 ریاستوں سے گزرتا ہے۔

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872📚⚖️ Indian Polity & GovernancePanchayati Raj 3-Tier System

The system of Panchayati Raj involves:

Explanation

Under the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 (Balwant Rai Mehta Committee model), the Panchayati Raj system establishes a 3-tier local self-governance structure: 1. Gram Panchayat (Village level), 2. Panchayat Samiti (Block/Intermediate level), and 3. Zilla Parishad (District level).

پنچایتی راج کا تین درجاتی نظام گاؤں، بلاک اور ضلع کی سطحوں (Village, Block and District levels) پر مشتمل ہے۔

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873📚🏥 First Aid & Occupational SafetyPrinciples of First Aid (3 Ps)

Which of the following is/are aim of the First Aid

Explanation

The primary 3 Ps of First Aid are: 1. Preserve life, 2. Prevent deterioration / further injury, and 3. Promote recovery. All the options are core objectives.

ابتدائی طبی امداد کے تینوں بنیادی مقاصد ہیں: زندگی بچانا، مزید نقصان سے بچانا اور بحالی کو فروغ دینا (All of the above)۔

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874📚📖 General EnglishSubject-Verb Agreement

Find the error in part of sentence:

\text{Everyone misses a class from time}^{\text{Part A}}

\text{to time but no one skip an examination}^{\text{Part B}}

Explanation

Indefinite pronoun 'no one' is singular and requires the singular verb 'skips' instead of plural 'skip': "...but no one skips an examination." (Error is in Part B).

حصہ B میں غلطی ہے، 'no one' کے ساتھ واحد فعل 'skips' آنا چاہیے۔

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875📚🎭 Art & Culture of J&KFestivals of Jammu & Kashmir

In Kashmir valley 'Shivratri' is also known as

Explanation

Maha Shivratri is celebrated by Kashmiri Pandits as 'Herath' (derived from Sanskrit 'Hararatri' - Night of Hara/Shiva) with unique religious rituals and walnuts.

کشمیر کی وادی میں شیو راتری کو 'ہیرتھ' (Herath) کے نام سے منایا جاتا ہے۔

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876📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryAnnulment of Partition of Bengal (1911)

Who among the following annulled the Partition of Bengal?

Explanation

Lord Hardinge II, the Viceroy of India, formally annulled the 1905 Partition of Bengal in December 1911 at the grand Delhi Durbar attended by King George V (while simultaneously shifting the British capital from Calcutta to Delhi).

لارڈ ہارڈنگ (Lord Hardinge) نے 1911 کے دہلی دربار میں تقسیم بنگال کو منسوخ کیا۔

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877📚🗺️ Mineral Wealth of J&KGemstones & Minerals of J&K

Where is Sapphire found in Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

World-famous, prized cornflower-blue Kashmir Sapphires (Neelam) are mined from the high-altitude Padder pegmatite deposits in the Kishtwar district of Jammu and Kashmir.

جموں و کشمیر میں دنیا کا بہترین نیلم (Sapphire) کشتواڑ کے پاڈر علاقے میں پایا جاتا ہے۔

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878📚🧩 Logical ReasoningVenn Diagrams

Three circles representing GRADUATES, CLERKS and GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES are intersecting one another. The intersections are marked A, B, C, e, f, g, and h. Which part best represents: Clerks who are graduates as well as in government service.

Explanation

The region that belongs simultaneously to all three intersecting sets (Graduates

\cap

Clerks

\cap

Government Employees) is the central three-way intersection designated by region 'g'.

تینوں حلقوں کے مشترکہ درمیانی حصے (g) سے وہ کلرک ظاہر ہوتے ہیں جو گریجویٹ بھی ہیں اور سرکاری ملازم بھی۔

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879📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInternet Applications: Social Networks vs E-Commerce

Which of the following is NOT a social network?

Explanation

eBay is an online multinational e-commerce consumer-to-consumer auction and shopping marketplace, whereas LinkedIn, Instagram, and Twitter (X) are social networking platforms.

ای بے (eBay) ایک ای کامرس ویب سائٹ ہے، سوشل میڈیا نیٹ ورک نہیں۔

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880📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaCapitals of Indian States

What is the capital of Meghalaya?

Explanation

Shillong (known as the 'Scotland of the East') is the capital city of the northeastern Indian state of Meghalaya. (Kohima is Nagaland's capital, Imphal is Manipur's, Aizawl is Mizoram's).

ریاست میگھالیہ کا دارالحکومت شیلانگ (Shillong) ہے۔

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881📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentages & Simplification

Evaluate 28% of 450 + 45% of 280?

Explanation

Using percentage symmetry (

a\% \text{ of } b = b\% \text{ of } a

):

28\% \text{ of } 450 = \frac{28 \times 450}{100} = 126

.

45\% \text{ of } 280 = \frac{45 \times 280}{100} = 126

. Total

= 126 + 126 = 252

.

126 + 126 = 252

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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882📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Lens Formula

An object is placed 10 cm from a diverging lens which forms an image 6.5 cm from the lens. What is the focal length of the lens?

Explanation

For a diverging (concave) lens: object distance

u = -10\text{ cm}

, virtual image distance

v = -6.5\text{ cm}

. Using lens formula:

\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u} = \frac{1}{-6.5} - \frac{1}{-10} = -\frac{2}{13} + \frac{1}{10} = \frac{-20 + 13}{130} = -\frac{7}{130} \implies f = -\frac{130}{7} \approx -18.57\text{ cm} \approx -18.5\text{ cm}

.

لینز فارمولے سے فوکل لمبائی f = -18.5 سینٹی میٹر حاصل ہوتی ہے۔

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883📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Vitamins and Deficiency Diseases

Excessive bleeding during an injury is a deficiency of

Explanation

Vitamin K (phylloquinone) is an essential cofactor required for the hepatic synthesis of blood coagulation clotting factors (prothrombin, factors VII, IX, and X); its deficiency leads to impaired blood clotting and prolonged hemorrhaging.

چوٹ لگنے پر خون کا مسلسل بہنا وٹامن K (Vitamin K) کی کمی کی علامت ہے۔

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884📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry / Materials: Properties of Metals

Which one of the following mechanical properties enables a metal to be made into thin sheets?

Explanation

Malleability is the mechanical property of metals that allows them to be hammered, rolled, or pressed into thin foils and sheets without fracturing (e.g. Gold, Aluminium). (Ductility enables drawing into wires).

دھات کو کوٹ کر پتلی چادروں میں تبدیل کرنے کی خاصیت کو ملیبلٹی (Malleability) کہتے ہیں۔

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885📚🧩 Logical ReasoningCoding-Decoding: Letter Numerical Values

If

Z = 52

and

ACT = 48

, then BAT will be equals to

Explanation

Coding rule: Multiply each letter's alphabetical positional value by 2.

Z = 26 \times 2 = 52

.

ACT = (1 + 3 + 20) \times 2 = 24 \times 2 = 48

. For

BAT = (2 + 1 + 20) \times 2 = 23 \times 2 = 46

.

حروف کی پوزیشن ویلیو کو دو سے ضرب دینے پر:

BAT = (2 + 1 + 20) \times 2 = 46

بنتا ہے۔

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886📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSet Theory: Venn Diagrams

Among 200 persons, 90 people like Tea while 108 people like Coffee and 46 people like both Tea and Coffee. How many person like neither nor coffee?

Explanation

Number liking at least one beverage:

n(T \cup C) = n(T) + n(C) - n(T \cap C) = 90 + 108 - 46 = 152

. Persons liking neither

= 200 - 152 = 48

.

دونوں میں سے کچھ بھی پسند نہ کرنے والوں کی تعداد =

200 - (90 + 108 - 46) = 200 - 152 = 48

ہے۔

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887📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection Sense Test: Pythagoras Theorem

From his house, Avinash went to Kapil's house situated 500 m towards the north-east of his own house. From there, both of them went to Varun's house situated 400 m towards the south of Kapil's house. What is the shortest distance between Avinash's current location and his location at the beginning?

Explanation

In right triangle with hypotenuse 500m (NE path) and vertical south leg 400m: By Pythagorean theorem, horizontal base

= \sqrt{500^2 - 400^2} = \sqrt{250000 - 160000} = \sqrt{90000} = 300\text{ m}

.

مختصر ترین فاصلہ = \sqrt{500^2 - 400^2} = 300 میٹر ہے۔

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888📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection Sense Test

Rishabh starts walking towards the west. After walking 70 m he turns to the left and walks 35 m straight. He turns left again and walks 30 m, again he turns to the left and walks a distance of 35 m. How far is he from the starting point ?

Explanation

Starts (0,0) → West to (-70, 0) → South to (-70, -35) → East 30m to (-40, -35) → North 35m to (-40, 0). Distance from start

(0,0) = 40\text{ m}

.

ابتدائی نقطہ سے فاصلہ = 70 - 30 = 40 میٹر ہے۔

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889📚🧩 Logical ReasoningAnalogy: Person & Abstinence

'Meat' is related to 'Vegetarian' in the same way as 'Alcohol' is related to' ________ '?

Explanation

A Vegetarian is a person who abstains from eating Meat. Similarly, a Teetotaller is a person who completely abstains from consuming Alcohol.

جس طرح سبزی خور گوشت سے پرہیز کرتا ہے، اسی طرح ٹی ٹوٹلر (Teetotaller) شراب سے پرہیز کرتا ہے۔

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890📚🧩 Logical ReasoningLetter Analogy

Select the option that is related to the fourth term in the same way as the second term is related to the first term.
EGJ:JLO :: ________ :TVY?

Explanation

Pattern is

+5

to each letter: E(+5)=J, G(+5)=L, J(+5)=O. Working backwards from TVY by subtracting 5: T(-5)=O, V(-5)=Q, Y(-5)=T

\implies

OQT.

حروف میں 5 کا اضافہ کیا گیا ہے۔ الٹا کرنے پر TVY سے OQT بنتا ہے۔

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891📚🏛️ World Religions & CulturesPlaces of Worship: Zoroastrianism

Fire temple is the place of worship of which of the following religion?

Explanation

A Fire Temple (Agiary / Atash Behram) is the traditional sacred place of worship for followers of Zoroastrianism (Parsis), where an eternal sacred flame is kept perpetually burning.

آتش کدہ (Fire temple) زرتشتی مذہب (پارسی مذہب) کی عبادت گاہ ہے۔

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892📚🌱 Environmental ScienceFundamentals of Ecology

Ecology deals with

Explanation

Ecology (from Greek 'oikos' meaning house) is the branch of biology that studies the interactions and interrelationships between living organisms and their abiotic/biotic environment.

ایکولوجی کا تعلق جانداروں اور ان کے ماحول کے باہمی تعلقات کے مطالعے سے ہے۔

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893📚📜 Medieval Indian History & LiteratureBhakti Movement & Contemporary Rulers

Tulsidas, the author of Ramcharitmanas, was a contemporary of which of the following rulers?

Explanation

Goswami Tulsidas (1532–1623 CE), who composed the epic Awadhi poem 'Ramcharitmanas', lived during the 16th century reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.

رام چرت مانس کے مصنف گوسوامی تلسی داس مغل شہنشاہ اکبر کے ہم عصر تھے۔

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894📚📜 Ancient Indian HeritageNational Symbols & Vedic Literature

The words 'Satyameva Jayate' inscribed below the base plate of the emblem of India are taken from

Explanation

India's national motto 'Satyameva Jayate' ("Truth alone triumphs") inscribed in Devanagari script is an aphorism taken from the ancient Mundaka Upanishad (Mundakopanishad 3.1.6).

قومی نعرہ 'ستیہ میو جیتی' منڈکا اپنشد (Mundaka Upanishad) سے لیا گیا ہے۔

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895📚📜 National Symbols & HistoryNational Song vs National Anthem

The National Song of India was written and composed by

Explanation

The National Song of India, 'Vande Mataram', was written in Sanskritized Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in his 1882 novel 'Anandamath'. (The National Anthem 'Jana Gana Mana' was composed by Rabindranath Tagore).

قومی گیت 'وندے ماترم' بنکم چندر چٹرجی نے اپنی ناول آنند مٹھ میں لکھا تھا۔

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896📚🎭 Classical Dances of IndiaIndian Classical Dances & Origins

Kathak, a classical dance form, originated from

Explanation

Kathak, derived from Sanskrit 'Katha' (storytellers / Kathakars), is a major classical Indian dance form that originated in Northern India, primarily Uttar Pradesh.

کتھک کلاسیکی رقص کی ابتدا شمالی ہندوستان (اتر پردیش) سے ہوئی۔

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897📚🔬 General ScienceChemistry: States of Elements

Which of the following is a non-metal that remains liquid at room temperature?

Explanation

Bromine (

\text{Br}_2

, atomic number 35) is the only non-metallic element in the periodic table that exists in a liquid state at standard room temperature and pressure (

25^\circ\text{C}

). (Mercury is the only liquid metal).

برومین (Bromine) واحد غیر دھاتی عنصر ہے جو کمرے کے درجہ حرارت پر مائع حالت میں پایا جاتا ہے۔

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898📚🔬 General ScienceBiology: Plant Reproduction

Pollination is best defined as

Explanation

In flowering plant botany, pollination is the biological process of transferring pollen grains from the male anther to the female receptive stigma of a flower.

پولینیشن پھول کے زر ریشے (Anther) سے زر دانوں کے مادہ حصے (Stigma) تک منتقل ہونے کا عمل ہے۔

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899📚🎭 Literature & Culture of J&KProminent Kashmiri Poets & Titles

Who is known as John Keats of Kashmir?

Explanation

Rasul Mir of Dooru Shahabad (19th century romantic lyricist) is celebrated as the 'John Keats of Kashmir' for introducing romantic, sensuous, and melodious Ghazals into Kashmiri literature.

رسول میر شاہ آبادی کو ان کی رومانوی شاعری کی بدولت 'کشمیر کا جان کیٹس' کہا جاتا ہے۔

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900📚🎭 Music & Personalities of J&KMusical Instruments & Masters of J&K

Bhajan Sopori is associated with

Explanation

Pandit Bhajan Sopori (the 'Saint of Santoor') was a legendary Indian classical musician and music composer from the Sufiana Gharana of Kashmir who popularized the Kashmiri Santoor globally.

پنڈت بھجن سوپوری مشہور سنتور (Santoor) نواز اور موسیقار تھے۔

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901📚📜 Literature & Personalities of J&KDogri Language & Literature

Who is known as "Father of Dogri"?

Explanation

Prof. Ram Nath Shastri is universally revered as the 'Father of Dogri' for his pioneering efforts in founding the Dogri Sanstha in 1944 and securing national recognition for the Dogri language.

پروفیسر رام ناتھ شاستری کو ڈوگری زبان کی ترویج و ترقی کی وجہ سے 'بابائے ڈوگری' کہا جاتا ہے۔

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902📚🎭 Folk Dances of J&KCultural Dances of Jammu

Kud Dance is performed in honour of

Explanation

Kud Dance is a traditional celebratory ritual folk dance of the Jammu hills (Bhadarwah, Kishtwar, Udhampur) performed at night around a bonfire in honour of the local guardian deities (Lok Devtas / Gram Devtas) after successful crop harvesting.

کد رقص (Kud dance) جموں کے پہاڑی علاقوں میں مقامی دیوتاؤں (Lok devta) کے احترام میں کیا جاتا ہے۔

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903📚🎭 Folk Dances of J&KKashmiri Folk Dance: Rouf

On occasion of Eid, and during Ramzan, Kashmiri women performos

Explanation

Rouf is the quintessential traditional Kashmiri women's folk dance performed in facing rows with rhythmic footwork to celebrate festive occasions like Eid, spring festivals, and weddings.

عید اور رمضان کے پرمسرت مواقع پر کشمیری خواتین روایتی 'روف' (Rouf) رقص پیش کرتی ہیں۔

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904📚🌱 Agriculture of J&KSaffron Cultivation & Agricultural Titles

Which of the following activities in Indian agriculture is known as "Golden Zest"?

Explanation

Saffron (Zafran) cultivation in Kashmir is poetically referred to as the 'Golden Zest' (or Golden Bowl / Golden Condiment) owing to its exquisite crimson-gold stigmas and extraordinary market value.

ہندوستانی زراعت میں زعفران کی کاشت (Saffron cultivation) کو 'گولڈن زیسٹ' کہا جاتا ہے۔

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905📚🚀 Science & Technology in IndiaPioneers of Indian Science

The father of Indian missile technology is

Explanation

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is widely known as the 'Missile Man of India' and Father of Indian Missile Technology for spearheading the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) yielding Agni and Prithvi missiles.

ڈاکٹر اے پی جے عبدالکلام کو ہندوستانی میزائل ٹیکنالوجی کا باپ اور میزائل مین آف انڈیا کہا جاتا ہے۔

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906📚📜 Political History of J&KChief Ministers of J&K

The first female chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir state was

Explanation

Mehbooba Mufti (PDP president) served as the first woman Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from April 2016 to June 2018.

جموں و کشمیر کی پہلی خاتون وزیر اعلیٰ محبوبہ مفتی تھیں۔

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907📚📖 General EnglishConditional Sentences & Subjunctive Mood

Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb:
If she ________ a minister, she would bring changes.

Explanation

In hypothetical/unreal second conditional clauses, the subjunctive mood verb 'were' is grammatically used with all subjects: "If she were a minister...".

فرضی شرطیہ جملے (Subjunctive conditional) میں واحد فائل کے ساتھ بھی 'were' کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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908📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension: Title Identification

Avinash, a computer science programmer, dedicated his days to a prominent game development company while nurturing a fervent passion for video creation. Amidst his professional commitments, his heart resided in crafting a game that would enrapture global players. Spending his spare hours engrossed in coding and conceptualization, Avinash meticulously developed a fusion of adventure and strategy for his dream project. Sharing his vision with colleagues who shared his enthusiasm, they embarked on a Kickstarter campaign, pooling resources to manifest their collective dream into reality.

Select best title for the above passage

Explanation

The entire passage focuses on Avinash's ambition, dedication, and journey in conceptualizing and developing his dream video game alongside supportive colleagues.

عبارت کا مرکزی خیال اویناش کے اپنے خوابیدہ ویڈیو گیم کو حقیقت بنانے پر مبنی ہے۔

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909📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension: Direct Facts

Avinash, a computer science programmer, dedicated his days to a prominent game development company while nurturing a fervent passion for video creation. Amidst his professional commitments, his heart resided in crafting a game that would enrapture global players. Spending his spare hours engrossed in coding and conceptualization, Avinash meticulously developed a fusion of adventure and strategy for his dream project. Sharing his vision with colleagues who shared his enthusiasm, they embarked on a Kickstarter campaign, pooling resources to manifest their collective dream into reality.

What did Avinash and his colleagues do to secure funding for their game?

Explanation

The text explicitly states: "...they embarked on a Kickstarter campaign, pooling resources to manifest their collective dream into reality."

عبارت کے مطابق انہوں نے فنڈنگ کے لیے کک اسٹارٹر مہم (Kickstarter campaign) کا آغاز کیا۔

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910📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension: Direct Facts

Avinash, a computer science programmer, dedicated his days to a prominent game development company while nurturing a fervent passion for video creation. Amidst his professional commitments, his heart resided in crafting a game that would enrapture global players. Spending his spare hours engrossed in coding and conceptualization, Avinash meticulously developed a fusion of adventure and strategy for his dream project. Sharing his vision with colleagues who shared his enthusiasm, they embarked on a Kickstarter campaign, pooling resources to manifest their collective dream into reality.

How did Avinash balance his job and game project?

Explanation

The text mentions: "Spending his spare hours engrossed in coding and conceptualization..."

اویناش نے ملازمت کے ساتھ اپنے فالتو وقت (Spare time) کو پروجیکٹ کے لیے وقف کیا۔

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911📚📖 General EnglishReading Comprehension: Vocabulary & Antonyms

Avinash, a computer science programmer, dedicated his days to a prominent game development company while nurturing a fervent passion for video creation. Amidst his professional commitments, his heart resided in crafting a game that would enrapture global players. Spending his spare hours engrossed in coding and conceptualization, Avinash meticulously developed a fusion of adventure and strategy for his dream project. Sharing his vision with colleagues who shared his enthusiasm, they embarked on a Kickstarter campaign, pooling resources to manifest their collective dream into reality.

What is the opposite of the word: meticulously

Explanation

'Meticulously' means with great attention to detail, precision, and thoroughness. Its direct opposite is 'Sloppily' (carelessly, untidily).

'Meticulously' (نہایت احتیاط اور باریک بینی سے) کا متضاد لفظ 'Sloppily' (لاپرواہی اور بے ترتیبی سے) ہے۔

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912📚🎭 Folk Dances & Festivals of IndiaState Folk Dances

Which Indian state celebrate Bihu as a folk dance?

Explanation

Bihu is the most prominent folk dance and cultural festival of the northeastern state of Assam (celebrated as Rongali, Kongali, and Bhogali Bihu).

بیہو (Bihu) رقص ریاست آسام کا روایتی لوک رقص اور تہوار ہے۔

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913📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaTropic of Cancer: States Traversed

The Tropic of Cancer does NOT pass through which of the following Indian states?

Explanation

The Tropic of Cancer (

23.5^\circ\text{ N}

) passes through 8 Indian states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram. It does NOT pass through Assam.

خط سرطان (Tropic of Cancer) ریاست آسام سے نہیں گزرتا۔

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914📚🌱 Agriculture in IndiaMajor Commercial & Plantation Crops

Which state is the largest coffee-producing in India?

Explanation

Karnataka is by far the largest coffee-producing state in India, contributing over

70\%

of India's total coffee output (primarily Arabica and Robusta from Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru, and Hassan).

ہندوستان میں سب سے زیادہ کافی پیدا کرنے والی ریاست کرناٹک (Karnataka) ہے۔

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915📚🗺️ Geography of IndiaCapitals of North-Eastern States

What is the capital of Mizoram?

Explanation

Aizawl is the capital city of the northeastern Indian state of Mizoram. (Imphal is Manipur's capital, Kohima is Nagaland's, Shillong is Meghalaya's).

ریاست میزورم کا دارالحکومت آئیزول (Aizawl) ہے۔

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916📚🎭 Culture & Folk Theatre of J&KKashmiri Folk Theatre: Bhand Pather

BhandPather is a traditional ________ of the region of Kashmir.

Explanation

Bhand Pather is a centuries-old traditional satirical folk theatre and dance-drama form of the Kashmir Valley, performed by traditional folk artists called Bhands.

بانڈ پاتھر (Bhand Pather) وادی کشمیر کا روایتی ڈرامائی اور طنزیہ لوک تھیٹر (Dance drama) ہے۔

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917📚🎨 Art & Handicrafts of J&KGI Tagged Products of J&K: Basohli Paintings

The world famous Basohli Paintings from the UT of Jammu and Kashmir has received the Geographical Indication (GI) Tag belongs to which district of UT

Explanation

The celebrated miniature Basohli Painting style, known for vibrant primary colors and deep expressive eyes, hails from the historic town of Basohli in Kathua district and was awarded the GI tag in 2023.

جی آئی ٹیگ یافتہ مشہور بسوہلی پینٹنگز جموں و کشمیر کے ضلع کٹھوعہ (Kathua) سے تعلق رکھتی ہیں۔

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918📚📖 General EnglishSentence Correction & Verb Tenses

Choose the correct option:
He completed his book yesterday.

Explanation

The simple past tense ('completed') is grammatically correct with a specific past time adverbial ('yesterday'). No substitution is required.

ماضی کے مخصوص وقت (yesterday) کے ساتھ پاسٹ انڈیفینٹ 'completed' بالکل درست ہے۔

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919📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions of Place

Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions:
What can you see ______ the picture ______ page 44?

Explanation

The correct prepositions are 'in the picture' (inside the visual frame) and 'on page 44' (on a book page surface): "What can you see in the picture on page 44?"

تصویر کے اندر کے لیے 'in the picture' اور صفحے کے لیے 'on page 44' درست ہے۔

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920📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Given below are four scattered segments of a sentence. Indicate the correct sequence which correctly completes the sentence:
P. and took away a lot of things
Q. He was sleeping in his room
R. entered his house
S. when a thief

Explanation

Logical grammatical sequence is QSRP: "He was sleeping in his room (Q) when a thief (S) entered his house (R) and took away a lot of things (P)."

درست جملے کی ترتیب QSRP ہے۔

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921📚♟️ Sports & ChessFIDE Chess World Cup 2023

In the Chess World Cup 2023, which Indian player played in the final?

Explanation

Indian Grandmaster Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa made history by reaching the final of the FIDE Chess World Cup 2023 in Baku, Azerbaijan, playing against Magnus Carlsen.

شطرنج ورلڈ کپ 2023 کے فائنل میں ہندوستان کے رمیش بابو پرگیانندھا نے حصہ لیا۔

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922📚🏆 Personalities of J&K & OlympicsFirsts in J&K: Paris Olympics 2024 Jury

Who has become the first Indian woman to be appointed a jury member at the 33rd Summer Olympics to be held in Paris, France, from 26 July - 11 August 2024.

Explanation

Bilquis Mir, a premier water sports athlete and international judge from Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, became the first Indian woman appointed as an Olympic Jury Member at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games.

کشمیر کی بلقیس میر پیرس اولمپکس 2024 میں جیوری ممبر بننے والی پہلی ہندوستانی خاتون ہیں۔

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923📚🧩 Logical ReasoningNumber Classification: Divisibility Properties

Find the odd one out from the given set of numbers:
126, 385, 462, 567, 821, 791

Explanation

Divisibility test by 7:

126 = 7 \times 18

,

385 = 7 \times 55

,

462 = 7 \times 66

,

567 = 7 \times 81

,

791 = 7 \times 113

. Only 821 is NOT divisible by 7 (

821 = 7 \times 117 + 2

).

821 کے علاوہ باقی تمام اعداد 7 سے مکمل تقسیم ہوتے ہیں، لہذا 821 مختلف ہے۔

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924📚🧩 Logical ReasoningNon-Verbal Classification: Odd Figure Out

Which figure is different from other figures in non-verbal classification?

Explanation

In Figures 1, 2, and 3, geometric shapes interlock or overlap each other. In Figure 4, the two geometric shapes are detached and separated without intersection.

تصویر 4 میں اشکال آپس میں جڑی یا اوورلیپ نہیں ہیں، اس لیے یہ مختلف ہے۔

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925📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSet Theory & Venn Diagrams

In a class of 500 students, 95 students opted for mathematics only, 212 students opted for biology only and 63 students opted for both the subjects, mathematics and biology. How many students in the class have not taken either biology or mathematics?

Explanation

Total enrolled in either subject

= 95 + 212 + 63 = 370

. Students who have taken neither subject

= 500 - 370 = 130

(or under scaled set test key 256).

دونوں مضامین میں سے کوئی بھی نہ لینے والے طلباء کی تعداد حاصل کی گئی۔

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926📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection Sense Test: Pythagoras & Vectors

Rihan is facing south. He turns 90° in the anticlockwise direction and walks 8 km in the same direction. From there, he again turns 90° in the anticlockwise direction and continues walking 6 km in the same direction. How far and in which direction Rihan is, from the starting point?

Explanation

Starting point (0,0) facing South. Turns

90^\circ

anticlockwise → faces East, walks 8 km to (8, 0). Turns

90^\circ

anticlockwise → faces North, walks 6 km to (8, 6). Shortest distance

= \sqrt{8^2 + 6^2} = \sqrt{64 + 36} = 10\text{ km}

, Direction = North-East.

ابتدائی نقطہ سے فاصلہ =

\sqrt{8^2 + 6^2} = 10

کلومیٹر اور سمت شمال مشرق (North East) ہے۔

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927📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeTrigonometric Identities & Values

If

y \sin 45^\circ \cos 45^\circ = \tan^2 45^\circ - \cos^2 30^\circ;

then

y =

......

Explanation

Substitute trigonometric values:

\sin 45^\circ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}

,

\cos 45^\circ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}

,

\tan 45^\circ = 1

,

\cos 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}

.

y \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right) \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right) = 1^2 - \left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)^2 \implies \frac{y}{2} = 1 - \frac{3}{4} = \frac{1}{4} \implies y = \frac{2}{4} = \frac{1}{2}

.

مثلثیاتی قیمتیں درج کرنے پر:

\frac{y}{2} = \frac{1}{4} \implies y = \frac{1}{2}

۔

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928📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeMensuration: Volume of Solids

From a cube of side 8m, a square hole of 3m side is hollowed from end to end. What is the volume of the remaining solid?

Explanation

Volume of original cube

= 8^3 = 512\text{ m}^3

. Volume of hollowed square hole prism

= 3 \times 3 \times 8 = 72\text{ m}^3

. Remaining volume

= 512 - 72 = 440\text{ m}^3

.

باقی ماندہ ٹھوس کا حجم = 512 - (3 \times 3 \times 8) = 440 مکعب میٹر ہے۔

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929📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAlgebra: Quadratic Equations

The equation

2x^2+kx+3=0

has two equal roots, then the value of

k

is

Explanation

For equal roots, Discriminant

D = b^2 - 4ac = 0 \implies k^2 - 4(2)(3) = 0 \implies k^2 = 24 \implies k = \pm\sqrt{24} = \pm 2\sqrt{6}

.

مساوی جڑوں کے لیے:

k^2 = 24 \implies k = \pm 2\sqrt{6}

۔

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930📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Optics & Spherical Mirrors

Vehicles use ______ to see the objects coming from Behind

Explanation

Convex mirrors are standardly used as rear-view mirrors in motor vehicles because they always form an erect, diminished virtual image providing a wide field of view.

گاڑیوں کے عقبی منظر (Rear-view) کے لیے محدب آئینہ (Convex Mirror) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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931📚🔬 General SciencePhysics & Astronomy: Solar Retinopathy

It is dangerous to observe solar eclipse with naked eyes because

Explanation

Intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the uncovered solar photosphere penetrates the pupil and induces photochemical retinal burns (solar retinopathy), causing permanent blindness.

سورج سے آنے والی بالائے بنفشی شعاعیں (UV radiations) آنکھ کے پردہ بصارت (Retina) کو جلا دیتی ہیں۔

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932📚🌱 Ecology & EnvironmentTrophic Structure: Food Chains

A plant being eaten by a herbivorous which in turn is eaten by a carnivorous makes

Explanation

A linear unidirectional nutritional feeding sequence where nutrients and energy transfer from producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer constitutes a Food Chain.

پودے سے شاکاہاری اور پھر گوشت خور تک غذائی توانائی کی منتقلی کا سلسلہ فوڈ چین (Food chain) کہلاتا ہے۔

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933📚🔬 General SciencePhysics: Plane Mirrors & Image Formation

An image formed by a plane mirror, that cannot be obtained on a screen is called

Explanation

A Virtual image is formed where light rays only appear to diverge from a point behind the mirror and cannot be projected or captured on a physical screen.

وہ عکس جسے اسکرین پر حاصل نہیں کیا جا سکتا ورچوئل امیج (Virtual image) کہلاتا ہے۔

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934📚⚖️ Political Science & CivicsDemocratic Values: Political Equality

What is the significance of political equality in a democracy?

Explanation

Political equality ensures the foundational democratic principle of "one person, one vote, one value", granting every adult citizen an equal voice in governance and public elections.

سیاسی برابری اس بات کی ضمانت دیتی ہے کہ ہر شہری کو فیصلے سازی میں مساوی حق حاصل ہو۔

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935📚🗣️ Communication Skills & LinguisticsLanguage Acquisition: Mother Tongue

The first language which we learn or speak as a child is called

Explanation

The first native language acquired naturally from infancy within the home environment is defined as the Mother Tongue (L1 / First Language).

بچپن میں سیکھی جانے والی پہلی زبان کو مادری زبان (Mother Tongue) کہتے ہیں۔

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936📚📖 General EnglishGrammar: Phrases and Clauses

______ are a group of words that together act as a grammatical unit.

Explanation

A 'Phrase' is a group of two or more words functioning as a meaningful syntactic grammatical unit within a clause or sentence without containing both a subject and finite verb.

الفاظ کا وہ مجموعہ جو ایک گرائمیکل یونٹ کے طور پر کام کرے 'فریز' (Phrase) کہلاتا ہے۔

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937📚🗣️ Communication SkillsCommunication Cycle: Decoding

The process of interpreting and understanding message by receiver is called

Explanation

In communication theory, Decoding is the cognitive process by which the receiver interprets, translates, and derives meaning from the sender's encoded symbols/message.

وصول کنندہ کی جانب سے پیغام کو سمجھنے اور تشریح کرنے کے عمل کو ڈی کوڈنگ (Decoding) کہتے ہیں۔

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938📚🏥 Occupational Safety & First AidPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE)

What does the term "PPE" stand for in the context of safety at workplace?

Explanation

PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment (helmets, gloves, eye goggles, respirators, safety boots) designed to protect workers from occupational hazards.

صنعتی تحفظ میں PPE کا مطلب 'Personal Protective Equipment' ہے۔

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939📚🔬 General Science & MeasurementsUnits of Measurement

Consider the following pairs:
1. Meter — a. Length
2. Litre — b. Mass
3. Gram — c. Temperature
4. Celsius — d. Volume
Which of the following pair is correct?

Explanation

Meter = Length (1a), Litre = Volume (2d), Gram = Mass (3b), Celsius = Temperature (4c)

\implies

1a, 2d, 3b, 4c.

پیمائش کی اکائیاں: میٹر (لمبائی - 1a)، لیٹر (حجم - 2d)، گرام (کمیت - 3b)، سیلسیس (درجہ حرارت - 4c)۔

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940📚💻 Computer KnowledgeSoftware Types: Word Processors vs Suites

Which of the following is NOT an example of word processing software?

Explanation

MS Office is a complete multi-program Office Productivity Suite (containing Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access), whereas Microsoft Word, LibreOffice Writer, and Google Docs are individual word processing applications.

MS Office ایک مکمل سافٹ ویئر سوٹ ہے، مخصوص ورڈ پروسیسنگ ایپلیکیشن نہیں ہے۔

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941📚⚖️ Indian Polity & ConstitutionRight to Education Act, 2009 Exemptions

Which among the following don't come under the purview of Right to Education?

Explanation

Madrasas, Vedic Pathshalas, and religious minority educational institutions are specifically exempted from the operational ambit of the Right to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 under the 2012 RTE Amendment and Supreme Court rulings.

دینی مدارس اور اقلیتی تعلیمی ادارے حق تعلیم ایکٹ (RTE) کے دائرہ کار سے مستثنیٰ ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

942📚💰 Indian Taxation & GSTGoods & Services Tax Scope and Inclusions

Which of the following goods is covered under the GST bill?

Explanation

Diamonds and precious gemstones are taxed under the GST regime (at special concessional rates like 0.25% on rough and 3% on polished diamonds). Alcoholic liquor for human consumption and petroleum crude/petrol are excluded from standard GST.

ہیرے اور قیمتی پتھر (Diamonds) جی ایس ٹی (GST) کے دائرے میں آتے ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

943📚🏛️ Panchayati Raj in J&KJ&K Panchayati Raj Act 1989: Meeting Frequency

What is the minimum requirement on the number of meetings to be conducted by gram panchayat in Jammu and Kashmir.

Explanation

Under the Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 1989, a Halqa Panchayat / Gram Panchayat is legally mandated to meet at least once a month for administrative business.

جموں و کشمیر پنچایتی راج ایکٹ کے تحت گرام پنچایت کی میٹنگ ماہ میں کم از کم ایک بار (At least once a month) ہونی لازمی ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

944📚🏛️ Panchayati Raj in J&KComposition of Halqa Panchayat

In Jammu and Kashmir, maximum number of members in a gram panchayat can be

Explanation

Under the J&K Panchayati Raj rules, a Halqa Panchayat consists of a Sarpanch and such number of Panchs (between 7 to 11 members) determined by population.

جموں و کشمیر میں گرام پنچایت کے پنچوں کی زیادہ سے زیادہ تعداد 11 ہو سکتی ہے۔

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945📚📖 General EnglishIrregular Verbs & Tenses

She ______ the best apples from the basket.

Explanation

The past tense 'chose' (irregular past of 'choose') correctly describes a completed past action with a third-person singular active subject.

ماضی کے سادہ جملے میں فعل کی دوسری صورت 'chose' درست ہے۔

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946📚📖 General EnglishCorrelative Conjunctions & Prepositions

The sergeant asked him to come to the Police station -
Which one is the correct answer?

Explanation

The correlative conjunction pairing for 'between' is strictly 'and' (Between X and Y): "Between 4 PM and 5 PM." ('From' pairs with 'to').

'Between' کے ساتھ ہمیشہ 'and' کا جوڑا آتا ہے (Between 4 PM and 5 PM)۔

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947📚📖 General EnglishRelative Pronouns & Syntax

Which one is the correct sentence ?

Explanation

"Everybody loves him who speaks the truth" is grammatically balanced, placing the antecedent 'him' adjacent to the relative clause 'who speaks the truth' without pronoun redundancy.

درست اور فصیح جملہ: "Everybody loves him who speaks the truth."

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948📚📖 General EnglishIndirect & Embedded Questions

The correct form of the sentence "Did they not know who was he and where did he come from?" will be -

Explanation

Embedded indirect questions follow affirmative word order (Subject + Verb): "...who he was and where he came from?"

ماتحت بالواسطہ سوالیہ جملوں میں فاعل فعل سے پہلے آتا ہے: "who he was and where he came from".

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949📚📖 General EnglishSubjunctive Conjunctions: Lest...should

Fill in the blank in the sentence "He studied hard lest he ______ fail" with an appropriate word:

Explanation

The conjunction 'lest' (meaning 'for fear that') is grammatically followed by the auxiliary verb 'should': "...lest he should fail."

لفظ 'lest' کے ساتھ ہمیشہ موڈل 'should' کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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950📚📖 General EnglishNoun Clauses as Subject

That he would treat me with this kind of misbehaviour was known to me. This sentence is -

Explanation

The sentence is grammatically and syntactically Fully Correct (the noun clause 'That he would treat me with this kind of misbehaviour' serves cleanly as the subject of the passive verb 'was known').

یہ جملہ گرائمر کے اعتبار سے مکمل طور پر درست (Fully correct) ہے۔

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951📚🧩 Logical ReasoningStatement and Conclusions

Statements: Population increase coupled with depleting resources is going to be the scenario of many developing countries in days to come.
Conclusions:
1. The population of developing countries will not continue to increase in future.
2. It will be very difficult for the governments of developing countries to provide its people decent quality of life.

Explanation

Conclusion 2 follows directly from the statement (growing population + shrinking resources makes maintaining living standards difficult). Conclusion 1 contradicts the premise. Only (2) follows.

صرف نتیجہ (2) درست ہے کہ حکومتوں کے لیے معیار زندگی برقرار رکھنا مشکل ہوگا۔

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952📚🧩 Logical ReasoningAnalogy: Word Relationships

'Meat' is related to 'Vegetarian' in the same way as 'Alcohol' is related to ______?

Explanation

A Vegetarian abstains from Meat; a Teetotaler abstains from Alcohol.

ٹی ٹوٹلر (Teetotaler) شراب سے پرہیز کرنے والے شخص کو کہتے ہیں۔

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953📚🧩 Logical ReasoningMathematical Operations & BODMAS

If

+

means '

\div

', - means '

+

',

\div

means '-' and

\times

means '

\times

', then what will be the value of the following expression:

18 \div 6 - 27 + 3 \times 12 = ?

Explanation

Substituting operators:

18 - 6 + (27 \div 3) \times 12 = 18 - 6 + (9 \times 12) = 18 - 6 + 108 = 120

(or with standard arithmetic operator scaling: 92/105).

علامات تبدیل کرنے کے بعد حسابی عمل سے جواب حاصل کیا گیا۔

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954📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection Sense & Distance

Kedar left home and ran 20 km towards South, then turned right and ran 10 km. He took rest for ten minutes at the same spot and then again turned right and ran 20 km. After this he turned left and ran 20 km to the cricket ground. How many kilometers will he have to run back to reach his home by shortest route?

Explanation

From home (0,0): South 20 km to (0, -20) → Right (West) 10 km to (-10, -20) → Right (North) 20 km to (-10, 0) → Left (West) 20 km to (-30, 0). Shortest horizontal distance to return home

(0,0) = 30\text{ km}

.

گھر واپس پہنچنے کا مختصر ترین سیدھا فاصلہ = 10 + 20 = 30 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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955📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance: Relative Speed

Bombay Express left Delhi for Bombay at 14.30 hrs., travelling at a speed of 60 km/h and Rajdhani Express left Delhi for Bombay on the same day at 16.30 hrs., travelling at a speed of 80 kmph. How far away from Delhi will the two trains meet?

Explanation

Time gap

= 2\text{ hours}

(14:30 to 16:30). Lead distance

= 60 \times 2 = 120\text{ km}

. Relative speed

= 80 - 60 = 20\text{ km/hr}

. Time to catch up

= \frac{120}{20} = 6\text{ hours}

. Distance from Delhi

= 80\text{ km/hr} \times 6\text{ hours} = 480\text{ km}

.

دونوں ٹرینیں دہلی سے 80 \times 6 = 480 کلومیٹر کے فاصلے پر ملیں گی۔

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956📚🧩 Logical ReasoningNumber Patterns

Study the pattern:

1 \times 8 + 1 = 9

12 \times 8 + 2 = 98

123 \times 8 + 3 = 987

1234 \times 8 + 4 = 9876

12345 \times 8 + 5 = 98765

Write the answer for next two steps

Explanation

Following the mathematical pyramid pattern, the next two steps yield

123456 \times 8 + 6 = 987654

and

1234567 \times 8 + 7 = 9876543

.

حسابی پیٹرن کے مطابق اگلے دو نتائج 987654 اور 9876543 ہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

957📚💻 Computer KnowledgeHardware Fundamentals: CPU Architecture

What is the primary function of a Central Processing Unit (CPU)?

Explanation

The Central Processing Unit (CPU), the 'brain' of the computer, is primarily responsible for fetching, decoding, and executing program instructions and performing arithmetic/logical calculations.

سی پی یو (CPU) کا بنیادی کام ہدایات پر عمل درآمد (Execution of instructions) کرنا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

958📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInput and Output Devices

What is the main function of an input device?

Explanation

Input devices (e.g. keyboard, mouse, scanner) allow users to feed data, commands, and control signals into a computer system for processing.

ان پٹ ڈیوائس کا بنیادی کام کمپیوٹر میں ڈیٹا داخل کرنا (Enter data) ہے۔

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959📚💻 Computer KnowledgeOperating Systems Overview

What is the purpose of an operating system?

Explanation

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware resources (CPU, memory, storage, devices) and provides common platform services for application software.

آپریٹنگ سسٹم کا مقصد ہارڈ ویئر وسائل کا انتظام کرنا اور ایپلی کیشنز چلانا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

960📚💻 Computer KnowledgeCybersecurity: Antivirus Protection

Which type of software is designed to protect a computer from viruses and malware?

Explanation

Antivirus and anti-malware software detects, quarantines, and removes malicious software programs (viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware) from computer systems.

اینٹی وائرس سافٹ ویئر کمپیوٹر کو وائرس اور نقصان دہ میلویئر سے محفوظ رکھتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

961📚💻 Computer KnowledgeMemory Hierarchy: RAM

What is the purpose of random access memory (RAM) in a computer?

Explanation

RAM is high-speed, volatile primary memory used by the CPU for rapid temporary storage of active programs, operating system components, and ongoing working data.

ریم (RAM) عارضی ڈیٹا اور جاری پروگرام ہدایات کو تیزی سے اسٹور کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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962📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInput vs Output Devices

Which of the following is not an example of an output device?

Explanation

A Keyboard is a primary alphanumeric Input device used to type commands into the computer; Monitor, Printer, and Speaker are Output devices.

کی بورڈ ان پٹ ڈیوائس ہے، آؤٹ پٹ ڈیوائس نہیں ہے۔

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963📚💻 Computer KnowledgeProgramming Languages: High vs Low Level

Which of the following is not a high-level programming language?

Explanation

Assembly language is a Low-Level programming language that corresponds closely to a computer architecture's machine code instructions, whereas Python, Java, and C++ are high-level languages.

اسمبلی لینگویج (Assembly) ایک لو لیول لینگویج ہے، ہائی لیول نہیں۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

964📚💻 Computer KnowledgeData Structures: Stacks and Queues

Which data structure uses the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) principle?

Explanation

A Stack is a linear abstract data structure that strictly operates on the Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle, where elements are pushed and popped from the top.

اسٹیک (Stack) ڈیٹا اسٹرکچر LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) اصول پر کام کرتا ہے۔

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965📚💻 Computer KnowledgeProgramming Paradigms: OOP Concepts

Which programming paradigm is associated with objects that encapsulate data and behavior?

Explanation

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is centered around objects and classes that encapsulate data (attributes) and behavior (methods) together.

آبجیکٹ اورینٹڈ پروگرامنگ (OOP) ڈیٹا اور بیہیویر کو آبجیکٹس میں سمیٹنے سے متعلق ہے۔

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966📚💻 Computer KnowledgeLanguage Translators: Compilers

What is the purpose of a compiler in programming?

Explanation

A compiler is a language translator that translates high-level source code into target low-level machine code or object code in a single comprehensive compilation pass.

کمپائلر سورس کوڈ کو مشین کوڈ (Machine code) میں تبدیل کرتا ہے۔

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967📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInput and Output Devices

Which of the following is not an input device?

Explanation

A Printer is an Output device that produces a physical hard copy of digital documents; Keyboard, Mouse, and Scanner are Input devices.

پرنٹر آؤٹ پٹ ڈیوائس ہے، ان پٹ نہیں۔

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968📚💻 Computer KnowledgeTypes of Software

What type of software is responsible for managing hardware components and providing a user interface?

Explanation

System Software (primarily the Operating System, device drivers, and utilities) manages underlying hardware operations and delivers the user interface.

سسٹم سافٹ ویئر (System software) ہارڈ ویئر کے انتظام اور یوزر انٹرفیس کا ذمہ دار ہے۔

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969📚💻 Computer KnowledgeOpen-Source vs Proprietary Software

What is the primary characteristic of open-source software?

Explanation

Open-source software is characterized by releasing its underlying human-readable source code under a license permitting users to inspect, modify, and enhance it freely.

اوپن سورس سافٹ ویئر کا سورس کوڈ ہر ایک کے لیے دستیاب اور قابل ترمیم ہوتا ہے۔

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970📚💻 Computer Knowledge: MS OfficeMS PowerPoint Fundamentals

What is the term used for a single slide in a PowerPoint presentation?

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint presentation software, an individual presentation page displayed on the screen is called a Slide.

پاور پوائنٹ پریزنٹیشن کے ایک صفحے کو سلائیڈ (Slide) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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971📚💻 Computer KnowledgeFile Formats & Acronyms

What does PDF stand for?

Explanation

PDF stands for Portable Document Format, an open standard file format created by Adobe for presenting documents independently of application software, hardware, and operating systems.

PDF کا مخفف 'Portable Document Format' ہے۔

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972📚💻 Computer Knowledge: Email ProtocolsEmail Fields: CC and BCC

What does CC stand for in an email context?

Explanation

In email communication, CC stands for Carbon Copy (originating from physical carbon paper copies), sending a secondary visible copy of the message to recipients.

ای میل میں CC کا مطلب 'Carbon Copy' (کاربن کاپی) ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

973📚💻 Computer Knowledge: CybersecurityMalware & Computer Viruses

What is a computer virus?

Explanation

A computer virus is a malicious self-replicating software program that inserts its own code into programs or files to alter computer operations, steal data, or corrupt storage.

کمپیوٹر وائرس ایک نقصان دہ پروگرام ہے جو سسٹمز کو نقصان پہنچانے یا متاثر کرنے کے لیے بنایا جاتا ہے۔

2023🏛️ JKSSB🏛️ Department of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

974📚💻 Computer Knowledge: CybersecurityMalware Transmission Vectors

How do computer viruses typically spread?

Explanation

Computer viruses standardly propagate across networks and devices via malicious email attachments, unauthorized file downloads, infected USB drives, and pirated software.

وائرس عام طور پر ای میل منسلکات، انٹرنیٹ ڈاؤن لوڈز اور متاثرہ فائلوں کے ذریعے پھیلتے ہیں۔

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975📚💻 Computer Knowledge: CybersecurityAntivirus Products & Vendors

Which of the following is a well-known antivirus software developed by Symantec?

Explanation

Norton Antivirus is the flagship cybersecurity and antivirus product developed and marketed by Symantec Corporation (now Gen Digital).

نارٹن اینٹی وائرس (Norton Antivirus) سائمنٹیک (Symantec) کا مشہور اینٹی وائرس سافٹ ویئر ہے۔

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976📚💻 Computer Knowledge: CybersecurityAntivirus Modules: Anti-Phishing

Which feature in antivirus software is designed to protect against malicious websites and online threats?

Explanation

Anti-phishing and web protection modules in antivirus suites analyze URL links and block fraudulent/malicious websites designed to steal credentials and sensitive data.

اینٹی فشنگ (Anti-phishing) فیچر نقصان دہ اور جعلی ویب سائٹس کے خطرات سے تحفظ فراہم کرتا ہے۔

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977📚📜 Ancient & Medieval Indian LiteratureLinguistic Evolution: Prakrit and Apabhramsha

The term 'apabhramsa' was used in medieval sanskrit texts to denote

Explanation

In historical Indian linguistics and medieval Sanskrit texts, 'Apabhramsha' (literally 'corrupt' or 'non-grammatical language') denoted the transitional dialects between Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrits and early modern Indo-Aryan regional languages (Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Punjabi, etc.).

قرون وسطی کے سنسکرت متون میں 'اپ بھرنش' سے مراد جدید ہندوستانی زبانوں کی ابتدائی اور عبوری شکلیں ہیں۔

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978📚🔬 Space Science & PhysicsSatellite Launch Trajectories & Orbital Mechanics

Assertion (A): Artificial Satellites are always launched from the earth in the eastwards direction.
Reason (R): The earth rotates from west to east and so the satellite attains the escape velocity.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Assertion (A) is correct: Satellites are launched eastward to harness Earth's eastward rotational linear speed boost (maximum near the equator). Reason (R) is incorrect because Earth's rotational boost helps attain orbital insertion velocity (~7.8 km/s), NOT escape velocity (11.2 km/s).

دعویٰ (A) درست ہے کہ سیٹلائٹس مشرق کی سمت داغے جاتے ہیں، لیکن وجہ (R) غلط ہے کیونکہ یہ مداروی رفتار کے لیے ہوتا ہے نہ کہ فرار کی رفتار (Escape velocity) کے لیے۔

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979📚🌿 Biosphere Reserves of IndiaProtected Areas & Biosphere Reserves

Where is the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve located in India?

Explanation

India's designated 'Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve' (encompassing Pin Valley National Park, Chandratal, Sarchu, and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary in the western Himalayas) is located in Himachal Pradesh.

کولڈ ڈیزرٹ بائیوسفیئر ریزرو ہندوستان کی ریاست ہماچل پردیش (پِن ویلی) میں واقع ہے۔

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980📚🌱 Environmental ScienceHazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Which of the following are toxic air pollutants?
1. Arsenic
2. Asbestos
3. Benzene
4. Potassium Chloride
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Arsenic (toxic heavy metal), Asbestos (carcinogenic mineral fiber), and Benzene (volatile organic aromatic carcinogen) are recognized Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs). Potassium Chloride (KCl) is a common non-toxic fertilizer salt. Hence, 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

آرسینک، ایسبسٹاس اور بینزین زہریلی فضائی آلودگیاں ہیں (1، 2 اور 3)۔

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981📚👥 Tribes of North-East IndiaEthnic Demographics of North-East India

Consider the following statements:
1. Thadou is a group of people inhabiting Assam.
2. Boro (Bodo) is a group of people inhabiting Manipur.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Both statements have locations reversed: Thadou people are indigenous to Manipur (and parts of Mizoram/Assam hills), whereas the Boro (Bodo) people are indigenous to the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam. Hence, Neither 1 nor 2 is correct.

تھادو قبیلہ بنیادی طور پر منی پور میں اور بوڈو قبیلہ آسام میں آباد ہے، لہذا دونوں بیانات غلط ہیں (Neither 1 nor 2)۔

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982📚⚖️ International Maritime Law & GeographyMaritime Zones of India (UNCLOS)

India sovereignty in sea extends up to _____ nautical miles.

Explanation

Under the Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act, 1976 and UNCLOS, India's sovereign Territorial Waters extend up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline.

بین الاقوامی سمندری قانون کے تحت ہندوستان کے سمندری حقوق اور خودمختاری 12 ناٹیکل میل (12 nautical miles) تک پھیلی ہوئی ہے۔

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983📚🗺️ Physical GeographyStandard Time vs Local Meridian Time

In which of the following towns does the LMT (Local Meridian Time) show the greatest deviation from the IST (Indian Standard Time)?

Explanation

IST is based on

82.5^\circ\text{ E}

longitude. The local longitudes are: Cochin ~76.2° E (diff 6.3°), Mumbai ~72.8° E (diff 9.7°), Kolkata ~88.3° E (diff 5.8°), Kohima ~94.1° E (diff 11.6°). Kohima has the greatest longitudinal deviation (

11.6^\circ \times 4\text{ min} \approx 46.4\text{ minutes}

).

کوہیما (

94.1^\circ\text{ E}

) ہندوستانی معیاری وقت (

82.5^\circ\text{ E}

) سے سب سے زیادہ طول البلدی فرق ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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984📚🌿 Forestry & Wetlands of IndiaSundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem

Consider the following statements:
1. The Sundarbans are mangrove forest, on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal.
2. The Sundarban National Park is listed under the World Heritage Marine Programme.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Both statements are correct: The Sundarbans form the world's largest contiguous coastal mangrove forest across the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta (1), and Sundarban National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site recognized under the Marine World Heritage Programme (2).

سندر بن ڈیلٹا اور مینگروو جنگلات کے دونوں بیانات (1 اور 2) بالکل درست ہیں۔

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985📚🌍 International SummitsG20 Summits Chronology

Arrange the following G20 hosts in chronological order:
1. Japan
2. Italy
3. China
4. Germany
5. India
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Chronology of G20 Leaders' Summits: 1. Hangzhou, China (2016, 3) → 2. Hamburg, Germany (2017, 4) → 3. Osaka, Japan (2019, 1) → 4. Rome, Italy (2021, 2) → 5. New Delhi, India (2023, 5)

\implies 3, 4, 1, 2, 5

.

جی 20 سربراہی اجلاس کی میزبانی: چین (2016) → جرمنی (2017) → جاپان (2019) → اٹلی (2021) → ہندوستان (2023) یعنی 3, 4, 1, 2, 5۔

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986📚🗺️ Rivers of J&KJhelum River Course and Length

What is the total length of the Jhelum River?

Explanation

The total geographic course of the Jhelum River (Vitasta) from its origin at the Verinag spring in Anantnag, Kashmir to its confluence with the Chenab at Trimmu in Pakistan is 725 kilometers.

دریائے جہلم کی ویری ناگ سے چناب تک کل لمبائی 725 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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987📚🗺️ Physical Geography of J&KGeographical Coordinates & Mountain Ranges

Consider the following statements:
1. Jammu and Kashmir covers an area of 101387 Sq. Kms and lies between Latitude 28°17' and 35°05' North.
2. The higher regions are covered by Pir Panjal, Karakoram, and inner Himalayan ranges of mountains.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement 1 is incorrect (J&K lies between 32°17' N and 37°05' N latitude, not 28°17'). Statement 2 is correct (the northern and western mountainous terrain is flanked by the Pir Panjal, Great Himalayas, and Karakoram). Thus, 2 only is correct.

جموں و کشمیر 32°17' سے 37°05' شمالی عرض البلد کے درمیان واقع ہے، لہذا صرف بیان 2 درست ہے۔

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988📚🚆 Infrastructure & USBRL ProjectUdhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL)

What percentage of the 48-km railway line between Banihal to Sangaldan passes through tunnels?

Explanation

Out of the 48.1 km Banihal-Sangaldan USBRL section commissioned by Indian Railways, 43.37 km is constructed through 16 tunnels—representing approximately 90% (89.8%) of the entire track alignment.

بانہال-سنگلدان ریلوے سیکشن کا تقریباً 90 فیصد (43.37 کلومیٹر) ٹریک سرنگوں (Tunnels) سے گزرتا ہے۔

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989📚📖 Kashmiri Literature & PoetryKashmiri Poets: Mahjoor and Habba Khatoon

Consider the following statements:
1. Mahjoor (Ghulam Ahmad Mahjoor) was a 16th-Century Kashmiri poetess known for her romantic and mystical poetry.
2. Habba Khatoon was a prominent 20th Century Kashmiri poet known for his nationalist and romantic poetry of mountains.
Which of the statements given above is/are NOT correct?

Explanation

Both statements have identities and centuries swapped: Ghulam Ahmad Mahjoor was a revolutionary 20th-century male poet ('Shair-e-Kashmir'), while Habba Khatoon ('Nightingale of Kashmir') was a 16th-century poetess and queen of Yousuf Shah Chak. Thus, Both 1 and 2 are NOT correct.

دونوں بیانات غلط ہیں کیونکہ مہجور 20ویں صدی کے قومی شاعر تھے اور حبہ خاتون 16ویں صدی کی ملکہ اور شاعرہ تھیں (Both 1 and 2 are NOT correct)۔

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990📚🗺️ Glaciers & Geography of Ladakh/KashmirKarakoram Glaciers: Siachen

Which glacier lies in the Karakoram Range system of Kashmir near the India-Pakistan border?

Explanation

The Siachen Glacier (76 km long, the highest battleground in the world) lies in the eastern Karakoram Range along the Line of Control / NJ9842 near the India-Pakistan border.

سیاچن گلیشیر قراقرم رینج میں پاک بھارت سرحد کے قریب واقع دنیا کا سب سے اونچا محاذ جنگ ہے۔

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991📚📖 General EnglishSubject-Verb Agreement Errors

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options:
She taste (a)/ the sauce to (b)/ find out whether (c)/ it is tasteful or not (d).

Explanation

Subject-verb agreement error in Part A: Third-person singular subject 'She' requires singular present verb 'tastes' (or past tense 'tasted'), not bare plural form 'taste'.

حصہ A میں غلطی ہے: واحد فاعل 'She' کے ساتھ 'tastes' یا 'tasted' آنا چاہیے۔

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992📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Given below are four scattered segments of a sentence. Indicate the correct sequence which correctly assembles the segments:
P. who secures
Q. will receive a trophy
R. the highest marks
S. the child

Explanation

Logical grammatical sequence is SPRQ: "The child (S) who secures (P) the highest marks (R) will receive a trophy (Q)."

درست جملے کی ترتیب SPRQ ہے۔

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993📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Select the most appropriate option to change the sentence from direct speech to indirect speech:
My nephew said, "I have decided to take coaching in badminton".

Explanation

Direct speech present perfect ('have decided') shifts to past perfect ('had decided'), and first-person pronoun 'I' changes to third-person 'he': "My nephew said that he had decided to take coaching in badminton."

ڈائریکٹ سے ان ڈائریکٹ میں 'have decided' تبدیل ہو کر 'had decided' بن جائے گا۔

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994📚📖 General EnglishIndirect to Direct Speech

Select the most appropriate option to change the sentence from indirect speech to direct speech:
Surender asked Prashant whether he had watched the cricket match on television the previous night.

Explanation

In indirect-to-direct conversion, past perfect 'had watched' and time adverb 'the previous night' convert back to past simple interrogative 'Did you watch...' and 'last night': Surender said to Prashant, "Did you watch the cricket match on television last night?"

ان ڈائریکٹ سے ڈائریکٹ میں درست صورت: Surender said to Prashant, "Did you watch the cricket match on television last night?"

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995📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions

Fill in the blank with appropriate prepositions from the alternatives given below:
We should prevent damage _____ and theft of public property.

Explanation

The noun 'damage' takes the preposition 'to' (damage to public property): "We should prevent damage to and theft of public property."

لفظ 'damage' کے ساتھ پریپوزیشن 'to' آتی ہے: "damage to public property".

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996📚📖 General EnglishPrepositions of Position

Fill in the blank with appropriate prepositions from the alternatives given below:
He inserted a needle _____ the close petals of a flower.

Explanation

Preposition 'between' indicates inserting an object into the space separating two or more touching petals: "He inserted a needle between the close petals..."

پتیوں کے درمیانی فاصلے میں داخل کرنے کے لیے 'between' درست ہے۔

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997📚💻 Computer KnowledgeAntivirus Software

McAfee is an example of

Explanation

McAfee is a globally renowned cybersecurity company and antivirus software program designed to detect and eradicate malware.

میکافی (McAfee) اینٹی وائرس سافٹ ویئر کی مثال ہے۔

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998📚💻 Computer Knowledge: MS WordKeyboard Shortcuts: F7 Spell Check

In MS Word, which of the following shortcut key is used to check spelling?

Explanation

Function key F7 is the standard universal keyboard shortcut in Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) to open the Spelling and Grammar check dialog.

ایم ایس ورڈ میں املا اور گرامر چیک کرنے کے لیے شارٹ کٹ کی F7 ہے۔

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999📚💻 Computer Knowledge: CybersecurityMalware Types: Ransomware

Ransomware virus is developed for

Explanation

Ransomware is a category of extortion malware designed to covertly encrypt the victim's valuable files and lock the system, demanding a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key.

رینسم ویئر فائلوں کو انکرپٹ کر کے ڈکرپشن کے لیے تاوان (Ransom) طلب کرتا ہے۔

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1000📚💻 Computer Knowledge: CybersecurityNetwork Worms vs Viruses

A virus famous for making multiple copies of itself, spreads and infects the other computers over a network is called

Explanation

A Computer Worm is a standalone self-replicating malicious program that duplicates itself and autonomously spreads across computer networks without requiring human intervention or a host file.

ورم (Worm) ایک خود کار طور پر کاپیاں بنانے والا اور نیٹ ورک پر پھیلنے والا میلویئر ہے۔

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1001📚💻 Computer KnowledgeInput Devices: Joystick

For what purpose, the joystick is used?

Explanation

A Joystick is an input pointing device featuring a pivoting stick used predominantly for flight simulators and computer gaming control.

جوائے اسٹک بنیادی طور پر کمپیوٹر گیمنگ (Computer gaming) کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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1002📚💻 Computer Knowledge: MS OfficeMS Office Tools: Format Painter

The function of Format Painter is

Explanation

The Format Painter tool in Microsoft Office allows users to copy all formatting attributes (font, size, color, borders) from selected text/object and instantly apply it to another selection.

فارمیٹ پینٹر کا کام ایک جگہ سے فارمیٹنگ کاپی کر کے دوسری جگہ لاگو کرنا ہے۔

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1003📚💻 Computer Knowledge: Banking TechnologyInput Devices: MICR

This peripheral device is mostly used in financial institutions to process a large number of cheques by recognizing the magnetic encoding number printed at the bottom of the cheque?

Explanation

MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) readers are specialized scanning devices used by commercial banks and clearing houses to read magnetic ink characters on cheques rapidly.

بینکوں میں چیک کلیئرنگ کے لیے مقناطیسی سیاہی پڑھنے والی ڈیوائس MICR ہے۔

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1004📚👮 Traffic Control SignalsHand Signals of Traffic Police

Traffic police hand signal: Left arm raised diagonally upwards and right arm bent across chest represents:

Explanation

In traffic regulatory signaling, raising the left hand to block vehicles from the left while extending the right hand guides vehicles from the right to proceed or turn.

ٹریفک پولیس کا یہ اشارہ بائیں سے آنے والی ٹریفک کو روک کر دائیں سے آنے والی گاڑیوں کو گزرنے کی اجازت دیتا ہے۔

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1005📚👮 Traffic Control SignalsHand Signals of Traffic Police

Traffic police hand signal: Right arm raised vertically straight and left arm extended horizontally represents:

Explanation

A vertically raised right hand with palm facing front is the universal manual command by traffic police to stop vehicles approaching from the front.

سامنے سے آنے والی ٹریفک کو روکنے کے لیے سیدھا ہاتھ اوپر اٹھایا جاتا ہے۔

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1006📚👮 Traffic Control SignalsHand Signals: Stopping Front and Rear Traffic

Traffic police hand signal: Both arms raised outwards simultaneously represents:

Explanation

Simultaneous outward horizontal/vertical positioning of both arms signals traffic approaching from both the front and behind to stop simultaneously.

سامنے اور پیچھے دونوں طرف سے بیک وقت آنے والی ٹریفک کو روکنے کا اشارہ۔

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1007📚🧩 Logical Reasoning & Spatial DirectionDirection Sense and Displacement

Your residence is at (R) and office is at (O). You drive 10 km North, 7 km West across a bridge, and 10 km South to reach office (O). With respect to office (O), your residence (R) is located:

Explanation

Coordinates from R(0,0): North 10 km to (0, 10) → West 7 km to (-7, 10) → South 10 km to Office O(-7, 0). Since Office O is 7 km West of Residence R, Residence R is located 7 km due East of Office O.

دفتر (O) سے رہائش گاہ (R) کی پوزیشن 7 کلومیٹر مشرق (7 km due east) کی طرف ہے۔

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1008📚👁️ Human Factors in DrivingVisual Perception: Peripheral vs Central Vision

Peripheral vision of a driver helps to detect

Explanation

Peripheral (side) vision is highly sensitive to motion and optical flow, enabling drivers to immediately detect moving objects, merging vehicles, and pedestrians entering from the road sides.

ڈرائیور کی سائیڈ والی بصارت (Peripheral vision) سڑک پر حرکت کرتی ہوئی چیزوں کو فوری بھانپنے میں مدد دیتی ہے۔

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1009📚🚗 Road Safety & Emergency BreakdownHigh-Visibility Safety Garments

If your vehicle has broken down at night, what clothing should be worn to be more visible to traffic?

Explanation

Wearing bright fluorescent retro-reflective high-visibility clothing/vests ensures drivers are easily visible to oncoming headlights from great distances at night.

رات کو گاڑی خراب ہونے پر چمکدار فلورسنٹ یا ریفلیکٹو کپڑے پہننے چاہییں تاکہ دور سے نظر آ سکیں۔

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1010📚🚗 Law Enforcement & TestingBreathalyzer Testing for BAC

Which of the following test is commonly used to measure the alcohol limit of a driver?

Explanation

A Breath Analyser (Breathalyzer) is the standard portable electrochemical device used by traffic law enforcement to measure Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) from expired alveolar air.

ڈرائیور کے نشے کی سطح جانچنے کے لیے بریتھ اینالائزر (Breath analyser) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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1011📚🚗 Night Driving EtiquetteHeadlight Dipping Rules

When you are driving at night and approaching another vehicle from behind, you must

Explanation

When following another vehicle within 200 meters at night, drivers must switch to low beam (dim headlights) to prevent blinding the leading driver through their rearview mirrors.

رات کو آگے چلنے والی گاڑی کے پیچھے چلتے وقت ہیڈ لائٹس کو ڈم (Low beam) کرنا ضروری ہے۔

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1012📚🚗 Emergency Breakdown ProtocolsNight Breakdown Management

Arrange the following steps in correct sequence when a motor vehicle breaks down at night:
(i) Apply brakes
(ii) Slow down the vehicle
(iii) Turn on hazard warning lights
(iv) Get out from the vehicle safely

Explanation

Safe breakdown sequence: (ii) Gently slow down vehicle → (i) Steer off roadway and apply parking brakes → (iii) Turn on hazard warning flashers → (iv) Exit vehicle safely on passenger side

\implies

(ii), (i), (iii), (iv).

رات کو گاڑی خراب ہونے کی درست ترتیب: رفتار کم کرنا (ii) → کنارے لگا کر بریک لگانا (i) → ہیزرڈ لائٹ آن کرنا (iii) → حفاظت سے باہر نکلنا (iv)۔

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1013📚🔬 Optics & Automotive HardwareConvex Rear-View Mirrors

Which type of mirror is commonly used as a rear-view mirror of a motor vehicle?

Explanation

Convex mirrors are standard rear-view mirrors because they always produce an upright, diminished virtual image that offers a vastly wider panoramic field of view.

گاڑی کے سائیڈ مرر کے طور پر محدب آئینہ (Convex mirror) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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1014📚🚗 Road Safety DevicesRear-View Mirror Function

What is the purpose of the rear-view mirror of a motor vehicle?

Explanation

The primary safety function of the rear-view mirror is to continuously monitor vehicular traffic approaching or following from behind.

عقبی شیشے کا بنیادی مقصد پیچھے سے آنے والی ٹریفک پر نظر رکھنا ہے۔

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1015📚🚗 Active Vehicle SafetyABS Function & Anti-Skid Mechanism

"ABS" system prevents a motor vehicle from

Explanation

ABS rapidly pulses brake calipers to prevent the wheels from locking up under emergency panic braking, preventing uncontrollable vehicle Skidding and maintaining steering control.

ABS سسٹم پہیوں کو جام ہونے سے روک کر گاڑی کو پھسلنے (Skidding) سے بچاتا ہے۔

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1016📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RulesSafety Glass Transparency Norms (Rule 100)

As per Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989, the visual transmission of light through the rear window and windscreen should not be less than

Explanation

Under Rule 100(2) of CMVR, 1989, the visual transmission of light (VLT) through the front windscreen and rear window safety glass shall not be less than 70% (and

\ge 50\%

for side windows).

سامنے اور پیچھے کے شیشے کی بصری شفافیت 70 فیصد (70%) سے کم نہیں ہونی چاہیے۔

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1017📚🔬 General Science & ChemistrypH Scale & Acid Strength

Which of the following values of pH represents a stronger acid?

Explanation

The pH scale measures acidity from 0 to 14. Values below 7 are acidic, and lower pH values represent higher hydronium ion

[\text{H}^+]

concentration; hence

\text{pH} = 2

represents the strongest acid.

پی ایچ اسکیل پر کم ترین قیمت یعنی pH 2 سب سے تیز تیزابیت کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔

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1018📚🚗 Motor Vehicle DocumentsRC Parameters: Seating Capacity

As per Indian Motor Vehicles Act, the number of passengers permitted to be carried in a personal vehicle is recorded in the

Explanation

The legally authorized seating capacity (including driver) of every motor vehicle is officially documented in its Registration Certificate (RC).

گاڑی میں مسافروں کے بیٹھنے کی مجاز گنجائش رجسٹریشن سرٹیفکیٹ (RC) میں درج ہوتی ہے۔

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1019📚🚗 Motor Vehicle RulesRule 50: Registration Mark Script & Font

As per Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, the number plate of a vehicle should be written in

Explanation

Under Rule 50 and Rule 51 of CMVR, 1989, registration marks on number plates must be displayed in capital Roman English letters with international Arabic numerals (e.g. JK01AB1234).

نمبر پلیٹ پر حروف انگریزی میں اور ہندسے بین الاقوامی عربی اعداد (Arabic numerals) میں لکھے ہونے چاہییں۔

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1020📚🔬 Measurement InstrumentsHydrometers & Specific Gravity

Which instrument is used to measure the specific gravity or relative density of liquids such as petrol/battery electrolyte?

Explanation

A Hydrometer is a calibrated glass instrument that floats in a liquid to measure its specific gravity (relative density) based on Archimedes' principle.

مائعات اور ایندھن کی کثافت یا مخصوص کشش ناپنے کے لیے ہائیڈرومیٹر (Hydrometer) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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1021📚🔧 Engine Cooling SystemsRadiators & Heat Exchangers

What is the primary purpose of the radiator in a motor vehicle engine cooling system?

Explanation

The Radiator is a heat exchanger that dissipates excess combustion heat from circulating hot engine coolant into ambient airflow, maintaining optimal operating temperature and preventing overheating.

ریڈی ایٹر کا بنیادی کام انجن کو زیادہ گرم ہونے سے بچانا اور درجہ حرارت کنٹرول میں رکھنا ہے۔

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1022📚🌱 Vehicular Environmental RegulationsBharat Stage Emission Standards (BS-VI)

What do "BS IV" and "BS VI" vehicle designations signify?

Explanation

Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards (such as BS-IV and BS-VI) are statutory automotive emission control standards instituted by the Government of India to regulate atmospheric pollutants from motor vehicles.

بی ایس IV اور بی ایس VI ہندوستان کے اخراج کے کنٹرول کے معیارات (Emission control standard norms) ہیں۔

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1023📚📖 General EnglishSynonyms in Context

The early monsoon has brought respite to the people.
Choose the word nearest in meaning to the bold part:

Explanation

'Respite' means a short period of rest or relief from something difficult or unpleasant (an interval of relief).

'Respite' کا ہم معنی لفظ راحت یا آرام کا وقفہ (Interval of relief) ہے۔

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1024📚📖 General EnglishPara Jumbles

Rearrange the jumbled sentences into correct logical order:
P: Children are the most adversely affected.
Q: Their eyesight goes weak from their very childhood.
R: Watching television continuously is very harmful to the eyes.
S: This debilitating effect on eyes results in severe headaches as well.

Explanation

Logical coherent sequence is RPQS: "Watching television continuously is very harmful to the eyes (R). Children are the most adversely affected (P). Their eyesight goes weak from their very childhood (Q). This debilitating effect on eyes results in severe headaches as well (S)."

درست ترتیب RPQS ہے۔

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1025📚🗺️ Physical Geography of HimalayasHimalayan Ranges North to South Ordering

Arrange the following mountain ranges from north to south order:
1. Pir Panjal
2. Zanskar
3. Dhauladhar
4. Ladakh

Explanation

Trans-Himalayan and Himalayan ranges in North-to-South latitudinal order: Ladakh Range (4) → Zanskar Range (2) → Pir Panjal Range (1) → Dhauladhar Range (3)

\implies 4, 2, 1, 3

.

شمال سے جنوب کی ترتیب: لداخ رینج (4) → زنسکار رینج (2) → پیر پنجال (1) → دھولا دھر (3) یعنی 4, 2, 1, 3۔

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1026📚🏛️ Panchayati Raj in J&KJ&K Panchayati Raj Act 1989: Halqa Majlis

What does the term 'Halqa Majlis' in the J&K Panchayat Raj Act 1989 refer to?

Explanation

Under the J&K Panchayati Raj Act, 1989, 'Halqa Majlis' (Gram Sabha) is the general body consisting of all registered adult Voters/electors residing within the Halqa Panchayat area.

جے اینڈ کے پنچایتی راج ایکٹ کے تحت 'حلقہ مجلس' سے مراد پنچایت کے تمام رجسٹرڈ ووٹرز (Voters) ہیں۔

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1027📚⚖️ Indian Polity & Panchayati RajThree-Tier Panchayati Raj System

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of India 1992 provides for a ________ tier system of Panchayati Raj in each state.

Explanation

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 mandates a uniform Three-Tier system of Panchayati Raj: Gram Panchayat at village level, Panchayat Samiti at block level, and Zilla Parishad at district level.

73ویں آئینی ترمیم کے تحت 3-درجاتی پنچایتی نظام (Three-tier system) قائم کیا گیا۔

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1028📚⚖️ Indian PolityDuration of Panchayats (Article 243E)

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of India 1992 provides for a ________ term of office to the Panchayat at every level.

Explanation

Article 243E of the Indian Constitution mandates a fixed 5-year tenure for Panchayats at all levels from the date appointed for their first meeting.

آئین کے تحت پنچایتوں کی مدت 5 سال (Five years) مقرر ہے۔

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1029📚🗺️ Drainage System of JammuTawi River Basin & Origin

The source of which of the following river is the Kailash Kund spring at Soej hills in Bhaderwah in Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

The sacred Tawi River (Surya Putri) originates from the glacial Kailash Kund spring at the high-altitude Soej hills in Bhaderwah (Doda district).

دریائے تاوی (Tawi) کا منبع بھدرواہ کے سوئج پہاڑوں میں واقع کیلاش کنڈ جھیل ہے۔

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1030📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryProminent Leaders and Organizations

Consider the following pairs and identify how many pairs are correct:
1. Subhash Chandra Bose — All India Forward Bloc
2. Chittaranjan Das — First President of Swaraj Party
3. MG Ranade — Father of renaissance of western India
4. Gopal Krishna Gokhale — Servants of India Society

Explanation

All four historical pairs are correct: Netaji founded Forward Bloc (1939); C.R. Das was first President of Swaraj Party (1923); Justice M.G. Ranade spearheaded the western Indian social renaissance; Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society (1905).

چاروں تاریخی شخصیات اور ان کے کارنامے بالکل درست میچ ہیں (All four)۔

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1031📚🔬 Biology & VitaminsVitamins and Coagulation

Excessive bleeding during an injury is caused by the deficiency of

Explanation

Vitamin K (phylloquinone/menaquinone) is the essential cofactor required for the hepatic synthesis of blood coagulation factors (prothrombin, factors VII, IX, and X); its deficiency causes hemorrhagic bleeding.

وٹامن کے (Vitamin K) کی کمی سے خون جمنے کی صلاحیت متاثر ہوتی ہے اور زیادہ خون بہتا ہے۔

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1032📚💻 Computer FundamentalsOperating System User Interfaces

Which of the following controls the process of interaction between the user and the operating system?

Explanation

The User Interface (UI — Graphical User Interface GUI or Command Line Interface CLI) is the visual and functional layer that facilitates interaction between human users and the OS.

صارف اور آپریٹنگ سسٹم کے درمیان رابطہ قائم کرنے والا ذریعہ یوزر انٹرفیس (User interface) ہے۔

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1033📚💻 Computer ArchitectureMicroprocessor vs Microcomputer

One of the main features that distinguishes a microprocessor from a microcomputer is that

Explanation

A microprocessor consists solely of the CPU (ALU, control unit, registers) on a single IC without built-in RAM, ROM, or I/O ports, whereas a microcomputer includes the full integrated system with memory and peripherals.

مائیکرو پروسیسر صرف CPU پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، اس میں میموری اور I/O ڈیوائسز شامل نہیں ہوتیں۔

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1034📚💻 Computer BasicsHardware vs Software

Which is the physical part of a computer that one can touch and feel?

Explanation

Computer Hardware comprises the physical, tangible electronic and mechanical components (monitor, CPU, keyboard, circuits) of a computer system.

کمپیوٹر کا وہ حصہ جسے چھوا جا سکے ہارڈ ویئر (Hardware) کہلاتا ہے۔

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1035📚💻 Computer HardwareInput vs Output Devices

Which of the following devices is NOT used to enter data into a computer?

Explanation

A Monitor is an Output display peripheral device; Keyboard, Mouse, and Scanner are Input devices.

مانیٹر (Monitor) آؤٹ پٹ ڈیوائس ہے، ڈیٹا داخل کرنے کے لیے استعمال نہیں ہوتا۔

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1036📚💻 Input PeripheralsOptical Character Recognition (OCR)

Which of the following devices can be used to directly input printed text from paper into editable format?

Explanation

OCR (Optical Character Recognition) scanners optically scan physical printed/handwritten text characters and convert them into digital machine-encoded text.

کاغذ پر چھپے ہوئے متن کو براہ راست کمپیوٹر میں داخل کرنے والی ڈیوائس OCR ہے۔

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1037📚💻 Computer MemoryMemory Classifications & Media

Which of the following statements is WRONG?

Explanation

Statement C is incorrect because primary semiconductor RAM/ROM is main/cache memory; magnetic and optical media (HDDs, tapes, SSDs) are used as mass secondary storage media.

بیان C غلط ہے کیونکہ سیمی کنڈکٹر ریم ماس اسٹوریج نہیں بلکہ مین میموری کے طور پر استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

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1038📚💻 Software TypesOpen Source Software

Which of the following is an example of open source software?

Explanation

LibreOffice is a free, open-source office productivity software suite whose source code is freely accessible under the Mozilla Public License.

لیبرے آفس (LibreOffice) اوپن سورس سافٹ ویئر کی مثال ہے۔

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1039📚💻 Windows OS FundamentalsWindows Recycle Bin Management

Choose the FALSE statement regarding the Recycle Bin:

Explanation

Statement C is false: Moving files to the Recycle Bin merely changes their directory location; disk space is NOT freed until the Recycle Bin is permanently emptied.

بیان C غلط ہے کیونکہ فائلوں کو ری سائیکل بن میں ڈالنے سے ڈسک کی جگہ خالی نہیں ہوتی جب تک اسے خالی (Empty) نہ کیا جائے۔

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1040📚⚡ Emerging Science & Renewable EnergyAtmospheric Energy Harvesting

'Hygroelectricity', recently mentioned in the media, is generated from which one of the following?

Explanation

Hygroelectricity is clean electrical power continuously harvested from ambient atmospheric moisture/humidity in the air using nanoporous harvesting devices.

ہائیگرو الیکٹریسٹی (Hygroelectricity) ہوا میں موجود نمی (Humidity of the air) سے بجلی پیدا کرنے کی ٹیکنالوجی ہے۔

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1041📚🏆 International Awards & Current AffairsRamon Magsaysay Award 2023

Which Indian surgical oncologist won the prestigious 2023 Ramon Magsaysay Award (often called Asia's Nobel Prize)?

Explanation

Dr. Ravi Kannan R., renowned surgical oncologist and Director of the Cachar Cancer Hospital and Research Centre in Assam, won the 2023 Ramon Magsaysay Award for making pro-poor healthcare accessible.

ڈاکٹر روی کنن (Dr. Ravi Kannan) نے سال 2023 کا ریمن میگسیسے ایوارڈ جیتا۔

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1042📚📈 Indian Economy & Union Budget 2024Blue Economy 2.0 Framework

Which one of the following best describes the term 'Blue Economy 2.0', highlighted in the Union Budget 2024?

Explanation

Blue Economy 2.0 focuses on the sustainable economic utilization, conservation, and regeneration of marine, ocean, and coastal resources, including maritime aquaculture and coastal tourism.

بلیو اکانومی 2.0 کا تعلق سمندروں، ساحلی وسائل اور سمندری معیشت کے پائیدار فروغ سے ہے۔

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1043📚🗺️ International Borders & Strategic GeographyIndia-Myanmar Border & Free Movement Regime

With reference to the India-Myanmar Border, consider the following statements:
1. It was demarcated by the British Government in India in 1826.
2. It extends along the States of Meghalaya, Assam and Tripura.
3. The Free Movement Regime enables tribes along the border to travel up to 16 km inside the neighbouring country without a visa.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

Explanation

Statements 1 and 3 are correct: Border demarcation originated from the 1826 Treaty of Yandabo, and the FMR permitted border residents to travel 16 km across. Statement 2 is false because the 1,643 km border is shared with Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram (not Assam, Meghalaya, or Tripura). Thus, 1 and 3 only are correct.

ہندوستان-میانمار سرحد کے بیانات 1 اور 3 درست ہیں (صرف اروناچل، ناگالینڈ، منی پور، میزورم بارڈر شیئر کرتے ہیں)۔

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1044📚🌱 Renewable EnergyBiomass Energy Conversion

Which non-conventional source of energy uses organic materials (biological waste) for power generation?

Explanation

Biomass energy harnesses stored chemical energy from organic materials (agricultural residue, animal waste, wood pellets, municipal organic waste) via combustion or anaerobic digestion.

نامیاتی مادوں اور فضلے سے حاصل ہونے والی غیر روایتی توانائی بائیو ماس (Biomass) ہے۔

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1045📚🌿 Ecology & EcosystemsEcological Pyramids: Pyramid of Biomass

In an ecosystem, the total dry weight and quantity of living organic matter at each trophic level is depicted by the

Explanation

A Pyramid of Biomass represents the total dry mass of all living organic matter (

g/m^2

) present at successive trophic levels of an ecosystem at a given time.

ماحولیاتی نظام میں نامیاتی مادے کی مجموعی مقدار کو بائیو ماس کے ہرم (Pyramid of biomass) سے ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے۔

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1046📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection Sense & Shortest Distance

Sandeep walks 15 km North from his home, turns left and walks 6 km, turns left and walks 10 km, and then turns right and walks 4 km to his destination. Find the shortest straight-line distance between his home and the endpoint.

Explanation

Coordinates from origin (0,0):
1. North 15 km to (0, 15)
2. Left (West) 6 km to (-6, 15)
3. Left (South) 10 km to (-6, 5)
4. Right (West) 4 km to (-10, 5)
Shortest distance

= \sqrt{(-10)^2 + 5^2} = \sqrt{100 + 25} = \sqrt{125} = 5\sqrt{5}\text{ km}

.

فیثاغورث فارمولے سے فاصلہ = \sqrt{10^2 + 5^2} = \sqrt{125} = 5\sqrt{5} کلومیٹر ہے۔

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1047📚🧩 Logical ReasoningVenn Diagrams: Intersecting Sets

Which Venn diagram best represents the relationship among: Women, Cricketer, Singer?

Explanation

A Woman can be both a Cricketer and a Singer; some Cricketers are Singers, and vice versa. The relationship is accurately depicted by three mutually overlapping intersecting circles.

تینوں کیٹیگریز ایک دوسرے میں اوورلیپ ہو سکتی ہیں، لہذا تین باہم جڑے ہوئے دائرے درست ہیں۔

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1048📚🧩 Logical ReasoningRanking and Order Test

Sidharth ranks twenty-fifth (25th) from the bottom and ninth (9th) from the top in a class. How many students are there in the class?

Explanation

Total students formula

N = \text{Rank from Top} + \text{Rank from Bottom} - 1 = 9 + 25 - 1 = 33

.

طلباء کی کل تعداد =

9 + 25 - 1 = 33

ہے۔

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1049📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time & Distance: Early-Late Problems

A man rides on a motorbike at

18\text{ km/h}

and reaches his office 6 minutes late. The next day he increases his speed to

27\text{ km/h}

and reaches the office 10 minutes early. How far is the office from his house in km?

Explanation

Total time difference

= 6\text{ min late} - (-10\text{ min early}) = 16\text{ minutes} = \frac{16}{60}\text{ hours}

. Distance

D = \frac{S_1 \times S_2}{|S_1 - S_2|} \times \Delta t = \frac{18 \times 27}{27 - 18} \times \frac{16}{60} = \frac{486}{9} \times \frac{4}{15} = 54 \times \frac{4}{15} = \frac{216}{15} = 14.4\text{ km}

.

فاصلہ = \frac{18 \times 27}{9} \times \frac{16}{60} = 54 \times \frac{4}{15} = 14.4 کلومیٹر۔

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1050📚🌍 Current Affairs & National InitiativesStartup India & Global Summits

The 'Prarambh Summit' is associated with which of the following?

Explanation

'Prarambh: Startup India International Summit' was organized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) to bring together startups and entrepreneurs across BIMSTEC and global ecosystems.

'پرارمبھ سمٹ' بین الاقوامی سطح پر اسٹارٹ اپ ایکو سسٹم (Startup ecosystem) کے فروغ سے متعلق ہے۔

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1051📚🗺️ Physical Geography of IndiaExtreme Weather: Mawsynram Rainfall

The wettest place on Earth is

Explanation

Mawsynram in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, India, receives an extraordinary average annual rainfall of nearly

11,872\text{ mm}

, making it the wettest place on Earth.

زمین پر سب سے زیادہ بارش والا مقام ماسنرام (Mawsynram, میگھالیہ) ہے۔

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1052📚🌱 Biology & AgricultureSericulture: Silk Extraction

Silk, the natural protein fiber, is obtained from

Explanation

Natural silk fiber is harvested from the protective pupal Cocoons spun by the larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) during sericulture.

قدرتی ریشم کا دھاگہ ریشم کے کیڑے کے کوکون (Cocoon) سے حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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1053📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Find the proper sequence of jumbled sentence parts:
P: we must read
Q: if we want to absorb the fruits of great literature
R: but with concentration
S: them not as we do cricket stories

Explanation

The logical and grammatically coherent sequence is QPSR: "If we want to absorb the fruits of great literature (Q), we must read (P) them not as we do cricket stories (S) but with concentration (R)."

جملے کی درست ترتیب QPSR ہے۔

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1054📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeAverages: Missing Value Calculation

The average weight of a group of 7 boys is 56 kg. The individual weights of 6 of them are 52, 57, 55, 60, 59, and 55 kg. Find the weight of the seventh boy.

Explanation

Total weight of all 7 boys

= 7 \times 56 = 392\text{ kg}

.
Sum of known 6 boys

= 52 + 57 + 55 + 60 + 59 + 55 = 338\text{ kg}

.
Weight of 7th boy

= 392 - 338 = 54\text{ kg}

.

ساتویں لڑکے کا وزن = (7 \times 56) - 338 = 392 - 338 = 54 کلو ہے۔

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1055📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection Sense Test

Purusottam walks 5 km towards East to reach Mamata's house. From there he walks 10 km towards North to reach his gym. In which direction is his gym located relative to his home?

Explanation

Coordinates from Home (0,0): East 5 km to (5, 0) → North 10 km to Gym (5, 10). Because both X and Y coordinates are positive, the gym is in the North-East direction from his home.

گھر سے جم کی سمت شمال مشرق (North-East) ہے۔

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1056📚🌱 Renewable Energy & BiofuelsAutomotive Biofuels: Ethanol Blending

Which of the following is a renewable liquid biofuel source of energy used to power motor vehicles?

Explanation

Ethanol (

C_2H_5OH

) is a renewable biofuel produced from fermenting sugarcane, corn, and agricultural biomass, standardly blended with petrol (E10/E20) to power motor vehicles.

ایتھنول (Ethanol) گاڑیوں میں استعمال ہونے والا قابل تجدید بائیو فیول ہے۔

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1057📚🏛️ Central Government SchemesRural Connectivity: PMGSY

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched by the Government of India in which year?

Explanation

PMGSY was launched on 25 December 2000 by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to provide all-weather road connectivity to unconnected rural habitations.

پردھان منتری گرام سڑک یوجنا 25 دسمبر 2000 میں شروع کی گئی تھی۔

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1058📚🔬 History of Medical SciencePioneers of Immunology: Edward Jenner

The medical concept and term 'Vaccine' was introduced by

Explanation

Dr. Edward Jenner developed the first successful smallpox vaccine in 1796 using cowpox pustules (Variolae vaccinae, from Latin vacca meaning cow), pioneering immunization.

ویکسین کا تصور اور ایجاد سب سے پہلے ایڈورڈ جینر (Edward Jenner) نے 1796 میں کی۔

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1059📚⚖️ Indian Polity & Constitution44th Amendment Act & Article 300A

The Right to Property was converted from a Fundamental Right into a Constitutional Legal Right by which Constitutional Amendment?

Explanation

The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978 repealed Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31, transforming the Right to Property into a legal/constitutional right under Article 300A in Part XII.

44ویں آئینی ترمیم (1978) کے ذریعے حق جائیداد کو بنیادی حقوق سے نکال کر قانونی حق بنایا گیا۔

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1060📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryHome Rule Movement (1916)

Dr. Annie Besant was prominently associated with the founding and leadership of which movement in India?

Explanation

Dr. Annie Besant founded the All India Home Rule League in September 1916 at Madras to demand self-government (Swaraj) for India within the British Commonwealth.

اینی بیسنٹ نے 1916 میں آل انڈیا ہوم رول لیگ (Home Rule League) کی قیادت کی تھی۔

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1061📚🗺️ Tourism & Geography of J&KMajor Tourist Hubs: Gulmarg

Gulmarg in the Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir is famously known as the

Explanation

Gulmarg (literally meaning 'Meadow of Flowers' in Persian/Kashmiri) is famous for its vibrant wildflower meadows and world-class ski resort.

گلمرگ کو 'پھولوں کی وادی' (Meadow of Flowers) کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے۔

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1062📚💻 Network SecurityFirewalls & Network Defense

What is a Firewall in a Computer Network?

Explanation

A Firewall is a hardware or software-based network security system that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing traffic based on predetermined security rules.

فائر وال (Firewall) ایک حفاظتی نظام ہے جو غیر مجاز رسائی اور ہیکنگ کو روکتا ہے۔

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1063📚💻 CybersecurityMalware Defense: Anti-Spyware

What is Anti-Spyware software?

Explanation

Anti-Spyware is specialized security software that detects, blocks, quarantines, and removes unauthorized tracking and spyware software designed to steal user data.

اینٹی اسپائی ویئر وہ سافٹ ویئر ہے جو چوری چھپے انسٹال ہونے والے جاسوسی پروگرامز کو ڈیلیٹ کرتا ہے۔

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1064📚📖 General EnglishCommon Errors: Reciprocal Pronouns

Identify the part of the sentence containing a grammatical error:
(A) Those two men were
(B) Quarrelling with one another
(C) Claiming the same watch as their own
(D) Since morning

Explanation

When referring to exactly two individuals, 'each other' must be used rather than 'one another'. Hence Part B is erroneous ("Quarrelling with each other").

دو افراد کے لیے 'each other' استعمال ہوتا ہے، اس لیے حصہ B میں غلطی ہے۔

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1065📚👥 Sociological ThinkersGeorg Simmel and Formal Sociology

Which German sociologist's social theory focused on forms of social interaction and has been termed 'Formal Sociology'?

Explanation

Georg Simmel is the founder of 'Formal Sociology' (Formale Soziologie), which isolates and analyzes the pure forms and patterns of human association (sociability, conflict, superordination) distinct from their content.

جرمن ماہر عمرانیات جارج سیمل (Georg Simmel) کو فارمل سوشیالوجی کا بانی کہا جاتا ہے۔

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1066📚⚖️ International Human RightsUN Convention on the Rights of the Child

Which international treaty adopted in 1989 serves as the primary comprehensive legal instrument for the protection and promotion of children's rights globally?

Explanation

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC, 1989) is the most widely ratified human rights treaty in history, articulating universal civil, political, economic, and social rights of children.

بچوں کے حقوق کا سب سے جامع بین الاقوامی معاہدہ UNCRC (1989) ہے۔

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1067📚🌍 International Days & Disaster ManagementUN International Day for Disaster Reduction

Which day is observed internationally every year as the International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction?

Explanation

The United Nations General Assembly designated 13th October as the International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction to promote a global culture of risk awareness and disaster reduction.

قدرتی آفات کے اثرات کو کم کرنے کا عالمی دن ہر سال 13 اکتوبر (13th October) کو منایا جاتا ہے۔

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1068📚🌱 Environmental Science & Climate ChangeEnvironmental Terminology & Definitions

Match environmental concepts with their definitions:
a. Renewable Energy — 5. Energy derived from naturally replenished sources (sunlight, wind, water)
b. Carbon Footprint — 2. Total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities
c. Anthropogenic — 4. Resulting from the influence of human beings on nature
d. Climate Mitigation — 3. Actions taken to reduce or prevent GHG emissions
e. Greenhouse Effect — 1. Earth's atmosphere trapping solar radiation, increasing surface temperature

Explanation

Environmental definitions: Renewable energy is replenished naturally (a-5); Carbon footprint measures GHG emission total (b-2); Anthropogenic means human-caused (c-4); Mitigation means emissions reduction (d-3); Greenhouse effect warms the planet (e-1)

\implies

a-5, b-2, c-4, d-3, e-1.

ماحولیاتی اصطلاحات کے درست جوڑے a-5, b-2, c-4, d-3, e-1 ہیں۔

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1069📚⚖️ International Law & Human RightsPalermo Protocol on Human Trafficking

Which international treaty protocol is specifically designed to prevent, suppress, and punish human trafficking, especially of women and children?

Explanation

The Palermo Protocol (Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, adopted in 2000 under UNTOC) establishes the global legal framework against human trafficking.

انسانی اسمگلنگ اور بالخصوص خواتین و بچوں کے تحفظ کے لیے 'پالرمو پروٹوکول' (Palermo Protocol) نافذ کیا گیا۔

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1070📚👥 Social Work InterventionsRehabilitation of Beggars and Destitutes

Which approach is considered most constructive and effective for addressing the socioeconomic issue of beggary from a professional social work perspective?

Explanation

Modern social work emphasizes holistic rehabilitation, skill training, shelter homes, and livelihood support (such as the SMILE scheme) rather than penal punitive criminalization.

سماجی بہبود کے مطابق بھکاری پن کا حل پیشہ ورانہ تربیت اور بحالی کے پروگرام (Vocational training & rehabilitation) فراہم کرنا ہے۔

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1071📚🔬 Endocrinology & Human PhysiologyPancreatic Hormones: Insulin

Which endocrine hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating the cellular uptake of glucose?

Explanation

Insulin promotes glucose entry into muscle and adipose cells and stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver, lowering blood sugar levels.

خون میں شوگر کی سطح کو کم کرنے اور خلیوں میں پہنچانے والا ہارمون انسولین (Insulin) ہے۔

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1072📚🏥 Public Health & Community MedicineWHO Ottawa Charter: Health Promotion

What is the primary overarching goal of 'Health Promotion' as articulated in the WHO Ottawa Charter?

Explanation

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health, focusing on preventive education, healthy lifestyles, and environmental risk reduction.

ہیلتھ پروموشن کا بنیادی مقصد بیماریوں کی روک تھام اور صحت مند طرز زندگی کو فروغ دینا ہے۔

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1073📚🔬 Food MicrobiologyFoodborne Pathogens: Salmonella

Which genus of pathogenic bacteria is most commonly associated with acute food poisoning from raw, cracked, or undercooked poultry eggs?

Explanation

Salmonella enterica (Salmonella Enteritidis) contaminates egg yolks and shells, causing salmonellosis food poisoning (gastroenteritis, fever, diarrhea).

کچے یا غیر پکے انڈوں سے فوڈ پوائزننگ پھیلانے والا سب سے عام بیکٹیریا سالمونیلا (Salmonella) ہے۔

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1074📚🍽️ Food Hygiene & SafetyCross-Contamination in Food Handling

What is 'Cross-Contamination' in food hygiene?

Explanation

Cross-contamination occurs when harmful microorganisms or allergens are unintentionally transferred from one food item (such as raw poultry) to another (such as fresh salad) via unwashed utensils or surfaces.

کچے گوشت اور سبزیوں کے لیے بغیر دھوئے ایک ہی برتن یا چھری استعمال کرنا کراس کنٹامینیشن کہلاتا ہے۔

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1075📚🏥 Clinical Medicine & Food SafetySymptoms of Foodborne Illness

Which of the following is a classic primary gastrointestinal symptom of food poisoning (foodborne infection/intoxication)?

Explanation

Acute Nausea and Vomiting (along with watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps) are the immediate classic clinical manifestations of food poisoning.

فوڈ پوائزننگ کی سب سے عام ابتدائی علامت متلی اور قے (Nausea and vomiting) ہے۔

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1076📚🏛️ Central Government SchemesSaansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)

The Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) was launched on 11 October 2014 in commemoration of the birth anniversary of which freedom fighter and social reformer?

Explanation

SAGY was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 11 October 2014 on the birth anniversary of Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan to develop model holistic rural villages.

سانسد آدرش گرام یوجنا لوک نایک جے پرکاش نارائن کی یوم پیدائش پر شروع کی گئی۔

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1077📚🏛️ Social Welfare Schemes in IndiaChronology of Social Welfare Programmes

Choose the correct chronological sequence of the following Central Government Programmes based on the year of their original launch:
a) Atal Pension Yojana (2015)
b) Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana / IAY (1985/2016)
c) Integrated Child Development Services - ICDS (1975)
d) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme - MGNREGS (2005/2006)
e) Integrated Rural Development Programme - IRDP (1978/1980)

Explanation

Chronological launch timeline: ICDS (c, 1975) → IRDP (e, 1978/1980) → IAY/PMAY-G (b, 1985/2016) → MGNREGS (d, 2005/2006) → Atal Pension Yojana (a, 2015)

\implies

c, e, b, d, a.

فلاحی اسکیموں کی تاریخ وار ترتیب: ICDS (1975), IRDP (1978), PMAY (1985), MGNREGS (2005), APY (2015) یعنی c, e, b, d, a۔

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1078📚🏥 Maternal Health & NHM SchemesJanani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)

Which primary tier of healthcare infrastructure is predominantly involved in the grassroots implementation of institutional deliveries under Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)?

Explanation

Under the National Health Mission, Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) promotes institutional delivery among poor pregnant women through Primary Health Centres (PHCs), Community Health Centres (CHCs), and sub-centers facilitated by ASHA workers.

جننی سرکشا یوجنا کے تحت بنیادی صحت مراکز (PHCs) کے ذریعے ہسپتال میں محفوظ زچگی کو یقینی بنایا جاتا ہے۔

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1079📚🏥 Health Assurance Schemes in IndiaAyushman Bharat PM-JAY

Which flagship national health assurance programme in India provides comprehensive secondary and tertiary hospitalization cover up to ₹5 lakh per family per year?

Explanation

Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) is the world's largest government-funded health assurance scheme, providing cashless cover of up to ₹5,00,000 per family per year for secondary and tertiary care.

آیوشمان بھارت (Ayushman Bharat - PMJAY) 5 لاکھ روپے سالانہ تک مفت علاج فراہم کرنے والی قومی اسکیم ہے۔

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1080📚📖 General EnglishSentence Rearrangement

Assemble the scattered segments into a coherent sentence:
P. mornings at her grandmother's house
Q. baked bread filled the kitchen
R. The aroma of freshly
S. It reminded her of childhood

Explanation

The logical sequence is RQSP: "The aroma of freshly (R) baked bread filled the kitchen (Q). It reminded her of childhood (S) mornings at her grandmother's house (P)."

جملے کی درست منطقی ترتیب RQSP ہے۔

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1081📚📖 General EnglishClauses: Independent vs Dependent

In the sentence: "It was my sister's birthday yesterday; however, she did not want to celebrate.", the independent clause is

Explanation

Both clauses ("It was my sister's birthday yesterday" and "she did not want to celebrate") can stand alone as complete, grammatically valid sentences, connected by a conjunctive adverb ('however') and semicolon. Hence, Both A and B are independent clauses.

دونوں جملے (A اور B) مکمل آزادانہ مفہوم رکھتے ہیں لہذا دونوں انڈیپینڈنٹ کلازز ہیں۔

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1082📚📜 Modern Indian HistorySocio-Religious Organizations & Political Parties

Match the socio-political organizations with their founders:
i) Brahmo Samaj — 2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (along with Dwarkanath Tagore)
ii) Swaraj Party — 3. Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru
iii) Deccan Education Society — 1. Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar

Explanation

Historical founding pairs: Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy (i-2); Swaraj Party in 1923 by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru (ii-3); Deccan Education Society in 1884 by Tilak and Agarkar (iii-1)

\implies

i-2, ii-3, iii-1.

تنظیمیں اور ان کے بانی: برہمو سماج (i-2)، سوراج پارٹی (ii-3)، دکن ایجوکیشن سوسائٹی (iii-1)۔

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1083📚🗺️ Drainage System of IndiaBrahmaputra River Basin & Origin

The mighty Brahmaputra river originates from which geographical source?

Explanation

The Brahmaputra (known as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet) originates from the Chemayungdung / Angsi glacier in the Kailash range near Lake Mansarovar in southwestern Tibet.

دریائے برہم پتر تبت میں مانسروور جھیل کے قریب چیمایونگ دنگ گلیشیر سے نکلتا ہے۔

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1084📚🌊 Irrigation Infrastructure of IndiaIndira Gandhi Canal Project

The longest irrigation canal in India that originates from Harike Barrage at the confluence of the Satluj and Beas rivers in Punjab and terminates in Rajasthan is the

Explanation

The Indira Gandhi Canal (650 km long) draws water from the Harike Barrage at the confluence of the Satluj and Beas rivers in Punjab to irrigate the Thar Desert of western Rajasthan.

ہندوستان کی سب سے لمبی نہر اندرا گاندھی کینال (Indira Gandhi Canal) ہے۔

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1085📚🎨 Handicrafts & Art of KashmirKashmiri Kashida & Aari Embroidery

Which type of fine embroidery stitch is predominantly used in Kashmiri Kashida (Aari) embroidery on shawls and pherans?

Explanation

Kashmiri Kashida embroidery prominently employs the Chain Stitch (worked with a specialized pointed hooked needle called an Aari), producing floral chinar and paisley motifs.

کشمیری کشیدہ کاری میں بنیادی طور پر زنجیری ٹانکہ یعنی چین اسٹچ (Chain stitch) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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1086📚🍄 Flora and Forest Produce of J&KGuchhi Mushrooms of J&K

What is the botanical / scientific name of the wild gourmet Morel mushroom (Guchhi) found in the Himalayan forests of J&K?

Explanation

Guchhi (the highly prized yellow morel mushroom harvested from temperate conifer forests of Doda, Kishtwar, and Kupwara) is scientifically named Morchella esculenta.

گچھی کھمبی کا سائنسی نام مورچیلا ایسکولینٹا (Morchella esculenta) ہے۔

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1087📚🧩 Logical ReasoningLetter Series: Odd Group Out

Find the wrong term in the given series: URQON, PNNMM, KKKJL, FFHIK, ABEGJ

Explanation

Analyzing positional shifts across terms reveals that FFHIK deviates from the consistent decremental alphabet offset pattern.

منطقی پیٹرن سے انحراف کی بنا پر غلط گروپ FFHIK ہے۔

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1088📚🧩 Logical ReasoningCoding-Decoding: Letter Value Sums

Match the words with their alphanumeric codes based on positional values:
i) BRAIN — 2. 44 (

2+18+1+9+14 = 44

)
ii) GROUP — 3. 77 (

7+18+15+21+16 = 77

)
iii) HOUSE — 1. 68 (

8+15+21+19+5 = 68

)

Explanation

Sum of English alphabet positional numbers: BRAIN

= 2+18+1+9+14 = 44

(i-2); GROUP

= 7+18+15+21+16 = 77

(ii-3); HOUSE

= 8+15+21+19+5 = 68

(iii-1)

\implies

i-2, ii-3, iii-1.

حروف کے اعداد کا مجموعہ: BRAIN (44), GROUP (77), HOUSE (68) یعنی i-2, ii-3, iii-1۔

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1089📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDirection & Displacement

Ravi walks 10 km East, turns right and walks 5 km South, turns right and walks 10 km West, and finally turns left and walks 10 km South. What is the shortest distance from his current position to his home?

Explanation

Coordinates: From (0,0) → East 10 km (10, 0) → South 5 km (10, -5) → West 10 km (0, -5) → South 10 km (0, -15). Shortest distance from home (0,0) to final point (0, -15) is exactly 15 km.

گھر سے آخری مقام کا سیدھا فاصلہ 5 + 10 = 15 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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1090📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeSpeed, Time and Distance

A cyclist travels from A to B at 30 km/h for the first 1/3rd of the distance. Due to mechanical issues, speed drops to 20 km/h for the remaining 2/3rd distance. If total trip takes 8 hours, what is total distance between A and B?

Explanation

Let total distance be

D

. Time taken:

T = \frac{D/3}{30} + \frac{2D/3}{20} = \frac{D}{90} + \frac{D}{30} = \frac{4D}{90} = 8\text{ hours} \implies D = \frac{8 \times 90}{4} = 180\text{ km}

.

کل فاصلہ D = \frac{8 \times 90}{4} = 180 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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1091📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases

Describe the meaning of the idiom: A bolt from the blue

Explanation

'A bolt from the blue' refers to a sudden, completely unexpected, and shocking piece of news or event.

'A bolt from the blue' کا مطلب ناگہانی اور غیر متوقع صدمہ یا مصیبت ہے۔

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1092📚📖 General EnglishIdioms & Phrases

Describe the meaning of the idiom: Bear the palm

Explanation

'To bear the palm' is an idiom derived from ancient victory laurels meaning to win, achieve distinction, or be victorious.

'Bear the palm' کا مطلب فتح یاب ہونا یا انعام جیتنا (To be a winner) ہے۔

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1093📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryMahatma Gandhi's Early Satyagrahas: Champaran

After returning from South Africa in 1915, Mahatma Gandhi launched his first successful Satyagraha in India at which place in 1917?

Explanation

Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar (1917) was Mahatma Gandhi's first civil disobedience movement in India, organized to support oppressed indigo farmers against the tinkathia system.

ہندوستان واپسی کے بعد گاندھی جی کا پہلا کامیاب ستیہ گرہ چمپارن (1917, بہار) میں تھا۔

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1094📚🗺️ Physical Geography of IndiaCoastal Plains of India

The eastern coastal plain stretching along Tamil Nadu and southern Andhra Pradesh is known as the

Explanation

The Coromandel Coast is the coastal region of the southeastern Indian peninsula between Kanyakumari and the Krishna River delta in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

تمل ناڈو اور آندھرا پردیش کے ساحلی پٹی کو کورومنڈل ساحل (Coromandel Coast) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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1095📚💻 MS ExcelFormula Referencing

What happens when you select a cell in MS Excel and type "=C19" followed by pressing Enter?

Explanation

Entering `=C19` creates a dynamic formula reference, causing the target cell to display whatever value is present in cell C19.

منتخب سیل میں وہی قیمت نظر آئے گی جو سیل C19 میں موجود ہے۔

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1096📚💻 MS ExcelNumber Formatting: Accounting Style

In MS Excel, the Accounting number format displays negative numbers enclosed in

Explanation

The standard Accounting Number Format aligns currency symbols and encloses negative numeric values in Parentheses `( )` instead of a minus sign.

ایکسل کے اکاؤنٹنگ فارمیٹ میں منفی اعداد بریکٹس یا کوسین (Parentheses) میں دکھائے جاتے ہیں۔

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1097📚💻 MS ExcelExcel Interface: Formula Bar

Which dedicated area in an MS Excel window allows typing, viewing, and editing data values and cell formulas?

Explanation

The Formula Bar (located directly above the worksheet grid) displays the underlying formula or text value of the active cell and allows editing.

فارمولا بار (Formula Bar) میں فارمولے اور قیمتیں درج و تبدیل کی جاتی ہیں۔

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1098📚💻 MS PowerPointSlide Transitions vs Animations

In Microsoft PowerPoint, special visual effects used to introduce and transition between slides during a presentation are called

Explanation

Slide Transitions are the motion effects that occur when moving from one slide to the next during a full Slide Show.

ایک سلائیڈ سے دوسری سلائیڈ پر جاتے وقت ظاہر ہونے والے اثرات کو سلائیڈ ٹرانزیشنز (Slide transitions) کہتے ہیں۔

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1099📚💻 Operating SystemsUnix Operating System Architecture & History

Consider the following statements regarding the Unix Operating System:
I. Unix is a multitasking, multi-user operating system.
II. The Unix operating system was rewritten and coded in the C programming language by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Both statements are correct: Unix (developed at Bell Labs in 1969–1972) is a true multitasking, multi-user OS, and was famously re-implemented in the C language in 1973 to ensure cross-platform portability.

یونکس کے بارے میں دونوں بیانات (I اور II) بالکل درست ہیں (Both I and II)۔

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1100📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudePercentages: Relative Comparison

The salary of Ram is 60% more than Sham. How much percent is Sham's salary less than Ram's?

Explanation

Let Sham's salary

= 100

. Then Ram's salary

= 160

. Percentage Sham is less

= \frac{160 - 100}{160} \times 100 = \frac{60}{160} \times 100 = \frac{3}{8} \times 100 = 37.5\% = 37\frac{1}{2}\%

.

شام کی تنخواہ رام سے فیصد کم

= \frac{60}{160} \times 100 = 37\frac{1}{2}\%

ہے۔

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1101📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeRatios and Linear Equations

Ahana and Anaya together have Rs. 1,200. When Rs. 300 is taken from Ahana, she has the same amount that Anaya had initially. Find the initial ratio of amounts with Ahana and Anaya.

Explanation

Ah + An = 1200

and

Ah - 300 = An \implies Ah - An = 300

. Solving gives

Ah = 750

and

An = 450

. Ratio

= \frac{750}{450} = \frac{5}{3}

.

ابتدائی رقوم کا تناسب

= \frac{750}{450} = \frac{5}{3}

ہے۔

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1102📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeProbability: Card Decks

A card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of 52 playing cards. A gambler bets that it is either a spade or an ace. What is the probability of losing the bet?

Explanation

Winning cards (Spade or Ace)

= 13\text{ spades} + 3\text{ other aces} = 16

. Losing cards

= 52 - 16 = 36

. Probability of losing

= \frac{36}{52} = \frac{9}{13}

.

شرط ہارنے کا امکان

= \frac{36}{52} = \frac{9}{13}

ہے۔

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1103📚🧮 Geometry & MensurationQuadrilateral and Triangle Area

PQRS is a trapezium with PQ || RS. T is the midpoint of PQ, and ST || QR. If the area of

\Delta PTS = 50\text{ cm}^2

, what is the area of quadrilateral PQRS?

Explanation

Parallelogram TQRS is divided into two triangles of area

50\text{ cm}^2

each by symmetry, matching

\Delta PTS

. Total area of PQRS

= \text{Area}(\Delta PTS) + \text{Area}(TQRS) = 50 + 100 = 150\text{ cm}^2

.

چوکور PQRS کا رقبہ

= 150\text{ cm}^2

ہے۔

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1104📚🧮 Quantitative Aptitude & SetsVenn Diagrams & Set Cardinality

In a class of 50 students, 10 play Badminton, 20 play Volleyball, and 4 play both. How many students play neither game?

Explanation

Students playing at least one game:

n(B \cup V) = 10 + 20 - 4 = 26

. Students playing neither

= 50 - 26 = 24

.

کوئی بھی کھیل نہ کھیلنے والے طلباء کی تعداد

= 50 - (10 + 20 - 4) = 24

ہے۔

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1105📚🧮 Sets & Venn DiagramsThree-Set Venn Diagram Calculations

Out of 500 invited guests, 200 chose Indian, 150 Italian, 100 Continental; 14 ate Indian & Italian, 10 Italian & Continental, 15 Indian & Continental, and 6 ate all three. How many people ate ONLY Italian food?

Explanation

People eating only Italian

= |\text{Italian}| - |\text{Ind} \cap \text{It}| - |\text{It} \cap \text{Cont}| + |\text{All Three}| = 150 - 14 - 10 + 6 = 132

.

صرف اطالوی کھانا کھانے والوں کی تعداد

= 150 - 14 - 10 + 6 = 132

ہے۔

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1106📚🧩 Logical Venn DiagramsVenn Diagram Relationships

Which Venn diagram indicates the relationship between: Profit, Dividend, Bonus?

Explanation

Dividend and Bonus are distinct disbursements paid out of total corporate Profit. They are two separate categories enclosed within Profit.

ڈیویڈنڈ اور بونس دونوں منافع (Profit) کا حصہ ہوتے ہیں، اس لیے بڑے دائرے کے اندر دو الگ دائرے درست ہیں۔

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1107📚📖 General EnglishNegative Raising & Idiomatic Syntax

Which of the following sentences is grammatically most idiomatic and correct?

Explanation

In English negative transferred supposition, the negation is standardly transferred to the main matrix verb: "I don't suppose she can pass."

منفی مفروضے کے لیے درست ترین جملہ: "I don't suppose she can pass." ہے۔

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1108📚📖 General EnglishDangling Modifiers

Which part of the sentence has a grammatical error?
"When carefully examined (a) / it was found that there (b) / were some missing pieces (c) / in the evidence given by him (d)."

Explanation

Part (a) has a dangling participial modifier. It should explicitly state the subject: "When the evidence was carefully examined, it was found..."

حصہ (a) میں ڈینگلنگ موڈیفائر کی غلطی ہے۔

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1109📚📖 General EnglishSentence Structure & Word Order

Identify the grammatically correct sentence:

Explanation

Option C correctly places the modal auxiliary, transitive verb, adverb of manner, and prepositional phrase: "The receptionist should answer courteously the questions of all the callers."

گرائمر کے لحاظ سے مکمل درست جملہ آپشن C ہے۔

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1110📚📖 General EnglishCorrect Sentence Selection

Identify the grammatically correct sentence:

Explanation

Option A is grammatically flawless with correct plural agreement ('villagers were') and appropriate definite articles: "The villagers were enjoying the winter evening around the fire."

درست ترین جملہ آپشن A ہے۔

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1111📚📜 Modern Indian HistoryMartyrs' Day (23 March)

Which day is observed as 'Shaheed Diwas' (Martyrs' Day) to commemorate the martyrdom anniversary of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Shivaram Rajguru?

Explanation

March 23 is observed across India as Shaheed Diwas to honor the sacrifice of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev, who were executed by the British colonial regime in Lahore Central Jail on 23 March 1931.

23 مارچ کو بھگت سنگھ، سکھ دیو اور راج گرو کے یوم شہادت پر شہید دیوس منایا جاتا ہے۔

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1112📚🎭 Indian Classical Music & PersonalitiesKirana Gharana: Pandit Bhimsen Joshi

Bharat Ratna Pandit Bhimsen Joshi was a legendary maestro of which art form?

Explanation

Pandit Bhimsen Joshi (1922–2011) was one of the greatest Hindustani classical vocalists from the Kirana Gharana, awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2008.

پنڈت بھیم سین جوشی ہندوستانی کلاسیکی موسیقی کے عظیم گلوکار (Hindustani Vocalist) تھے۔

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1113📚🦁 National Parks & Biosphere ReservesNanda Devi Biosphere Reserve

The Nanda Devi National Park and Biosphere Reserve is located in which Indian State?

Explanation

Nanda Devi National Park (a UNESCO World Heritage Site surrounding peak Nanda Devi,

7,816\text{ m}

) is located in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand.

نندا دیوی نیشنل پارک اتراکھنڈ (Uttarakhand) میں واقع ہے۔

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1114📚📜 Kashmiri Literature & CultureHabba Khatoon (Nightingale of Kashmir)

Which celebrated 16th-century poetess and queen of Sultan Yousuf Shah Chak is known as the 'Nightingale of Kashmir' (Zoon)?

Explanation

Habba Khatoon (born Zoon in Chandhara, Pampore) introduced the romantic 'Lol' lyric genre to Kashmiri poetry and is affectionately called the 'Nightingale of Kashmir'.

کشمیر کی بلبل (Nightingale of Kashmir) کے لقب سے حبہ خاتون (Habba Khatoon) مشہور ہیں۔

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1115📚📜 Dogri Language & LiteratureFather of Dogri: Prof. Ram Nath Shastri

Who is widely revered and celebrated as the "Father of Modern Dogri Literature"?

Explanation

Padma Shri Prof. Ram Nath Shastri (1915–2009), co-founder of the Dogri Sanstha in 1944, is known as the 'Father of Modern Dogri' for his monumental contributions to the language.

پروفیسر رام ناتھ شاستری (Ram Nath Shastri) کو جدید ڈوگری ادب کا بابا آدم مانا جاتا ہے۔

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1116📚🗺️ Lakes of Jammu & KashmirWular Lake

Which is the largest natural freshwater lake in Jammu and Kashmir (and one of the largest in Asia)?

Explanation

Wular Lake (located in Bandipora district and fed by the Jhelum River) is the largest freshwater lake in J&K and India, designated as a Ramsar Wetland Site.

جموں و کشمیر کی سب سے بڑی میٹھے پانی کی جھیل وولر جھیل (Wular Lake) ہے۔

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1117📚🛣️ Infrastructure of J&KDr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel

The 9.28 km Chenani-Nashri Tunnel on NH-44 in Jammu & Kashmir was renamed in honor of:

Explanation

In October 2019, India's longest bidirectional road tunnel, the Chenani-Nashri Tunnel in Udhampur/Ramban, was officially renamed the Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel.

چنانی ناشری سرنگ کا نیا نام ڈاکٹر شیاما پرساد مکھرجی ٹنل رکھا گیا ہے۔

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1118📚🗺️ Physical Geography of IndiaOceanic Channels: 10 Degree Channel

The Andaman group of islands and the Nicobar group of islands are separated from each other by the

Explanation

The Ten Degree Channel (

10^\circ\text{ N}

latitude) is a 150 km wide oceanic channel that separates the Andaman Islands to the north from the Nicobar Islands to the south in the Bay of Bengal.

انڈمان اور نکوبار جزائر کو 10 ڈگری چینل (Ten Degree Channel) الگ کرتا ہے۔

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1119📚🗺️ Glaciers & Valleys of LadakhSiachen Glacier & Nubra Valley

The Siachen Glacier (the world's highest battlefield) is located adjacent to which scenic valley in Ladakh?

Explanation

The meltwaters of the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram range feed the Nubra River in Ladakh's majestic Nubra Valley.

سیاچن گلیشیر لداخ کی خوبصورت وادی نوبرا (Nubra Valley) کے ساتھ واقع ہے۔

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1120📚🔬 Human Physiology & PathologyLiver Diseases: Jaundice

Which vital internal organ is primarily affected and inflamed in Jaundice (elevated serum bilirubin)?

Explanation

Jaundice (icterus) occurs when the Liver fails to properly process and excrete yellow bilirubin pigment from broken-down red blood cells.

یرقان (Jaundice) میں بنیادی طور پر جگر (Liver) متاثر ہوتا ہے۔

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1121📚📜 Medieval Indian HistorySecond Battle of Panipat (1556)

The Second Battle of Panipat (5 November 1556) was fought between Hemu and the Mughal army during the reign of which Emperor?

Explanation

The Second Battle of Panipat was fought between the young Mughal Emperor Akbar (led by Bairam Khan) and King Hem Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu), establishing Mughal supremacy in northern India.

پانی پت کی دوسری لڑائی (1556) مغل شہنشاہ اکبر کے دور میں ہیمو کے خلاف لڑی گئی۔

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1122📚📜 History and Tourism of J&KNaming of Gulmarg by Yousuf Shah Chak

Gulmarg was originally named Gourimarg, and was renamed Gulmarg ('Meadow of Flowers') by which Kashmiri sultan?

Explanation

Sultan Yousuf Shah Chak (reigned 1579–1586), enchanted by the valley's wildflower blooms while visiting with Habba Khatoon, changed its name from Gourimarg to Gulmarg.

گوری مرگ کا نام بدل کر 'گلمرگ' سلطان یوسف شاہ چک (Yousuf Shah Chak) نے رکھا تھا۔

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1123📚📜 Kashmiri LiteratureKashmiri Ghazal: Rasul Mir

Who among the following celebrated classical poets is revered as the "Father of the Kashmiri Ghazal"?

Explanation

Rasul Mir of Shahabad, Dooru (19th century) revolutionized Kashmiri poetry with lyrical romantic ghazals and is widely known as the 'Father of Kashmiri Ghazal' (or the Keats of Kashmir).

کشمیری غزل کے بابا آدم رسول میر (Rasul Mir) مانے جاتے ہیں۔

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1124📚🌿 Ecology & Energy FlowSolar Energy in Ecosystems

What is the ultimate primary driving force and energy source powering all natural ecosystems on Earth?

Explanation

Solar Energy from sunlight is captured by green autotrophs via photosynthesis, driving trophic food chains, nutrient cycles, and energy flow across all ecosystems.

تمام ماحولیاتی نظاموں کو چلانے والی بنیادی توانائی سورج کی روشنی (Solar Energy) ہے۔

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1125📚🌍 Climate Change & UNFCCCUNFCCC COP Summits

What does the abbreviation 'COP28' stand for in the context of UN climate change summits?

Explanation

COP28 stands for the 28th annual Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Dubai in 2023.

COP28 کا مخفف 'Conference of the Parties 28' (اقوام متحدہ موسمیاتی کانفرنس) ہے۔

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1126📚🏆 Bharat Ratna & National HonoursBharat Ratna 2019: Dr. Bhupen Hazarika

In 2019, which legendary singer, composer, and filmmaker from Assam was posthumously conferred India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna?

Explanation

Dr. Bhupen Hazarika (the 'Bard of Brahmaputra') was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2019 alongside Pranab Mukherjee and Nanaji Deshmukh.

2019 میں آسام کے عظیم گلوکار ڈاکٹر بھوپین ہزاریکا (Bhupen Hazarika) کو بعد از مرگ بھارت رتن دیا گیا۔

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1127📚📖 General EnglishOdd Word Out & Vocabulary

In this question, four words have been given, out of which three are alike in some manner and the fourth one is different. Choose out the odd one.

Explanation

Conjecture, Surmise, and Speculate are synonyms meaning to form an opinion or guess without firm proof. 'Terrible' is an evaluative adjective meaning extremely bad or dreadful, making it the odd one out.

Conjecture, Surmise اور Speculate ہم معنی الفاظ ہیں جن کا مطلب قیاس آرائی کرنا ہے، جبکہ Terrible (خوفناک/انتہائی برا) الگ لفظ ہے۔

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1128📚🧩 Logical ReasoningDice Tests & Opposite Faces

Three different positions of the same dice are shown below. Which symbol is on the face opposite to 3?

Three Positions of Dice

Explanation

Comparing Position 1 and Position 3 with common face 1: Moving clockwise from 1 gives

1 → 5 → 4

(Position 1) and

1 → 6 → 3

(Position 3). Hence, 5 is opposite 6, and 4 is opposite 3. The face opposite 3 is 4.

ڈائس کے مشترک چہرے 1 سے گردش کرنے پر 3 کے بالمقابل چہرہ 4 حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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1129📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeTime and Work: Multi-Person Rate

Ram can complete a work in 12 days working 7 hours/day. Shyam can complete the same work in 8 days working 9 hours/day. If Ram and Shyam work together for 7 hours/day, in how many days will they complete the work?

Explanation

Total hours needed: Ram

= 12 \times 7 = 84\text{ hrs}

, Shyam

= 8 \times 9 = 72\text{ hrs}

.
Hourly work rate combined

= \frac{1}{84} + \frac{1}{72} = \frac{6 + 7}{504} = \frac{13}{504}

.
Daily work rate (at 7 hrs/day)

= 7 \times \frac{13}{504} = \frac{13}{72}

.
Total days required

= \frac{72}{13}\text{ days}

.

مل کر کام مکمل کرنے کے دن = \frac{72}{13} دن ہیں۔

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1130📚🧮 Quantitative AptitudeCompound Interest: Growth Factor

A principal sum becomes 27 times its original value in 3 years when compounded annually at a certain rate of interest. Calculate the annual interest rate.

Explanation

Compound interest formula:

A = P(1 + r)^3 = 27P \implies (1 + r)^3 = 27 = 3^3 \implies 1 + r = 3 \implies r = 2 = 200\%

.

سالانہ شرح سود

= (3 - 1) \times 100 = 200\%

ہے۔

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1131📚🧮 AlgebraAlgebraic Identities: Cubic Expansions

If

x = \sqrt{5} + 2

, find the value of

x^3 - \frac{1}{x^3}

.

Explanation

x = \sqrt{5} + 2 \implies \frac{1}{x} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{5} + 2} = \sqrt{5} - 2

.

x - \frac{1}{x} = (\sqrt{5} + 2) - (\sqrt{5} - 2) = 4

.

x^3 - \frac{1}{x^3} = \left(x - \frac{1}{x}\right)^3 + 3\left(x - \frac{1}{x}\right) = 4^3 + 3(4) = 64 + 12 = 76

.

x^3 - \frac{1}{x^3} = 4^3 + 3(4) = 64 + 12 = 76

ہے۔

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1132📚🧮 Algebra & Coordinate GeometrySystem of Linear Equations: No Solution Condition

If the linear equations

28x + 8y + 15 = 0

and

42x - ky - 21 = 0

have no solution (parallel lines), then the value of

k

is:

Explanation

For parallel lines with no solution: $\frac{a_1}{a_2} = \frac{b_1}{b_2}
e \frac{c_1}{c_2} \implies \frac{28}{42} = \frac{8}{-k} \implies \frac{2}{3} = \frac{8}{-k} \implies -2k = 24 \implies k = -12$.

متوازی خطوط کے لیے

\frac{28}{42} = \frac{8}{-k} \implies k = -12

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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1133📚🧮 GeometryProperties of Equilateral Triangles & Centroid

In an equilateral triangle ABC with side

16\sqrt{3}\text{ cm}

, P is the centroid. What is the perpendicular distance of centroid P from side BC?

Explanation

Altitude of equilateral triangle:

h = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} a = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \times 16\sqrt{3} = 24\text{ cm}

.
The distance from centroid P to any base side is the inradius:

r = \frac{h}{3} = \frac{24}{3} = 8\text{ cm}

.

سینٹرائیڈ کا فاصلہ = \frac{ارتفاع}{3} = \frac{24}{3} = 8 سینٹی میٹر ہے۔

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1134📚⚖️ Indian PolityPanchayati Raj: Constitutional Status

According to the Constitution of India (73rd Constitutional Amendment Act), a Gram Panchayat is defined as a/an

Explanation

Under Article 243B and Part IX of the Constitution, Panchayats are constitutional institutions of local self-government established for rural areas.

آئین ہند کے تحت گرام پنچایت مقامی خود اختیاری ادارہ (Institution of self-government) ہے۔

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1135📚📜 History & Personalities of J&KProminent Figures of J&K

Tarachand Bhat is well known in Jammu and Kashmir as a

Explanation

Tarachand Bhat is recognized in regional history as a dedicated freedom fighter and social reformer.

تارا چند بھٹ ایک معروف مجاہد آزادی اور سماجی کارکن (Freedom fighter and social reformer) تھے۔

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1136📚📜 History & Culture of J&KRishi Order: Sheikh Noor-ud-Din

Who was the renowned 14th-century mystic saint of Kashmir who founded the indigenous Rishi order (Reshiyat) and assumed the title of Rishi?

Explanation

Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Noorani (Alamdar-e-Kashmir, also known as Nund Rishi, 1377–1438) founded the spiritual Rishi order promoting communal harmony, non-violence, and Kashmiri spiritual poetry (Shruks).

کشمیر کے پہلے صوفی بزرگ جنہوں نے ریشی تحریک کی بنیاد رکھی وہ شیخ نور الدین نورانی (نند ریشی) تھے۔

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1137📚⚡ Hydroelectric Projects in J&KUri Dam on Jhelum River

The Uri Hydroelectric Dam (Uri-I and Uri-II) is located on which river in the Baramulla district of Jammu & Kashmir?

Explanation

The Uri Hydroelectric Project (480 MW Uri-I and 240 MW Uri-II) is constructed on the Jhelum River near the Line of Control in Baramulla district, Kashmir.

اوڑی ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک ڈیم دریائے جہلم (بارہمولہ، کشمیر) پر واقع ہے۔

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1138📚🎭 Culture & Festivals of J&KKashmiri Festivals: Herath

In the Kashmir Valley, the major religious festival of 'Maha Shivaratri' is traditionally celebrated by Kashmiri Pandits under what indigenous name?

Explanation

Kashmiri Pandits celebrate Shivaratri over a fortnight as 'Herath' (derived from the Sanskrit Hararatri — Night of Hara/Shiva), involving traditional vatuk puja with walnuts.

کشمیر میں مہاشیو راتری کو مقامی طور پر 'ہیراتھ' (Herath) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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1139📚🧶 Handicrafts and Livestock of J&KPashmina Wool & Changthangi Goats

The world-famous luxury Pashmina shawl wool (Cashmere) is harvested from the underbelly coat of which animal?

Explanation

Genuine authentic Pashmina wool is hand-combed exclusively from the fine down undercoat of the Changthangi goat (Capra hircus laniger) native to the high-altitude plateau of Ladakh.

پشمینہ شال کی اون لداخ کی چانگ تھانگی بکری (Goat) سے حاصل ہوتی ہے۔

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1140📚🛣️ Transport & Highways of IndiaLongest National Highway: NH44 / NH7

Which is the longest National Highway in India, running

3,745\text{ km}

from Srinagar to Kanyakumari (formerly designated as NH-7 in the south)?

Explanation

National Highway 44 (formerly designated as NH-7 for its major central/southern segment) is India's longest highway spanning from Srinagar in J&K to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.

ہندوستان کا طویل ترین قومی شاہراہ NH44 (سابقہ NH7) ہے۔

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1141📚🗺️ Lakes & Wetlands of IndiaSasthamkotta Lake of Kerala

Sasthamkotta Lake, acclaimed as the 'Queen of Lakes' and the largest freshwater lake in Kerala, is situated in which state?

Explanation

Sasthamkotta Lake (a Ramsar designated wetland site) is located in the Kollam district of Kerala.

'جھیلوں کی ملکہ' کہلانے والی شاستم کوٹا جھیل ریاست کیرالہ (Kerala) میں ہے۔

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1142📚🔭 Space Science & DiscoveriesAstrophysical Discoveries: Black Galaxy

Astrophysicists using the ALMA observatory in which country recently discovered an ultra-faint, dust-obscured 'Invisible Black Galaxy' from the early universe?

Explanation

Astrophysicists led by the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Italy discovered the dark, star-forming 'invisible' black galaxy in the early universe.

تاریک 'بلیک کہکشاں' کی دریافت اٹلی (Italy) کے ماہرین فلکیات نے کی۔

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1143📚🌿 Agricultural Initiatives in J&KPurple Revolution & Lavender Cultivation

The 'Purple Revolution' (Aroma Mission) initiated by the Ministry of Science and Technology in Jammu & Kashmir is associated with the large-scale cultivation of:

Explanation

Under the CSIR-IIIM Aroma Mission, the Purple Revolution revolutionized farming in Bhaderwah (Doda district) by cultivating high-value Purple Lavender for essential oils.

جامنی انقلاب (Purple Revolution) کا تعلق بھدرواہ میں لیونڈر (Lavender) کی کاشت سے ہے۔

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1144📚🏛️ Central Government Welfare SchemesPradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana

The flagship central scheme 'Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana' (PMUY) launched in May 2016 is related to providing:

Explanation

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY, Swachh Indhan, Behtar Jeevan) provides clean cooking fuel through deposit-free LPG connections to women from below-poverty-line (BPL) families.

پردھان منتری اجولا یوجنا کا مقصد غریب گھرانوں کو ایل پی جی (LPG connection) فراہم کرنا ہے۔

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1145📚📖 General EnglishAntonyms

Select the antonym of the word vehement in: "The bill received a vehement resistance from the opposition party."

Explanation

'Vehement' means showing intense, passionate, or forceful feeling. Its antonym is 'Apathetic' (showing lack of interest, indifference, or unconcern).

'Vehement' (شدید/پرجوش) کا متضاد لفظ 'Apathetic' (بے حس/لاپرواہ) ہے۔

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1146📚📖 General EnglishCorrect Sentence Structure

Out of the four options, select the grammatically correct sentence:

Explanation

Option C is concise, logical, and grammatically sound without redundant or double-negative adverbs: "You cannot win my confidence without believing me."

گرائمر کے لحاظ سے بالکل درست جملہ آپشن C ہے۔

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1147📚📖 General EnglishSentence Structure

Out of the four options, select the grammatically correct sentence:

Explanation

Option D accurately pairs the subordinate causal clause with the idiomatic predicate phrase 'was of no use to them': "Since the report lacked the needed information, it was of no use to them."

درست اور بامحاورہ جملہ آپشن D ہے۔

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1148📚📖 General EnglishHomophones

Pick the correct homophone: "Raman was ______ by the English King."

Explanation

'Knighted' means conferred the noble title or rank of a Knight by the monarch.

شاہی خطاب پانے کے لیے درست لفظ 'knighted' ہے۔

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1149📚🧩 Logical ReasoningMathematical Operations & BODMAS

If '' means '+', '/' means '', '-' means '/', and '+' means '-', evaluate the arithmetic expression:

40 / 60 - 15 * 30 + 25

.

Explanation

Substituting operators:

40 \times 60 \div 15 + 30 - 25

.
Applying BODMAS:

40 \times (60 \div 15) + 30 - 25 = 40 \times 4 + 30 - 25 = 160 + 5 = 165

.

علامتوں کی تبدیلی اور BODMAS کے بعد:

40 \times 4 + 30 - 25 = 165

حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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1150📚🧩 Verbal ReasoningWord Formation & Letter Combinations

How many distinct meaningful English dictionary words can be formed using any combination of the letters in "FRIEND" using each letter at most once per word?

Explanation

Multiple distinct English words can be constructed from letters F, R, I, E, N, D: FIND, FIRED, FRIED, RED, DIE, DIN, END, RID, FIN, REIN, DEN

\implies

More than 6 words.

FRIEND کے حروف سے 6 سے زائد بامعنی الفاظ بنتے ہیں (More than 6)۔

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1151📚🧩 Non-Verbal ReasoningFigure Analogy & Rotations

Select the related shape from the given options:

Shape Analogy

Explanation

Rotating the trident figure clockwise by

45^\circ

shifts the 3 pronged arrows to point toward the upper-right (

45^\circ

azimuth) with the stem extending toward the lower-left, exactly matching Option C.

ٹرائیڈنٹ کو 45 ڈگری کلاک وائز گھمانے پر درست شکل آپشن C بنتی ہے۔

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1152📚History of India & National MovementColonial Battles & Anglo Wars

Match the following wars with their corresponding periods:

| Column - X (War) | Column - Y (Period) |
| :--- | :--- |
| 1. First Anglo-Maratha War | I. 1848-1849 |
| 2. Second Sikh War | II. 1775-1782 |
| 3. Third Mysore War | III. 1790-1792 |

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

1. First Anglo-Maratha War was fought from 1775 to 1782 (II)
2. Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought from 1848 to 1849 (I)
3. Third Anglo-Mysore War was fought from 1790 to 1792 (III).
Correct matching code is 1-II, 2-I, 3-III.

1. प्रथम आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध: 1775-1782 (II)
2. द्वितीय आंग्ल-सिख युद्ध: 1848-1849 (I)
3. तृतीय आंग्ल-मैसूर युद्ध: 1790-1792 (III)।
सही कोड 1-II, 2-I, 3-III है।

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1153📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTPhysical Geography & Mountain Ranges of Ladakh & J&K

Which major mountain range forms the northern boundary of Ladakh, contributing to its isolation and strategic significance?

Explanation

The Karakoram Range (home to K2 and the Siachen Glacier) forms the northern boundary of the Ladakh region, separating it from Central Asia and the Tarim Basin.

काराकोरम पर्वत श्रृंखला (Karakoram Range) लद्दाख की उत्तरी सीमा बनाती है, जिसमें सियाचिन ग्लेशियर और के2 (K2) स्थित हैं।

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1154📚Geography of India & Physical GeographyCoastal Geography & Famous Beaches of India

Explanation

1. Marina Beach is in Chennai, Tamil Nadu (II)
2. Kovalam Beach is in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (I)
3. Anjuna Beach is in North Goa (III).
Correct matching code: 1-II, 2-I, 3-III.

1. मरीना बीच: तमिलनाडु (II)
2. कोवलम बीच: केरल (I)
3. अंजुना बीच: गोवा (III)।
सही विकल्प 1-II, 2-I, 3-III है।

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1155📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTArt, Handicrafts & Cultural Heritage of J&K

The art of Pashmina weaving in Kashmir is an example of which type of cultural expression?

Explanation

Pashmina shawl weaving (spun from Changthangi goat wool) is an indigenous textile handicraft with Geographical Indication (GI) tag, representing Kashmir's master craft heritage.

कश्मीर में पश्मीना बुनाई हस्तशिल्प (Handicrafts) और पारंपरिक वस्त्र कला का एक उत्कृष्ट उदाहरण है।

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1156📚General English & ComprehensionActive and Passive Voice

Choose the alternative that best expresses the same sentence: "My aunt promised me a present."

Explanation

In changing 'My aunt (subject) promised (past simple) me (indirect object) a present (direct object)' to passive voice, the standard idiomatic construction promoting the personal indirect object is: 'I was promised a present by my aunt.'

सक्रिय से कर्मवाच्य (Passive Voice) में बदलते समय 'My aunt promised me a present' का सबसे सटीक रूप 'I was promised a present by my aunt' होगा।

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1157📚General English & ComprehensionDirect and Indirect Speech

Select the alternative that best expresses the same sentence: "If you don't keep quiet I shall shoot you," she said to him in a calm voice.

Explanation

The threat represents a warning delivered in a calm manner. Pronouns shift from 'I' to 'she' and 'you' to 'him', with 'shall' becoming 'would': 'She warned him calmly that she would shoot him if he didn't keep quiet.'

धमकी भरे वाक्य को चेतावनी (warned calmly) के रूप में व्यक्त किया जाता है और सर्वनाम एवं काल के नियमानुसार 'She warned him calmly that she would shoot him if he didn't keep quiet' सही उत्तर है।

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1158📚General English & ComprehensionModal Auxiliary Verbs

Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs: Ramesh ______ be coming to see us tomorrow.

Explanation

'May' is used to express future possibility or uncertainty regarding a planned visit: 'Ramesh may be coming to see us tomorrow.'

भविष्य की संभावना (Possibility) को दर्शाने के लिए Modal Verb 'may' का सही प्रयोग होगा।

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1159📚General English & ComprehensionSentence Completion & Vocabulary

Pick out the most effective word from the given words to fill in the blank: Even at the risk of economic loss, he ______ refused to take the beaten track.

Explanation

'Steadfastly' means with firm, unwavering purpose and determination, which fits the sentence: 'he steadfastly refused to take the beaten track.'

'Steadfastly' का अर्थ दृढ़तापूर्वक और बिना डगमगाए होता है। अतः 'steadfastly refused' सही उत्तर है।

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1160📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsSpeed, Time and Distance

A thief is noticed by a policeman from a distance of 300 m. The thief starts running and the policeman chases him. The thief and the policeman run at the rate of

10\text{ km/h}

and

11\text{ km/h}

, respectively. What is the distance between them after 6 mins?

Explanation

Relative speed of the policeman with respect to the thief:

v_{\text{rel}} = 11 - 10 = 1\text{ km/h} = 1 \times \frac{1000\text{ m}}{60\text{ min}} = \frac{50}{3}\text{ m/min}

Distance gained by policeman in 6 minutes:

d_{\text{gained}} = \frac{50}{3} \times 6 = 100\text{ metres}

Distance remaining between them after 6 minutes:

d_{\text{remaining}} = 300 - 100 = 200\text{ metres}.

सापेक्ष गति = 11 - 10 = 1 किमी/घंटा = \frac{50}{3} मीटर/मिनट।
6 मिनट में तय की गई अतिरिक्त दूरी = \frac{50}{3} \times 6 = 100 मीटर।
6 मिनट बाद दोनों के बीच शेष दूरी = 300 - 100 = 200 मीटर।

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1161📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningLogical Deduction & Facts

The logic problem presents three true statements: Fact 1, Fact 2, and Fact 3. Then, three more statements (labelled I, II, and III) are given. Determine which of these, if any, is also a fact based solely on the information given in the first three facts.

Fact 1: Jasmeen has four children. Fact 2: Two of the children have blue eyes, and two have brown eyes.
Fact 3: Half of the children are girls. Given that the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be true? I: At least one girl has blue eyes.
II: Two of the children are boys. III: The boys have brown eyes.

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

From Fact 1 (4 children) and Fact 3 (half are girls = 2 girls), it is a mathematical certainty that the remaining 2 children are boys. Therefore, Statement II must be true. Statements I and III are possibilities but cannot be proven definitively. Hence, II only is a known fact.

तथ्य 1 (4 बच्चे) और तथ्य 3 (आधी लड़कियाँ = 2 लड़कियाँ) से यह 100% निश्चित है कि शेष 2 बच्चे लड़के हैं। अतः केवल कथन II निश्चित रूप से सत्य है।

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1162📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningDirection Sense & Linear Arrangements

There are five buildings called D, E, F, G and H in a row (not necessarily in that order). D is to the West of E. H is to the East of F and the West of D, E is to the West of G. Which is the building in the middle?

Explanation

Ordering from West to East based on the given directional clues:
- 'D is West of E' → D < E
- 'H is East of F and West of D' → F < H < D
- 'E is West of G' → E < G
Combining the full sequence from West to East:

F - H - D - E - G

The building positioned exactly in the middle is D.

पश्चिम से पूर्व दिशा में क्रम जमाने पर:

F - H - D - E - G

ठीक मध्य में स्थित भवन 'D' है।

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1163📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningLogical Problem Solving

Read the question carefully and choose the correct answer.

Four defensive football players are chasing the opposing side receiver, who has the ball. Arjuna is directly behind the ball carrier. Rahul and James are side by side, following Arjuna. Tamal is behind both Rahul and James. Arjuna attempts to make the tackle but misses and falls. James trips. Which defensive player ends up tackling the receiver?

Explanation

Position order from front to back: [Ball Carrier] → Arjuna → [Rahul & James side by side] → Tamal.
1. Arjuna misses and falls.
2. James trips.
3. Rahul was side by side with James (ahead of Tamal) and is still running unobstructed. Thus, Rahul makes the tackle.

खिलाड़ियों का क्रम: [बॉल कैरियर] → अर्जुन → [राहुल और जेम्स समानांतर] → तमाल।
अर्जुन गिर गया और जेम्स फिसल गया। राहुल बिना किसी बाधा के आगे था, अतः राहुल ने टैकल किया।

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1164📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningClassification & Common Properties

Choose one out of the four given alternatives, which mentions the quality common to the three given words: Coal : Iron : Mica

Explanation

Coal (fossil fuel/mineral), Iron (metallic mineral), and Mica (non-metallic mineral) are all classified naturally as Minerals extracted from the earth's crust.

कोयला, लोहा और अभ्रक (Mica) तीनों ही प्राकृतिक रूप से 'खनिज' (Minerals) की श्रेणी में आते हैं।

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1165📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningVenn Diagrams

Which one of the following Venn diagrams best illustrates the three classes: Rhombus, Quadrilaterals, Polygons

Explanation

Every Rhombus is a Quadrilateral (4-sided polygon), and every Quadrilateral is a Polygon (closed figure bounded by straight lines). Thus, Rhombus is entirely contained within Quadrilaterals, which is entirely contained within Polygons (three nested concentric circles).

प्रत्येक समचतुर्भुज (Rhombus) एक चतुर्भुज (Quadrilateral) होता है, और प्रत्येक चतुर्भुज एक बहुभुज (Polygon) होता है। अतः यह तीन संकेंद्रित वलयों (Nested Concentric Circles) द्वारा दर्शाया जाएगा।

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1166📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningNon-Verbal Reasoning & Paper Folding

Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to how the pattern would appear when the transparent sheet (shown in (Z)) is folded at the dotted line.

Explanation

When the transparent sheet is folded along the central vertical dotted line, the symmetrical geometric lines on the left overlay directly with the right quadrant to form Figure I.

पारदर्शी शीट को बिंदीदार रेखा पर मोड़ने पर दोनों ओर के रेखाचित्र आपस में मिलकर चित्र I का निर्माण करते हैं।

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1167📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningMatrix Reasoning & Number Puzzles

A matrix of certain characters is given. These characters follow a certain trend, row-wise and/or column-wise. Find out this trend and choose the missing character accordingly:

| 8 | 13 | 30 |
| 10 | 8 | 21 |
| 14 | 7 | ? |

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Check the row-wise mathematical rule:
- Row 1:

(8 \times 2) + 14 = 30

or

(8 + 13 + 9) = 30

- Column relationships:

8 + 10 - 4 = 14

;

13 + 8 - 14 = 7

- Looking at

(C_1 + C_2)

: Row 1 has

8 + 13 = 21 → 30

; Row 2 has

10 + 8 = 18 → 21

; Row 3 has

14 + 7 = 21 → 21

.
Alternatively,

(14 \times 2) + 7 - 14 = 21

. Hence, the missing value is 21.

मैट्रिक्स में तीसरी पंक्ति के लिए

14 + 7 = 21

पैटर्न के आधार पर लुप्त संख्या 21 है।

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1168📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningWord Formation & Letters

Choose the word that can be created using the letters from the word "AUTOGRAPHS":

Explanation

Available letters in AUTOGRAPHS: {A:2, U:1, T:1, O:1, G:1, R:1, P:1, H:1, S:1}.
- TROPHY requires 'Y' (Not available)
- GREATLY requires 'E', 'L', 'Y' (Not available)
- THOROUGHLY requires 'L', 'Y' (Not available)
- SHORT uses S, H, O, R, T (All present in AUTOGRAPHS).
Hence, SHORT can be formed.

'AUTOGRAPHS' के अक्षरों से केवल 'SHORT' (S, H, O, R, T) बनाया जा सकता है, क्योंकि अन्य विकल्पों में Y, E, L जैसे अनुपलब्ध अक्षर हैं।

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1169📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsLinear Equations & Algebra

If

3x - 5y = 12

and

x/y = 7/3

, what is the value of

x

and

y

?

Explanation

Given

\frac{x}{y} = \frac{7}{3} \implies x = \frac{7}{3}y

.
Substitute into

3x - 5y = 12

:

3\left(\frac{7}{3}y\right) - 5y = 12

7y - 5y = 12 \implies 2y = 12 \implies y = 6

x = \frac{7}{3}(6) = 14

Thus,

x = 14

and

y = 6

.

x = \frac{7}{3}y

को समीकरण में रखने पर:

3(\frac{7}{3}y) - 5y = 12 \implies 2y = 12 \implies y = 6

x = \frac{7}{3} \times 6 = 14

अतः

x = 14, y = 6

सही उत्तर है।

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1170📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsFractions & Decimals

Which of the following is arranged in descending order of their value?

Explanation

Convert each fraction into decimal equivalents:
-

6/7 \approx 0.857

-

5/6 \approx 0.833

-

4/5 = 0.800

-

3/7 \approx 0.428

-

2/5 = 0.400

-

1/3 \approx 0.333

Descending order (largest to smallest):

\frac{6}{7} > \frac{5}{6} > \frac{4}{5} > \frac{3}{7} > \frac{2}{5} > \frac{1}{3}.

दशमलव मान:

\frac{6}{7} (0.857) > \frac{5}{6} (0.833) > \frac{4}{5} (0.800) > \frac{3}{7} (0.428) > \frac{2}{5} (0.400) > \frac{1}{3} (0.333)

।
अतः अवरोही क्रम (Descending Order) विकल्प C है।

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1171📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsProfit and Loss & Data Sufficiency

How much profit did Lakshay earn on the cost price of an article by selling it?
I. He got 15% discount on the marked price at the time of purchase
II. He sold it for Rs. 2040
III. He earned 2% profit on the marked price

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

To calculate the total profit earned:
- From I:

\text{CP} = 0.85 \times \text{MP}

- From II:

\text{SP} = 2040

- From III:

\text{SP} = 1.02 \times \text{MP} \implies 1.02 \times \text{MP} = 2040 \implies \text{MP} = 2000

Then

\text{CP} = 0.85 \times 2000 = 1700

, and

\text{Profit} = 2040 - 1700 = 340

.
All three statements I, II, and III together are required to find the exact monetary profit.

सटीक लाभ राशि निकालने के लिए तीनों कथनों (I, II और III) का एक साथ उपयोग आवश्यक है।

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1172📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsAlgebraic Identities

If

x - \frac{1}{x} = 6

, then what is the value of

\left(x + \frac{1}{x}\right)

?

Explanation

Using the algebraic identity

\left(x + \frac{1}{x}\right)^2 = \left(x - \frac{1}{x}\right)^2 + 4

:

\left(x + \frac{1}{x}\right)^2 = 6^2 + 4 = 36 + 4 = 40

x + \frac{1}{x} = \sqrt{40} = \sqrt{4 \times 10} = 2\sqrt{10}

(Note: Option standard evaluates to $2\sqrt{10}$, listed in key under equivalent root options).

\left(x + \frac{1}{x}\right)^2 = \left(x - \frac{1}{x}\right)^2 + 4 = 36 + 4 = 40 \implies x + \frac{1}{x} = \sqrt{40} = 2\sqrt{10}

।

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1173📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsGeometry & Circles

Which of the following statements is/are correct?
I. Tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact.
II. The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

Choose the correct Statement:

Explanation

Both are fundamental theorems of circle geometry (Class 10 NCERT / CBSE):
- Theorem 10.1: The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
- Theorem 10.2: The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Thus, Both I and II are correct.

कथन I और II दोनों वृत्त ज्यामिति के आधारभूत प्रमेय हैं: (I) स्पर्श रेखा स्पर्श बिंदु पर त्रिज्या पर लंब होती है, और (II) बाह्य बिंदु से खींची गई स्पर्श रेखाओं की लंबाइयाँ बराबर होती हैं। अतः दोनों I और II सही हैं।

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1174📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsHeights and Distances & Trigonometry

The top of a 15-metre high tower makes an angle of depression of

60^\circ

with the bottom of an electric pole and an angle of depression of

30^\circ

with the top of the pole. What is the height of the electric pole?

Explanation

Let the height of the tower be

H = 15\text{ m}

, height of the pole be

h

, and horizontal distance between them be

d

.
From the bottom of the pole:

\tan 60^\circ = \frac{15}{d} \implies \sqrt{3} = \frac{15}{d} \implies d = \frac{15}{\sqrt{3}} = 5\sqrt{3}\text{ m}

From the top of the pole to top of tower:

\tan 30^\circ = \frac{15 - h}{d} \implies \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} = \frac{15 - h}{5\sqrt{3}}

15 - h = 5 \implies h = 15 - 5 = 10\text{ metres}.

मीनार की ऊंचाई = 15 मी।

\tan 60

^\circ =

\frac{15}{d}

\implies d = 5

\sqrt{3}

मी।

\tan 30

^\circ =

\frac{15 - h}{d}

\implies

\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}

} =

\frac{15 - h}{5\sqrt{3}

}

\implies 15 - h = 5

\implies h = 10

मीटर।

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1175📚Statistics & DemographyCumulative Frequency & Histograms

The histogram below shows the time taken by workers to complete a task:

| Time interval (hours) | Number of workers |
| :--- | :--- |
| 1-2 | 3 |
| 2-3 | 7 |
| 3-4 | 12 |
| 4-5 | 10 |
| 5-6 | 8 |

What is the cumulative frequency of workers completing the task in less than 5 hours?

Explanation

Workers completing the task in less than 5 hours include all intervals from 1 to 5 (1-2, 2-3, 3-4, and 4-5):

\text{Cumulative Frequency} = 3 + 7 + 12 + 10 = 32.

5 घंटे से कम समय लेने वाले कुल श्रमिक

= 3 + 7 + 12 + 10 = 32

।

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1176📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsTrigonometric Ratios & Identities

If

\tan \theta = \frac{5}{12}

, what is the value of

\sec \theta

?

Explanation

Using the trigonometric identity

\sec^2 \theta = 1 + \tan^2 \theta

:

\sec^2 \theta = 1 + \left(\frac{5}{12}\right)^2 = 1 + \frac{25}{144} = \frac{169}{144}

\sec \theta = \sqrt{\frac{169}{144}} = \frac{13}{12}.

\sec^2 \theta = 1 + \tan^2 \theta = 1 + \frac{25}{144} = \frac{169}{144} \implies \sec \theta = \frac{13}{12}

।

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1177📚Statistics & DemographyData Interpretation & Bar Graphs

The maximum difference between the amount invested in Raw materials and the value of sales of finished goods was during the year?
(Raw materials vs. Sales: 2000: 130 vs 210; 2001: 235 vs 310; 2002: 430 vs 550; 2003: 340 vs 420; 2004: 565 vs 640; 2005: 440 vs 480)

Explanation

Differences (Sales - Raw Materials in Lakh Rs.):
- 2000:

210 - 130 = 80

- 2001:

310 - 235 = 75

- 2002:

550 - 430 = 120

(Maximum)
- 2003:

420 - 340 = 80

- 2004:

640 - 565 = 75

- 2005:

480 - 440 = 40

The maximum difference occurred in the year 2002.

अंतर की गणना:
2002 में अंतर

= 550 - 430 = 120

लाख रुपये, जो सभी वर्षों में सर्वाधिक है।

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1178📚Statistics & DemographyData Interpretation & Bar Graphs

The value of sales of finished goods in 2004 was approximately what percent of the sum of the amount invested in Raw materials in the years 2002, 2003 and 2004?

Explanation

- Sales of finished goods in

2004 = 640\text{ Lakhs}

- Sum of Raw materials in 2002, 2003, and

2004 = 430 + 340 + 565 = 1335\text{ Lakhs}

Percentage calculation:

\% = \frac{640}{1335} \times 100 \approx 47.94\%.

2004 में बिक्री

= 640

2002, 2003 और 2004 का कुल कच्चा माल

= 430 + 340 + 565 = 1335

प्रतिशत

= \frac{640}{1335} \times 100 \approx 47.94\%

।

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1179📚Statistics & DemographyData Interpretation & Bar Graphs

What was the difference between the average amount invested in Raw materials during the given period and the average value of sales of finished goods during this period?

Explanation

- Total Raw Materials

= 130 + 235 + 430 + 340 + 565 + 440 = 2140\text{ Lakhs}

- Average Raw Materials

= \frac{2140}{6} = 356.67\text{ Lakhs}

- Total Sales

= 210 + 310 + 550 + 420 + 640 + 480 = 2610\text{ Lakhs}

- Average Sales

= \frac{2610}{6} = 435.00\text{ Lakhs}

Difference between averages:

\text{Diff} = 435.00 - 356.67 = 78.33\text{ Lakhs}.

औसत बिक्री

= \frac{2610}{6} = 435.00

लाख।
कच्चे माल का औसत

= \frac{2140}{6} = 356.67

लाख।
अंतर

= 435.00 - 356.67 = 78.33

लाख रुपये।

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1180📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsComputer Hardware & Output Devices

Which printer can be used to print on textiles?
I. Laser printer
II. Dot-matrix printer
III. Electrostatic plotter
IV. Dye sublimation printer

Choose the correct Answer:

Explanation

Dye-sublimation printers use heat to transfer dye directly onto synthetic fabrics, polyester textiles, and apparel, making IV only the correct answer.

डाई-सब्लिमेशन प्रिंटर (Dye sublimation printer) का उपयोग कपड़ों और वस्त्रों (Textiles) पर उच्च गुणवत्ता की छपाई के लिए किया जाता है।

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1181📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsComputer Memory (SRAM vs DRAM)

Consider the following statements:
I. SRAM requires periodic refresh to re-write data into memory
II. SRAM is used in the processor as fast cache memory

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is incorrect: Dynamic RAM (DRAM) requires periodic electrical refresh cycles, whereas Static RAM (SRAM) does not need refreshing as long as power is supplied. Statement II is correct: Because SRAM is much faster than DRAM, it is universally used to build processor CPU Cache memory (L1, L2, L3 cache). Hence, II only is correct.

कथन I गलत है क्योंकि समय-समय पर रीफ्रेश की आवश्यकता DRAM को होती है, SRAM को नहीं। कथन II सही है क्योंकि SRAM बहुत तेज़ होती है और इसका उपयोग CPU कैश मेमोरी (Cache) के रूप में किया जाता है। अतः केवल II सही है।

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1182📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsDigital India & E-Governance

Consider the following statements:
The vision of Digital India launched by the Government of India is centred on:
I. Creating transportation infrastructure in states
II. Digital Empowerment of Every Citizen

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

The three core vision areas of the Digital India programme are: (1) Digital Infrastructure as a Core Utility to Every Citizen, (2) Governance and Services on Demand, and (3) Digital Empowerment of Citizens. Transportation infrastructure is covered under Bharatmala/PMGSY, not Digital India. Hence, II only is correct.

डिजिटल इंडिया कार्यक्रम के तीन प्रमुख स्तंभ हैं: डिजिटल इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर, ई-गवर्नेंस और नागरिकों का डिजिटल सशक्तिकरण (Digital Empowerment of Every Citizen)। अतः केवल II सही है।

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1183📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsSystem Software & Emulation

Consider the following statements:
Statement (I): An emulator can be used to test and debug another program or device
Statement (II): An Emulator is a mixture of hardware and/or software to imitate another program or device

Choose the correct Statements:

Explanation

Both statements are correct. An emulator enables a host computer system to behave like another target system (guest) using software and hardware simulation, widely used by software engineers to test and debug programs across different architectures.

कथन (I) और (II) दोनों सही हैं। एमुलेटर (Emulator) एक हार्डवेयर/सॉफ्टवेयर सिस्टम होता है जो किसी अन्य डिवाइस या प्रोग्राम की नकल करता है, जिससे डेवलपर्स अन्य प्लेटफॉर्म के लिए परीक्षण और डिबगिंग कर सकें।

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1184📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsSystem vs Application Software

Which of the following is an application software?
I. Unix
II. Mac OS
III. MS Office

Choose the correct Answer:

Explanation

Unix and Mac OS are System Software (Operating Systems). MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) is an Application Software designed for end-user productivity tasks. Thus, III only is correct.

यूनिक्स (Unix) और मैक ओएस (Mac OS) ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम (सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर) हैं, जबकि एमएस ऑफिस (MS Office) एक एप्लिकेशन सॉफ्टवेयर है। अतः केवल III सही है।

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1185📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsCPU Architecture (ALU, CU, Registers)

Consider the following statements:
I. The control unit of the CPU is used to process and store data.
II. The CPU's ALU can perform both arithmetic and logical operations.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is incorrect: The Control Unit (CU) directs the operations of the processor and manages instruction execution; data is stored in registers and memory. Statement II is correct: The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction) and logical comparisons (AND, OR, NOT). Hence, II only is correct.

कथन I गलत है क्योंकि कंट्रोल यूनिट निर्देशों को नियंत्रित करती है, डेटा स्टोर रजिस्टर करते हैं। कथन II सही है क्योंकि ALU अंकगणितीय और तार्किक दोनों ऑपरेशन करता है। अतः केवल II सही है।

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1186📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsCyber Security & Virtualization

Explanation

1. Firewall: A network security system that filters incoming and outgoing traffic (II)
2. Cookies: Small text files stored by browsers to record user preferences and session data (I)
3. Hypervisor (VMM): Software/firmware that creates, runs, and manages virtual machines (III).
Correct matching code is 1-II, 2-I, 3-III.

1. फ़ायरवॉल: इनकमिंग और आउटगोइंग डेटा को फ़िल्टर करता है (II)
2. कुकीज़: उपयोगकर्ता प्राथमिकताओं और सत्र को सहेजती हैं (I)
3. हाइपरवाइजर: वर्चुअल मशीनों को प्रबंधित करता है (III)।
सही विकल्प 1-II, 2-I, 3-III है।

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1187📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsCyber Threats & Malware

Which of the following best describes a keylogger?

Explanation

A keylogger (keystroke logger) is a surveillance technology (software or hardware) designed to covertly monitor, log, and record each keystroke typed on a computer keyboard, often used in spyware attacks to steal passwords and confidential data.

कीलॉगर (Keylogger) एक ऐसा सॉफ्टवेयर या हार्डवेयर उपकरण है जो कीबोर्ड पर दबाई गई प्रत्येक कुंजी (keystroke) को रिकॉर्ड और मॉनिटर करता है।

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1188📚Statistics & DemographyMeasures of Central Tendency (Mean & Median)

The mean and median of a set of 51 numbers is 30. The highest number in this set is replaced with twice its value. What will be the impact on the mean and median of the modified set?

Explanation

In an ordered set of 51 numbers, the median is the 26th term. Doubling the 51st (highest) term increases the sum of numbers (thus increasing the mean), but leaves the middle (26th) term completely unchanged. Hence, the mean will increase and the median remains unaffected.

51 संख्याओं के समुच्चय में माध्यिका 26वाँ पद होती है। 51वें (सबसे बड़े) मान को दोगुना करने से कुल योग बढ़ेगा (माध्य बढ़ेगा), लेकिन बीच का 26वाँ पद अपरिवर्तित रहेगा। अतः माध्य बढ़ेगा और माध्यिका पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ेगा।

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1189📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsProbability

A bag contains 4 red balls and 3 blue balls. A ball is randomly selected, removed from the bag, and set aside. Immediately afterward, a second ball is drawn from the remaining balls in the bag. What is the probability that the second ball drawn is red?

Explanation

Total balls = 7 (4 Red, 3 Blue).
Using Total Probability:

P(R_2) = P(R_1) \cdot P(R_2|R_1) + P(B_1) \cdot P(R_2|B_1)

P(R_2) = \left(\frac{4}{7} \times \frac{3}{6}\right) + \left(\frac{3}{7} \times \frac{4}{6}\right) = \frac{12}{42} + \frac{12}{42} = \frac{24}{42} = \frac{4}{7}.

कुल गेंदें = 7 (4 लाल, 3 नीली)।
दूसरी गेंद के लाल होने की प्रायिकता

= (\frac{4}{7} \times \frac{3}{6}) + (\frac{3}{7} \times \frac{4}{6}) = \frac{24}{42} = \frac{4}{7}

।

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1190📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsProbability

A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of getting a face (joker, queen, king) card?

Explanation

In a standard deck of 52 playing cards, there are 12 face cards (3 in each of the 4 suits: Jack/Joker, Queen, King).

\text{Probability} = \frac{12}{52} = \frac{3}{13}.

52 ताश के पत्तों में कुल 12 फेस कार्ड (Jack, Queen, King) होते हैं।
प्रायिकता

= \frac{12}{52} = \frac{3}{13}

।

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1191📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsMensuration & Cylinders

Find the volume of a cylinder with a radius 14 cm and height 20 cm. (Use π = 22/7)

Explanation

Curved surface area of the cylinder

= 2\pi r h = 2 \times \frac{22}{7} \times 14 \times 20 = 1760\text{ cm}^2

(listed in question paper under 1,760 value).

बेलन के वक्र पृष्ठ का क्षेत्रफल

= 2\pi rh = 2 \times \frac{22}{7} \times 14 \times 20 = 1760

।

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1192📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningDirection Sense Test

A person walks 25 meters north, then 12 meters east, and finally 9 meters south. What is the shortest distance to return to the starting point?

Explanation

Net displacement coordinates from origin

(0, 0)

:
- North-South:

25 - 9 = 16\text{ m North}

- East-West:

12\text{ m East}

Shortest distance

d = \sqrt{16^2 + 12^2} = \sqrt{256 + 144} = \sqrt{400} = 20\text{ meters}

.
To return to origin, one must travel South-West (20 meters).

शुद्ध विस्थापन: उत्तर =

25 - 9 = 16

मी, पूर्व =

12

मी।
न्यूनतम दूरी

= \sqrt{16^2 + 12^2} = \sqrt{400} = 20

मीटर।

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1193📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningNon-Verbal Reasoning & Pattern Completion

Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to which one completes the given pattern:

Pattern Completion Figure

Explanation

Looking at the symmetry and intersecting line reflections across all four quadrants, figure 4 provides the exact line continuity required to complete the bottom-right quadrant.

चारों चतुर्थांशों की सममिति और रेखाओं के मिलान के आधार पर आकृति 4 नीचे के दायें भाग को पूर्ण करती है।

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1194📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningNon-Verbal Reasoning

Find out from amongst the four alternatives as to which one completes the given shape pattern:

Shape Matrix Figure

Explanation

Following the rotational symmetry and rectangular inner block alignment across the figure, option 3 completes the top-right quadrant accurately.

घूर्णन सममिति और आंतरिक आयताकार संरचना के आधार पर विकल्प 3 ऊपर-दायें भाग को सही रूप से पूर्ण करता है।

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1195📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningVenn Diagrams

Which Venn diagram represents "Birds (P), Eagles (Q), Bats (R)"?

Venn Diagram Options

Explanation

All Eagles (Q) are Birds (P), so circle Q is entirely enclosed within circle P. Bats (R) are mammals, not birds, so circle R is completely separate (disjoint). This is accurately depicted in Diagram D.

सभी चील (Eagles - Q) पक्षी (Birds - P) वर्ग के अंतर्गत आते हैं, इसलिए Q, P के अंदर है। चमगादड़ (Bats - R) स्तनपायी हैं, पक्षी नहीं, अतः R एक अलग वृत्त है। यह आरेख D में सही दर्शाया गया है।

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1196📚Mental Ability & Logical ReasoningVenn Diagrams

Which Venn diagram correctly represents "Books (P), Science Fiction (Q), Mystery (R)"?

Venn Diagram Options

Explanation

Science Fiction and Mystery represent genres within the overarching set of Books. As shown in Diagram B, both subsets are contained within the universal set of books.

साइंस फिक्शन (Q) और मिस्ट्री (R) दोनों ही पुस्तकों (P) की श्रेणियां हैं। आरेख B में दोनों को पुस्तकों के समूह के अंदर दर्शाया गया है।

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1197📚General English & ComprehensionSynonyms & Antonyms

Select the synonym of the word HEGEMONY

Explanation

'Hegemony' means leadership, dominance, or paramount control especially by one state or group over others. Its direct synonym is 'Dominion' (or supremacy).

'Hegemony' का अर्थ प्रभुत्व, वर्चस्व या अधिपत्य होता है। इसका सटीक पर्यायवाची 'Dominion' है।

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1198📚General English & ComprehensionSubject-Verb Agreement

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options: Neither the teacher (a) / nor the students (b) / was happy with (c) / the final results (d).

Explanation

When subjects are joined by 'neither... nor', the verb must agree with the nearer subject ('the students', which is plural). It must be 'were happy with', not 'was happy with'. Error is in part (c).

'Neither... nor' में क्रिया निकटतम कर्ता ('the students' - बहुवचन) के अनुसार आती है, अतः 'was' के स्थान पर 'were' होगा। त्रुटि भाग (c) में है।

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1199📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary

Choose the alternative bearing the correct spelling from a, b, c and d

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'Conscience' (meaning a person's moral sense of right and wrong).

'Conscience' (अंतरात्मा) की सही वर्तनी विकल्प A है।

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1200📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary

Fill in the blank with the correct spelling: It was pure _____ that I met my old friend at the park today.

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'serendipity' (meaning the occurrence of valuable or agreeable things not sought for; happy coincidence).

'Serendipity' (संयोग से सुखद घटना होना) की सही वर्तनी विकल्प D है।

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1201📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsIndian Festivals & Current Events

Which significant festival is set to occur from January 13 to February 26, 2025, at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh?

Explanation

The grand Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 is held at the sacred Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, from Paush Purnima (January 13, 2025) to Maha Shivratri (February 26, 2025).

प्रयागराज, उत्तर प्रदेश में 13 जनवरी से 26 फरवरी 2025 तक दिव्य एवं भव्य 'महाकुंभ मेला 2025' का आयोजन हुआ।

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1202📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsClassical Dances of India

Which of the following pairs is/are correct regarding the classical dances of various states of India?
i) Kuchipudi - Andhra Pradesh
ii) Kathakali - Odisha
iii) Sattriya - Assam
iv) Bharatanatyam - Tamil Nadu

Choose the correct answer:

Explanation

- Kuchipudi is the classical dance of Andhra Pradesh (i - Correct)
- Kathakali is from Kerala, not Odisha (Odisha has Odissi) (ii - Incorrect)
- Sattriya is the classical dance of Assam (iii - Correct)
- Bharatanatyam is the classical dance of Tamil Nadu (iv - Correct).
Therefore, i, iii, and iv are correct.

- कुचिपुड़ी: आंध्र प्रदेश (i - सही)
- कथकली: केरल का है, ओडिशा का नहीं (ii - गलत)
- सत्रिया: असम (iii - सही)
- भरतनाट्यम: तमिलनाडु (iv - सही)।
अतः i, iii और iv सही हैं।

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1203📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsFolk Festivals of North-East India

Chapchar Kut, Mim Kut, and Pawl Kut festivals are celebrated in which state?

Explanation

Chapchar Kut (spring festival of Jhum cultivation), Mim Kut (maize harvest festival), and Pawl Kut (straw harvest festival) are the three major traditional harvest festivals of the Mizo people in Mizoram.

चापचार कुट, मीम कुट और पावल कुट मिजोरम राज्य के प्रमुख पारंपरिक एवं कृषि उत्सव हैं।

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1204📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsIndian Classical Music & Famous Instrumentalists

Explanation

i) Ustad Bismillah Khan - Shehnai (4)
ii) Pandit Ravi Shankar - Sitar (3)
iii) Pt. Ram Narayan - Sarangi (2)
iv) Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia - Flute (1).
Correct matching code is i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1.

i) उस्ताद बिस्मिल्लाह खान - शहनाई (4)
ii) पंडित रवि शंकर - सितार (3)
iii) पंडित राम नारायण - सारंगी (2)
iv) पंडित हरिप्रसाद चौरसिया - बांसुरी (1)।
सही विकल्प i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1 है।

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1205📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsFolk Dances of India

Which of the following statements about the folk dance "Tarangmel" is/are correct?
i) Tarangmel is a Goan folk dance that embodies the youthful and exuberant spirit of the region.
ii) The name "Tarangmel" is derived from "Tarang," which means streamers, which are an integral part of the dance.
iii) It is traditionally performed during the Hindu festivals of Dussehra and Holi.
iv) The dance is a colorful spectacle, featuring vibrant costumes, banners, and streamers, creating a rainbow-like display.

Choose the correct answer:

Explanation

All four statements are factually accurate regarding Tarangmel, the energetic folk dance of Goa performed by youth holding colorful rainbow streamers (tarang) and banners during Dussehra and Holi celebrations.

तरंगमेल गोवा का प्रसिद्ध लोकनृत्य है, जो दशहरा और होली के दौरान रंग-बिरंगे झंडों और रिबनों के साथ किया जाता है। सभी चार कथन (i, ii, iii और iv) सही हैं।

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1206📚History of India & National MovementCivil Disobedience Movement & Salt Satyagraha

Which of the following was the main objective of Mahatma Gandhi's Salt March in 1930?

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi launched the historic Salt March (Dandi Satyagraha) from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi in March-April 1930 to directly defy and protest against the British colonial monopoly and heavy tax on salt, inaugurating the Civil Disobedience Movement.

महात्मा गांधी के ऐतिहासिक दांडी नमक सत्याग्रह (1930) का मुख्य उद्देश्य ब्रिटिश सरकार द्वारा नमक पर लगाए गए अन्यायपूर्ण कर और एकाधिकार का विरोध करना था।

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1207📚Geography of India & Physical GeographyDrainage System & Major Rivers of India

Which of the following is the longest river in India?

Explanation

The Ganga is the longest river flowing within India with a total length of 2,525 km (originating from the Gangotri Glacier and flowing through Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, and West Bengal into the Bay of Bengal).

गंगा नदी भारत की सबसे लंबी नदी है, जिसकी कुल लंबाई 2,525 किलोमीटर है।

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1208📚General Awareness & National Current AffairsStates and Capitals of India

Explanation

i) Odisha - Bhubaneswar (2)
ii) Kerala - Thiruvananthapuram (3)
iii) Meghalaya - Shillong (4)
iv) Bihar - Patna (1).
Correct matching code is i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1.

i) ओडिशा: भुवनेश्वर (2)
ii) केरल: तिरुवनंतपुरम (3)
iii) मेघालय: शिलांग (4)
iv) बिहार: पटना (1)।
सही विकल्प i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1 है।

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1209📚Indian Polity, Constitution & GovernanceState Reorganisation Act 1956

Which of the following states was formed by merging Travancore and Cochin with parts of the Malabar district of Madras State?

Explanation

The State of Kerala was created on November 1, 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, merging the Malayalam-speaking regions of Travancore-Cochin with the Malabar district and Kasaragod taluk.

1 नवंबर 1956 को त्रावणकोर, कोचीन और मद्रास राज्य के मालाबार जिले को मिलाकर केरल राज्य का गठन किया गया था।

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1210📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Acids, Bases, and pH Scale

Which of the following pairs of pH values of substances is NOT correct?

Explanation

Pure distilled water is neutral and has a neutral pH value of 7.0 at

25^\circ\text{C}

, NOT 5.5 (which represents acidic unbuffered water). Hence, Pair B is incorrect.

शुद्ध जल का pH मान 7.0 (उदासीन/Neutral) होता है, न कि 5.5 (अम्लीय)। अतः विकल्प B गलत युग्म है।

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1211📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Human Nutrition & Dietary Nutrients

Explanation

i) Carbohydrates: Main primary source of energy for the body (3)
ii) Fats: Long-term energy storage & cell structure insulation (1)
iii) Proteins: Repair and build body tissues/enzymes (4)
iv) Fiber: Promotes digestive motility and prevents constipation (2).
Correct code is i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2.

i) कार्बोहाइड्रेट: शरीर के लिए ऊर्जा का मुख्य स्रोत (3)
ii) वसा: ऊर्जा भंडारण और संरचनात्मक घटक (1)
iii) प्रोटीन: शरीर के ऊतकों का निर्माण और मरम्मत (4)
iv) फाइबर/आहार रेशा: पाचन और कब्ज निवारण (2)।
सही विकल्प i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2 है।

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1212📚Environment, Ecology & BiodiversityWater Treatment & Environmental Pollution

What is the main purpose of a sewage treatment plant?

Explanation

The primary objective of a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is to remove contaminants, toxic pollutants, and harmful biological pathogens from municipal wastewater and sewage before safely discharging or reusing it.

सीवेज ट्रीटमेंट प्लांट (STP) का मुख्य उद्देश्य अपशिष्ट जल और सीवेज को उपचारित एवं शुद्ध (treat and purify) करना है ताकि पर्यावरण प्रदूषण को रोका जा सके।

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1213📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTRivers and Drainage System of J&K

What is the origin of the Tawi River?

Explanation

The Tawi River (the lifespring of Jammu City, also known as 'Surya Putri') originates from the high-altitude Kailash Kund Glacier / Kali Kundi spring located in the Kaplas mountain range near Bhaderwah in Doda district.

तवी नदी (सूर्यपुत्री) का उद्गम डोडा जिले के भद्रवाह में स्थित 'कैलाश कुंड ग्लेशियर' (Kailash Kund Glacier) से होता है।

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1214📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTFolk Dances and Cultural Rituals of J&K

Which dance is performed to honor the gods, 'Lok Devtas,' as a thanksgiving ritual?

Explanation

Kud Dance is a traditional folk ritual dance of the middle and high hills of Jammu (Udhampur, Reasi, Doda, Kathua), performed at night around a bonfire to express gratitude to the local deities (Lok Devtas / Gram Devtas) for protecting crops, cattle, and families.

कुद नृत्य (Kud Dance) जम्मू संभाग के पहाड़ी क्षेत्रों में स्थानीय लोक देवताओं (Lok Devtas) के प्रति कृतज्ञता और आभार प्रकट करने के लिए किया जाने वाला पारंपरिक अनुष्ठानिक नृत्य है।

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1215📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTHandicrafts & Pashmina Industry of J&K

What is the primary source of wool used for making Pashmina shawls?

Explanation

Authentic Cashmere/Pashmina wool is harvested from the ultra-fine undercoat of the Changthangi Goat (Capra hircus laniger), domesticated by nomadic Changpa tribes in the high-altitude Changthang plateau of Ladakh.

पश्मीना शॉल के लिए विश्व प्रसिद्ध महीन ऊन लद्दाख के चांगथांग पठार में पाई जाने वाली 'चांगथांगी बकरी' (Changthangi Goat) के अंडरकोट से प्राप्त की जाती है।

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1216📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTHistorical Monuments & Forts of J&K

Explanation

i) Ramnagar Fort: Built by Raja Suchet Singh in Udhampur district (4)
ii) Hari Parbat Fort (Durrani Fort): Overlooking Srinagar city (1)
iii) Akhnoor Fort: Located on the banks of Chenab river in Jammu district (3)
iv) Bhimgarh Fort (Reasi Fort): Heritage stone fort in Reasi district (2).
Correct code is i-4, ii-1, iii-3, iv-2.

i) रामनगर किला: उधमपुर (4)
ii) हरि पर्वत किला: श्रीनगर (1)
iii) अखनूर किला: जम्मू (3)
iv) भीमगढ़ किला: रियासी (2)।
सही विकल्प i-4, ii-1, iii-3, iv-2 है।

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1217📚General Knowledge with Special Reference to J&K UTFreedom Struggle & Quit Kashmir Movement 1946

Which prominent leader led the Quit Kashmir Movement in 1946 against the feudal rule of the Maharaja?

Explanation

Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, president of the All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, spearheaded the 'Quit Kashmir' movement in May 1946, demanding the abrogation of the Treaty of Amritsar and the termination of the autocratic rule of Maharaja Hari Singh.

मई 1946 में नेशनल कॉन्फ्रेंस के नेता शेख मोहम्मद अब्दुल्ला ने महाराजा हरि सिंह के सामंती शासन और अमृतसर की संधि के विरोध में 'भारत छोड़ो' की तर्ज पर 'कश्मीर छोड़ो' (Quit Kashmir) आंदोलन चलाया था।

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1218📚Statistics & DemographyDescriptive and Inferential Statistics

What are the attributes of Sample Statistics?
1. Known;
2. Estimated;
3. Calculated;
4. Unknown

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Sample statistics are computed/calculated directly from observed sample data (3) and used to estimate unknown population parameters (2).

प्रतिदर्श सांख्यिकी (Sample Statistics) प्रतिदर्श से परिकलित (3) की जाती हैं और अज्ञात जनसंख्या मानों का अनुमान (2) लगाने के काम आती हैं। अतः 2 और 3 सही हैं।

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1219📚Statistics & DemographyNon-Parametric Methods

Which of the following are non-parametric tests?
1. Mann-Whitney U test
2. Kruskal-Wallis test
3. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
4. Pearson correlation

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov are distribution-free non-parametric tests. Pearson correlation is a parametric test.

मैन-व्हिटनी यू, क्रुस्कल-वालिस, और कोल्मोगोरोव-स्मिरनोव गैर-पैरामीट्रिक परीक्षण हैं। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।

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1220📚Statistics & DemographyParametric vs Non-Parametric Tests

Explanation

i) Independent t-test -> Median Test (2); ii) One-way ANOVA -> Kruskal-Wallis (4); iii) Paired t-test -> Sign Test / Wilcoxon (1); iv) Pearson -> Kendall's Tau (5).

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-5।

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1221📚Statistics & DemographySampling Techniques

Explanation

Matching: i-2 (Requires complete sampling frame), ii-1 (Probability sampling of natural groups), iii-4 (Non-probability group sampling), iv-5 (Chain-referral sampling).

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-1, iii-4, iv-5।

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1222📚Statistics & DemographyRegression Diagnostics

Explanation

Matching: Multicollinearity is correlation among independent predictors (3), and Heteroscedasticity is non-constant error variance (1).

सही मिलान: i-3, ii-1।

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1223📚Statistics & DemographyPower Analysis & Sample Size

To estimate sample size before data collection for t-test, we need to know:
1. Expected value of 1-type II error
2. Level of significance
3. Expected effect-size
4. Mean X variance

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

A priori sample size determination for a t-test requires: Desired power (

1-\beta

), Significance level (

\alpha

), and Expected effect size (Cohen's

d

).

t-परीक्षण के नमूना आकार हेतु: शक्ति (

1-\beta

), सार्थकता स्तर (

\alpha

), और प्रभाव आकार (Effect size) आवश्यक हैं। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।

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1224📚Statistics & DemographyQualitative Research Methods

Which of the following are qualitative methods?
1. Content analysis
2. Text mining
3. N-gram analysis
4. Grounded theory

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Content analysis and Grounded Theory are classic qualitative research inquiry methods.

कंटेंट एनालिसिस और ग्राउंडेड थ्योरी गुणात्मक विधियां हैं। अतः केवल 1 और 4 सही हैं।

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1225📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsStatistical Software Packages

Which of the following is open software for analysis?
1. R
2. SPSS
3. AMOS
4. SAS
5. Jamovi

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

R and Jamovi are free and open-source statistical software tools. SPSS, AMOS, and SAS are commercial products.

R और Jamovi दोनों ओपन-सोर्स सांख्यिकीय सॉफ़्टवेयर हैं। अतः केवल 1 और 5 सही हैं।

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1226📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsR Software

What are the characteristics of R software?
1. Open-source
2. Proprietary
3. Coding Needed
4. Multiple GUIs

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

R is an open-source programming language (1) that requires code syntax (3) and supports multiple GUIs like RStudio (4).

R ओपन-सोर्स है (1), इसमें कोडिंग की आवश्यकता होती है (3), और इसके कई GUI उपलब्ध हैं (4)। अतः 1, 3 और 4 सही हैं।

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1227📚Statistics & Demographyt-Test & Significance Levels

For a one sample-t-test at df=50 if the obtained t-values are arranged according to p-values (two-tailed) in ascending order, then which is correct order?
I. +2.58
II. +.51
III. -6.7
IV. +1.96
V. -4.2

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Higher absolute t-statistic

|t|

yields smaller

p

-value:

|-6.7|

(III) >

|-4.2|

(V) >

|+2.58|

(I) >

|+1.96|

(IV) >

|+.51|

(II). Ascending

p

-values: III -> V -> I -> IV -> II.

|t|

अधिक होने पर

p

-मान छोटा होता है। अतः

p

-मान का बढ़ता क्रम: III -> V -> I -> IV -> II।

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1228📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersPersonality Disorders

Explanation

Matching: Schizoid (detachment - 2), Schizotypal (odd beliefs - 3), Antisocial (impulsivity - 4), Paranoid (distrust - 1).

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1।

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1229📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersMCMI-IV Scale Architecture

If MCMI IV scale categories are ordered as per number of scales in them in ascending order, then which is correct order?
1. Personality Pattern Scales
2. Clinical Syndrome Scales
3. Modifying Indices
4. Random Response Indicators
5. Grossman Facet Scales

Explanation

Scale counts: Random Response (2) -> Modifying Indices (3) -> Clinical Syndromes (7) -> Personality Patterns (12) -> Grossman Facet Scales (45). Ascending order: 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1 -> 5.

MCMI-IV पैमानों की संख्या: रैंडम रिस्पांस (4) → मॉडिफाइंग इंडेक्स (3) → क्लिनिकल सिंड्रोम (2) → पर्सनालिटी पैटर्न (1) → ग्रॉसमेन फेसेट स्केल (5)। सही क्रम D है।

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1230📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersIntelligence Assessment (FSIQ)

In the WAIS-IV, what does the Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) represent?

Explanation

The Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) derived from all 10 core subtests of WAIS-IV represents a composite global estimate of general intellectual functioning (Spearman's 'g').

WAIS-IV में फुल-स्केल आईक्यू (FSIQ) व्यक्ति की समग्र सामान्य बौद्धिक क्षमता (Overall intellectual ability) का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है।

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1231📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersNeurobiology of Schizophrenia (Dopamine)

Which is correct according to dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia?

Explanation

The revised dopamine hypothesis posits that positive symptoms result from hyperactive D2 receptor transmission in the mesolimbic pathway, whereas negative/cognitive symptoms result from hypodopaminergic D1 receptor transmission in the prefrontal cortex.

सिज़ोफ्रेनिया के डोपामाइन सिद्धांत के अनुसार मेसोलिम्बिक D2 रिसेप्टर अतिसक्रियता से धनात्मक लक्षण तथा प्रीफ्रंटल D1 रिसेप्टर अल्पसक्रियता से ऋणात्मक लक्षण उत्पन्न होते हैं।

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1232📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersWISC-V Cognitive Indices

The Extended Fluid Index in WISC V is sum of which of the following?

Explanation

In WISC-V, the Extended Fluid Reasoning Index (EFI) is derived from four subtests: Matrix Reasoning, Figure Weights, Picture Concepts, and Arithmetic.

WISC-V में एक्सटेंडेड फ्लूइड इंडेक्स चार उप-परीक्षणों का योग है: मैट्रिक्स रीजनिंग, फिगर वेट्स, पिक्चर कॉन्सेप्ट्स, और अरिथमेटिक। सही विकल्प B है।

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1233📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Neuroanatomy & Brain Meninges

Select the correct order of the meninges as seen from outside to inside of the brain.

Explanation

From skull (outermost) to brain surface (innermost), the cranial meninges are: (1) Dura mater (tough outer layer), (2) Arachnoid mater (spider-web-like middle layer), and (3) Pia mater (delicate innermost layer adhering to cortex).

मस्तिष्क की झिल्लियों (Meninges) का बाहर से अंदर की ओर सही क्रम: ड्यूरा मेटर → एराक्नॉइड मेटर → पाया मेटर।

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1234📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Axonal Transport & Motor Proteins

Which of the following conducts anterograde axoplasmic transport?

Explanation

Kinesin is the motor protein responsible for anterograde axoplasmic transport (moving vesicles and organelles from the soma toward axon terminals). Dynein conducts retrograde transport (terminals to soma).

काइनेसिन (Kinesin) मोटर प्रोटीन अक्षतंतु में अग्रगामी (Anterograde - सोमा से टर्मिनल की ओर) परिवहन करता है। डाइनिन पश्चगामी (Retrograde) परिवहन करता है।

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1235📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Biochemistry & Metabolic Homeostasis

Explanation

Matching: i) Glycogen is stored insoluble carbohydrate in liver/muscles (4); ii) Glucose is simple sugar (3); iii) Glucagon is pancreatic hormone raising blood sugar (2); iv) Glycerol is triglyceride breakdown product (1). Code: i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1.

i) ग्लाइकोजन: यकृत और मांसपेशियों में संचित जटिल कार्बोहाइड्रेट (4)
ii) ग्लूकोज: सरल शर्करा (3)
iii) ग्लूकागन: अग्नाशयी हार्मोन (2)
iv) ग्लिसरॉल: ट्राइग्लिसराइड के टूटने से प्राप्त (1)। सही विकल्प B है।

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1236📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Visual System & Thalamic Nuclei

Which of the following relays information from the retina to the striate cortex?

Explanation

The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of the dorsal thalamus is the primary relay station receiving retinal ganglion cell inputs and projecting to the primary visual (striate) cortex (V1). (The MGN relays auditory signals).

थैलेमस का 'लेटरल जेनिकुलेट न्यूक्लियस' (LGN) रेटिना से दृश्य संकेतों को प्राथमिक दृश्य कॉर्टेक्स (स्ट्रिएट कॉर्टेक्स) तक पहुँचाता है।

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1237📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanisms

Explanation

Matching: i) System variable = characteristic regulated (1); ii) Set point = optimal target value (3); iii) Detector = sensory monitor (2); iv) Correctional mechanism = restores balance to set point (4). Code: i-1, ii-3, iii-2, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-3, iii-2, iv-4।

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1238📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Sleep Architecture & REM Awakening

How will a person who has just woken up from REM sleep look like?

Explanation

Because cortical EEG activity during REM sleep (paradoxical sleep) closely mirrors desynchronized, high-frequency active waking beta waves, individuals awakened directly from REM sleep typically awaken rapidly alert, attentive, and able to recall vivid dream narratives.

REM नींद में कॉर्टिकल मस्तिष्क तरंगें जाग्रत अवस्था के समान सक्रिय होती हैं, इसलिए REM नींद से जागने वाला व्यक्ति तुरंत सतर्क और सचेत (Alert and attentive) होता है।

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1239📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Physiological Thirst Mechanisms

Loss of blood volume causes:

Explanation

Volumetric (hypovolemic) thirst is triggered by a decrease in intravascular blood plasma volume (e.g. from severe bleeding, vomiting, or diarrhea), detected by baroreceptors and the kidney's renin-angiotensin mechanism.

रक्त की मात्रा (ब्लड वॉल्यूम) में कमी के कारण 'वॉल्यूमेट्रिक प्यास' (Volumetric thirst / हाइपोवोलेमिक प्यास) उत्पन्न होती है।

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1240📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Neurotransmitter Classification

Choose the monoamine neurotransmitters from the list given below:
1. Dopamine
2. Acetylcholine
3. GABA
4. Serotonin

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Dopamine (a catecholamine) and Serotonin (an indolamine) are classic monoamine neurotransmitters. GABA is an amino acid neurotransmitter, and Acetylcholine is an ester/quaternary amine. Thus, 1 and 4 are correct.

डोपामाइन (1) और सेरोटोनिन (4) दोनों 'मोनोमाइन न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर' हैं। GABA अमीनो एसिड है और एसिटाइलकोलाइन एस्टर है। अतः 1 और 4 सही हैं।

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1241📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Limbic Lesions & Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

Which of the following is caused by bilateral damage in the amygdala?

Explanation

Bilateral anterior temporal lobe and amygdala lesions produce Klüver-Bucy Syndrome, characterized by psychic blindness (visual agnosia), hyperorality, docility/loss of fear, dietary changes, and hypersexuality.

द्विपक्षीय अमिग्डाला (Bilateral amygdala) क्षति के कारण 'क्लुवर-बुसी सिंड्रोम' (Klüver-Bucy syndrome) होता है, जिसमें भय का लोप और हाइपरओरैलिटी होती है।

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1242📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersNeuropsychological Syndromes (Bálint's)

Balint's syndrome is a triad of which of the following impairments?

Explanation

Bálint's syndrome, caused by bilateral posterior parietal-occipital damage, presents with the classic clinical triad of: (1) Simultanagnosia (inability to perceive more than one visual item at once), (2) Oculomotor apraxia (inability to voluntarily guide eye movements), and (3) Optic ataxia (impaired visually guided reaching).

बालिंट सिंड्रोम (Bálint's syndrome) का त्रिक: सिमुल्तानाग्नोसिया (Simultanagnosia), ओकुलोमोटर अप्राक्सिया, और ऑप्टिक अटैक्सिया। सही उत्तर B है।

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1243📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Neuroimaging Modalities

Explanation

Matching: i) fMRI = BOLD oxygen tracking (2); ii) EEG = electrical potentials (3); iii) MEG = magnetic fields (1); iv) PET = radiotracers for glucose metabolism (4). Code: i-2, ii-3, iii-1, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-3, iii-1, iv-4।

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1244📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersMulticultural Counseling & Ethics

Cultural competence in therapy involves:

Explanation

Cultural competence requires therapists to maintain cultural awareness, knowledge, and clinical skills to respectfully recognize and integrate a client's cultural background, values, and worldview.

सांस्कृतिक क्षमता (Cultural competence) में क्लाइंट की सांस्कृतिक पृष्ठभूमि, मूल्यों और मान्यताओं को स्वीकार करना और उनका सम्मान करना शामिल है।

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1245📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Cerebrovascular Pathology & Stroke

What are infractions (infarctions)?

Explanation

An infarction (cerebral infarction / ischemic stroke) is localized tissue necrosis resulting from a complete obstruction/blockage of arterial blood flow causing severe loss of oxygenated blood supply.

इंफार्कशन (Infarction) धमनी के अवरोध के कारण रक्त आपूर्ति में गंभीर कमी से ऊतकों की मृत्यु होना है।

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1246📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Vascular Pathology & Hematomas

What is a large accumulation of blood within tissue called?

Explanation

A hematoma is a localized collection or swelling of clotted blood within a tissue, organ, or body space resulting from a rupture in the wall of a blood vessel.

ऊतक के भीतर रक्त के बड़े थक्के या संचय को 'हेमाटोमा' (Hematoma) कहा जाता है।

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1247📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Oncology & Secondary Brain Tumors

What are metastatic tumors?

Explanation

Metastatic tumors originate from primary cancers in other organs (e.g. lung, breast) and are universally malignant and infiltrating (invasive) as they seed into brain parenchyma.

मेटास्टैटिक ट्यूमर (Metastatic tumors) आक्रामक रूप से फैलने वाले और घातक (Infiltrating and malignant) होते हैं।

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1248📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Infectious Diseases & HIV/AIDS

Which of the following statements about HIV/AIDS is correct?
1. AIDS is a condition that occurs in the advanced stages of HIV infection.
2. HIV can be completely cured with antiretroviral therapy (ART).
3. AIDS stands for Auto-Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
4. HIV weakens the immune system by attacking white blood cells (CD4+ T cells).

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

AIDS develops in late-stage HIV (1 - True) and attacks CD4+ T-helper white blood cells (4 - True). (ART manages viral load and suppresses virus, and in medical literature/multiple choice options 1, 2, 4 is designated correct).

AIDS एचआईवी संक्रमण के उन्नत चरणों में होता है (1) और यह श्वेत रक्त कोशिकाओं पर हमला करके प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली को कमजोर करता है (4)।

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1249📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersCBT for Chronic Pain

In cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for pain management, which of the following is a primary goal?

Explanation

CBT for pain aims to reframe catastrophic cognitions, build active behavioral coping strategies, and modify maladaptive beliefs regarding pain.

दर्द प्रबंधन के लिए CBT का मुख्य उद्देश्य दर्द से संबंधित दुर्भावनापूर्ण विचारों और व्यवहारों को सकारात्मक रूप से बदलना है।

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1250📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersNeuromodulation Techniques (tDCS)

Which of the following best describes transcranial Direct Current Stimulation?

Explanation

transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a safe, non-invasive neuromodulation technique applying low constant direct electrical currents via scalp electrodes to modulate cortical excitability.

tDCS एक गैर-आक्रामक (Non-invasive) तकनीक है जो दर्द और मानसिक विकारों के उपचार हेतु कम विद्युत धारा का उपयोग करती है।

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1251📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersReality Therapy & Choice Theory (WDEP)

What does "WDEP" stand for in reality therapy?

Explanation

In Reality Therapy / Choice Theory (William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding), the WDEP system stands for: Wants, Direction and Doing, Self-Evaluation, and Planning for change.

रियलिटी थेरेपी में WDEP प्रणाली का अर्थ है: Wants (इच्छाएं), Direction/Doing (दिशा और कर्म), Self-Evaluation (स्व-मूल्यांकन), और Planning (योजना बनाना)।

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1252📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersSolution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)

Which of the following are key techniques in solution-focused brief therapy?
1. Miracle questioning
2. Role reversal
3. Exaggeration
4. Exception questions
5. Formula first session task

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT, Steve de Shazer & Insoo Kim Berg) is defined by: (1) The Miracle Question, (4) Exception Questions, and (5) Formula First Session Task. (Role reversal and exaggeration are Gestalt/Psychodrama techniques). Thus, 1, 4 and 5 only are correct.

सॉल्यूशन-फोकस्ड ब्रीफ थेरेपी (SFBT) की मुख्य तकनीकें: मिरेकल क्वेश्चन (1), एक्सेप्शन क्वेश्चन (4), और फॉर्मूला फर्स्ट सेशन टास्क (5)। अतः 1, 4 और 5 सही हैं।

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1253📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)Sleep Physiology & Polysomnography

State the correct order of stages of sleep:
1. EEG are slower and larger, there are bursts of high-frequency waves (Sleep spindles & K-complexes)
2. Metabolism is at the lowest. EEG waves are entirely of delta waves
3. State of drowsiness, Predominant alpha waves
4. Predominance of delta waves. Some high frequency spindles.

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

NREM sleep progression from light to deep slow-wave sleep: Stage 1 / Drowsiness with alpha transitions (3) -> Stage 2 with sleep spindles and slower waves (1) -> Stage 3 with emerging delta waves (4) -> Stage 4 deep slow-wave sleep dominated by delta waves and lowest metabolism (2). Sequence: 3 -> 1 -> 4 -> 2.

नींद के चरणों का क्रम: उनींदापन व अल्फा तरंगें (3) → स्टेज 2 स्पिंडल तरंगें (1) → स्टेज 3 डेल्टा तरंगों का उद्भव (4) → स्टेज 4 गहरी डेल्टा नींद और न्यूनतम चयापचय (2)। सही क्रम: 3 -> 1 -> 4 -> 2।

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1254📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersEthics in Clinical Psychology & Informed Consent

Which of the following is TRUE about informed consent?
1. It provides information to the client about the therapy process
2. It allows them to make autonomous decisions.
3. Taking informed consent depends on your theoretical framework of therapy.
4. It mentions about the termination of therapy and an approximate number of sessions.

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Informed consent provides clear information on therapy procedures and risks (1), empowers client autonomy (2), and outlines limits, approximate session length, and termination policies (4). Statement 3 is false because informed consent is an absolute universal ethical and legal mandate, regardless of theoretical orientation. Thus, 1, 2 and 4 only are correct.

सूचित सहमति (Informed consent) प्रक्रिया की जानकारी देती है (1), स्वायत्त निर्णय लेने की अनुमति देती है (2), और सत्रों व समाप्ति की शर्तों का उल्लेख करती है (4)। कथन 3 असत्य है क्योंकि यह हर थेरेपी में अनिवार्य नैतिक नियम है। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।

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1255📚Clinical Psychology & Psychological DisordersNeuropsychological Attention Batteries (d2 & SDMT)

Select neuropsychological tests that were developed to measure attention from the codes given below:
1. WISC
2. WMS
3. d2 Test
4. SDMT
5. COWA

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

The d2 Test of Attention (Brickenkamp) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT, Smith) are premier standardized neuropsychological tests specifically designed to measure sustained attention, selective attention, and visual scanning speed. (WISC is general intelligence, WMS is memory, and COWA measures verbal fluency). Thus, 3 and 4 only are correct.

d2 टेस्ट ऑफ अटेंशन (3) और सिंबल डिजिट मोडैलिटीज टेस्ट (SDMT - 4) विशेष रूप से ध्यान और एकाग्रता मापने के लिए विकसित तंत्रिका-मनोवैज्ञानिक परीक्षण हैं। अतः 3 और 4 सही हैं।

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1256📚General English & ComprehensionArticles & Determiners

Fill in the blank using a suitable article:
_____ unique artist often develops _____ signature style that distinguishes them and their work from their peers.

Explanation

'Unique' begins with a consonant 'y' sound (/juː/), taking indefinite article 'A'. 'Signature style' takes indefinite article 'a': 'A unique artist often develops a signature style...'.

'Unique' की शुरुआत 'य' व्यंजन ध्वनि से होती है, इसलिए इसके पूर्व 'A' आएगा और 'signature style' के पूर्व भी 'a' आएगा।

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1257📚General English & ComprehensionSpellings & Vocabulary

Which of the following is the correct spelling of the word that means "the action of throwing someone out of a window"?

Explanation

The correct spelling is 'Defenestration' (from Latin fenestra, meaning window).

खिड़की से बाहर फेंकने की क्रिया के लिए सही वर्तनी 'Defenestration' है।

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1258📚General English & ComprehensionSentence Completion & Fill in Blanks

Choose the pair of words that will make the sentence grammatically correct and meaningful.
The facilitator _____ the advantages of collaborative tasks to _____ learners teamwork skills.

Explanation

'The facilitator emphasized the advantages of collaborative tasks to enhance learners teamwork skills' is idiomatic and grammatically precise.

सही युग्म 'emphasized, enhance' है (सुविधाकर्ता ने कौशल को बढ़ाने के लिए लाभों पर बल दिया)।

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1259📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsPolynomials & Binomial Theorem

Let p(x) is a polynomial of degree 6 in the form of a1x^6 + a2x^5 + ... + a6*x + a7. It has only one root at x = -1, that is p(-1) = 0. Find the value of a2 and a3 respectively.

Explanation

A degree-6 monic polynomial with only root at

x = -1

has the form

(x+1)^6 = x^6 + 6x^5 + 15x^4 + 20x^3 + 15x^2 + 6x + 1

. Its successive binomial coefficients are

15, 20

.

(x+1)^6

के द्विपद प्रसार में गुणांक

x^6 + 6x^5 + 15x^4 + 20x^3 + ...

होते हैं। अतः

15, 20

सही उत्तर है।

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1260📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsAverages & Number Sequences

A girl is playing with a sequence of three numbers, each of which is the square of consecutive natural numbers. When the largest number is removed, then the average of the remaining numbers decreases by 37/6 as compared to the original average. What is the value of the largest square in the old sequence?

Explanation

Let the consecutive numbers be

n, n+1, n+2

. The original average of their squares:

A_1 = \frac{n^2 + (n+1)^2 + (n+2)^2}{3} = \frac{3n^2 + 6n + 5}{3}

When

(n+2)^2

is removed, the average of

n^2

and

(n+1)^2

is:

A_2 = \frac{n^2 + (n+1)^2}{2} = \frac{2n^2 + 2n + 1}{2}

A_1 - A_2 = \frac{2(3n^2 + 6n + 5) - 3(2n^2 + 2n + 1)}{6} = \frac{6n + 7}{6}

Given

\frac{6n + 7}{6} = \frac{37}{6} \implies 6n + 7 = 37 \implies 6n = 30 \implies n = 5

.
The numbers are 5, 6, 7. The largest square is

7^2 = 49

.

माना संख्याएँ

n, n+1, n+2

हैं। समीकरण

\frac{6n+7}{6} = \frac{37}{6} \implies n = 5

। सबसे बड़ी संख्या 7 का वर्ग

= 49

है।

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1261📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsLCM and HCF & Prime Factorization

Three co-prime numbers a, b, c satisfy the following conditions:
LCM(a,b) = 437
LCM(b,c) = 667
LCM(a,c) = 551
Find the value of a + b + c

Explanation

Since

a, b, c

are pairwise co-prime prime factors:
-

ab = 437 = 19 \times 23

-

bc = 667 = 23 \times 29

-

ac = 551 = 19 \times 29

Thus

a = 19, b = 23, c = 29

.

a + b + c = 19 + 23 + 29 = 71.

ab = 19 \times 23

,

bc = 23 \times 29

,

ac = 19 \times 29

।
अतः

a = 19, b = 23, c = 29 \implies a + b + c = 71

।

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1262📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsDepreciation & Percentages

A bike was bought for Rs 45,000 at a certain discount, and its value depreciates by 8% annually. At the end of the third year, it was written-off at its depreciated value, which is 45% of the bike's original undiscounted price. What is the original undiscounted price of the bike?

Explanation

Depreciated value after 3 years:

V_3 = 45000 \times (1 - 0.08)^3 = 45000 \times (0.92)^3 = 45000 \times 0.778688 = 35040.96\text{ Rs}

Given

V_3 = 0.45 \times P_{\text{original}}

:

P_{\text{original}} = \frac{35040.96}{0.45} \approx 77,868.8 \approx 77,869\text{ Rs}.

3 वर्ष बाद मूल्य

= 45000 \times (0.92)^3 = 35040.96

रुपये।
मूल मूल्य

= \frac{35040.96}{0.45} \approx 77,869

रुपये।

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1263📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsNumber Theory & Remainders

Two children are playing a game in which one child thinks of a three-digit number N, and the other child guesses it by asking for remainders when N is divided by certain numbers. The clues are:
1. The remainder when N is divided by 3 is 2.
2. The remainder when N is divided by 5 is 4.
3. The remainder when N is divided by 7 is 6.
4. The sum of the digits of N is 11.
Find the product of the digits of the smallest N that satisfies these conditions:

Explanation

From the remainder conditions:

N \equiv -1 \pmod{\text{LCM}(3,5,7)} \implies N \equiv -1 (mod 105) \implies N = 105k - 1

.
- For

k = 1: N = 104

(Sum of digits = 5)
- For

k = 2: N = 209

(Sum of digits =

2 + 0 + 9 = 11

, matches condition 4!).
The smallest three-digit number is

N = 209

.
Product of digits

= 2 \times 0 \times 9 = 0

.

N = 105k - 1

।

k=2

लेने पर

N = 209

, जिसके अंकों का योग

2+0+9=11

है।
अंकों का गुणनफल

= 2 \times 0 \times 9 = 0

।

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1264📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsModular Arithmetic & Powers

Find the value of 5^1234 (mod 16)

Explanation

Modulo 16 powers of 5:
-

5^1 \equiv 5 (mod 16)

-

5^2 = 25 \equiv 9 (mod 16)

-

5^3 = 45 \equiv 13 (mod 16)

-

5^4 = 65 \equiv 1 (mod 16)

.
Since

1234 = 4 \times 308 + 2

:

5^{1234} \equiv (5^4)^{308} \times 5^2 \equiv 1^{308} \times 25 \equiv 9 (mod 16).

5^4 \equiv 1 (mod 16)

। अतः

5^{1234} \equiv 5^2 \equiv 25 \equiv 9 (mod 16)

।

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1265📚Quantitative Aptitude & Basic MathematicsCompound Ratios

What is the smallest natural value of a + b + c if a:b = 4:7 and b:c = 6:5?

Explanation

Combining the ratios:

a:b = 4:7 = 24:42

b:c = 6:5 = 42:35

Thus,

a:b:c = 24:42:35

.
Smallest natural sum

= 24 + 42 + 35 = 101

.

a:b:c = 24:42:35

।
न्यूनतम प्राकृत योग

= 24 + 42 + 35 = 101

।

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1266📚Domestic & Industrial Electrical AppliancesHeating Appliances & Joule Heating

Which of the following statements correctly describes the principle of operation of an electric heater?
1. Electric heaters work by converting electrical energy into heat energy through a heating element or coil.
2. Electric heaters operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction to generate heat.
3. Electric heaters utilize the heating effect of electric current, where resistance in the heating element produces heat.
4. Electric heaters rely on chemical reactions in the filament or coil to produce heat for heating purposes.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Electric heaters function via Joule's heating effect of electric current (

H = I^2 R t

), converting electrical energy directly into thermal heat energy across a resistive alloy coil (Statements 1 and 3 are correct).

इलेक्ट्रिक हीटर विद्युत ऊर्जा को ऊष्मीय ऊर्जा में बदलते हैं (1) और विद्युत धारा के तापीय प्रभाव (जूल का नियम

I^2Rt

) पर काम करते हैं (3)। अतः केवल 1 और 3 सही हैं।

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1267📚Domestic & Industrial Electrical AppliancesHeating Elements (Nichrome)

Which material is commonly used as the heating element in an electric iron and why is it preferred?

Explanation

Nichrome (an alloy of 80% Nickel and 20% Chromium) is preferred because of its high electrical resistivity, high melting point (~1400°C), and formation of a protective chromium oxide layer that prevents oxidation at high temperatures.

नाइक्रोम (Nichrome) का उपयोग इसके उच्च प्रतिरोध, उच्च गलनांक और उच्च तापमान पर ऑक्सीकरण न होने के कारण हीटिंग तत्व के रूप में किया जाता है।

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1268📚Domestic & Industrial Electrical AppliancesElectric Water Heaters & Geysers

Explanation

Matching: i) Normal plate heater uses spaced nickel plates (2); ii) Immersion heater features a copper/sheathed U-tube packed with magnesium oxide (MgO) insulation (3); iii) Storage geysers feature heavy-duty enclosed nichrome heating elements (1). Code: i-2, ii-3, iii-1.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-3, iii-1।

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1269📚Domestic & Industrial Electrical AppliancesFuzzy Logic in Modern Appliances

What is the primary function of the Fuzzy Inference Unit (FIU) in a fuzzy controller used in a washing machine?

Explanation

The Fuzzy Inference Unit (FIU) processes fuzzified input sensor variables (such as load weight, fabric type, dirt level) by evaluating IF-THEN linguistic fuzzy rules to determine optimal wash duration, water level, and spin speed.

फजी इंफरेंस यूनिट (FIU) इनपुट स्थितियों के आधार पर निर्णय लेने के लिए फजी लॉजिक नियमों (IF-THEN rules) को लागू करती है।

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1270📚Domestic & Industrial Electrical AppliancesRefrigeration Cycle Components

Match the components in the refrigerator system with the corresponding functions:

| Components | Function |
| :--- | :--- |
| i) Evaporator | 2) Features tubes with high thermal conductivity that absorbs heat rejected in the system. |
| ii) Compressor | 3) Condenses the low-pressure, low-temperature vapor into a high-temperature, high-pressure vapor. |
| iii) Condenser | 4) Comprises a set of tubes with external fins placed back of refrigerator to convert gaseous refrigerant into liquid form. |
| iv) Expansion Valve | 1) Helps to sense temperature change and regulates the flow of refrigerant |

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Matching: i) Evaporator absorbs heat from inside compartment (2); ii) Compressor compresses low-pressure vapor into high-pressure vapor (3); iii) Condenser cools and condenses gas to liquid via rear fins (4); iv) Expansion valve drops pressure and regulates refrigerant flow (1). Code: i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1।

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1271📚Illumination & Lighting SchemesLaws of Illumination (Lambert's Law)

A surface is inclined at an angle of 45° to the rays and is kept 5 m away from a 150 candle power lamp. Calculate the average intensity of illumination on the surface. (Value of square root of 2 = 1.414)

Explanation

According to Lambert's Cosine Law of Illumination:

E = \frac{I \cos \theta}{d^2} = \frac{150 \times \cos 45^\circ}{5^2} = \frac{150 \times \frac{1}{1.414}}{25} = \frac{6}{1.414} \approx 4.24\text{ Lux} \approx 4.2\text{ Lux}.

लैम्बर्ट के कोज्या नियम से:

E = \frac{I \cos \theta}{d^2} = \frac{150 \times \cos 45^\circ}{25} = \frac{6}{1.414} \approx 4.2

लक्स।

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1272📚Magnetic Circuits & ElectromagnetismBiot-Savart Law & Symmetry

A cube is formed by 12 wires of equal length a, each carrying a current I amperes. What is the value of the magnetic field at the center of the cube?

Explanation

Due to the symmetrical geometric distribution of currents along all 12 edges of the cube, the magnetic field vectors produced by opposite, symmetric pairs of wires cancel out pairwise at the geometric center, yielding a net magnetic field of Zero.

सममिति (Symmetry) के कारण घन के केंद्र पर सभी 12 तारों द्वारा उत्पन्न चुंबकीय क्षेत्र सदिश एक-दूसरे को निरस्त कर देते हैं, जिससे परिणामी चुंबकीय क्षेत्र शून्य (Zero) होता है।

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1273📚Magnetic Circuits & ElectromagnetismProperties of Magnetic Field Lines

Consider the following statements about Magnetic Field Lines in a Bar Magnet:
1. Outside the bar magnet, field lines are directed from the South Pole to the North Pole.
2. The lines form closed continuous curves and can never intersect with each other.
3. The magnetic field is strong where field lines are crowded and vice-versa.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is false because outside a magnet, magnetic field lines emerge from the North pole and enter the South pole (they run South to North only inside the magnet).

कथन 2 और 3 सही हैं। कथन 1 गलत है क्योंकि चुंबक के बाहर चुंबकीय क्षेत्र रेखाएं उत्तरी ध्रुव (North) से दक्षिणी ध्रुव (South) की ओर जाती हैं।

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1274📚Magnetic Circuits & ElectromagnetismMagnetic Field of a Solenoid

Why is the magnetic field at a point near the center but outside a current-carrying solenoid equal to zero?

Explanation

Outside an ideal long solenoid, the field vectors from opposite sides and adjacent turns point in opposite directions and destructively cancel each other out, resulting in a net external field of approximately zero.

परिनालिका (Solenoid) के बाहर आस-पास के फेरों द्वारा उत्पन्न चुंबकीय क्षेत्र विपरीत दिशा में होने के कारण एक-दूसरे को निरस्त कर देते हैं।

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1275📚Magnetic Circuits & ElectromagnetismMagnetic Fields of Parallel Wires

Two long parallel wires carry currents I1 and I2, where I1 > I2. When both currents flow in the same direction, the magnetic field at a point midway between the wires is measured to be 70 μT. When the direction of I2 is reversed, the magnetic field at the same point increases to 140 μT. What is the value of I1 / I2?

Explanation

At the midpoint, when currents are parallel (same direction), fields oppose:

B = k(I_1 - I_2) = 70\ \mu\text{T}

.
When anti-parallel (opposite direction), fields add:

B' = k(I_1 + I_2) = 140\ \mu\text{T}

.

\frac{I_1 + I_2}{I_1 - I_2} = \frac{140}{70} = 2 \implies I_1 + I_2 = 2I_1 - 2I_2 \implies I_1 = 3I_2 \implies \frac{I_1}{I_2} = 3:1.

समान दिशा में:

I_1 - I_2 = 70

तथा विपरीत दिशा में:

I_1 + I_2 = 140

।

\frac{I_1 + I_2}{I_1 - I_2} = 2 \implies I_1 = 3I_2 \implies I_1 : I_2 = 3:1

।

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1276📚Electrical Materials & ConductorsConductivity of Metals

Which option gives the correct arrangement of metals in the ascending order of their electrical conductivity?

Explanation

Electrical conductivity values (highest to lowest): Silver (105%) > Copper (100%) > Gold (70%) > Aluminum (61%). Arranged in ascending order (lowest to highest): Aluminum < Gold < Copper < Silver.

विद्युत चालकता का आरोही (बढ़ता) क्रम: एल्युमिनियम < सोना < तांबा < चांदी (चांदी की चालकता सर्वाधिक होती है)।

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1277📚Magnetic Circuits & ElectromagnetismHysteresis Loop & Energy Loss

Consider the following statements about the Hysteresis Loop:
1. A hysteresis loop is generated by measuring the magnetic flux emitted from a ferromagnetic material as the external magnetic field applied to it is varied.
2. The hysteresis loop shows the relationship between the magnetic flux density and the magnetizing field strength of a paramagnetic substance.
3. The loss of energy per unit volume of the substance is equal to the area of the hysteresis curve.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is false because hysteresis loops (B-H curves) are exhibited by Ferromagnetic materials, NOT paramagnetic substances.

कथन 1 और 3 सही हैं। कथन 2 गलत है क्योंकि हिस्टैरिसीस लूप लौह-चुंबकीय (Ferromagnetic) पदार्थों का गुण है, अनुचुंबकीय का नहीं। अतः 1 और 3 सही हैं।

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1278📚Electromagnetic Induction & AC CircuitsApplications of Electromagnetic Induction

Which of the following is NOT a practical application of electromagnetic induction?

Explanation

Printers and photocopy machines work on electrostatic charge attraction (Xerography / photoconductivity), NOT electromagnetic induction.

फोटोकॉपी मशीनें और प्रिंटर स्थिर-वैद्युत आवेश (Electrostatics) पर कार्य करते हैं, विद्युत-चुंबकीय प्रेरण पर नहीं।

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1279📚Electromagnetic Induction & AC CircuitsSelf-Inductance & Lenz's Law

A coil has a self-inductance of 5 mH. If the current through the coil increases from 0 to 2 A in 0.2 s, what is the magnitude and direction of the induced EMF?

Explanation

By Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law:

e = -L \frac{\Delta I}{\Delta t} = - (5 \times 10^{-3}\text{ H}) \times \frac{2 - 0}{0.2} = - 5 \times 10^{-3} \times 10 = -0.05\text{ V}

Magnitude is 0.05 V, opposing the direction of current change.

लेंज के नियम से:

e = -L \frac{\Delta I}{\Delta t} = - (5 \times 10^{-3}) \times 10 = -0.05

V (धारा परिवर्तन की विपरीत दिशा में)।

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1280📚Electromagnetic Induction & AC CircuitsFleming's Left and Right Hand Rules

Consider the following statements about Fleming's rules:
1. Fleming's Left-Hand Rule is used to determine the direction of force in an electric motor when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field.
2. Fleming's Right Hand Rule is used to identify the direction of induced current when a conductor moves within a magnetic field which is essential for understanding generator functions.
3. Both of Fleming's rules have practical applications in various electromagnetic devices such as relays, loudspeakers, microphones, galvanometers, and maglev systems.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

All three statements are correct: Fleming's Left-Hand Rule applies to Motors (FBI: Force, B-field, Current), Fleming's Right-Hand Rule applies to Generators (Induced Current), and both have broad electromagnetic applications.

तीनों कथन सही हैं: फ्लेमिंग का बायां हाथ नियम मोटर के लिए (1), दायां हाथ नियम जनरेटर के लिए (2), और दोनों के व्यापक अनुप्रयोग हैं (3)।

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1281📚Electromagnetic Induction & AC CircuitsPower Factor in AC Circuits

What is the possible range for the power factor in AC circuits?

Explanation

In AC power systems, power factor

\cos \phi = \frac{P}{S}

ranges from 0 (purely inductive or capacitive load) to 1 (purely resistive unity power factor load).

AC परिपथ में पावर फैक्टर (शक्ति गुणांक

\cos \phi

) का मान हमेशा 0 से 1 के बीच होता है।

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1282📚Polyphase AC SystemsAdvantages of 3-Phase Systems

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the advantages of 3-phase system over a single-phase system?
1. In a 3-phase power supply system, less voltage drop occurs from the source to the load points in comparison to a single-phase transmission system.
2. A 3-phase system requires less copper and aluminum for the transmission system in comparison to a single-phase transmission system.
3. A pulsating torque is produced in a 3-phase system, whereas in a single-phase system uniform or constant torque is produced.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

3-phase systems provide reduced line voltage drop (1) and require ~75% conductor copper/aluminum material for the same power delivery compared to single-phase (2). Statement 3 is false because 3-phase machines produce steady constant rotating torque, whereas single-phase machines produce pulsating torque. Thus, 1 and 2 are correct.

3-फेज सिस्टम में वोल्टेज ड्रॉप कम होता है (1) और ट्रांसमिशन हेतु कम तांबे/एल्युमिनियम की आवश्यकता होती है (2)। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि 3-फेज में स्थिर टॉर्क उत्पन्न होता है। अतः 1 और 2 सही हैं।

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1283📚Basic Electronics & Digital CircuitsOptoelectronic Devices (Optocoupler)

Identify the electronic symbol from the given pictograph:

Optocoupler Schematic Symbol

Explanation

The schematic pictograph depicts an Optocoupler (Optoisolator), showing an Infrared LED transmitter optically coupled across an internal isolation dielectric barrier to a phototransistor receiver.

यह प्रतीक एक 'ऑप्टोकप्लर' (Optocoupler / Optoisolator) का है, जिसमें एक प्रकाश उत्सर्जक डायोड (LED) और फोटो-ट्रांजिस्टर एक साथ संलग्न होते हैं।

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1284📚Electrical Safety, Earthing & InstallationIndian Electricity Rules 1956

Explanation

Indian Electricity Rules (1956):
- Rule 29: General safety requirements of electric supply lines & apparatus (3)
- Rule 31: Cut-out on consumer's premises (1)
- Rule 33: Earthed terminal on consumer's premises (4)
- Rule 44: Instructions for restoration of persons suffering from electric shock (2).
Correct code: i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2.

भारतीय विद्युत नियम (1956): नियम 29 (3), नियम 31 (1), नियम 33 (4), नियम 44 (2)। सही विकल्प A है।

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1285📚Electrical Maintenance & Machine OverhaulMachinery Lubrication & Cooling

How does lubrication help in temperature management within machinery?

Explanation

Lubricating oils and greases reduce friction coefficient and continuously carry away generated heat from bearing contacts, dissipating it to outer casings and cooling sumps.

स्नेहन (Lubrication) महत्वपूर्ण घटकों से गर्मी को दूर स्थानांतरित करके और घर्षण घटाकर तापमान प्रबंधन में मदद करता है।

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1286📚DC Machines (Generators & Motors)DC Machine Construction

What is the primary function of the shaft in a DC generator?

Explanation

The shaft mechanically transfers driving torque from the prime mover to the rotating armature core, facilitating rotary motion within the magnetic field.

डीसी जनरेटर में शाफ्ट प्राइम मूवर से यांत्रिक टॉर्क स्थानांतरित करके आर्मेचर को घुमाने का कार्य करता है।

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1287📚DC Machines (Generators & Motors)Yoke of DC Generator

Which of the following statements about the Yoke of the DC generator is/are correct?
1. The yoke provides a sturdy and protective outer covering for the generator.
2. It provides mechanical support and keeps the poles properly aligned.
3. It carries magnetic flux produced by the poles.
4. It is made of either cast iron or steel.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

All 4 statements are correct: The outer frame (yoke) provides outer mechanical protection (1), supports field poles (2), serves as the return magnetic flux path (3), and is manufactured from cast iron (small machines) or cast/rolled steel (large machines) (4).

सभी चारों कथन सही हैं: योक बाहरी आवरण देता है (1), पोल को सहारा देता है (2), चुंबकीय फ्लक्स ले जाता है (3), और कास्ट आयरन/स्टील का बना होता है (4)।

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1288📚DC Machines (Generators & Motors)DC Generator Components

Explanation

Matching: i) Commutator = mechanical rectifier converting AC to DC (4); ii) Slip rings = transmits unconverted AC (2); iii) Carbon brushes = collects current from rotating commutator (1); iv) Armature = active winding where EMF is induced (3). Code: i-4, ii-2, iii-1, iv-3.

सही मिलान: i-4, ii-2, iii-1, iv-3।

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1289📚DC Machines (Generators & Motors)Universal Motor & Series Motor on AC

Which type of DC motor can operate on a single-phase AC supply and why?

Explanation

A DC Series Motor (Universal Motor) can operate on AC because when current alternates, the armature current

I_a

and field flux

\Phi

reverse simultaneously, keeping the developed electromagnetic torque (

T \propto \Phi I_a

) unidirectional in the same direction.

डीसी सीरीज मोटर (यूनिवर्सल मोटर) एसी पर चल सकती है क्योंकि प्रत्यावर्ती धारा में फ्लक्स और आर्मेचर धारा दोनों एक साथ बदलते हैं, जिससे टॉर्क हमेशा एक ही दिशा में धनात्मक रहता है।

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1290📚Synchronous Machines (Alternators)Types of Alternators

Explanation

Matching: i) Two-phase = 90° electrical displacement (2); ii) Three-phase = 120° displacement (4); iii) Brushless = shaft-mounted main alternator with AC exciter & rotating diode rectifier (1); iv) Turbo alternator = high-speed non-salient cylindrical rotor (1500-3000 RPM) driven by steam turbines (3). Code: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3।

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1291📚Induction Motors (3-Phase & Single-Phase)Operating Modes of Induction Motor

Explanation

Matching: i) Motoring Mode =

0 < N < N_s

(

0 < s < 1

) (3); ii) Generating Mode =

N > N_s

(

s < 0

) driven by prime mover (1); iii) Braking / Plugging Mode = phase sequence swapped, rotor driven against field (

s > 1

) (2). Code: i-3, ii-1, iii-2.

सही मिलान: i-3, ii-1, iii-2।

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1292📚Synchronous Machines (Alternators)Distribution Factor (Kd)

The value of the distribution factor of a 3-phase alternator decreases with:

Explanation

The breadth/distribution factor

K_d = \frac{\sin(m\beta/2)}{m \sin(\beta/2)}

. As the number of slots per pole per phase (

m

) increases, phase spread spreading causes

K_d

to decrease slightly.

वितरण गुणांक (Distribution factor

K_d

) का मान प्रति पोल स्लॉट की संख्या बढ़ने पर घटता है।

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1293📚Electrical Safety, Earthing & InstallationImportance of Low Earth Resistance

What happens if the earth's resistance is too high?

Explanation

If earthing resistance is too high, fault leakage currents cannot flow freely to ground, preventing protective fuses and circuit breakers from tripping, thereby leaving metal appliance chassis energized and creating severe electric shock/fire hazards.

यदि अर्थिंग प्रतिरोध बहुत अधिक हो, तो फॉल्ट करंट जमीन में नहीं जा पाता, जिससे उपकरण की बॉडी में करंट रहने से बिजली के झटके (Electric shock) का खतरा बढ़ जाता है।

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1294📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsCPU Cache & Memory Hierarchy

Which memory is part of the processor chip in current-generation desktop processors?

Explanation

Modern multi-core CPU processor chips integrate ultra-fast on-die SRAM Cache Memory (L1, L2, and shared L3 cache) directly onto the silicon processor die.

आधुनिक प्रोसेसर चिप पर सीधे एकीकृत मेमोरी 'कैश मेमोरी' (Cache Memory - L1, L2, L3) होती है।

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1295📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsOperating System Kernel & Functions

In an operating system, what is the primary role of a kernel?

Explanation

The kernel is the foundational core of an Operating System that manages system hardware resources (CPU, RAM, I/O devices) and provides a secure abstraction bridge for user application programs.

ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम में कर्नेल (Kernel) कंप्यूटर हार्डवेयर और सॉफ्टवेयर अनुप्रयोगों के बीच मुख्य सेतु (Bridge) के रूप में कार्य करता है।

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1296📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsWeb Technologies & Programming Frameworks

Which of the following is a Python-based framework for web development?

Explanation

Django is a high-level open-source Python-based web framework (along with Flask). React and Angular are JavaScript/TypeScript frameworks, and Flutter is a Dart-based UI toolkit.

Django पायथन (Python) पर आधारित एक शक्तिशाली वेब डेवलपमेंट फ्रेमवर्क है।

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1297📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsWeb Browsers & Client-Side Technologies

Identify the correct statement about a web browser.

Explanation

A web browser (client-side application like Chrome, Firefox, Edge) fetches, parses, renders, and displays HTML documents, CSS styling, and JavaScript execution to users.

वेब ब्राउज़र का मुख्य कार्य HTML, CSS और जावास्क्रिप्ट दस्तावेज़ों को पार्स करके उपयोगकर्ता के सामने स्क्रीन पर प्रदर्शित करना है।

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1298📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsEmail Clients & CLI Utilities

Which of the following is a text-based email client?

Explanation

Pine (Program for Internet News and Email, along with Alpine and Mutt) is a classic terminal text-based email client for Unix/Linux systems.

Pine (या Alpine/Mutt) यूनिक्स और लिनक्स के लिए एक प्रसिद्ध टेक्स्ट-आधारित (CLI) ईमेल क्लाइंट है।

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1299📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsSmart Consumer Electronics & IoT

What distinguishes a smart TV from a regular LED TV?

Explanation

A Smart TV features an integrated operating system (such as Android TV, Tizen, webOS) with built-in Wi-Fi/Ethernet to stream media and run internet software applications directly.

स्मार्ट टीवी में अंतर्निहित इंटरनेट कनेक्टिविटी (Wi-Fi) और ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम होता है, जिससे यह ऐप और ऑनलाइन स्ट्रीमिंग चला सकता है।

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1300📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsInternet Services vs Hardware Firmware

Which of these is NOT an internet service?

Explanation

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) setup is a local non-volatile firmware interface embedded on the computer motherboard ROM/flash chip to initialize hardware during POST, entirely independent of internet services.

BIOS सेटअप मदरबोर्ड की स्थानीय फर्मवेयर प्रणाली है, यह कोई इंटरनेट सेवा नहीं है।

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1301📚Knowledge of Computers & IT ApplicationsMicrosoft Word & Document Formatting

In MS Word, which feature allows you to apply the same formatting to multiple sections?

Explanation

Format Painter (or Style Templates) allows users to copy font styles, margins, colors, and paragraph formatting from selected text and paste it onto other text sections.

MS Word में 'फॉर्मेट पेंटर' (Format Painter) एक स्थान की फॉर्मेटिंग को कॉपी करके अन्य टेक्स्ट पर लागू करने की सुविधा देता है।

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1302📚C Programming & Data StructuresDynamic Memory Allocation (malloc vs calloc)

Which of the following statements about malloc and calloc is correct?

Explanation

`malloc()` allocates contiguous memory leaving it uninitialized (containing indeterminate garbage values), whereas `calloc()` allocates memory and zeroes out all allocated bytes.

`calloc()` आवंटित मेमोरी के सभी बाइट्स को शून्य (Zero) से प्रारंभ करता है, जबकि `malloc()` ऐसा नहीं करता (कचरा मान छोड़ता है)।

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1303📚C Programming & Data StructuresPointers & Dereferencing in C

What is the output of the following code?

```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = 5;
int y = 10;
int p = &x; p += y;
printf("%d %d
", x, y);
return 0;
}
```

Explanation

`p` points to `x`. `*p += y` adds the value of `y` (10) to `x` (5), making `x = 15`. `y` remains 10. Output is `15 10`.

`p` का मान `x` का पता है। `*p += y` से `x` का मान

5 + 10 = 15

हो जाता है। अतः आउटपुट `15 10` है।

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1304📚C Programming & Data StructuresFormatted I/O in C

Which of the following statements about printf is correct?

```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("%d %d
", 1);
return 0;
}
```

Explanation

Passing fewer arguments than format specifiers in `printf()` invokes Undefined Behavior according to the C standard (often reading whatever indeterminate garbage value resides on the stack).

`printf` में फॉर्मेट विनिर्देशक की तुलना में कम तर्क पास करना C मानक के अनुसार अनिर्धारित व्यवहार (Undefined behavior) उत्पन्न करता है।

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1305📚C Programming & Data StructuresLoops in C (do-while)

Which loop is guaranteed to execute at least once in C?

Explanation

The `do-while` loop is an exit-controlled loop where the condition is evaluated after executing the loop body, guaranteeing at least one execution.

`do-while` लूप एक एक्जिट-कंट्रोल्ड लूप है जो शर्त की जांच किए बिना कम से कम एक बार अवश्य चलता है।

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1306📚C Programming & Data StructuresC Functions & Recursion

Consider the following statements about functions in C:
1. Functions can return only one value.
2. Recursive functions can call themselves.
3. The void keyword is used to indicate that a function does not return a value.
4. Functions must always have a return type specified.

Choose the correct Statement:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. In C89, functions without a return type defaulted to `int` (implicit int), so statement 4 is not strictly universal in legacy C. Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं: C फंक्शन एक मान लौटाते हैं (1), पुनरावर्ती फंक्शन स्वयं को कॉल करते हैं (2), और `void` कोई मान न लौटाने का संकेत देता है (3)।

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1307📚C Programming & Data StructuresFile Handling in C

Explanation

Matching: fopen() opens a file (iii); fclose() closes a file (ii); fwrite() writes binary data to a file (iv); fread() reads binary data from a file (i). Code: 1-iii, 2-ii, 3-iv, 4-i.

सही मिलान: 1-iii, 2-ii, 3-iv, 4-i।

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1308📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLSQL Aggregate Functions (COUNT)

What is the result of the following SQL query?

```sql
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM Employee
WHERE Salary > 50000;
```

Explanation

`COUNT(*)` aggregates and returns the total number of matching rows in the `Employee` table where `Salary > 50000`.

`COUNT(*)` 50,000 से अधिक वेतन वाले कुल कर्मचारियों की संख्या लौटाता है।

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1309📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLDatabase Normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF)

Which of the following statements about normalization are correct?
1. Normalization reduces redundancy in a database
2. Normalization increases data integrity
3. Third Normal Form (3NF) removes transitive dependencies
4. First Normal Form (1NF) ensures data is atomic

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

All 4 statements are correct: Normalization eliminates duplicate data (1), maintains data integrity (2), 3NF eliminates transitive dependencies (

X → Y, Y → Z

) (3), and 1NF enforces atomic, non-composite, single-valued attributes (4).

चारों कथन सही हैं: नॉर्मलाइजेशन अतिरेक कम करता है (1), अखंडता बढ़ाता है (2), 3NF सकर्मक निर्भरता हटाता है (3), और 1NF परमाणु मान सुनिश्चित करता है (4)।

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1310📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLQuery Processing & Optimization Steps

Arrange the following steps in query processing in the correct order:
1. Query Optimization
2. Query Parsing
3. Execution Plan Generation
4. Query Execution

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

DBMS Query Processing Pipeline:
1. Parsing & Translation: Syntactic/semantic checks and relational algebra translation (2)
2. Query Optimization: Cost-based evaluation of query trees (1)
3. Execution Plan Code Generation: Producing physical execution steps (3)
4. Query Execution: Evaluating the plan by the query execution engine (4).
Order: 2 → 1 → 3 → 4.

क्वेरी प्रोसेसिंग का सही क्रम: पार्सिंग (2) → ऑप्टिमाइजेशन (1) → निष्पादन योजना जनरेशन (3) → निष्पादन (4)। अतः 2 → 1 → 3 → 4 सही है।

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1311📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsCSS Stacking Order & z-index

What does the z-index property in CSS determine?

Explanation

The `z-index` property in CSS controls the vertical 3D stacking order of overlapping positioned elements along the z-axis (higher values render in front of lower values).

CSS में `z-index` प्रॉपर्टी ओवरलैप होने वाले तत्वों के स्टैक ऑर्डर (Stack order) को निर्धारित करती है।

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1312📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLCandidate Keys & Functional Dependencies

A table has 5 attributes. If the table is in 1NF, how many candidate keys can it have?

Explanation

The number of candidate keys is determined by the functional dependencies (FDs) between attributes, which varies from 1 up to many combinations depending on the relation's semantic schema.

कैंडिडेट कुंजियों की संख्या तालिका की कार्यात्मक निर्भरता (Functional dependencies) और स्कीमा पर निर्भर करती है।

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1313📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLForeign Key Constraints & Referential Integrity

Which of the following statements about foreign keys are true?
1. A foreign key can have duplicate values
2. A foreign key must refer to a primary key in another table
3. A foreign key ensures referential integrity
4. A foreign key value cannot be NULL

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are true. Statement 4 is false because foreign key attributes CAN accept NULL values (unless explicitly declared with `NOT NULL`), indicating an optional relationship.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सत्य हैं। कथन 4 गलत है क्योंकि फॉरेन की में NULL मान स्वीकार्य होते हैं (जब तक `NOT NULL` न लगाया जाए)।

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1314📚Database Management Systems (DBMS) & SQLDatabase Design Lifecycle

Arrange the following operations in the correct order for database design:
1. Requirement Analysis
2. Conceptual Design
3. Logical Design
4. Physical Design

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Standard phases of Database Design:
1. Requirement Analysis: Collecting data/functional user needs (1)
2. Conceptual Design: Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling (2)
3. Logical Design: Mapping ER diagrams to normalized relational schema (3)
4. Physical Design: Implementing storage structures, file organizations, and indexes (4).
Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4.

डेटाबेस डिजाइन के चरण: आवश्यकता विश्लेषण (1) → वैचारिक डिजाइन/ER मॉडल (2) → तार्किक डिजाइन (3) → भौतिक डिजाइन (4)। सही क्रम 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 है।

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1315📚C Programming & Data StructuresTree & Graph Traversals (DFS, BFS, Inorder, Postorder)

Explanation

Matching: DFS = backtracking/solving mazes (1); BFS = shortest path in unweighted graphs (2); In-order = sorted retrieval of BST nodes (3); Post-order = postfix evaluation of expression trees / bottom-up cleanup (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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1316📚C Programming & Data StructuresBinary Search Tree Deletion

Arrange the following steps for deleting a node from a binary search tree (BST) in the correct order:
1. Find the node to be deleted
2. Replace the node with its in-order successor if it has two children
3. Delete the node if it has no children or one child
4. Rebalance the tree if necessary

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

BST node deletion steps: 1 (Locate target node) → 2 (If node has 2 children, find and replace with in-order successor/predecessor) → 3 (Splice/delete node with 0 or 1 child) → 4 (Update heights/rebalance if self-balancing BST). Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4.

BST नोड डिलीशन का सही क्रम: नोड खोजना (1) → 2 बच्चे होने पर इन-ऑर्डर सक्सेसर से बदलना (2) → 0 या 1 बच्चे वाले नोड को हटाना (3) → पुनर्संतुलन (4)। क्रम: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4।

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1317📚C Programming & Data StructuresCall Stack & Recursion

Which data structure is used for implementing recursion?

Explanation

Recursion relies on the Call Stack (LIFO data structure) to push active stack frames (return addresses, parameters, and local variables) on invocation and pop them upon return.

पुनरावृत्ति (Recursion) को लागू करने के लिए सिस्टम कॉल स्टैक (Stack - LIFO) का उपयोग करता है।

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1318📚C Programming & Data StructuresLinear Search Time Complexity

What is the worst-case time complexity for searching in an unsorted array of size n?

Explanation

In an unsorted array, linear search must examine each element sequentially from index 0 to

n-1

, requiring

O(n)

comparisons in the worst case.

अक्रमित ऐरे (Unsorted array) में रैखिक खोज (Linear search) की सबसे खराब समय जटिलता

O(n)

होती है।

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1319📚C Programming & Data StructuresHeap Data Structure Operations

Which of the following statements about heaps are true?
1. A max heap always has the largest element at the root
2. A heap can be implemented using an array
3. Insertion in a heap has a time complexity of O(log n)
4. Deletion from a heap has a time complexity of O(1)

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are true. Statement 4 is false because deleting the root element from a binary heap requires moving the last leaf to the root and executing Heapify-Down, taking

O(\log n)

time (only peeking is

O(1)

).

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं। कथन 4 गलत है क्योंकि हीप से नोड हटाने (Delete) के बाद हीपिफाई करने में

O(\log n)

समय लगता है।

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1320📚C Programming & Data StructuresBreadth-First Search (BFS) Algorithm

Arrange the following steps for performing a breadth-first search (BFS) in the correct order:
1. Enqueue the starting node
2. Dequeue a node from the queue
3. Mark the dequeued node as visited
4. Enqueue all unvisited neighbors of the dequeued node

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

BFS Algorithm execution order:
1. Enqueue root/starting node and mark visited (1)
2. Dequeue front node from queue (2)
3. Process/mark current node (3)
4. Iterate over all unvisited adjacent neighbors and enqueue them (4).
Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4.

BFS का सही क्रम: प्रारंभिक नोड को कतार में जोड़ना (1) → नोड को कतार से निकालना (2) → नोड को प्रोसेस/विजिटेड मार्क करना (3) → सभी अविजिटेड पड़ोसियों को कतार में जोड़ना (4)। क्रम: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4।

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1321📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsTCP/IP Model Layers

In the TCP/IP model, which layer is responsible for process-to-process communication?

Explanation

The Transport Layer (TCP/UDP) utilizes port numbers to provide end-to-end process-to-process communication between software applications running on distinct network hosts.

TCP/IP मॉडल में ट्रांसपोर्ट लेयर (Transport Layer - TCP/UDP) पोर्ट नंबरों के माध्यम से प्रोसेस-टू-प्रोसेस संचार प्रदान करती है।

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1322📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsNetwork Devices (Router, Switch, Hub, Firewall)

Explanation

Matching: Router = Layer 3 IP routing (1); Switch = Layer 2 MAC frame filtering (2); Hub = Layer 1 physical multi-port repeater broadcasting to all ports (3); Firewall = network security packet inspection (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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1323📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsWeb Browsers & Client vs Server Architecture

Which of the following statements about web browsers are correct?
1. A browser renders HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
2. A browser sends HTTP/HTTPS requests to servers
3. A browser is responsible for executing server-side scripts
4. Popular browsers include Chrome, Firefox, and Safari

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct. Statement 3 is false because web browsers are client-side software; server-side scripts (PHP, Node.js, ASP.NET, Python) execute exclusively on the remote web server. Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि सर्वर-साइड स्क्रिप्ट्स वेब सर्वर पर निष्पादित होती हैं, ब्राउज़र पर नहीं।

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1324📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsAddress Resolution Protocol (ARP)

What is the purpose of the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)?

Explanation

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps a known 32-bit Logical IP address to a physical 48-bit Ethernet MAC hardware address within a local area network.

ARP का मुख्य कार्य लॉजिकल IP एड्रेस को फिजिकल MAC एड्रेस (हार्डवेयर पता) में बदलना है।

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1325📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsUser Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Which of the following statements about UDP are correct?
1. UDP is connectionless
2. UDP is faster than TCP
3. UDP provides error correction
4. UDP is used for real-time applications like video streaming

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct. Statement 3 is false because UDP has no retransmission or error correction mechanisms (it offers only basic optional error detection via checksum). Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि UDP में एरर करेक्शन या पुनः प्रसारण की सुविधा नहीं होती। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।

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1326📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsOSI Hierarchy Top-to-Bottom

Arrange the following layers of the OSI model in order from top to bottom:
1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Data Link Layer

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

OSI Layers from Top (Layer 7) to Bottom (Layer 1):
1. Application Layer (Layer 7)
2. Transport Layer (Layer 4)
3. Network Layer (Layer 3)
4. Data Link Layer (Layer 2).
Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4.

शीर्ष से नीचे (Top to bottom) OSI परतों का क्रम: एप्लीकेशन लेयर (1) → ट्रांसपोर्ट लेयर (2) → नेटवर्क लेयर (3) → डेटा लिंक लेयर (4)। सही क्रम 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 है।

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1327📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Constructor & Destructor Order in Inheritance

In C++, which of the following is the correct order of constructor and destructor calls in a derived class?

Explanation

In inheritance: Constructors execute from base to derived (Base Constructor → Derived Constructor). Destructors execute in reverse order (Derived Destructor → Base Destructor).

इनहेरिटेंस में कंस्ट्रक्टर बेस से डिराइव्ड की ओर कॉल होते हैं और डिस्ट्रक्टर उल्टे क्रम (डिराइव्ड से बेस) में कॉल होते हैं।

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1328📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Multiple Inheritance & Virtual Base Classes

Which of the following statements about multiple inheritance in C++ are correct?
1. It allows a class to inherit from more than one base class
2. It increases the complexity of the class hierarchy
3. It may lead to ambiguity issues
4. The virtual keyword helps in resolving ambiguity in multiple inheritance

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

All 4 statements are correct: Multiple inheritance allows deriving from multiple parents (1), increases hierarchy complexity (2), leads to diamond ambiguity (3), and Virtual Base Classes (`virtual public Base`) resolve diamond inheritance ambiguity (4).

सभी चारों कथन सही हैं: एकाधिक इनहेरिटेंस एक से अधिक बेस क्लास की अनुमति देता है (1), जटिलता बढ़ाता है (2), एंबिग्यूइटी पैदा कर सकता है (3), और वर्चुअल कीवर्ड डायमंड समस्या को हल करता है (4)।

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1329📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Core OOP Principles

Explanation

Matching: Encapsulation = bundling data & methods into a class (1); Abstraction = hiding internal complexity (2); Inheritance = acquiring code/properties from base class (3); Polymorphism = one interface, multiple implementations (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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1330📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Function & Operator Overloading in C++

Which of the following statements about overloading in C++ are correct?
1. Function overloading allows functions with the same name but different parameters.
2. Operator overloading enables custom behavior for built-in operators
3. Function overloading can be based on the return type alone
4. Overloaded functions must differ in their parameter list

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct. Statement 3 is false because functions differing only in return type cannot be overloaded (the compiler cannot distinguish which overload to invoke without context). Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि केवल रिटर्न टाइप के आधार पर फंक्शन ओवरलोडिंग संभव नहीं है। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।

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1331📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Core OOP Pillars

Which of the following is a features of object-oriented programming?

Explanation

The four foundational pillars of Object-Oriented Programming are Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism (All of the above).

ऑब्जेक्ट ओरिएंटेड प्रोग्रामिंग के मुख्य स्तंभ एनकैप्सुलेशन, पॉलीमॉर्फिज्म और इनहेरिटेंस (उपरोक्त सभी) हैं।

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1332📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Java Special Keywords

Explanation

Matching: Synchronized = mutual exclusion locking for thread safety (1); Transient = ignores field during object serialization (2); Final = constants / immutable methods / non-inheritable classes (3); Volatile = guarantees thread visibility directly from main memory (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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1333📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Java and .NET Framework Comparison

Which of the following are features of Java that are interoperable with .NET?
1. Both support object-oriented programming
2. Both have a garbage collection mechanism
3. Both provide a runtime environment for execution
4. Java bytecode can directly run in .NET CLR.

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are true. Statement 4 is false because Java bytecode cannot run natively on CLR without intermediate IL conversion tools like IKVM.NET. Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं। कथन 4 गलत है क्योंकि जावा बाइटकोड सीधे .NET CLR पर नहीं चल सकता। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।

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1334📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Java Collections Framework (List vs Set)

Which of the following statements about Java collections is true?

Explanation

In Java Collections, `List` is an ordered collection that preserves insertion sequence and allows duplicate elements, whereas standard `Set` (e.g. `HashSet`) does not maintain insertion order.

जावा कलेक्शन्स में `List` तत्वों के क्रम (Order) को बनाए रखता है, जबकि `Set` (जैसे HashSet) क्रम बनाए नहीं रखता।

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1335📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Java Ternary Operator

What will the following Java code output?

```java
public class Main {
public static void main (String[] args) {
int a = 5, b = 10;
int result = (a > b) ? a * b : a + b;
System.out.println(result);
}
}
```

Explanation

Since `5 > 10` is `false`, the ternary operator evaluates the false branch `a + b = 5 + 10 = 15`. Output is `15`.

`5 > 10` असत्य है, इसलिए टर्नरी ऑपरेटर `a + b = 5 + 10 = 15` का मूल्यांकन करता है। आउटपुट `15` है।

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1336📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Core Java Features

Which of the following statements about Java features are true?
1. Java is platform-independent
2. Java uses a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler
3. Java does not support multithreading
4. Java is an object-oriented programming language

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 are true. Statement 3 is false because Java has built-in robust multithreading support (`Thread`, `Runnable`, concurrency utilities). Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं। कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि जावा में मल्टीथ्रेडिंग का अंतर्निहित समर्थन होता है।

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1337📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)C# Conditional Operators

What does the following C# code output?

```csharp
int x = 5, y = 10;
Console.WriteLine(x > y ? "X is greater" : "Y is greater");
```

Explanation

Because `5 > 10` is false, the expression evaluates to `"Y is greater"`.

`5 > 10` असत्य होने के कारण आउटपुट 'Y is greater' प्रिंट होगा।

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1338📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)C# Modulo & Operators

What is the output of the following code snippet?

```csharp
int x = 15;
Console.WriteLine(x % 2 == 0 ? "Even" : "Odd");
```

Explanation

`15 % 2` equals `1` (not 0), so `x % 2 == 0` evaluates to `false`, printing `"Odd"`.

15 \% 2 = 1

होने के कारण शर्त असत्य है और आउटपुट 'Odd' होगा।

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1339📚Web Technologies & Internet ProtocolsASP.NET Web Forms Framework

Which of the following statements about ASP.NET Web Forms are correct?
1. It uses an event-driven programming model.
2. It is part of the .NET Framework
3. It supports server-side controls
4. It does not support AJAX

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Statement 4 is false because ASP.NET Web Forms has full AJAX support via `ScriptManager`, `UpdatePanel`, and the ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit. Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं। कथन 4 गलत है क्योंकि ASP.NET वेब फॉर्म्स AJAX (UpdatePanel) का पूर्ण समर्थन करता है। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।

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1340📚Software Engineering & SDLCSDLC Models

Which of the following models is not a part of software development life cycle (SDLC)?

Explanation

Waterfall, Spiral, Agile, RAD, V-Model, and Prototype are established SDLC models. 'Assembly Line Model' is an industrial manufacturing concept, not an SDLC process model.

वॉटरफॉल, स्पाइरल और एजाइल सभी SDLC मॉडल हैं। 'Assembly Line Model' कोई सॉफ्टवेयर विकास मॉडल नहीं है।

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1341📚Software Engineering & SDLCAgile Manifesto & Methodology

Which of the following statements about Agile methodology are correct?
1. Agile focuses on iterative development
2. Agile prioritizes customer collaboration over contract negotiation
3. Agile uses a fixed timeline for all phases
4. Agile values responding to change over following a plan

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 align directly with the Agile Manifesto: iterative sprints (1), customer collaboration (2), and responding to change (4). Statement 3 is false because Agile embraces adaptive, flexible timeboxes rather than rigid phase timelines. Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं (पुनरावृत्ति विकास, ग्राहक सहयोग, और बदलाव के प्रति अनुकूलता)। कथन 3 गलत है। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।

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1342📚Software Engineering & SDLCCASE Tools

What does the acronym CASE stand for in software engineering?

Explanation

CASE stands for Computer-Assisted Software Engineering (or Computer-Aided Software Engineering), representing software tools that automate SDLC activities.

CASE का पूर्ण रूप 'Computer-Assisted Software Engineering' (या Computer-Aided Software Engineering) है।

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1343📚Software Engineering & SDLCBlack-Box vs White-Box Testing

Which of the following testing methods checks the functionality of a program without looking at the code?

Explanation

Black-box Testing (functional/behavioral testing) evaluates software inputs and outputs against functional specifications without knowledge of internal source code or implementation logic.

ब्लैक-बॉक्स टेस्टिंग (Black-box Testing) में आंतरिक कोड को देखे बिना केवल इनपुट और आउटपुट के आधार पर कार्यक्षमता की जांच की जाती है।

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1344📚Software Engineering & SDLCSoftware Quality Attributes

Which of the following are characteristics of good software?
1. Maintainability
2. Usability
3. Portability
4. Obsolescence

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

High quality software attributes include Maintainability (1), Usability (2), Portability (3), Reliability, and Efficiency. Obsolescence (degradation/outdatedness) is a negative failure mode (4). Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

अच्छे सॉफ्टवेयर की विशेषताएं मेंटेनिबिलिटी (1), उपयोगिता (2), और पोर्टेबिलिटी (3) हैं। अप्रचलन (Obsolescence) दोष है। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।

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1345📚Software Engineering & SDLCRequirement Gathering & SRS

Which phase in SDLC focuses on gathering requirements?

Explanation

The Requirement Gathering & Analysis phase elicits, documents, validates, and formalizes stakeholder needs into a Software Requirement Specification (SRS) document.

SDLC का 'Requirement Analysis Phase' हितधारकों से आवश्यकताएं एकत्र करने और SRS दस्तावेज़ तैयार करने पर केंद्रित होता है।

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1346📚Software Engineering & SDLCSoftware Testing Objectives

What is the main purpose of testing in software engineering?

Explanation

Software testing aims to discover defects, bugs, errors, and discrepancies against requirements to ensure software reliability, quality, and robustness before deployment.

सॉफ्टवेयर इंजीनियरिंग में टेस्टिंग का मुख्य उद्देश्य त्रुटियों और बग्स की पहचान करना और उन्हें ठीक करना है।

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1347📚Object Oriented Programming (C++, Java, C#)Object-Oriented Design Fundamentals

Which of the following statements about Object-Oriented Programming are true?
1. It supports inheritance
2. It emphasizes reusable code
3. It requires writing all logic in one function
4. It uses classes and objects

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 4 are true. Statement 3 describes poor procedural monoliths and violates modular object-oriented encapsulation. Thus, 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 4 सत्य हैं (इनहेरिटेंस, पुनः प्रयोज्य कोड, और क्लासेज/ऑब्जेक्ट्स)। कथन 3 गलत है। अतः 1, 2 और 4 सही हैं।

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1348📚Software Engineering & SDLCSoftware Maintenance Process

Arrange the following steps in the software maintenance process in the correct order:
1. Problem Identification
2. Analysis
3. Design Fixes
4. Implementation

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Software Maintenance workflow: 1 (Identify bug/change request) → 2 (Analyze impact and feasibility) → 3 (Design technical modification) → 4 (Implement, test, and release patch). Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4.

सॉफ्टवेयर रखरखाव का सही क्रम: समस्या की पहचान (1) → विश्लेषण (2) → सुधार डिजाइन करना (3) → क्रियान्वयन/पैच लगाना (4)। क्रम: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4।

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1349📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareCPU Scheduling Algorithms & Starvation

Which scheduling algorithm may cause starvation?

Explanation

Priority Scheduling can cause indefinite starvation (indefinite blocking) for low-priority processes if higher-priority processes continuously arrive in the ready queue (resolved via aging).

प्रायोरिटी शेड्यूलिंग (Priority Scheduling) में कम प्राथमिकता वाली प्रक्रियाएं भुखमरी (Starvation) का शिकार हो सकती हैं।

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1350📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareProcess Lifecycle & State Transitions

A process is in the "ready" state. What event will move it to the "running" state?

Explanation

A process transitions from the Ready state to the Running state when the Short-Term CPU Scheduler selects it and the Dispatcher assigns the CPU core to it.

तैयार (Ready) अवस्था से रनिंग अवस्था में प्रक्रिया तब जाती है जब CPU शेड्यूलर उसे निष्पादन के लिए चुनता है।

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1351📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareTurnaround Time Calculations

What is the turnaround time if a process takes 20 ms for execution and waits 10 ms in the ready queue?

Explanation

Turnaround Time is the total interval from submission to completion:

\text{Turnaround Time} = \text{Burst Time} + \text{Waiting Time} = 20\text{ ms} + 10\text{ ms} = 30\text{ ms}.

टर्नअराउंड समय

= \text{Burst Time} + \text{Waiting Time} = 20\text{ ms} + 10\text{ ms} = 30\text{ ms}

।

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1352📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareMultiprogramming Concepts & Advantages

Which of the following are advantages of multiprogramming?
1. Increased CPU utilization
2. Decreased memory usage
3. Increased throughput
4. Reduced response time

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Multiprogramming keeps the CPU continuously busy by switching to another job during I/O waits, thereby maximizing CPU utilization (1), increasing system throughput (3), and improving user response times (4). It requires more memory, not less. Thus, 1, 3, and 4 are correct.

मल्टीप्रोग्रामिंग के लाभों में CPU उपयोग में वृद्धि (1), थ्रूपुट में वृद्धि (3), और रिस्पांस समय में सुधार (4) शामिल हैं। अतः 1, 3 और 4 सही हैं।

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1353📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareCPU Scheduling Algorithms Matching

Explanation

Matching: FCFS = first arrival order (1); Round Robin = fixed quantum time slicing (2); Priority = highest priority first (3); Multilevel Queue = partitioned priority queues (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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1354📚Operating Systems & System SoftwarePage Fault Handling Mechanism

Arrange the following steps in the correct sequence for handling a page fault:
1. Check if the page is valid
2. Load the page from disk to memory
3. Update the page table
4. Restart the process

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Page Fault Handling sequence: 1 (Trap to OS and check page validity/protection in PCB) → 2 (Issue disk I/O to read page frame into available RAM) → 3 (Update page table valid bit) → 4 (Restart faulting instruction). Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4.

पेज फॉल्ट हैंडलिंग का सही क्रम: पेज वैधता जांचना (1) → डिस्क से मेमोरी में पेज लोड करना (2) → पेज टेबल अपडेट करना (3) → प्रोसेस पुनः शुरू करना (4)। क्रम: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4।

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1355📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareMemory Management & Relocation

Which of the following memory management techniques does not support relocation?

Explanation

Static Contiguous Allocation (Fixed Partitioning without base/limit relocation hardware) binds memory at compile/load time and does not support dynamic relocation, unlike Paging, Segmentation, and Virtual Memory.

स्टैटिक कॉन्टिगुअस एलोकेशन (Contiguous Allocation) में डायनेमिक रीलोकेशन का समर्थन नहीं होता है।

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1356📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareFCFS Scheduling Calculations

A system has 3 processes with the following arrival and burst times:
• Process A: Arrival = 0 ms, Burst = 5 ms
• Process B: Arrival = 1 ms, Burst = 3 ms
• Process C: Arrival = 2 ms, Burst = 8 ms

Using FCFS, what is the waiting time for Process C?

Explanation

FCFS Schedule:
- Process A runs from 0 to 5 ms.
- Process B runs from 5 to 8 ms.
- Process C starts at 8 ms.
Waiting time for Process C = Start Time - Arrival Time =

8 - 2 = 6\text{ ms}

(under cumulative timeline, start at 8 ms). Choice C (8 ms / 6 ms).

FCFS शेड्यूलिंग: A (0 से 5 ms), B (5 से 8 ms), C (8 से 16 ms)। C का प्रारंभ समय 8 ms है।

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1357📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareOS Synchronization & Memory Concepts

Explanation

Matching: Semaphore = signaling synchronization primitive (1); Virtual Memory = disk-backed extended address space (2); Thrashing = page fault collapse where CPU spends more time paging than executing (3); Mutex = mutual exclusion lock (4). Code: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4।

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1358📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareOptimal CPU Scheduling (SJF)

Which scheduling algorithm gives the minimum average waiting time?

Explanation

Shortest Job First (SJF / Shortest Remaining Time First) is mathematically proven to be optimal, producing the minimal average waiting time for a given set of stationary processes.

शॉर्टेस्ट जॉब फर्स्ट (SJF) शेड्यूलिंग एल्गोरिदम न्यूनतम औसत प्रतीक्षा समय (Minimum average waiting time) देता है और इष्टतम (Optimal) माना जाता है।

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1359📚Operating Systems & System SoftwarePaging & Memory Fragmentation

Which of the following statements about paging are true?
1. Paging eliminates external fragmentation
2. Paging incurs internal fragmentation
3. Paging uses logical and physical address spaces
4. Paging requires contiguous memory allocation

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are true. Statement 4 is false because paging specifically allows non-contiguous memory allocation across physical frames. Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं (एक्सटर्नल फ्रैगमेंटेशन समाप्त होना, इंटरनल फ्रैगमेंटेशन होना, लॉजिकल/फिजिकल मैपिंग)। कथन 4 गलत है क्योंकि पेजिंग नॉन-कॉटिगुअस मेमोरी की अनुमति देती है।

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1360📚Operating Systems & System SoftwareFile System Layered Architecture

Arrange the following layers of a file system in the correct order (from user level to disk level):
1. Application Programs
2. File Organization Module
3. Logical File System
4. Physical File System

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

File System Architecture from User level (Top) to Disk level (Bottom):
1. Application Programs (User level) (1)
2. Logical File System (Manages metadata, directory structures, and FCBs/inodes) (3)
3. File Organization Module (Translates logical block addresses to physical sector addresses) (2)
4. Basic / Physical File System (Issues read/write block commands to disk device drivers) (4).
Correct Order: 1 → 3 → 2 → 4.

फाइल सिस्टम परतों का शीर्ष (यूजर) से तल (डिस्क) तक सही क्रम: एप्लिकेशन प्रोग्राम (1) → लॉजिकल फाइल सिस्टम (3) → फाइल ऑर्गनाइजेशन मॉड्यूल (2) → बेसिक/फिजिकल फाइल सिस्टम (4)। सही क्रम 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 है।

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1361📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KMountain Folk Dances

What is the famous folk dance of the mountain regions?

Explanation

Najerad (along with Kud) is a prominent traditional ritualistic folk dance celebrated across the mountainous terrains of the Jammu division.

पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों का प्रसिद्ध पारंपरिक लोक नृत्य 'नजेराद' (Najerad) है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1362📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KDogra Music & Folk Songs

Name the unpopular song from Jammu's "Duggar"?

Explanation

While Paakh, Soorma, and Chajja are quintessential traditional Dogra folksongs, 'Gajara' is not an indigenous traditional genre of Duggar.

डोगरा संस्कृति के पारंपरिक गीतों (पाख, सूरमा, छज्जा) में 'गजरा' अप्रचलित/गैर-पारंपरिक गीत है।

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1363📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KKashmiri Folk Dances

Which of the following lists of Kashmiri folk dances is correct?

Explanation

Rouf, Bhand Pather, Dhumali, and Hafiza Nagma are all authentic classical and folk dance forms originating from Kashmir.

कश्मीरी लोक नृत्यों की सही सूची 'रऊफ, भांड पाथेर, धुमाली, हफीजा' (Rouf, Bhand Pather, Dhumali, Hafiza) है।

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1364📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KBhand Pather Folk Theatre

The famous ancient folk dance of Kashmir, which is performed on traditional folk theatre is:

Explanation

Bhand Pather (or Bhand Pathar) is the ancient traditional folk theatre and dramatic satirical dance of Kashmir performed by the Bhand community.

पारंपरिक लोक रंगमंच पर प्रस्तुत किया जाने वाला कश्मीर का प्रसिद्ध लोक नाट्य नृत्य 'भांड पाथेर' (Bhand Pathar) है।

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1365📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KDevotional Instruments of Ladakh & Kashmir

Which percussion instrument is played during morning and evening prayers in Kashmir and Ladakh?

Explanation

Thaluz (metal cymbals / gong percussion) is struck during morning and evening spiritual prayers across Buddhist monasteries and shrines in Ladakh and Kashmir.

कश्मीर और लद्दाख में सुबह और शाम की प्रार्थनाओं के दौरान 'थालुज़' (Thaluz / झांझ) वाद्य यंत्र बजाया जाता है।

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1366📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KKashmiri Santoor Structure

How many string are there in Kashmiri "Santoor"?

Explanation

The classical Kashmiri Santoor (derived from ancient Sanskrit Shatatantri Veena) has exactly 100 metal strings stretched across 25 bridges (4 strings per bridge).

कश्मीरी संतूर (शततंत्री वीणा) में कुल 100 तार (Strings) होते हैं।

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1367📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KFolklore & Romances of Kashmir

Which among the following is the famous love story associated with Kashmir folklore?

Explanation

Yusuf-Zulekha (composed into Kashmiri Masnavi by Mahmud Gami) and Himal-Nagrai / Heemal-Nagrai are the legendary romantic folklore epics of Kashmir.

कश्मीरी लोक साहित्य और मसनवी में 'यूसुफ-जुलेखा' (Yusuf-Zulekha) एक अमर प्रेम कथा है।

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1368📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KChajja Dance of Jammu

Which among the following is the traditional dance of Jammu?

Explanation

Chajja dance is a vibrant folk dance of the Jammu region performed by young boys on Lohri holding colorful peacock-patterned paper frames (Chajjas).

जम्मू का पारंपरिक लोक नृत्य 'छज्जा नृत्य' (Chajja Dance) है, जो लोहड़ी पर लड़कों द्वारा किया जाता है।

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1369📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KKud Dance & Mela Patt

On which occasion is "Kud" dance performed?

Explanation

Kud dance is a ritualistic harvest thanksgiving dance of Jammu's hilly areas (Bhaderwah, Kishtwar, Udhampur) performed during village fairs like Mela Patt and Gram Devta celebrations.

'कुद नृत्य' (Kud Dance) भद्रवाह के प्रसिद्ध 'मेला पट्ट' (Mela Patt) और ग्राम देवता उत्सवों पर किया जाता है।

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1370📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KRouf Dance of Kashmir

Which among the following is the dance performed during Eid and Ramadan in Kashmir?

Explanation

Rouf is the iconic festive dance of Kashmiri women, performed in facing rows with interlocking arms celebrating Eid, Ramadan, and spring harvest.

कश्मीर में ईद और रमजान के खुशी के अवसर पर महिलाओं द्वारा 'रऊफ' (Rouf) नृत्य किया जाता है।

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1371📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KKud Ritual Dance

Which dance is performed to please the gods and goddesses?

Explanation

Kud Dance is performed in the middle of the night around bonfires specifically to honor and seek blessings from local Gram Devtas (Kul Devtas).

कुल देवी-देवताओं को प्रसन्न करने के लिए जम्मू के पर्वतीय अंचलों में 'कुद नृत्य' (Kud Dance) किया जाता है।

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1372📚Art, Culture & Heritage of J&KProminent Artists of J&K (Bhajan Sopori)

Shri Pandit Bhajan Sopori, an Indian Instrumentalist and Padma Shri awardee was associated with which of the following musical instruments:

Explanation

Pandit Bhajan Sopori (the 'Saint of Santoor') from the Sopori Gharana of Kashmir was a world-renowned master of the Santoor.

पद्मश्री पंडित भजन सोपोरी कश्मीर के महान 'संतूर' (Santoor) वादक थे।

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1373📚Indian Culture & Traditions16 Vedic Sanskars & Rituals

Match the correct order of rituals:

1. Pansuwan — ii. Garbhdan Sanaskar
2. Chudakaran — i. Mundan Sanaskar
3. Nishkraman — iii. Shishu Sanaskar
4. Upnayan — iv. Janeyu Dharan Sanaskar

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Matching Hindu Sanskaras: 1. Pumsavana = prenatal rite (ii); 2. Chudakarana = tonsure / Mundan (i); 3. Nishkramana = taking infant outdoors (iii); 4. Upanayana = sacred thread / Janeyu (iv). Code: 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iii, 4-iv.

सही मिलान: 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iii, 4-iv।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

1374📚Harmonium & Musical Acoustics12-TET Tuning System

Which of the following options is correct and completes the statement given below appropriately?
Statement: A Twelve Tone equal temperament system is:

Explanation

In 12-TET (Twelve-Tone Equal Temperament), an octave is mathematically divided into 12 equal logarithmic semitones with a frequency ratio of

2^{1/12} \approx 1.05946

.

12-टोन इक्वल टेम्परामेंट प्रणाली में एक सप्तक (ऑक्टेव) को 12 समान अर्धस्वरों (Semitones) में विभाजित किया जाता है।

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1375📚Indian Classical Music & MusicologyVadi, Samvadi & Anuvadi Swaras

Which note is known as Vadi note in raga?

Explanation

The Vadi Swar (the 'King note' of a raga) is the most prominent, frequently repeated, and emphasized melodic note defining the raga's mood.

राग में 'वादी स्वर' (Vadi Note) सबसे महत्वपूर्ण, प्रमुख और बार-बार उच्चारित होने वाला प्रधान स्वर (राजा स्वर) होता है।

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1376📚Indian Classical Music & MusicologyTaal in Performance

Which of the following elements in performance is crucial for both the percussionist and the vocalist to maintain rhythmic coherence in a composition?

Explanation

Taal provides the recurring cyclical time-metric framework that synchronizes the vocalist, instrumentalist, and tabla player during a performance.

गायक और तबला वादक के बीच लयबद्ध तालमेल बनाए रखने के लिए सबसे महत्वपूर्ण तत्व 'ताल' (Taal) है।

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1377📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsPiano Octave Range

How many octaves does the standard 88 keys Piano span ?

Explanation

A standard modern 88-key piano keyboard spans 7 complete octaves plus a minor third (from A0 to C8).

मानक 88 कुंजियों वाला पियानो 7 सप्तक (7 octaves) और कुछ अतिरिक्त कुंजियों में फैला होता है।

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1378📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsSemitones in an Octave

How many semitones are there in an octave in the twelve tone equal temperament system?

Explanation

The twelve-tone equal temperament scale divides an octave into exactly 12 semitones.

12-टोन इक्वल टेम्परामेंट प्रणाली में एक सप्तक में 12 अर्धस्वर (12 Semi-tones) होते हैं।

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1379📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsJust Intonation vs Equal Temperament

What is the main difference between the "Just" and "Equal Tempered" Octave?

Explanation

While the 2:1 octave span is identical, Just Intonation uses pure integer frequency ratios (e.g. 3:2, 4:3, 5:4), whereas Equal Temperament uses slight irrational logarithmic approximations (

2^{n/12}

).

जस्ट इनटोनेशन और इक्वल टेम्परामेंट में मुख्य अंतर मध्यवर्ती स्वरों के आवृत्ति अनुपात (Frequency Ratio of Notes) का होता है।

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1380📚Harmonium & Musical AcousticsMusical Intervals (Perfect Octave)

The interval between "C4" & "C5" is an example of which type of octave?

Explanation

The interval spanning from C4 to C5 (ratio 2:1, 12 semitones) is an acoustically pure Perfect Octave (P8).

C4 और C5 के बीच का 12 अर्धस्वर का अंतराल 'परफेक्ट ऑक्टेव' (Perfect Octave / शुद्ध सप्तक) का उदाहरण है।

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1381📚Indian Classical Music & MusicologySamvadi Swar Characteristics

What are Samwadi Swar?

Explanation

The Samvadi Swar is the second most important note in a raga (the 'Minister' to the Vadi 'King'), situated a fourth or fifth (9 or 13 shrutis) away from the Vadi.

राग में संवादी स्वर (Samvadi Swar) वादी स्वर के बाद दूसरा सबसे महत्वपूर्ण स्वर (Second Important Note) होता है।

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1382📚Indian Classical Music & Musicology22 Shrutis & Shadaj Gram

What is the "Shruti Swar" arrangement in the Shadaj Gram according to ancient scholars?

Explanation

According to the classical verse 'Chatuh Chatuh Chatushchaiva Shadja Madhyama Panchama':
- Sa = 4 shrutis
- Re = 3 shrutis
- Ga = 2 shrutis
- Ma = 4 shrutis
- Pa = 4 shrutis
- Dha = 3 shrutis
- Ni = 2 shrutis
Total = 22 Shrutis in the sequence 4-3-2-4-4-3-2.

प्राचीन षडज ग्राम में 22 श्रुतियों का क्रम '4-3-2-4-4-3-2' (सा-4, रे-3, ग-2, म-4, प-4, ध-3, नि-2) है।

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1383📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyCompton Scattering & Electron Density

The ratio of Compton interaction in one gram of hydrogen to one gram of water is about:

Explanation

Compton mass attenuation depends directly on electron density (

N_e = N_A \cdot Z/A

).
- For Hydrogen (

Z/A = 1/1 = 1.0

):

N_e \approx 6.022 \times 10^{23}\text{ e}^-/\text{g}

- For Water (

Z/A = 10/18 \approx 0.555

):

N_e \approx 3.34 \times 10^{23}\text{ e}^-/\text{g}

\text{Ratio} = \frac{1.0}{0.555} \approx 1.8 \approx 2.0.

हाइड्रोजन में इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व (

N_A \cdot Z/A

) लगभग 1.0 है और पानी में 0.555 है, जिससे कॉम्पटन परस्पर क्रिया का अनुपात लगभग 2.0 होता है।

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1384📚Radiation Safety & Regulatory NormsHDR Brachytherapy Unit Safety Standards

In compliance with the NRC regulations, the leakage radiation levels outside the HDR unit:

Explanation

Under NRC / IAEA radiation safety regulations for High Dose Rate (HDR) remote afterloader brachytherapy units with the source in the shielded home storage position, radiation leakage must not exceed 1 mR/h at a distance of 10 cm from the surface.

NRC नियमों के अनुसार HDR यूनिट के शील्डेड अवस्था में होने पर सतह से 10 cm की दूरी पर लीकेज विकिरण 1 mR/h से अधिक नहीं होना चाहिए।

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1385📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyIntraluminal Brachytherapy

In which treatment can be used for Intraluminal Catheter?

Explanation

Intraluminal brachytherapy inserts a catheter directly into the lumen of tubular organs, standardly used for treating obstructive endobronchial carcinoma, esophagus, or bile duct tumors.

इंट्राल्यूमिनल कैथेटर का उपयोग मुख्य रूप से ब्रोन्कस (फेफड़े) की नलिका में 'एंडोब्रोन्कियल कार्सिनोमा' के उपचार हेतु किया जाता है।

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1386📚Medical Ethics & Patient CareCore Principles of Medical Ethics

What is Nonmaleficence?

Explanation

In medical ethics, Nonmaleficence is the foundational duty to 'first, do no harm' (Primum non nocere), obligating practitioners to refrain from inflicting needless pain, injury, or toxic harm on patients.

चिकित्सा नीतिशास्त्र में 'नॉन-मैलेफिसेंस' (Nonmaleficence) का अर्थ रोगी को नुकसान/हानि से बचाना ('हानि न पहुँचाना') है।

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1387📚Medical Ethics & Patient CareBeneficence in Healthcare

What is Beneficence?

Explanation

Beneficence is the moral principle that guides healthcare providers to act positively for the benefit, welfare, and best interest of the patient (active promotion of good).

'बेनिफिसेंस' (Beneficence) का अर्थ रोगी के कल्याण और भलाई के लिए सक्रिय रूप से कार्य करना (Active promotion of good) है।

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1388📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsCell Cycle Kinetics & Autoradiography

Which of the following statements is false?

Explanation

Statement D is false: Different mammalian cell lineages have vastly different cell cycle durations (

T_c

ranging from hours in crypt cells to months/years), with the greatest duration variation occurring in the G1 phase.

कथन D असत्य है क्योंकि विभिन्न स्तनधारी कोशिकाओं में कोशिका चक्र चरणों की अवधि बहुत भिन्न होती है (G1 चरण में सर्वाधिक भिन्नता होती है)।

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1389📚Radiobiology & Cellular EffectsOxygen Diffusion & Tumor Hypoxia

The distance to which oxygen can diffuse in tumour cells:

Explanation

Oxygen diffusion in tumor tissue is limited to approximately 70 to 100 micrometers from functional capillaries (Thomlinson & Gray model); beyond this diffusion radius, cells become chronically hypoxic and necrotic.

ट्यूमर कोशिकाओं में ऑक्सीजन की विसरण दूरी केशिका से लगभग 70 माइक्रोमीटर (

70\ \mu\text{m}

) होती है, जिसके आगे क्रोनिक हाइपोक्सिया और नेक्रोसिस होता है।

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1390📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyHalf-Life Calculation

If the activity of a radioactive sample drops to 1/32 of its initial value after 7.5 hours its half life will be:

Explanation

Since

\frac{1}{32} = \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^5

, exactly 5 half-lives have elapsed in 7.5 hours:

5 \times T_{1/2} = 7.5\text{ hours} \implies T_{1/2} = \frac{7.5}{5} = 1.5\text{ Hours}.

चूंकि

1/32 = (1/2)^5

, अतः 5 अर्धायु काल बीत चुके हैं।

5 \times T_{1/2} = 7.5 \implies T_{1/2} = 1.5

घंटे।

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1391📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyRadioactivity Decay Calculations

The activity of radioactive substance decays from 8000 becquerel to 4000 becquerel in 5 days. The activity of the substance after the next 10 days will be:

Explanation

Halving from 8000 Bq to 4000 Bq in 5 days indicates

T_{1/2} = 5\text{ days}

.
In the next 10 days (

2 \times 5\text{ days} = 2\text{ half-lives}

):

A = 4000 \times \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 = 4000 \times \frac{1}{4} = 1000\text{ becquerel}.

अर्धायु काल 5 दिन है। अगले 10 दिनों में 2 अर्धायु काल बीतेंगे:

4000 → 2000 → 1000\text{ Bq}

।

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1392📚Radiation Safety & Regulatory NormsPatient Radiation Dose Reduction

The single most effective method of reducing patient somatic exposure when taking radiograph is to use:

Explanation

Using high-speed image receptors (such as Fast E-speed / F-speed film or digital flat-panel detectors) dramatically reduces the required mAs and exposure time, offering the single largest reduction in patient radiation dose.

रेडियोग्राफ लेते समय रोगी के डोज़ को कम करने का सबसे प्रभावी तरीका 'स्पीड E फिल्म' (Speed E film / Fast Receptors) का उपयोग करना है।

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1393📚Medical Ethics & Patient CareGDPR & Healthcare Data Privacy

What is the main concern addressed by GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) in data privacy.

Explanation

GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) establishes comprehensive legal frameworks to ensure personal data privacy, consent, and protection for individuals.

GDPR का मुख्य उद्देश्य व्यक्तिगत डेटा की गोपनीयता (Ensuring data privacy) और सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करना है।

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1394📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyX-ray Beam Filtration

X-rays are filtered out of human body by using:

Explanation

Aluminium filters (e.g. 2.5 mm Al equivalent) are placed in the diagnostic X-ray tube port to preferentially absorb low-energy soft X-rays that would otherwise be absorbed by the patient's skin without contributing to image formation.

एक्स-रे बीम से कम ऊर्जा वाले हानिकारक सॉफ्ट एक्स-रे को छानने (Filter) के लिए एल्युमिनियम अवशोषक (Aluminium absorbers) का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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1395📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyX-ray Spectrum Wavelength Range

Wavelength of x-rays is in range:

Explanation

The electromagnetic spectrum range for X-rays spans wavelengths from approximately

10^{-8}\text{ m}

(10 nm, soft X-rays) down to

10^{-13}\text{ m}

(

10^{-4}\text{ nm}

, hard diagnostic/therapeutic X-rays).

एक्स-रे की तरंगदैर्ध्य की सीमा लगभग

10^{-8}

से

10^{-13}\text{ m}

होती है।

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1396📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyScatter Radiation & Grids

Scattered x-ray beams approach the detector screen:

Explanation

Primary unscattered X-ray photons travel straight along lines from the focal spot, whereas Compton-scattered photons deviate and approach the detector obliquely at random angles (attenuated via anti-scatter grids).

प्रकीर्णित (Scattered) एक्स-रे फोटॉन डिटेक्टर स्क्रीन पर विभिन्न कोणों (At an angle) से पहुंचते हैं।

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1397📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyCT Image Quality & Technical Parameters

For patients studies , CT image quality can be improved by all factors listed below except:

Explanation

Lowering kVp in adult CT without increasing mAs substantially increases image quantum mottle noise and photon starvation artifacts, thereby degrading overall image signal-to-noise ratio.

सीटी स्कैन में kVp कम करने से फोटॉन शोर (Noise) बढ़ता है जिससे छवि गुणवत्ता घटती है (जब तक mAs न बढ़ाया जाए)।

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1398📚Medical Ethics & Patient CareData Ethics & Bias in Healthcare

In data ethics, What is the primary concern related to data bias:

Explanation

Data bias in clinical models and algorithms arises primarily from poor data representativeness (systematic underrepresentation or skew in training demographic cohorts).

डेटा नैतिकता में डेटा पूर्वाग्रह (Data bias) की मुख्य चिंता 'डेटा प्रतिनिधित्व' (Data representativeness) की कमी से संबंधित है।

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1399📚Radiotherapy Treatment Planning & TechniquesTissue-Maximum Ratio (TMR) Parameters

Tissue-Maximum ratio (TMR) depends on:

Explanation

Tissue-Maximum Ratio (TMR) is defined as the ratio of dose at a given depth in phantom to dose at

d_{\max}

at the same point in space. It depends strictly on Beam Energy, Depth (

d

), and Field Size (

r_d

), and is completely independent of distance (SAD/SSD).

टिशू-मैक्सिमम रेशियो (TMR) केवल बीम ऊर्जा (Energy), गहराई (Depth) और फील्ड साइज पर निर्भर करता है और दूरी (SAD/SSD) से स्वतंत्र होता है।

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1400📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyGamma Ray Constant & Exposure Calculations

The exposure rate at 1m from 100mg of radium is:

Explanation

Specific exposure rate constant for Radium-226 (with 0.5 mm Pt filtration) is

\Gamma = 0.825\text{ R}\cdot\text{m}^2 / (\text{hr}\cdot\text{g}) = 825\text{ mR}\cdot\text{m}^2 / (\text{hr}\cdot\text{g})

.
For

100\text{ mg} = 0.1\text{ g}

of Radium at

d = 1\text{ m}

:

\text{Exposure Rate} = \frac{0.1\text{ g} \times 825}{1^2} = 82.5\text{ mR/hr}.

रेडियम-226 के 100 mg स्रोत से 1 मीटर की दूरी पर एक्सपोज़र दर

= 0.1 \times 825 = 82.5\text{ mR/hr}

होती है।

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1401📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyRadiation Units (Sievert)

A sivert is :

Explanation

The Sievert (Sv) is the SI unit of radiation Equivalent Dose (

H

) and Effective Dose (

E

), defined as 1 Joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of tissue multiplied by radiation weighting factors (

1\text{ Sv} = 1\text{ J/kg} = 100\text{ rem}

).

सीवर्ट (Sievert - Sv) समतुल्य डोज़ (Dose equivalent) और प्रभावी डोज़ की SI इकाई है (

1\text{ Sv} = 1\text{ J/kg}

)।

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1402📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyX-rays vs Gamma Rays Origin

Which of the following is most descriptive of the difference between x-ray and gamma rays?

Explanation

X-rays and gamma rays of identical energy are physically indistinguishable electromagnetic photons; their sole defining difference is their Origin (Gamma rays originate from atomic nuclei transitions, whereas X-rays originate extranuclearly from electron interactions).

एक्स-रे और गामा किरणों में एकमात्र मौलिक अंतर उनका 'उत्पत्ति स्रोत' (Origin) है (गामा किरणें नाभिक से और एक्स-रे परमाणु कक्षीय इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवर्तनों से उत्पन्न होती हैं)।

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1403📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologyHalf-Value Layer (HVL) & Beam Hardening

In a typical diagnostic X-ray beam:

Explanation

A diagnostic X-ray beam is polyenergetic. As it traverses the 1st Half-Value Layer (HVL), low-energy soft photons are preferentially filtered out ('beam hardening'), making the transmitted beam higher in average energy. Thus, the 2nd HVL is strictly greater than the 1st HVL (

\text{HVL}_2 > \text{HVL}_1

).

पॉली-एनर्जेटिक बीम में बीम हार्डनिंग के कारण दूसरा HVL हमेशा पहले HVL से बड़ा (

\text{HVL}_2 > \text{HVL}_1

) होता है।

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1404📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyPhotoneutron Energy Threshold

The energy threshold for neutron production from photon interaction from matter is _____ MeV

Explanation

The nuclear binding energy per nucleon in common high-

Z

accelerator target and collimator materials (e.g. Lead, Tungsten) dictates that photoneutron production

(\gamma, n)

requires a threshold photon energy of approximately 7 to 8 MeV.

पदार्थ से फोटो-न्यूट्रॉन

(\gamma, n)

उत्पादन के लिए न्यूनतम ऊर्जा सीमा लगभग 8 MeV होती है।

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1405📚Radiological Physics & Imaging TechnologykVp Effect on Radiographic Contrast

A Diagnostic tube running at 80kVp and 10mAs. The setting are changed to 120kVp and 5mAs What happens to image contrast:

Explanation

Increasing tube potential from 80 kVp to 120 kVp shifts the photon spectrum to higher energies where Compton scattering increases and photoelectric absorption (

Z^3/E^3

) drops, producing a longer grayscale and causing radiographic image contrast to decrease.

kVp को 80 से बढ़ाकर 120 करने पर कॉम्पटन प्रकीर्णन बढ़ता है और फोटोइलेक्ट्रिक अवशोषण घटता है, जिससे इमेज कंट्रास्ट घट जाता है (Contrast decreases)।

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1406📚Radiotherapy Physics & Radiation OncologyCharacteristic X-ray Transitions

An element contain electrons in the 10, 65, 70 and 72 KeV energy levels . Which energy cannot occur in its characteristics x-ray spectrum?

Explanation

Characteristic X-ray energies equal transition differences between discrete shells:
-

72 - 70 = 2\text{ keV}

-

70 - 65 = 5\text{ keV}

-

72 - 65 = 7\text{ keV}

-

65 - 10 = 55\text{ keV}

-

70 - 10 = 60\text{ keV}

-

72 - 10 = 62\text{ keV}

.
All listed photon values correspond to valid energy transition differences in the atom.

अभिलाक्षणिक एक्स-रे ऊर्जाएं कोशों के ऊर्जा अंतर (

E_2 - E_1

) के बराबर होती हैं:

70-65=5

,

72-65=7

,

65-10=55

,

70-10=60\text{ keV}

।

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📝 Solved Questions on Computer Hardware, Architecture & Operating Systems (1406)